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阅读基本功难句过关（王若平）第一部分难句分类辨析第一章定语从句定语从句的修饰对象一直是阅读中经常遇到而难以把握的问题，定语从句的关系词究竟修饰上文中的哪个单词、短语或整个句子，一要靠语言知识，二要根据上下文进行逻辑判断。
定语从句有限定性和非限定性之分。
此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等关系。
But he did not talk at length about the matter, which was not considered by the White House to be a particularly important question. (说明原因)他没有详细地谈这件事，因为白宫没有把它看作是个特别重要的问题。
Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist. (假设)如果认为理性知识可以不从感性知识得来，他就是一个唯心主义者。
So my chances of getting to revolutionary China are pretty slim, although I have not given up y efforts to get a passport, that will enable me to visit the countries of Socialism. (目的)因此，我到革命的中国的希望相当小了，然而我并没有放弃努力来争取一张护照，使我得以访问社会主义国家。
He insisted on buying a car, which he could not afford and had no use for. (表让步)他坚持要买辆轿车，尽管他买不起，而且也不需要。
1. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries; the growth of knowledge followeda kind of compound-interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.要点：从内容上分析，which修饰“the growth of knowledge”图书馆的出现使教育的发展成为可能，而教育的发展又反过来使图书馆不断扩大充实。
2010年12月英语四六级考试长难句翻译练习(13)1. He enjoys the liberties hard won over centuries by thealliance of philosophic genius and political heroism, consecrated by the blood of martyrs (烈士) ; he is provided with comport and leisure by the most productive economy ever known to mankind; science has penetrated the secrets of nature in order to provide him with the marvellous, life like electronic sound and image reproductions he is enjoying.2. Each highbrow did and does congratulate himself on being unique in his unlikeness to other men; and conversely each lowbrow now congratulate himself on being in some mystical way unique in his likeness—on being, so to say, outstandingly average and extraordinarily ordinary.3. As for the lowbrows’ claim to be specially “human”, I for one have never been able to understand why it should be “inhuman” to use the faculties that distinguish us from pigs and geese and “human” to use those which we share with the lower animals.4. There is no disputing, says the proverb, about taste—though, in fact, human beings spend at least half their leisure doing nothing else—and if highbrowism and lowbrowism were exclusively ( as it is certain that they are in great part) matters of individual taste, there would be no more to say about them than what I have said in the preceding lines.5. Thus I desire a great deal less pleasure from jazz andthrillers than from the music, let us say, of Beethoven(贝多芬) or the novels, for example, of Dostoievsky; and the sex appeal of the girls on the covers of magazines seems to me less thrilling than the more complicated appeal to a great variety of feelings made by a Rubens, an EI Greco, a Constable, a Seurat.6. One need only ask first-year university students what music they listen to , how much of it and what it means to them, in order to discover that the phenomenon is universal in America, that it begins in adolescence or a bit before and continues through the college years.。
2010年英二text3长难句摘要：一、引言二、2010 年英二text3 长难句的具体内容三、长难句的结构分析四、长难句的翻译五、长难句对英语学习的影响及应对策略六、结论正文：一、引言在英语学习的过程中，阅读长难句是一项重要的技能。
通过分析长难句，可以提高我们的阅读理解能力，同时也有助于提高写作和翻译水平。
以2010 年英二text3 的长难句为例，本文将对其进行深入的剖析。
二、2010 年英二text3 长难句的具体内容2010 年英二text3 中的长难句如下：“In the case of the United States, the argument that the press has a constitutional right to publish such information and that there are adequate safeguards in place to prevent the revelation of sensitive information is not persuasive, given the number of high-level security leaks that have occurred in recent years.”三、长难句的结构分析这个长难句可以分为以下几个部分：1.主句：“the argument that the press has a constitutional right to publish such information and that there are adequate safeguards in place to prevent the revelation of sensitive information is not persuasive”。
2.原因状语从句：“given the number of high-level security leaks that have occurred in recent years”。
王若平长难句1. We must probably discard the at one time widely accepted view that if once life had come into the universe in any way whatsoever, it would rapidly spread from planet to planet and from one planetary system to another until the whole universe teemed with life.我们或许必须抛弃曾一时广为大家所接受的观点，即一旦生命无论以任何方式在宇宙中出现，它都会从一个行星迅速地扩展到另一行星，从一个行星系蔓延到另一个行星系，直到整个宇宙都充满生命为止。
（if once一旦; teem with充满）2. It is already clear that “the next best thing to bein g there”is going to be a picture phone call.显然，仅次于面谈的办法是打一个视频电话。
3. The European Union is an imperfect creature, with some of its actions based onfine principles of political economy and some on poor ones.欧盟是不完善的机构，它的一些举措是基于正确的政治经济原则之上的，而另一些却远非如此。
（复合结构扩展成句子。
复合结构作状语可以不用with。
cf: Our teacher comes into the classroom, book under arm. 老师进了教室，腋下夹了一本书。
）4. In cyberspace, communities are chosen by the users, not forced on them by accidents of geography.在网络空间，用户自愿参加某个团体，而不是因为地理位置的巧合被迫参加某个团体。
考研英语的⽂章⼀般选⾃国外的期刊或杂志，如《经济学家》、《泰晤⼠报》、《⾃然》、《时代周刊》等。
为体现本书的实时性与真实性，本章摘选了来⾃这些期刊中最为热门的⽂章中的语句进⾏分析，希望帮助考⽣在复习过程中既掌握有效的理解长难句的⽅法，⼜能获得第⼀⼿相关信息。
⼀、定语从句 【难句1】He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television, a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators. (The Economist Jan. 5, 2006) 【结构分析】本句结构清晰，是⼀个复合句。
句⾸部分He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television是主句，其后的a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media…作mobile television的同位语，句末的关系代词which引导定语从句which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators来修饰先⾏词a nascent industry，关系代词which在从句中作主语。
【参考译⽂】他谈到了众⼈对移动电视的巨⼤兴趣，这是⼀个在电信和媒体领域有交叉的新兴产业，它给设备制造商、电视内容制作者以及移动络运营商提供了新的机遇。
【难句2】Meanwhile, Apple Computer, which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October, is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows that can be purchased for viewing on the device, including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives” and “Law & Order”. (The Economist Jan. 5, 2006) 【结构分析】本句使⽤了分隔结构，体现了⾮限制性定语从句分隔，从句which launched a video capable version of its iPod portable music player in October修饰主语Apple Computer(关系代词which在从句中作主语)分隔了主语和系动词。
2010英语一阅读长难句解析以2010年英语一阅读中出现过的长难句为例，来看看长难句应该怎么处理。
例(1).Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.(2010英语一text1)这句话的主干其实很简单，是一个现在完成时态的“主系表+介词短语”做定语结构，但是在主干之前，添加了of短语of all the changes做状语，用来说明范围，且在这个短语中，宾语changes后还由一个that引导的定语从句来修饰，定语从句也是一个现在完成时态的“主谓宾+介词短语”作状语的结构，整句话的意思是，英文报纸在过去的25年间所发生的所有变化中，最影响深远的也许是其报道的范围和严肃性已经发生了不可遏制的衰落。
例(2).It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the ages of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.(2010英语一text1)本句话的主干用到了一个it形式主语结构“it is + adj for sb to do sth”，而真正的主语则是to imagine a time这个to do短语，另外，在主语中，time后紧跟一个由when引导的定语从句起修饰作用。
【研英难句】和我一起突破考研长难句(120)今天的题目：1.International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economics that open up and welcome foreign investment.2.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process:falling transportation and communication costs,lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers'demands.选做题目：3.Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S.,when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.4.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although,in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming“I wanted to spend more time with my family”.本期任务：1.找出句子主干2.翻译长句1.International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economics that open up and welcome foreign investment.词汇：affiliate分公司，附属机构；v.使隶属(或附属)于account for说明(原因等)；占fast-growing迅速增长的segment部门；部分，段结构分析：本句主干是International affiliates account for a…segment of production;后面that引导的定语从句修饰economics。
2010考研英语长难句分析69句1. That sex ratiowill be favore d whichmaximi zes the number of descen dants an indivi dualwillhave and hencethe number of gene copies transm itted. （难度系数5，下同）译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
难句类型：倒装、省略<a > 本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratiowhichmaximi zes the number of descen dntsan indivi duall will have and hencethe number of gene copies transm itedwill be favore d.但是因为主语Thatsex ratio之后的以wh ich引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。
所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语willbe favore d之后。
<b > 在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在ma ximiz e的第一个宾语the number of descen dants that an indivi duall will have中，an indivi duall will have是修饰desc endan ts的定语从句，但是，因为在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词t hat可以省略。
第二处省略是在第二个t he number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分thatsex ratiowhichmaximi zes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。
2010年考研英语翻译试题译文及解析(2010-03-09 16:54:04)转载标签：分类：考研资料分享考研试题解析翻译教育英文译文：完全以经济动机为基础的守恒系统中，存在一个基本的弱点，即陆生群落的大多数成员都没有经济价值。
然而这些生物是生物群落的成员，如果群落的稳定性取决于其完整性，他们就有权持续生存。
当其中一个非经济类别受到威胁时，如果我们碰巧喜爱这个类别，就会创造借口使其具有经济意义。
本世纪初，鸣禽原本正在消失。
（46）科学家们匆匆赶来救援，但证据是明显站不住脚的。
大意就是，如果鸟不能控制这些虫子，虫子就会吃光一切。
这个证据必须是经济的，才是有效的。
如今阅读这些拐弯抹角的论述令人痛心。
我们还没有土地伦理，（47）但是，我们至少比较一致地认可这样一种观点，即：无论鸟类对我们是否具有经济价值，他们都应该继续享有其固有的生物权利。
类似的情况存在于食肉的哺乳动物和捕食鱼的鸟类中。
（48）生物学家们曾一度滥用这个证据：这些生物通过残杀弱者来维持生物链条的健康发展，或者只是捕食“无价值的物种”。
因此在这里，证据必须是经济的，才是有效的。
天敌是社会的成员，任何具有特殊要求的集团都无权为了自身真实的或想象的利益消灭它们。
有些种类的树木被一些只具备经济头脑的林业员认为是“非我族类”，因为它们发育过慢，或作为木材销售价值过低。
（49）欧洲的林业生态发展比较先进。
那些没有商业价值的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员而被合理保护。
此外，人们发现一些树种在保持土壤的肥沃方面具有重要作用。
森林和构成森林的不同的树种，地面植物以及动物之间的相互依赖是理所当然的。
由于有些树种成长缓慢甚或是作为木材的价值也太低，所以一些受经济利益驱使的人就将这些树种完全抛弃。
总而言之：一种守恒系统完全基于自身经济利益是倾斜无望的。
（50）这样的体系容易忽视、并最终灭绝了生物群落中的许多元素。
然而这些元素虽然缺少商业价值，但对整个群落的健康运动却至关重要。
2010年春季难句翻译（上）1. We must probably discard the at one time widely accepted view that if once life had come into the universe in any way whatsoever, it would rapidly spread from planet to planet and from one planetary system to another until the whole universe teemed with life.我们或许必须抛弃曾一时广为大家所接受的观点，即一旦生命无论以任何方式在宇宙中出现，它都会从一个行星迅速地扩展到另一行星，从一个行星系蔓延到另一个行星系，直到整个宇宙都充满生命为止。
（if once一旦; teem with 充满）2. It is already clear that “the next best thing to being there”is going to be a picture phone call.显然，仅次于面谈的办法是打一个视频电话。
3. The European Union is an imperfect creature, with some of its actions based on fine principles of political economy and some on poor ones.欧盟是不完善的机构，它的一些举措是基于正确的政治经济原则之上的，而另一些却远非如此。
（复合结构扩展成句子。
复合结构作状语可以不用with。
cf: Our teacher comes into the classroom, book under arm. 老师进了教室，腋下夹了一本书。
）4. In cyberspace, communities are chosen by the users, not forced on them by accidents of geography.在网络空间，用户自愿参加某个团体，而不是因为地理位置的巧合被迫参加某个团体。
5. United we stand；divided we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。
(伴随)6. Be all that you can be. 尽你所能成就你能力范围内的一切。
7. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals.如果你是男人，你会指出，大多数诗人和科学家都是男性的; 如果你是妇女，你会反驳说，大多数罪犯也都是男性的。
8. If I went abroad, I’d travel round the country as much as I could and try to get as many people as possible, not only to practice the language on but to have discussions with and I’d hope to make some real friends.如果我出国，会尽量多地游览这个国家，设法尽可能多地结识一些人，不仅以他们作为语言实践对象，而且要和他们讨论问题。
我希望结识一些真正的朋友。
（并列平行结构的典范：句与句之间; 谓语动词和谓语动词之间；不定式短语之间）9. History is made up of facts, but also of opinions; it is not only what actually happened, but also what people who know what happened think about past events. (29 words)历史是由事实组成的，也是由观点组成的。
它不仅仅是实际上已发生的事件，同时也是知情人对事件的看法。
10. Humans have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.要点：by介词短语作状语,修饰谓语have distinguished。
To observe and understand…and then either to adapt…or to control and adapt…是并列的动词不定式短语,作定语,修饰ability。
In doing so是介词短语作状语,修饰ensured,表示方式；so是副词,等于in this way。
译文：人类能够观察和认识周围的环境，尔后或是去适应环境，或是按照自己的需要控制和改变环境。
这种能力使人类与其他动物区别开来,从而使人类得以生存。
11. This process, difficult and complex as it is, is simple compared to the job of discovering that new kinds of corn could be developed, or to the job of discovering how to develop them.这个过程虽然困难而又复杂，但是与研究培育玉米新品种和找出育种方法相比就简单得多了。
（as的用法; it译实了；状语翻译到动词前）12. The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best. (47 words)一些语言学家的共同见解是，每一种语言都是使用该语言的民族用以表达思想的完美载体。
这一观点在某些方面与曼彻斯特经济学派的观点，即供给与需求会将一切调节至尽美尽美，有异曲同工之妙。
13. At school the student needs to increase his knowledge in an organized way, to acquire sufficient vocabulary in science for effective communication, and to learn some facts because they are important in everyday living, such as knowledge that is useful for his health, for his safety and for an understanding of his surrounding.在学校中，学生需要有系统地扩大知识，掌握足够的科学词汇，以便有效地进行交流，还需要懂得一些诸如对（增进）健康、（保障）安全以及了解周围环境等有用的常识，因为这些常识在日常生活中是十分重要的。
14. They conquer who believe they can.译文：相信自己能够取得胜利的人取得胜利。
15. And ultimately, as the parable of the open and closed hand suggests, we must confront the inevitability of our own demise, losing ourselves, as it were, all that we were or dreamed to be.最终正如松手与握拳的寓意所表示的那样，我们自己也得走向不可抗拒的死亡，失去我们自己，可以说失去我们以往曾经有过的或梦想的一切。
16. There is indeed an important, though often neglected, difference between Chinese and English in negation - negation in way of thinking and in mode of speaking.要点：important和它所修饰的difference之间插入一个状语从句“though often neglected”，though后省略了it is。
破折号后的negation是前面negation 的同位语，补充说明否定的方向。
译文：的确，汉语和英语在思维方法和说话方式的否定上有着重要的差异，尽管这种差异往往被忽略。
17. Man has achieved remarkable success in the field of astronautics the ultimate goal and purpose of which is to gain for man himself access to space and to other worlds.人类在宇航方面已经取得惊人的成就，宇航的最终目标和意图就是使人类能够亲自进入太空并到达其他星球。
18. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.图书馆的出现使教育的发展成为可能，而教育反过来促进了图书馆的发展。
