ABS common structural rules ABS safehull express -2005

国际船级社协会/International Association of Classification Societies IACS 是在 1968 年奥斯陆举行的主要船级社讨论会上正式成立的。

IACS 成立的目标是促 进海上安全标准的提高，与有关的国际组织和海事组织进行合作，与世界海运业保持紧密合 作。

目前，IACS 共有美国船舶检验局（ABS）、法国船级社（BV）、挪威船级社（DNV）、 韩国船级社（KR）、英国劳氏船级社（LR）、德国劳氏船级社（GL）、日本海事协会（NK）、 意大利船级社（RINA）、中国船级社（CCS）、波兰船级社(PRS), 印度船级社（IRS）、 俄罗斯船级社（RS）、克罗地亚船舶登记局（CRS）等 13 个成员。

IACS 由理事会领导和制定总政策， 理事会设立一些工作组去执行协会的具体任务。

IACS 设有下列工作组：集装箱、发动机、防火、液化气船和化学品船、内河船舶、海上防污染、 材料和焊接、系泊和锚泊、船舶强度、稳性和载重线。

各工作组完成的项目有：拟定各会员 之间统一规则和要求的草案；起草对 IMO 要求的答复；对 IMO 的标准作统一的解释；监控 与本专业有关的工作。

IACS 共有 5000 多名技术精湛的检验人员。

世界上 92%的商船由 IACS 去定级。

他们除了本职工作外，还受政府委托去处理多种多样的事务。

IACS 在发展船舶技术 规则方面起着重要作用。

IACS 理事会认识到该协会与 IMO 之间相互关系的重要性，在伦敦 设有 1 个办事处与 IMO 保持联系。

还与对海运有兴趣的其它组织保持接触，联系最紧密的是 国际标准化组织和国际海上保险集团，经常同他们交换情报和意见，以便提供更好的服务。

IACS 的目标之一是把会员之间的个种规则统一起来。

到目前为止，理事会已通过了 150 条要求，90%的统一要求都得到成员单位的贯彻。

IACS 除了提出统一要求外，还公布有关船 舶安全营运和维修准则，其中包括舱口盖的保养和检验、消防、船舶单点系泊设备标准等。

美国船级社规范ABS Rules船体用结构钢（ABS）1 适用范围（1）本规范适用于厚度不超过100毫米的船体用结构钢（以下简称钢板）。

（2）对于厚度超出表1规定的钢板，其技术要求由船级社另行规定。

2 分类及代号钢板按表1的规定分类。

表1 船体结构用钢材的等级3 化学成分及脱氧工艺4. 交货状态不同等级钢的交货状态按照表4和表5执行。

表4 一般强度船体结构钢交货状态::表5 高强度船体结构钢供货条件:5 机械性能（2）如果追加的同样厚度的两块钢板的冲击试验结果都合格，作为炉次中拒绝的钢板，则可以接受取自炉次的剩余材料。

或者，制造厂商可以通过对每块钢板进行冲击试验来证明同样厚度的材料的合格性。

如果取自比拒绝的钢板更薄的钢板冲击样品的试验结果合格，则可以接受同样炉次的较薄厚度的钢板。

9 表面检验和规格验证(1) 对于钢材，最大允许的厚度负公差是0.3毫米。

(2) 从距离纵向边缘至少是10毫米的任意位置测量厚度。

10 钢板标记（1）钢印本船级社标记“AB”与符合表2列出的实用的等级应该由制造厂商在各个成品钢板、型钢与棒钢清晰的打上钢印以说明材料是符合所述试验并且证明材料将提供给验船师。

仅证明化学材料分析的卷钢需要标记上“AB”，不用标记的等级名称。

（2）折边质量鉴别所有打算进行冷折边的材料根据专门认可，需要附加标志“F”,以表示此类质量。

（3）特殊钢印及标记除表2中列出的等级材料外，其他材料上应标记上缩写AB/S与任何一个适用的规格号，或者是此类其他待鉴别的标记来说明材料生产合格且根据规格，试验合格。

当规格书上未特殊要求对材料进行正火，但是材料已经订购且生产，那么此钢板也应该标记上缩写字母“Ｎ”来说明此材料已经进行过正火处理。

进行正火热处理的船厂或者是制造厂商也应该在此类材料上标记上缩写字母“Ｎ”．（4）专用冲击试验当钢材不是在表7制订的温度下进行冲击试验时，等级标记标记在试验温度－摄氏度的后面。

试验温度的前缀“Ｏ”表示低于摄氏零度。

ABS船级社规范中文版part4charpet6 PART4CHAPTER 6 Piping Systems CONTENTSSECTION 1 GeneralProvisions.......................................................... . (338)330 1General............................................................. ..............................338 1.1 Application............................................................. ......................338 1.3 Organization of Piping Systems Requirements...........................338 3Definitions......................................................... ..............................339 3.1 Piping.................................................................. .........................339 3.3 Piping System.................................................................. ............339 3.5 Piping Components.............................................................. .......339 3.7 Pipes................................................................... .........................339 3.9 PipeSchedule................................................................ .............339 3.11 Tubes................................................................... ........................339 3.13 Pipe Fittings................................................................ .................339 3.15 Valves.................................................................. ........................339 3.17 Design Pressure................................................................ ..........340 3.19 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure.......................................340 3.21———————————————————————————————————————————————Design Temperature............................................................. .......340 3.23 Flammable Fluids.................................................................. ......340 3.25 Toxic Fluids.................................................................. ...............340 3.27 Corrosive Fluids.................................................................. .........340 5 Classes of Piping Systems. (340)7 Certification of Piping SystemComponents...................................342 7.1 Piping Components.............................................................. .......342 7.3 Pumps................................................................... ......................343 7.5 Certification Based on the Type Approval Program.....................344 9Plans and Data to be Submitted.....................................................345 9.1 System Plans................................................................... ............345 9.3 Contents of System Plans...........................................................345 9.5 Booklet of Standard Details (345)TABLE 1 Classes of Piping Systems...................................................341 TABLE 2 Piping Classes and Certification...........................................342 FIGURE 1 Organization of the Provisions for Piping Systems (339)ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2010SECTION 2 MetallicPiping.............................................................. . (346)1Application......................................................... .. (346)3———————————————————————————————————————————————Materials........................................................... . (346)3.13.3Ferrous............................................................. ...........................346 Copper and Copper Alloys. (347)Pipes............................................................... . (347)Pipe Branches................................................................ . (350)Pipe Joints.................................................................. .. (350)Flexible Hoses................................................................... . (352)Mechanical Joints.................................................................. (355)Valves.............................................................. . (362)Safety Relief Valves.................................................................. ..363Nonstandard Components (363)Type Approval Program (36)3Welded Fabrication............................................................. .. (363)Hydrostatic Tests................................................................... (363)Resistance Testing................................................................. .. (364)Protection from Mechanical Damage (364)Protection of Electrical Equipment (364)Provisions for Expansion and Contraction of Piping (364)Mechanical Joints.................................................................. (365)Piping Penetrations Through Bulkheads, Decks and Tank———————————————————————————————————————————————Tops................................................................ . (365)Protection from Overpressure (366)Temperature and Pressure Sensing Devices (366)Shell Connections............................................................. . (366)Control of Static Electricity (36)8Accessibility of Valves (3)68Common Overboard Discharge...................................................368 5 Design.................................................................. ...........................347 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.11 5.13 5.15 5.17 5.8 ExpansionJoints.............................................................. ...........354 7 Fabrication and Tests................................................................... ..363 7.1 7.3 7.5 9 Installation Details................................................................. ..........364 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.9 9.11 9.13 9.15 9.17 9.19 TABLE 1TABLE 2TABLE 3TABLE 4TABLE 5ATABLE 5BTABLE 6TABLE 7TABLE 8———————————————————————————————————————————————TABLE 9TABLE 10 Allowable Stress Values S for SteelPipes............................369 Allowable Stress S for Copper and Copper Alloy Pipes........370 Corrosion Allowance c for Steel Pipes..................................370 Minimum Wall Thicknessfor Steel Pipes..............................371 Minimum Wall Thickness for Copper and Copper AlloyPipes............................................................... ......................372 MinimumWall Thickness for Austenitic Stainless SteelPipes............................................................... ......................372 TypicalFlange Types (373)Limitation of Use for Typical Flange Types (374)Commercial Pipe Sizes and Wall Thicknesses (375)Examples of MechanicalJoints.............................................376 Applicationof Mechanical Joints (378)331 ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS .2010SECTION 3332 TABLE 11 Application of Mechanical Join———————————————————————————————————————————————。

Pub# TitleComments Pub Date Last UpdateGeneric Rules for Conditions of Classification, Materials and Welding, and Surveys After ConstructionEffective Jan. 20122012 九月-05-2012 List of ABS Notations and Symbols 2012 三月-22-2012 Supplemental Guides for Optional Class Notations2007六月-13-2012 2 Steel Vessel Rules 2012 Effective Jan. 2012 2012 九月-05-2012 3 Aluminum Vessels1975一月-12-2012 4Steel Vessels for Service on Rivers and Intracoastal Waterways - 2007Effective Jan. 2007 2007七月-02-20125 Steel Vessels Under 90 Meters (295 Feet) in Length (2012) Effective Jan. 20122012 七月-02-2012 6 Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (2012)Effective Jan. 20122012 九月-05-2012 7 Underwater Vehicles, Systems and Hyperbaric Facilities (2012) Effective Jan. 2012 2012 九月-20-2011 8 Single Point Moorings 1996 十一月-09-2010 9 Bulk Carriers for Service on the Great Lakes1978四月-01-2008 10 Steel BargesEffective Jan. 2009 2009 七月-02-2012 11 Steel Floating Drydocks 2009 九月-16-2009 12 Reinforced Plastic Vessels 1978 一月-11-2012 13 Certification of Cargo Containers1998六月-01-2001 14Nondestructive Inspection of Hull Welds2011 - See archive for previous version 2011 一月-30-201215 Burning Crude Oil and Slops in Main and Auxiliary Boilers 1978 一月-02-1978 18Ballast Water Exchange Procedures1999一月-01-199921 Ships Burning Coal1980 十一月-09-201022 Materials and Welding 2006, Part2006 2006 一月-12-2012 2, Aluminum and Fiber ReinforcedPlastics (FRP)1980 七月-01-1980 24 Material Selection and Inspectionof Inert Gas Systems27 Approved Listings十月-15-2012 27 Approved Welding Consumables十月-15-2012 29 Offshore Installations1997 十一月-09-2010 31 Heavy Fuel Oil1984 一月-02-1984 37 Offshore Racing Yachts1994 三月-06-2012 39 Certification of Offshore Mooring2009 2009 一月-04-2010 Chain2010 三月-06-2012 45 Certification of Container SecuringSystems2007 十一月-29-2007 49 Inspection, Maintenance andApplication of Marine CoatingSystems2012 八月-31-2012 57 Classification of Drilling Systems2012 - Seearchive forpreviousversion1990 一月-01-1990 59 Preparing Fishing Vessels StabilityBooklet61 High Speed Craft2012 九月-05-201262 Motor Pleasure Yachts2000 十一月-09-20102012 Edition2012 七月-10-2012 63 Facilities on OffshoreInstallations64 Subsea Pipeline Systems2006 三月-20-20081993 一月-01-1993 69 Certification of Oil Spill RecoveryEquipment1995 八月-01-2005 73 Hull Condition MonitoringSystems74 Assessing Hull Girder Residual1995 七月-01-1995 Strength for Tankers75 Improvement for Structural 1995 七月-01-1995Connections and SampleStructural Details - ServiceExperience and Modifications forTankers77 Improvement for StructuralConnections and SampleStructural Details - ServiceExperience and Modifications forBulk Carriers1995 十月-02-199578 Assessing Hull Girder ResidualStrength for Bulk Carriers1995 十一月-01-1995 82 Floating Production Installations2009 Edition2009 七月-02-2012 86 Application of Ergonomics toMarine Systems2003 四月-01-200388 Automatic or Remote Control andMonitoring Systems for Vessels inPort2003 十一月-09-201090 Application of Fiber Rope forOffshore Mooring2011 三月-01-201291 Prevention of Air Pollution fromShips1999 三月-01-199992 Marine Health, Safety, Quality,Environmental and EnergyManagement(The ABS Guide for MarineManagement Systems)2012 - Seearchive forpreviousversions2012 三月-22-201294 Bridge Design and NavigationalEquipment/Systems2000 七月-02-201296 Materials andWelding/SupplementaryRequirements for Naval Vessels2000 七月-01-201097 Risk Assessment Applications forthe Marine and Offshore Oil andGas Industries2000 六月-01-200098 Passenger Vessels2001 七月-02-201299 Environmental Protection Notationfor Vessels2009 一月-18-2012 100 Vessels Intended to Carry Water2005 一月-11-2012101 Dynamic Loading Approach forFloating Production, Storage andOffloading (FPSO) Installations2010 五月-25-2010102 Crew Habitability on Ships2012 八月-31-2012 103 Passenger Comfort on Ships2001 十二月-01-2003 104 Spectral-Based Fatigue Analysisfor Floating Production, Storageand Offloading (FPSO)Installations2010 五月-25-2010105 Crew Habitability on Offshore Installations 2012 - Seearchive forpreviousversion2012 八月-31-2012106 Gravity-Based Offshore LNGTerminals2010 十一月-09-2010107 Liftboats EffectiveJan. 20092009 七月-02-2012 108 Membrane Tank LNG Vessels2002 十月-28-2008 109 High Speed Naval Craft - 2007EffectiveJan. 20072007 九月-05-2012 110 Integrated Tug-Barge (ITB)Combinations Intended to Operateon the Great Lakes2002 十一月-01-2002111 Ship Security (SEC) Notation2005 三月-01-2005 112 Propulsion Systems for LNGCarriers2005 二月-03-2011113 Structural Direct Analysis for High-Speed Craft please seeArchive for2003 version2011 三月-24-2011114 Automatic or Remote Control andMonitoring for Machinery andSystems (other than propulsion) onOffshore Installations2003 十月-03-2008115 Fatigue Assessment of OffshoreStructures2003 十一月-09-2010116 Review and Approval of NovelConcepts2003 六月-02-2003117 Risk Evaluations for theClassification of Marine-Related2003 六月-02-2003Facilities1997 五月-02-2012 118 Rebuilding Vessels Less Than 90meters (295 feet) in Length2003 十月-01-2003 119 Ergonomic Design of NavigationBridges120 Surveys Using Risk-Based2003 十二月-01-2003 Inspection for the OffshoreIndustry2003 六月-30-2011 121 Survey Based onReliability-Centered Maintenance122 Alternative Design and2004 七月-01-2010 Arrangements for Fire Safety123 Subsea Riser Systems2006 三月-20-20082004 一月-02-2004 124 Dynamic Analysis Procedure forSelf-Elevating Drilling Units125 Spectral-Based Fatigue Analysis2004 一月-30-2012 for Vessels2004 一月-30-2012 126 Buckling and Ultimate StrengthAssessment for OffshoreStructures128 Propulsion Shafting Alignment2006 四月-01-2006 130 Strength Assessment of Cargo2004 五月-01-2004 Tank Structures Beyond 0.4LAmidships in Oil Carriers 150Meters or More in Length2004 五月-02-2012 131 Inert Gas System for BallastTanks132 Reliability-Centered Maintenance2004 七月-01-20042004 六月-06-2008 133 Assessment of Parametric RollResonance in the Design ofContainer Carriers2004 十二月-01-2004 134 SafeHull Finite Element Analysisfor Hull Structures136 Ice Class2005 十月-28-20082005 六月-30-2011 137 FRP Hydrocarbon ProductionPiping Systems138 Vessels Intended to CarryCompressed Natural Gas in Bulk2005 七月-02-2012139 Tailshaft Condition Monitoring(TCM)2005 七月-02-2012140 SafeHull-Dynamic LoadingApproach for Vessels2006 十二月-01-2006 141 Fire-Fighting Systems2005 五月-02-2005 142 Investigation of Marine Incidents2005 九月-24-2009144 Liquefied Gas Carriers with Independent Tanks 2010 - Seearchive forpreviousversion2010 五月-26-2011145 Vessel Maneuverability2006 六月-05-2006 146 Vessels With Oil RecoveryCapabilities2006 五月-01-2007 147 Ship Vibration2006 四月-01-2006 148 Strength Assessment ofMembrane-Type LNGContainment Systems UnderSloshing Loads2006 七月-10-2009149 Sloshing and Structural Analysis ofLNG Pump Tower2006 七月-10-2009150 Control of Harmonics in ElectricalPower Systems2006 五月-01-2006151 Vessels Operating in LowTemperature Environments2010 五月-02-2012 152 Lifting Appliances2007 八月-31-2012 153 Coating Performance Standard(CPS)2009 七月-01-2010154 Means of Access to Tanks andHolds for Inspection2007 二月-09-2009155 Mobile Offshore Units Operatingon Norwegian Continental Shelf,N-Notation2012 一月-26-2012156 Hull Inspection and Maintenance Program 2012 - Seearchive forprevious2012 八月-31-2012version157 Hull Survey for New Construction2007 六月-30-2011 158 Green Passport (GP)2011 六月-30-2011 160 Mobile Offshore Units2008 八月-02-20122008 十一月-09-2010 162 Comfort - Yacht (COMF(Y)) andComfort Plus - Yacht(COMF+(Y))163 Crew Habitability on Workboats2012 八月-31-20122009 十月-13-2010 164 ILO Maritime Labour Convention,20062009 一月-30-2012 165 Application of Higher-Strength HullStructural Thick Steel Plates inContainer Carriers2009 十月-13-2010 166 Compliance with the ILO MaritimeLabour Convention, 2006 Title 3Requirements2010 一月-18-2012 167 Environmental Protection Notationfor Offshore Units, FloatingInstallations, and Liftboats168 Well Test Systems2010 一月-11-20122010 九月-05-2012 169 Floating Offshore Liquefied GasTerminals170 Rapid Response Damage2010 七月-01-2010 Assessment171 Ballast Water Exchange2010 十月-20-20102010 十一月-29-2010 172 Springing Assessment forContainer Carriers173 Whipping Assessment for2010 十一月-29-2010 Container Carriers174 Certification of Existing Blowout2010 二月-16-2011 Preventers and AssociatedSystems176 Offshore Wind Turbine2010 十二月-22-2010 Installations2011 三月-06-2012 177 Slamming Loads and StrengthAssessment for Vessels178 Ice Loads Monitoring Systems2011 五月-02-2011 179 Optional Class Notation DeepWater Anchoring for Oil Tankersand Bulk Carriers (DWA)2011 五月-05-2011180 Offshore Support Vessels2011 七月-02-2012 181 Propulsion and Auxiliary Systemsfor Gas Fueled Ships2011 五月-25-2011182 High Voltage Shore Connection2011 十月-27-2011 183 Certification of SeafarerRecruitment and PlacementService Providers2011 七月-19-2011 184 Drillships2011 一月-11-2012185 Integrated Software Quality Management (ISQM)2012 - Seearchive forpreviousversion2012 九月-04-2012186 Friction Stir Welding in Aluminum2011 九月-29-2011 187 Ballast Water Treatment2011 十一月-04-2011 188 Safety Culture and LeadingIndicators of Safety2012 一月-05-2012 189 Systems Verification2012 七月-02-2012 190 Crew Habitability on MobileOffshore Drilling Units (MODUs)2012 八月-31-2012US Rule Supplements (ACP -Alternate Compliance Program)2009 十二月-07-2010Garbage Management Manual2005 九月-01-2005。

美国船级社(ABS)等级标识指南涂层性能标准(CPS)2006年12月American Bureau of ShippingIncorporated by Act of Legislature ofthe State of New York 1862Copyright © 2006American Bureau of ShippingABS Plaza16855 Northchase DriveHouston, TX 77060 USA前言此指南明确规范了CPS(涂层性能标准)等级标识，发展此指南用于提高美国船级社船舶的防护涂层的有效性。

此指南提供给造船工程师，船东，操作人员，海军设计人员和海洋工程师，这些相关人员都应该认可IMO正式发布的MSC.215(82) 所有类型船舶专用海水压载舱和散货船双舷侧处所保护涂层性能标准（Performance Standard for Protective Coatings for Dedicated Seawater Ballast Tanks in all Types of Ships and Double-Side Skin Spaces of Bulk Carriers）(PSPC)标准所包括的对防护涂层的要求。

虽然此指南对于2006年12月8日后的符合通用结构规则（Common Structural Rules (CSR)）的船舶具有强制性，但是也可以有选择的应用在IMO生效日期2008年7月1日之前的非通用结构规则（non-CSR）的船舶。

另外，此指南也可以有选择的应用在生效日期2006年12月8日之前签订合同的符合通用结构规则（CSR）的船舶。

此指南阐明如何应用了IMO PSPC包含的标准，并且参考了IACS程序要求第34条，此条内容为对IMO PSPC相关程序的认可。

此标准多方面交叉参考了IMO和IACS的文件。

美国船级社(ABS)等级标识指南涂层性能标准(CPS)目录1.综述----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11.1范围和应用--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11.2缩写-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11.3标识的基础--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21.4有效日期-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.流程----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.1流程图--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23.细节说明----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23.1涂装流程-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33.2认证程序-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43.3维护，修理和部分复涂-----------------------------------------------------------------------44.文件----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44.1需要的详细认证和文件-----------------------------------------------------------------------44.2信息整合和保留--------------------------------------------------------------------------------45.涂层系统认证----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65.1综述-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45.2目前的环氧涂层系统--------------------------------------------------------------------------55.3新的环氧涂层系统-----------------------------------------------------------------------------55.4新的可替代系统--------------------------------------------------------------------------------55.5认证-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56.建造后的调查----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5图一涂装流程图------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 图二涂层预先资质测试流程图------------------------------------------------------------------61.综述1.1范围和应用发展此标准用于提高美国船级社船舶的防护涂层的有效性。

核心词汇构词法——ab和abs来源：互联网要点：托福阅读收藏托福要求掌握8000到10000词汇。

这么大的词汇量看起来令人乍舌，但实际上是有很多方法可以让大家节省时间和精力的。

了解构词法就是其中非常重要的一个，不但能帮助大家迅速扩大词汇量，而且对阅读中猜词有很大的帮助。

下面就为大家介绍一种ab前缀构词法供大家参考。

ab、abs源自拉丁文介系词a、ab，拉丁文的意思是away，from等。

通常在拉丁文较常见的介系词形态有a、ab、abs三种，后接名词为子音开头者用a，母音开头者用ab，子音t与q开头者用abs。

在拉丁文中即为字首，如aberration（n. 脱离正轨），abduct （v. 诱拐）出自拉丁文的aberrare，abducere等字。

在英文中拼法常见的有ab与abs，a则十分少见，如abominate（v. 痛恨），字根有ill omen（凶兆）之意，因此“视为凶兆而远离”便成了“痛恨”；absolve源自字根solv，solu（放松），因此absolve有释放的意思。

英文中以ab和abs开头的词还有：abdicate 让位，放弃abhor 憎恶，痛恨abject 卑鄙的，卑屈的abjure （发誓）放弃abnegate 放弃abnormal 畸形，不正常的aboriginal 土著的abrade 磨损，摩擦abrogate 取消，废止abrupt 突然，陡峭的abscond 潜逃，逃匿absence 缺席，缺乏absolute 纯粹，完全，绝对的absorb 吸收abstain 抑制，戒绝abstract 抽出，提炼，摘录abstruse 难解，深奥的absurd 荒谬的abundant 丰富，充足的abuse 虐待，辱骂。

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSINGSTEEL VESSELS2007PART 5A – Specific Vessel Types (Chapter 1)Common Structural Rules for Double Hull Oil Tankers2006 and 2007PART 5B – Specific Vessel Types (Chapter 3 and 4)Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers2006 and 2007ERRATA – SEPTEMBER 2007(Add new paragraph to Foreword and revise flowchart as shown by underlined text below:)ForewordThese Rules published on 1 July 2007 consist of:<List unchanged.>In association with the introduction of the Common Structural Rules for Double Hull Oil Tankers and Bulk Carriers, respectively, on 1 April 2006, Part 5 of the Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels, 2007 is divided into three Sub-parts, 5A, 5B and 5C. The contents and application of each Part are as follows: ContentsPart 5A: Common Structural Rules for Double Hull Oil TankersPart 5B: Common Structural Rules for Bulk CarriersPart 5C: This Part is divided into two separate booklets as follows:Chapters 1 to 6: Tankers not covered by Part 5A, Bulk Carriers not coveredby Part 5B and Container CarriersChapters 7 to 10: Passenger Vessels, Liquefied Gas Carriers, Chemical Carriersand Vessels Intended to Carry Vehicles.Application – Oil TankersThe structural requirements in Part 5A of the Rules are applicable for double hull oil tankers of 150 m in length and upward, with structural arrangements as specified in Part 5A, Section 2.For oil tankers with structural arrangements not covered by Part 5A, the requirements in Part 5C, Chapters 1 or 2, are to be complied with.Application – Bulk CarriersThe structural requirements in Part 5B of the Rules are applicable for single side skin and double side skin bulk carriers of 90m in length and upward, with structural arrangements as specified in Part 5B, Chapter 1, Section 1.For vessels intended to carry ore or bulk cargoes, other than the single side skin or double side skin bulk carriers of 90 m in length and upward with structural arrangements as specified in Part 5B, Chapter 1, Section 1, the requirements in Part 5C Chapters 3 or 4 are to be complied with.Application – SafeShip Construction Monitoring ProgramThese compulsory requirements for CSR notation are specified in Part 5C, Appendix 2.Application – Onboard Systems for Oil Tankers and Bulk CarriersThe onboard systems for all tankers are to comply with the requirements of Part 5C, Chapter 1, Section 7, and for all bulk carriers are to comply with the requirements of Part 5C, Chapter 3, Section7 of the Rules.The following flow chart indicates the application of the Rules and typical Class Notations for tanker and bulk carrier vessels, of which arrangements and scantlings are in full compliance with the Rules:Vessels Intended to Carry Oil in Bulk Vessels Intended to Carry Ore or Bulk Cargoes。

新编语⾔学教程第2版第4章答案《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》第⼆版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ...VP →(Qual) V (NP) ...AP →(Deg) A (PP) ...PP →(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.3. What is category? How to determine a word's category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.若详细回答，则要加上：Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving.The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, and adjectives with a degree word such as very cool and too bright.A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.It has (或写Conjunction exhibits) four important properties:1) There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to theconjunction.2) A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3) Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).第7—13⼩题⼤部分要求画树形图，这⾥省略。