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英语六级写作逻辑关系与过渡词整理在英语写作中，良好的逻辑关系和合适的过渡词语在文章的连贯性和可读性方面起着至关重要的作用。
下面是一些常用的逻辑关系和过渡词，帮助你提升写作表达的质量和连贯性。
1. 添加逻辑关系：用于向观点中添加附加信息，或列举一系列类似的观点。
- Additionally（此外）- Furthermore（而且）- Moreover（此外）- In addition（除此之外）- Also（还有）- Besides（此外）- Similarly（同样地）- Likewise（同样地）- Equally important（同样重要的是）- Not only... but also（不仅...而且）例如，Additionally, the government should invest more in renewable energy sources to combat climate change.（此外，政府应该在可再生能源方面投资更多来应对气候变化。
）2. 强调逻辑关系：用于强调或突出某一观点或事实。
- Indeed（的确）- Undoubtedly（无疑地）- Certainly（当然）- Absolutely（绝对地）- In fact（事实上）- It is worth noting that...（值得注意的是...）- It is important to emphasize that...（重要的是要强调...）- Crucially（极其重要的是）例如，Indeed, the results of the study confirm the hypothesis that social media has a significant impact on mental health.（的确，这项研究的结果证实了社交媒体对心理健康有重大影响的假设。
）3. 对比逻辑关系：用于比较或对照不同观点、事实或情况。
句群，简单地说就是由两个或者几个意义上前后谢姐连贯额句子按一定规则组成的表示一个中心意思的的语法单位, 下面小编就和大家分享英语口译翻译技巧：句群逻辑关系，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。
英语口译翻译技巧：句群逻辑关系汉译英中的疑点就是处理句群关系，从逻辑上区分通常有六种：a) 表示原因关系“因为…所以”，“因此…”，“由于…”b) 表示转折关系“虽然…但是…”，“然而(不过)…”c) 表示条件关系“如果…”，“假如…”，“只要…就…”，“一旦…”d) 表示让步关系“尽管…”，“就算…也…”，“即使…也…”e) 表示时间先后关系“…之后”，“接着…”f) 表示结果关系“从而…”，“导致…”经过二十多年的快速发展，中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础，社会保持稳定，市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善，为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。
Thanks to the rapid development in the past 20-plus years, a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology has been laid in the western region of rapid development in the past 20-plus years witnesses a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology in the western region of china中国将致力于建设国家创新体系，通过营造良好的环境，推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新，这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。
Through creating a favorable background, china will be devoted to building a national system for innovation to promote the innovation in knowledge, technology and system, which is the onlypath/indispensable/essential for china to achieve cross-century/trans-century/century-crossing/turn-of-the-century development.如果大家对翻译中的句群逻辑还不是很懂的话，可以把上面的几段话多多看一下，多多揣摩，一句一句的分析他们之间的关系。
翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法（repetition）2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法（conversion）5.词序调整法（inversion）6.分译法（division）7.正说反译、反说正译法（negation）8.语态变换法（the change of the voices）第一节重译法（repetition）在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。
这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
重译法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。
重译法有三个作用：一是为了明确；而是为了强调；三是为了生动。
一、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。
在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。
而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。
定语后的名词亦是如此。
如：1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。
2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就和什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。
3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。
People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。
5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。
考研英语中常见逻辑关系词的分类及使用方法在如今的社会中，考研英语已经成为了许多人选择的一条途径。
然而，对于许多英语非母语的考生来说，英语中的逻辑关系词可能会使他们感到困惑。
因此，本文将会对考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词进行分类，并提供一些使用方法，帮助考生顺利通过英语考试。
一、表示并列关系的逻辑关系词并列关系指的是两个相互独立的要素之间的关系，如and、or、but、not only...but also…等。
其中，and是最常见的并列关系词，如"The government invests heavily in education, and it will continue to do so."，其表示的是两个相互独立的事件。
Or的意义为“或者”，通常在两个或多个选项中使用。
例如："Do you prefer coffee or tea?"。
而but表达的是相互对立或者相反的意思。
在文中可以用来表达转折、对比、前后衔接等意思，如"He is a great player, but he needs to work harder."。
Not only...but also…表示的是数量的增加或者加强，如"China has not only a rich culture but also a strong economy."。
二、表示因果关系/条件关系的逻辑关系词因果关系指的是两个事件之间的因果关系，如because、so、thus、therefore、as a result、result in等。
例如："He failed the exam because he didn't study hard enough."。
而条件关系表示的是某一事件/条件下引起的结果，如if、unless、provided that、in case等。
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧要真正掌握英文翻译的技巧并非易事。
这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难，下面就和大家分享英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐，来欣赏一下吧。
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。
二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。
另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的*，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。
正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。
一、词义的选择和引伸技巧英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。
一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。
在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手：1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。
(形容词)He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。
(动词)Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。
(名词)2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。
英语口译翻译技巧：句群逻辑关系句群，简单地说就是由两个或者几个意义上前后谢姐连贯额句子按一定规则组成的表示一个中心意思的的语法单位,下面就和大家分享英语口译翻译技巧：句群逻辑关系，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。
英语口译翻译技巧：句群逻辑关系汉译英中的疑点就是处理句群关系，从逻辑上区分通常有六种：a) 表示原因关系“因为…所以”，“因此…”，“由于…”b) 表示转折关系“虽然…但是…”，“然而(不过)…”c) 表示条件关系“如果…”，“假如…”，“只要…就…”，“一旦…”d) 表示让步关系“尽管…”，“就算…也…”，“即使…也…”e) 表示时间先后关系“…之后”，“接着…”f) 表示结果关系“从而…”，“导致…”经过二十多年的快速发展，中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础，社会保持稳定，市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善，为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。
Thanks to the rapid development in the past 20-plus years, a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology has been laid in the western region of china.The rapid development in the past 20-plus years witnesses a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology in the western region of china中国将致力于建设国家创新体系，通过营造良好的环境，推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新，这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。
Through creating a favorable background, china will be devoted to building a national system for innovation to promote the innovation in knowledge, technology and system, which is the only path/indispensable/essential for china to achievecross-century/trans-century/century-crossing/turn-of-the-century development.如果大家对翻译中的句群逻辑还不是很懂的话，可以把上面的几段话多多看一下，多多揣摩，一句一句的分析他们之间的关系。
英语逻辑关系要清晰：一．并列关系coordinating relationAnd : conj. 和，与；就；而且；但是；然后granted, et, but, yet, onlyOr: conj. 或，或者；还是either, ossiaAnd also:Neither ….nor:Either…or:Not only….but also:Along with: 沿（顺）着；连同…一起；与…一道；随同…一起Thai is to say:As well as: 也；和…一样；不但…而且as well as除……之外；既as well as.除as well as everything以及一切in the same way: 同样地；以同样的方式二．递进关系Also: adv. 也；而且；同样conj. 并且；另外Than: conj. 比（用于形容词、副词的比较级之后）；除…外（用于other等之后）；与其…（用于rather等之后）；一…就（用于no sooner等之后）prep. 比；超过Additionally: adv. 此外；又，加之In addition: 另外，此外Furthermore: adv. 此外；而且and furthermore而且furthermore-而且Moreover furthermore而且moreover-furthermore进一步说furthermore ad. 而且moreover而且；此外furthermore ad. 而且，进一步说moreover, furthermore且moreover adv. 而且；此外what is more而且what is even more甚至更多what is more important更重要的是and what is more而且indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至int. 真的（表示惊讶、怀疑、讽刺等）...accordingly 于是indeed 的确surely 无疑...Apart from远离，除…之外；且不说；缺少besides adv. 此外；而且prep. 除…之外And besides更何况aside from除…以外Aside from除Aside from hands除手以外apart/aside from除了三、引出新对象About：prep. 关于；大约adj. 在附近的；四处走动的；在起作用的adv. 大约；周围；到处n. 大致；粗枝大叶；不拘小节的人concerning prep. 关于；就…而言v. 涉及；使关心（concern的ing形式）；忧虑regarding prep. 关于，至于就…….而言with regard to adv. 关于；至于as for关于，至于as to至于，关于；就……而论in terms of依据；按照；在…方面；以…措词四，因果关系Because of adv. 因为；由于Since conj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来For prep. 为，为了；因为；给；对于；至于；适合于conj. 因为As ad. 同样地,像prep. 当做conj. 当...之时,像...一样,因为Thus adv. 因此；从而；这样；如此conj. 因此So ad. 如此,如是,如...那样conj. 所以,因此,所以Hence adv.此；今后Therefore adv. 因此；所以Consequently adv. 因此；结果；所以Accordingly adv. 因此，于是；相应地；照著due to adv. 由于；应归于thanks to 由于，幸亏in the light of 根据，按照；当作However, in the light of the new development, we have reinforced our security systems in all our airports, ".in response to响应；回答；对…有反应Allergies are abnormal reactions of the immune system in response to otherwise harmless substanceson account of由于；因为；为了…的缘故"...on account of the number of pine trees that grow in the gorge of the mountain in which it is situated.Given adj. 赠予的；沉溺的prep. 考虑到v. 给予（give的过去分词）given that假定；只要是；已知；考虑到Considering prep. 考虑到；就...而论conj. 考虑到v. 考虑到（consider的ing形式）Seeing that鉴于，由于；因为"People are now seeing that they can actually make a business from supplying this vaccine and getting out to the very rural areas where there is a market for this."In that因为；由于；既然in respect that因为in group that以便in order that以便；为了；目的在于A United Nations report says water availability in that area is the second lowest in the world, after Africa.Now that既然；由于The F.C.C.chairman also wants to extend all six principles to wireless carriers now that their phones access the Internet.As a result of adv. 因此，由于；作为…的结果For the reason由于；因为Owing to由于，因为…It's a supposition that whatever the object of theory might be, - theory itself must-- owing to whatever intellectual constraints one can imagine-- be of such and such a form.In view of adv. 鉴于；考虑到in the view of…根据……的观点By(in) virtue of 由于，凭借On grounds of 以…为理由；根据…The supreme court later overturned the ruling on grounds of mistaken identity.as a consequence 因此，结果I think all those goals are still possible, but I think that as a consequence to the war on Iraq, we took our eye off the ball.as a consequence of因此；由于…的结果We have got an enormous amount of work to do, and people down in the Gulf, particularly businesses, are still suffering as a consequence of this disaster."五、转折关系But conj. 但是；而是；然而adv. 仅仅，只prep. 除…以外however adv. 无论如何；不管怎样conj. 然而；可是yet adv. 还；但是；已经conj. 但是；然而instead of 代替；不是…而是…rather than 而不是；宁可…也不愿on the contrary反之by contrast相比之下；与之相比unfortunately adv. 不幸地六．让步Although conj. 虽然，尽管Though adv. 可是，虽然；不过；然而conj. 虽然；尽管prep. 但Even though虽然，即使even if though纵然even if / though即使；尽管even though/if即使；尽管Nevertheless adv. 然而，不过；虽然如此conj. 然而，不过Despite prep. 尽管，不管n. 轻视；憎恨；侮辱In spite of 尽管；不管，不顾Anyway adv. 无论如何，不管怎样；总之Notwithstanding adv. 尽管，仍然prep. 尽管，虽然conj. 虽然"How can we empower our president and the Congress and the government to start to move the country forward, notwithstanding the differences we have, "as conj. 因为；随着；虽然；依照；当…时prep. 如同；当作；以…的身份adv. 同样地；和…一样的while conj. 虽然；然而；当……的时候n. 一会儿；一段时间vt. 消磨；轻松地度过七.比较关系Like vt. 喜欢；想；愿意vi. 喜欢；希望prep. 像；如同adj. 同样的；相似的n. 爱好；同样的人或物adv. 可能conj. 好像Unlike adj. 不同的，不相似的prep. 和…不同，不像By prep. 通过；被；依据；经由；在附近；在……之前adv. 通过；经过；附近；白俄罗斯In contrast与此相反；比较起来Whereas conj. 然而；鉴于；反之八．表时间关系When wheneverBefore prep. 在…之前，先于adv. 以前；在前conj. 在…以前；在…之前After adv. 后来，以后prep. 在……之后conj. 在……之后adj. 以后的after all 毕竟；终究go after 追求，追逐ever after 从此以后一直after hours adv. 下班；工作完毕后subsequentlyprep.在……之后in theback ofadj.以后的succeedingsince conj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来meanwhile conj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来in the meantime 在此期间；于此际九、条件If conj. （表条件）如果；即使；是否；（表假设）假如n. 条件；设想Only if只要……就；只是在……的时候If only只要；要是…多好In case of万一；如果发生；假设unlessconj. 除非，如果不prep. 除…之外as long as 只要；和…一样长suppose that假如supposing that conj. 假如；不妨去…吧v. 假使；让；猜想（suppose的ing形式）but for conj. 要不是；如果没有failing n. 失败；缺点，过失；弱点prep. 如果没有…adj. 失败的v. 失败；不及格（fail的ing形式）十、例Such as 比如；诸如For examplen. 例子；榜样vt. 作为…的例子；为…做出榜样vi. 举例For instancen. 实例；情况；建议vt. 举...为例Of these 这些Amongprep. 在…中间；在…之中To illustrate 说明显示Like to take an example to take sth for example Speaking namely 说话即十一、总结构On the whole基本上，大体上；就全体而论In short总之；简言之In a word总之；简言之All in all 总而言之；头等重要的东西In conclusion 总之最后In summary总之概括起来In general总之，通常；一般而言十二、表强调Above all 首先尤其是In effect实际上；生效In fact 事实上，实际上In any case 无论如何十三、顺序关系Last of all 最后finally 最后。
常见的八种逻辑关系1，并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, thatis to say, as well as, same…as2，递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more3，因果关系:becaus e, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such) … that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to4，转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of5，让步关系:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of6，列举关系:first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—onthe other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others7，举例关系:such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely8，总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word翻译技巧技巧之一：“定语从句”的翻译总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比)类定语从句:1)、限定性(没逗号);2)、非限定性(有逗号).1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;e.g. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣(的)书.B. 较长--- 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;e.g. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.(重复先行词”理想”)2) 非限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;e.g. But Miggle's laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默.B. 较长--- 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.e.g. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟弟.(重复先行词约翰或用代词”他”替代)技巧之二：“同位语从句”的翻译四种翻译方法:1)、译为独立的句子;2)、“名转动, 从变宾”;3)、“这、那复指”;4)、主谓词组作定语.1)、译为独立的句子:适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现,或同时满足以上两者.解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为……”, “就是……”, “即……”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.e.g. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a woman`s place was in the home. 我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置应该在家里, 很明显是错误的.2)、“名转动, 从变宾”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语.解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.e.g. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.他希望他能再次访问我们的城市.3)、“这、那复指”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这”或”那”等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.e.g. The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉.4)、主谓词组作定语:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.e.g. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了.技巧之三“定语转译”1) 定语转译为谓语(动词):e.g. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量.2) 定语转译为状语:适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.e.g. Scientists in that country are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant that will ensure success in their scientific research.两种译法:1) 定语从句”长后短前”译法(重复先行词):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 这些将保证科研工作的成功.2) “定语转译”译法(转译为目的状语):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 以保证科研工作的成功.技巧之四：“后置定语的翻译”总的原则: “英语定语多后置, 汉语定语多前置” 最常见的两种长后置定语的翻译方法:1) 介宾形式的长后置定语;2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语.1) 介宾形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由多个介宾短语并列构成, 通常为了符合英文的行文习惯, 介宾短语表示的范围一般为由小到大.解决方法: 按照汉语的行文习惯, 变换顺序为由大到小.e.g.1 In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp (of the basic features) (of the Canadian Constitution) can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年, 49题)e.g.2 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct) (in business).（2006年, 49题)e.g.3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities) (of the news media.) (2007年, 48题)2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由非谓语构成的短语结构, 其逻辑上的主语就是被修饰的名词性结构.解决方法: 将其单独译为一个分句, doing表示主动/正在, done表示被动/完成,to do表示意愿/将来. e.g.4 On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge (made by some of his critics) that,while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(2008年, 48题)技巧之五：“宾语从句的翻译”总的原则: 英文中的谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词都可以带宾语, 也都可以带宾语从句.最常见的两种宾语从句类型:1) 普通宾语从句;2) it作形式宾语的宾语从句.1) 普通宾语从句:一般不改变原句顺序, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.1 I don`t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的.e.g.2 They believe that they will surely win the game.他们相信他们肯定会赢得这场比赛.e.g.3 He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others. 他再三提醒大家, 决定这件事的不只是他一个人, 还有其他许多人.2) it作形式宾语的从句:翻译时it一般不必译出, 而真正的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序译出, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.4 I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o`clock in the morning.我向他们讲得很清楚, 他们必须在上午十点之前提交论文.但有时候, 考虑到汉语的表达习惯, 译文中需要将真实宾语提前:e.g.5 I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.被选中参加会议, 我感到很荣幸.采用此种译法时, 有时需要用“这”, “它”等对真实宾语进行重复.e.g.6 We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打开国门, 实行开放, 我们认为这是绝对必要的. (it翻译为“这”)技巧之六：“表语从句的翻译”总的原则: 名词性从句的一种, 既可顺译, 也可逆译, 既可以与主句译为一个共同的简单句,也可以单独译为一个分句, 要根据具体语境判断.1) 与主句合译为一个简单句:e.g. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration.时间因素是我们不得不考虑的.2) 单独译为一个分句:e.g. The question which worries everyone today is how long will these fuels last.今天人人都担心的问题是: 这些燃料能用多久.几种常见表语从句类型:1) that (this) is why…:解决方法:a) 如果采用顺译法, 可译为“这就是为什么… (的缘故)”;b) 如果采用逆译法, 可译为“…的原因就在这里”, “…的理由就在于此”.e.g.1 That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.所谓“实践是检验真理的标准”, 以及所谓“实践的标准应该是认识论首要的和基本的观点”,(这两种观点的理由)就在于此.2) this (it) is because:解决方法:此句型一般采用“顺译法”, 可译为“这是因为…(的缘故)”.e.g. This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故.3) this is what:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是… (的内容)”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 通常译为“…就是这个道理”.e.g. This is what we have discussed today.这就是今天我们讨论的内容.4) this (that) is where:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是…的地方”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 可译为“…的地方就在于此”.e.g. This is where I disagree with you.这就是我不同意你的地方.技巧之七：“同位语+ 后置修饰结构”总的原则: 此结构中同位语一般为一个单词, 而后置修饰语的结构一般都比较复杂, 可以是定语从句, 也可以是分词或不定式结构.(05年, 47题, 48题).解决方法:将这种结构译为一个独立的分句, 同位语在分句中作主语或宾语.e.g.1 You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply changing their habits and hunting by day.也许你会说这是他们自己造成的问题, 通过改变生活习性在白天出来捕食, 它们可以轻松解决这一问题.e.g.2 And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the country-side because it was initially “too quiet”, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.我们大多数人都有过这样的经历: 如果在深山或者乡村睡觉, 必须作一些调整才能睡得着, 因为这些地方起初“太安静”了. 这一例子说明人类有能力去适应各种不同程度的噪音.技巧之八：“名词转译为动词”总的原则: 英语多用名词少用动词;汉语多用动词少用名词.1) 英语中由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词, 很多时候可以转译为汉语中的动词:e.g.1 Rocket have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙.e.g.2 The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机, 听见隆隆的机声, 我感到特别神往.2) 英语中有些表示职业的名词(通常后缀为-er), 有时在句中并不表示身份和职业, 而是含有较强的动作意味或说明具有某种品质, 在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时, 往往可译为汉语中的动词.e.g.1 As a successful career woman, she is also a good cook.身为一名成功的职业女性, 她做菜也做得很好.e.g.2 Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好.技巧之九：“状语的翻译”总的原则: 状语两大类: “从句类” ; “非从句类”最常见的两种非从句类型:1) 副词作状语;2) 短语作状语(介宾, 不定式).总的处理原则:1) 副词作状语(较短):直接译为汉语中的状语.2) 短语作状语(较长):将其译为一个分句.e.g.1 With a slight gesture she summons the Indian boy standing behind her chair, and whispers to him.她向站在她座位后面的印度男仆微微作了个手势, 示意他过来, 对他耳语一番.e.g.2 Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in city runs.叫车的人太多了, 公司便只接来往于市内的生意, 这样可以使利润最大化.技巧之十：“状语从句的翻译”总的原则: 状语从句分为两大类:“while型”和“非while型”.while引导的让步状语从句:(状语从句翻译中的难点)(2007, 50题; 2009, 48题; 2008, 48题;)难点: 判断while的不同含义.While I admit I did it, I didn`t intend to.尽管我承认是我做的这件事, 但我并不是有意的.“非while型”的两种基本翻译方法:1) 顺译法;2) 逆译法.1) 顺译法:e.g.1 When the storm had passed, we continued our way.暴风雨过后, 我们继续赶路.e.g.2 We can chop and change till we get someone who suits.我们可以变来变去, 直到我们找到一个合适的人.2) 逆译法:起因: “英语状语多后置, 中文状语多前置”.方法: “颠倒顺序(为了符合中文习惯)”e.g. The students stood up before the teacher had come in.老师还没进来学生就站起来了.技巧之十一：“非谓语动词作状语”总的原则: 非谓语动词包括不定式, 动名词和分词, 非谓语结构在句中可作除谓语之外的多种句子成分. 其中非谓语动词作状语时, 其功能相当于状语从句, 修饰谓语动词.解决方法:与状语从句一样, 非谓语结构也可以用来表示时间, 原因, 结果, 条件, 让步, 方式等. 翻译时可译为一个分句, 并可增译相应连词来表明其与主句之间的逻辑关系.e.g.1 Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science.因为我来自伊朗, 所以对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣.e.g.2 Managed badly, email can be a waste of valuable time.如果管理不当, 电子邮件会浪费我们的宝贵时间.技巧之十二“被动语态的翻译”总的原则: 英语多被动, 汉语少被动.最常见的两种翻译方法:1)直译为汉语的被动句;2)转译为汉语的主动句.1) 直译为汉语的被动句:适用条件: 着重表达被动含义的英语被动句.解决方法: 直接翻译为汉语中的被动句, 汉语中表达被动意义的语言工具主要有”被, 受, 遭, 让, 给, 由, 把, 得到,受到, 加以, 得以, 为…所, 由…来”等e.g.1 The minister was found to have appropriated government money.部长被发现挪用公款.(部长挪用公款被发现.)e.g.2 He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬.(他被老师表扬了.)e.g.3 Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应及时加以解决.(问题应得到及时解决.) (问题应被及时解决.)2) 转译为汉语的主动句(六种译法):A. 保存原句主语;B. 原文主语转译为宾语;C. 增译主语;D. 译成汉语”无主句”;E. 译成汉语”判断句”;F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译.A. 保存原句主语:适用条件: 主语为无生命的名词, 且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体.解决方法: 被动句主语直接变为主动句主语.e.g.1 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.水能从液体变成固体.B. 原文主语转译为宾语:适用条件1): 句中由by引出动作的施动者.适用条件2): 介词短语构成的状语引出施动者.解决方法: 施动者变主语, 原主语变宾语.e.g.2 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光.e.g.3 Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况直播.C. 增译主语:适用条件: 句中未出现表示行为的主体.解决方法: 适当增添一些泛指性的主语, 如”人们”、”有人”、”大家”、’’我们”等.e.g.4 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索.D. 译成汉语”无主句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不需要或者无法说出行为的主体.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”无主语句型”, 原句中的主语译成宾语.e.g.5 Measurements have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading.已经采取了措施防止这种流行病的蔓延.E. 译成汉语”判断句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述, 其作用与”主系表”结构类似.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”判断句”, 经常采用”是…的”句式.e.g.6 Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的.F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译:适用条件: It作形式主语, that引导的从句是真正主语.解决方法: 1) 增译泛指性主语, 如“我们”, “人们”, “大家”, “有人”等等.2) 译成无主语的汉语句子.e.g.7 It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.有人强调说, 科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域: 自然科学和社会科学.e.g.8 It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.应该指出, 这一过程就是氧化.技巧之十三：“形式主语”的翻译总体原则:先译真实主语, 后译形式主语. (“先真后假”)三种方法:1) 按原句顺序翻译;2) 增译主语;3) 调整语序.1) 按原句顺序翻译:两种情况:A. 真实主语是”不定式短语(to do)”或”动名词短语(doing sth.)”, 整句可译成无主语的句子.e.g. It is no exaggeration to say she is the best mother in the world.可以毫不夸张地说她是世上最好的母亲.B. 真实主语为一个从句, 可将形式主语和谓语译为一个短语, 而将主语从句译为句子的主干.e.g. It goes without saying that these waves travel at the speed of light.显然, 这些波是以光速传播.2) 增译主语:适用条件: 形式主语部分为被动句.解决办法: 根据句意或上下文增译出主语, 或增译泛指性主语”我们”、”人们”、”大家”、”有人”等等.e.g. It was incorrectly believed that current flowed from positive to negative.人们错误的认为电流是由正极流向负极的.3) 调整语序:适用条件: 真实主语为主语从句或其他较长的结构时.解决办法:A. 将真实主语恢复到主语位置.e.g. It was rather hard to bring up the child on her own.她独自一人抚养孩子十分不容易.B. 有时为了说明强调并使汉语句子通顺, 可对主语进行重复.e.g. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着, 这简直难以置信.技巧之十四：“比较结构”的翻译总体原则: 比较结构多英式思维, 很难字面翻译.解决方法:熟记含义的前提下灵活运用.more than:1) more than + 名词/动名词/名词性从句:译法: "不仅仅, 超过, 不同于"e.g. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.刻意练习不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务.2) more than + 动词:译法: "不仅仅, 岂止是, 极大地, 十分的"e.g. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries.他们可以教得很好, 而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水.3) more than + 形容词/副词:译法: "非常, 不止于"e.g. I am more than willingly to go out with you.我非常愿意和你一起出去.4) more than + 从句:译法: "并非, 不是"e.g.1 At least you enjoy yourself, which is more than I did.至少你玩儿得很开心, 但是我却没有.e.g.2 The beauty of Chengdu is more than words can describe.成都的美是语言不能形容的.。
汉译英的8种翻译技巧，⾼分来得就是这么直接~~毫⽆疑问，翻译讲究扎实的基本功，但肯定是有技巧的，汉译英当然也是！都有哪些呢？增译减译（省译）重复转译语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置）拆句与合并正说反译, 反说正译语态变换…………学会了，你就666了！⼀.增译法——指根据英汉两种语⾔不同的思维⽅式、语⾔习惯和表达⽅式，在翻译时增添⼀些词、短句或句⼦，以便更准确地表达出原⽂所包含的意义。
这种⽅式多半⽤在汉译英⾥。
汉语⽆主句较多，⽽英语句⼦⼀般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语⽆主句的时候，除了少数可⽤英语⽆主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，⼀般都要根据语境补出主语，使句⼦完整。
英语中代词使⽤频率较⾼，凡说到⼈的器官和归某⼈所有的或与某⼈有关的事物时，必须在前⾯加上物主代词。
因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，⽽在英译汉时⼜需要根据情况适当地删减。
英语词与词、词组与词组以及句⼦与句⼦的逻辑关系⼀般⽤连词来表⽰，⽽汉语则往往通过上下⽂和语序来表⽰这种关系。
因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。
英语句⼦离不开介词和冠词。
另外，汉译英时还要注意增补⼀些原⽂中暗含⽽没有明⾔的词语和⼀些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译⽂意思完整。
总之，通过增译，⼀是保证译⽂语法结构的完整，⼆是保证译⽂意思的明确。
例1.读史使⼈明智，读诗使⼈灵秀，数学使⼈周密，科学使⼈深刻，伦理使⼈庄重，逻辑修辞之学使⼈善辩。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematicssubtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.例2 没有调查研究就没有发⾔权。
He who makes no investigation and study has noright to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.)例3. 虚⼼使⼈进步, 骄傲使⼈落后。
翻译常用的八种技巧1.增译法、增词法：amplification2.重译法、重复法：repetition3.省译法、减词法：omission4.词性转换法、词类转移法：conversion5.正说反译、反说正译法：negation6.语态变换法：the change of the voices7.分译法、分句法（OPP：合句法）：division8.语序调整法、词序调整法（顺序法与逆序法）inversion增词法译文中添加一些原文没有的词句，表面上看似不忠实于原文，但仔细分析就会发现这些增加的词句所表达的意思并非无中生有，而是隐含在原文中的。
要知道，从一种语言文字向另一种语言文字转换，有时可以找到一种语言文字在另一种语言文字中的对等词，然而要想全部依赖对等词的转换来达到翻译的目的是几乎不可能的。
不同语言文字所持有的习惯决定了必须根据其中一种语言文字的习惯来适当地增词（或减词）达到语言交际的目的。
如果机械地按照字面意义直译，不仅不能表达原文的思想，精神与形象，而且还会使译文前后矛盾，闹出笑话。
例1 听到你平安的消息，非常高兴！译文: I was very glad on hearing that you were in safety！例2对不起，打扰一下！译文: Excuse me for interrupting you！（增补作宾语的代词you）例3 Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.译文：读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
（译文中添补了谓语和宾语：增词法；重译法）例4：We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.译文：我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。
常见的八种逻辑关系1、并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor,either…or,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way,that is to say, as well as, same…as;2、递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more;3、因果关系:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so (such) … that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of,in that, in response to, with, for this reason,lead to, too…to;4、转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, in fact,by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of;5、让步关系:although, though, even though, even if,nevertheless, despite, in spite of;6、列举关系:first-second-last of all, first-then,to begin with-to continue/next,on one hand-on the other hand,for one thing-for another thing,one-another, some-others-still others;7、举例关系:such as, for example, for instance,of these/those/them,among these/those/them,to illustrate, as an illustration,to take an example,more specifically speaking, namely;8、总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word,in conclusion, altogether, to sum up,to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word.。
判断句中英文逻辑关系举例在英语中，句子间的逻辑关系主要通过连词、副词或特定的句型来表达。
下面举例说明：1.并列逻辑关系：o"She likes reading books, and she also enjoys painting."（她喜欢阅读书籍，并且也热爱绘画。
）o这里的"and"就表明了前后两个动作是并列的关系，两者都描述了主语的兴趣爱好。
2.转折逻辑关系：o"He is intelligent, but he lacks motivation."（他很聪明，但是他缺乏动力。
）o"but"在此处用来表示前后两个分句之间的对比和转折，尽管他有智力优势，但在行动力方面却有所欠缺。
3.因果逻辑关系：o"Because it rained heavily, the football match was postponed."（由于雨下得很大，足球比赛被推迟了。
）o"because"引导原因状语从句，揭示了前后句子间的原因和结果关系。
4.条件逻辑关系：o"If you study hard, you will pass the exam."（如果你努力学习，你就能通过考试。
）o"if"在这里构建了一个条件句，明确了前提条件与可能结果之间的逻辑关联。
5.递进逻辑关系：o"Not only does she speak English fluently, but she also writes poetry in English."（她不仅英语说得很流利，还用英语写诗。
）o"not only...but also..."结构体现了递进关系，强调了主语的能力层次更为深入。
这些例子展示了英文句子中常见的逻辑关系类型，理解并熟练运用这些逻辑连接词对于准确理解和表述复杂的观点非常重要。
英语文章中常见的逻辑关系1.并列关系and, and also, or, neither……nor, either……or, not only……but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same……as;2.递进关系also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed;3.因果关系because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…..that, such…..that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason;4.转折关系but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately;5.让步关系although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of;anyway, anyhow6.列举（顺序）关系first\second\last of all, in the first place\in the second place\finally, to begin with\ to continue, first……then, on one hand……on the other hand, for one thing……for another, one……another, some……others……still others; 7.对比关系while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not….. but;8.时间关系when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time;9.条件关系if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with;10.举例关系such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely;关联词运用实例说明1．表示举例说明a case in point, after all, as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, such, specifically, that is, to illustrate, to demonstratea) Many southern cities are growing above the national average — Atlanta is a case in point.b) The news about calcium and kidney stones is a case in point.c) Prisoners should be treated with respect — they are human beings after all.d) These are, after all, very familiar species.e) It's extremely expensive to live in New York. For example, I pay $1, 250 for a one-bedroom apartment.f) Many countries, for example Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.g) Old English was in many ways similar to Modern German. For instance, the nouns, adjectives, and verbs were highly inflected.h) We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to transport.i) Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months.j) His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as (=equally) popular.k) One of the most important stages has yet to be started, namely beginning to fit the person into their new job.1) The issues are in two main clusters, namely the safety and the pricing and procurement of drugs.m) The rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation.n) We're talking about money —specifically, the money we need to repair our schools.o) One solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is, to make it wider.2．表示增补意义additionally, again, along with, also, and, and then, as well as, besides, equally, even, further, furthermore, in addition, in other words, just as, likewise, moreover, not only...but also, similarly, to put it another way, to repeat, then, too, what's morea) They may also additionally represent much more; they may indeed have a highly integrating social function.b) And again, these workshops will benefit the community considerably.c) Dunne was murdered, along with three guards.d) Sugar is bad for your teeth. It can also contribute to heart disease.e) This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.f) Fry the onions gently, and then add the meat and cook for a few minutes.g) The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities.h) People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.i) We want the economy to grow, but equally we want low inflation.j) It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have to mean "bad. "k) The majority of Americans increased their wealth in the past decade. Furthermore, the gains were substantial.l) A new security system was installed. In addition, extra guards were hired.m) The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes shareware freely available.n) The tax only affects people on incomes over $200, 000—in other words, the very rich.o) The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.p) Using language is a very complex enterprise. Moreover, there is more to communication than merely putting sentences together.q) The system was not only complicated but also ineffective.r) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.s) Money makes money. To put it another way, the more you invest, the greater your potential profit will be.t) The problem demands a global solution. To put it another way, local regulations will have very little effect.u) First you need to collect all the information and make detailed notes. Then you can start to actually write your essay.v) Think about what you owe, too, in terms of mortgages, credit cards, loans or hire purchase.w) Gas is a very efficient fuel. And what' s more, it's clean.3．表示强调above all, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, indeed, in fact, in particular, most important, obviously, of course, surely, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubta) Although it is somewhat limited in its applications it is easy to operate and above all it is fun.b) He got lost and spent hours looking for the station, and anyway it was past midnight by the time he got home.c) And, as a matter of fact, the U. S. Golf Association was delighted.d) Books and people certainly affected him.e) Most of the essays were very good indeed.f) Her teachers said she was a slow learner, whereas in fact she was partially deaf.g) Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months.h) But the reverse is true when an attorney represents a person who is obviously guilty or whose guilt is widely perceived.i) This is very obviously the approach of some one writing exclusively and specifically for the young.j) Of course there will be some difficult times ahead.k) If a sign were needed that the Internet has become a real market, the arrival of tax avoidance is surely it.l) Throwing money at the problem is surely not the way to convince people of sincerity.m) It was difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job.n) If we truly believe we can win, then we have a very good chance at doing it.o) Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined.p) Sally was without doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school.4．表示对比或对照by contrast, but, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, unlike, whereas, while, yeta) The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.b) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people.c) American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs.d) Scandinavian cruises are very popular in the summer; conversely, the Carib bean is most popular in the winter.e) The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents.f) Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased.g) It wasn't a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake.h) Nuclear power is relatively cheap. On the other hand, you could argue that it's not safe.i) It is equally vital that both should be mentioned, otherwise a client, particularly a buyer, could be seriously misled.j) Unlike most people in the office, I don't come to work by car.k) A bowl of instant oatmeal costs about $1. 5, whereas regular oatmeal costs only $0. 5 per bowl.l) The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.m) Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor.n) Last summer there was a drought, yet some people were still watering their lawns every day.5．表示比较by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, like, likewise, similarlya) After months of living in a tropical climate, Spain seemed cool by comparison.b) By comparison with other European countries, car prices in the UK are very high.c) Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability.d) Many business people do not know what sexual harassment is. Equally important, they do not know how to prevent it.e) an extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treatf) Cotton production was on the increase. However, it was still a small industry compared to hemp and canvas production.g) The deaf children of hearing parents are almost normal in comparison, having everything except language experience.h) There is often stronger social control evident in the socialisation of girls in comparison to boys.i) Good management accounts separate the well-organised from the rest but are not vital in the same way.j) I don't want him treating me like Jim treated me.k) The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.l) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.6．表示让步admittedly, after all, all the same, although, certainly, clearly, even so, it is true (that), in spite of, nevertheless, of course, still, truea) The technique is painful, admittedly, but it benefits the patient greatly.b) Printing and presentation should be as attractive as possible — after all the library is an attractive place, isn't it?c) I realise she can be very annoying, but I think you should apologise all the same.d) We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford the rent.e) We are not especially well-treated, certainly not as well as the locals.f) Clearly, the racial problems in America have no easy answers.g) The fines for speeding are large, but even so, they are not always a deterrent.h) And it is true that after his death she ceased to exist for the world beyond the farm.i) But in spite of the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made.j) A false belief may nevertheless be justified.k) Though employment growth is down, the area is still attracting health care, high tech, banking and sports-related industries.7．表示结果accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thusa) Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.b) As many as 2, 500 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves.c) Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.d) The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important consideration.e) In this way normal healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain.f) The building work is taking quite a long time, and therefore costing us money.g) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty. 8．表示转折although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yeta) You can copy down my answers, although I'm not sure if they're right.b) In the US it is normal for the police to carry guns, but not in Britain.c) Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks.d) Pen Pros: Except for personal letters, handwritten notes are withering into extinction.e) The rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy.f) This is a cheap and simple process. However there are dangers.g) In spite of her success, Spencer continues to get depressed.h) Cardew did not join the navy. Instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor.i) Thus we can talk of a local government system which is different from a central government system but nevertheless interacts with it.j) Reintroduction of food after elemental regimens must nevertheless be undertaken with the greatest of care irrespective of whether or not elimination diets are used.k) The hamburger was tough and overcooked. The fries, on the other hand, were terrific, and well worth the money.l) Stir the sauce until it cools, otherwise it will be lumpy.m) It presumes that reality is dynamic rather than static, and therefore seeks relationships between ideas, to aim at synthesis.n) There is no important theory-based reason why these countries rather than others were selected.o) The offenders were dealt with firmly though fairly.p) They charge incredibly high prices, yet customers keep coming back for more.9．表示结论as has been noted(mentioned，stated)，at last，finally，in a word，all in all，in brief, in conclusion, in short，in sum，in summary，to conclude，to sum up，to summarizea)An inhibition，as mentioned above，is rarely used．b)At last, we were able to afford a house．c)We finally found a decent apartment close to campus．d)Pop，in a word，is fascination versus meaning．e)It was，all in all，more like a prison than an office．f)In brief，the President plarts to cut defense spellding and lowet taxes.g)In conclusion，I want to thank all the people who have volunteered their time to our organization．h)In short，the report says that more money should be spent on education.i)In sum，we need to cut costs．j) In summary, do not sell your shares.k) To conclude, the prospects for philosophy of religion look brighter than they have done for many moons.l) To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking. rn) To summarize, in most cases the schools were achieving the standards set.10．表示顺序and, besides, finally, first, firstly, further, in the first place, last, next, second, secondly, third, thirdly, to begin with, to start with,a) It also assigned staff people to work with individual companies that wanted to launch a program.b) This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.c) You need to know what tights you have and how to use them.d) Besides going to aerobics twice a week, she tides horses on Saturdays.e) And finally, I' d like to thank the crew.f) First, I'd like to thank everyone for coming.g) The application of the five stages to the task illustrated would involve, firstly, the definition of the task.h) It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have to mean "bad. "i) And there i. s the question of the relevance of the trading of information in the first place.j) Connect the red wires first and the black ones last.k) First you need to select the text you want to move. Next, click on the "Move" command at the top of the screen.l) But, second, in the vast majority of markets, efficient production can be attained with a high degree of competition.m) The more you practise the better you will become at selecting historical information to suit firstly your essay and secondly your argument.n) To begin with, much of this new housing is not affordable.o) I' m not going to Vegas. To start with, I don' t like gambling, and I also can' t get time off work.。
【导语】时间飞逝，2020考研初试越来越近，在剩下的时间⾥该如何备考单词呢?考研英语备考最令⼤家头疼的问题之⼀莫过于背单词，在所有记单词的⽅法当中，词根词缀法是⾮常有效的⼀种。
下⾯⽆忧考整理了考研英语常见的⼋种逻辑关系词汇，来看⼀下。
常见的⼋种逻辑关系不论是阅读、完型还是作⽂，逻辑关系词的⽤法都⽆⽐重要。
1、并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way,that is to say, as well as, same…as; 2、递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore,moreover, in addition, what is more, indeed,even; 3、因果关系:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore,so, so (such) … that, so that, consequently,accordingly, according to, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to/with, for this reason, lead to,too…to, with; 4、转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, in fact,by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately,while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of,contrary to; 5、让步关系:although, though, even though, even if,nevertheless, despite, in spite of; 6、列举关系:first-second-last of all, first-then,to begin with-to continue/next,on one hand-on the other hand,for one thing-for another thing,one-another, some-others-still others; 7、举例关系:such as, for example, for instance,of these/those/them, say,among these/those/them,to illustrate, as an illustration,to take an example,more specifically speaking, namely; 8、总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in general,in conclusion, altogether, to sum up,to summarize, to conclude, to generalize,to put it in one word, above all.。
常见的八种逻辑关系1，并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, thatis to say, as well as, same…as2，递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more3，因果关系:becaus e, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such) … that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to4，转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of5，让步关系:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of6，列举关系:first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—onthe other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others7，举例关系:such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely8，总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word翻译技巧技巧之一：“定语从句”的翻译总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比)类定语从句:1)、限定性(没逗号);2)、非限定性(有逗号).1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;e.g. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣(的)书.B. 较长--- 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;e.g. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.(重复先行词”理想”)2) 非限定性定语从句:A. 较短--- 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;e.g. But Miggle's laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默.B. 较长--- 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.e.g. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟弟.(重复先行词约翰或用代词”他”替代)技巧之二：“同位语从句”的翻译四种翻译方法:1)、译为独立的句子;2)、“名转动, 从变宾”;3)、“这、那复指”;4)、主谓词组作定语.1)、译为独立的句子:适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现,或同时满足以上两者.解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为……”, “就是……”, “即……”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.e.g. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a woman`s place was in the home. 我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置应该在家里, 很明显是错误的.2)、“名转动, 从变宾”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语.解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.e.g. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.他希望他能再次访问我们的城市.3)、“这、那复指”:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这”或”那”等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.e.g. The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉.4)、主谓词组作定语:适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.e.g. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了.技巧之三“定语转译”1) 定语转译为谓语(动词):e.g. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量.2) 定语转译为状语:适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.e.g. Scientists in that country are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant that will ensure success in their scientific research.两种译法:1) 定语从句”长后短前”译法(重复先行词):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 这些将保证科研工作的成功.2) “定语转译”译法(转译为目的状语):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 以保证科研工作的成功.技巧之四：“后置定语的翻译”总的原则: “英语定语多后置, 汉语定语多前置” 最常见的两种长后置定语的翻译方法:1) 介宾形式的长后置定语;2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语.1) 介宾形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由多个介宾短语并列构成, 通常为了符合英文的行文习惯, 介宾短语表示的范围一般为由小到大.解决方法: 按照汉语的行文习惯, 变换顺序为由大到小.e.g.1 In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp (of the basic features) (of the Canadian Constitution) can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年, 49题)e.g.2 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct) (in business).（2006年, 49题)e.g.3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities) (of the news media.) (2007年, 48题)2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语:适用条件: 由非谓语构成的短语结构, 其逻辑上的主语就是被修饰的名词性结构.解决方法: 将其单独译为一个分句, doing表示主动/正在, done表示被动/完成,to do表示意愿/将来. e.g.4 On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge (made by some of his critics) that,while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(2008年, 48题)技巧之五：“宾语从句的翻译”总的原则: 英文中的谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词都可以带宾语, 也都可以带宾语从句.最常见的两种宾语从句类型:1) 普通宾语从句;2) it作形式宾语的宾语从句.1) 普通宾语从句:一般不改变原句顺序, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.1 I don`t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的.e.g.2 They believe that they will surely win the game.他们相信他们肯定会赢得这场比赛.e.g.3 He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others. 他再三提醒大家, 决定这件事的不只是他一个人, 还有其他许多人.2) it作形式宾语的从句:翻译时it一般不必译出, 而真正的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序译出, 即采用“顺译法”.e.g.4 I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o`clock in the morning.我向他们讲得很清楚, 他们必须在上午十点之前提交论文.但有时候, 考虑到汉语的表达习惯, 译文中需要将真实宾语提前:e.g.5 I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.被选中参加会议, 我感到很荣幸.采用此种译法时, 有时需要用“这”, “它”等对真实宾语进行重复.e.g.6 We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打开国门, 实行开放, 我们认为这是绝对必要的. (it翻译为“这”)技巧之六：“表语从句的翻译”总的原则: 名词性从句的一种, 既可顺译, 也可逆译, 既可以与主句译为一个共同的简单句,也可以单独译为一个分句, 要根据具体语境判断.1) 与主句合译为一个简单句:e.g. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration.时间因素是我们不得不考虑的.2) 单独译为一个分句:e.g. The question which worries everyone today is how long will these fuels last.今天人人都担心的问题是: 这些燃料能用多久.几种常见表语从句类型:1) that (this) is why…:解决方法:a) 如果采用顺译法, 可译为“这就是为什么… (的缘故)”;b) 如果采用逆译法, 可译为“…的原因就在这里”, “…的理由就在于此”.e.g.1 That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.所谓“实践是检验真理的标准”, 以及所谓“实践的标准应该是认识论首要的和基本的观点”,(这两种观点的理由)就在于此.2) this (it) is because:解决方法:此句型一般采用“顺译法”, 可译为“这是因为…(的缘故)”.e.g. This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故.3) this is what:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是… (的内容)”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 通常译为“…就是这个道理”.e.g. This is what we have discussed today.这就是今天我们讨论的内容.4) this (that) is where:解决方法:a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是…的地方”;b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 可译为“…的地方就在于此”.e.g. This is where I disagree with you.这就是我不同意你的地方.技巧之七：“同位语+ 后置修饰结构”总的原则: 此结构中同位语一般为一个单词, 而后置修饰语的结构一般都比较复杂, 可以是定语从句, 也可以是分词或不定式结构.(05年, 47题, 48题).解决方法:将这种结构译为一个独立的分句, 同位语在分句中作主语或宾语.e.g.1 You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply changing their habits and hunting by day.也许你会说这是他们自己造成的问题, 通过改变生活习性在白天出来捕食, 它们可以轻松解决这一问题.e.g.2 And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the country-side because it was initially “too quiet”, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.我们大多数人都有过这样的经历: 如果在深山或者乡村睡觉, 必须作一些调整才能睡得着, 因为这些地方起初“太安静”了. 这一例子说明人类有能力去适应各种不同程度的噪音.技巧之八：“名词转译为动词”总的原则: 英语多用名词少用动词;汉语多用动词少用名词.1) 英语中由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词, 很多时候可以转译为汉语中的动词:e.g.1 Rocket have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙.e.g.2 The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机, 听见隆隆的机声, 我感到特别神往.2) 英语中有些表示职业的名词(通常后缀为-er), 有时在句中并不表示身份和职业, 而是含有较强的动作意味或说明具有某种品质, 在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时, 往往可译为汉语中的动词.e.g.1 As a successful career woman, she is also a good cook.身为一名成功的职业女性, 她做菜也做得很好.e.g.2 Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好.技巧之九：“状语的翻译”总的原则: 状语两大类: “从句类” ; “非从句类”最常见的两种非从句类型:1) 副词作状语;2) 短语作状语(介宾, 不定式).总的处理原则:1) 副词作状语(较短):直接译为汉语中的状语.2) 短语作状语(较长):将其译为一个分句.e.g.1 With a slight gesture she summons the Indian boy standing behind her chair, and whispers to him.她向站在她座位后面的印度男仆微微作了个手势, 示意他过来, 对他耳语一番.e.g.2 Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in city runs.叫车的人太多了, 公司便只接来往于市内的生意, 这样可以使利润最大化.技巧之十：“状语从句的翻译”总的原则: 状语从句分为两大类:“while型”和“非while型”.while引导的让步状语从句:(状语从句翻译中的难点)(2007, 50题; 2009, 48题; 2008, 48题;)难点: 判断while的不同含义.While I admit I did it, I didn`t intend to.尽管我承认是我做的这件事, 但我并不是有意的.“非while型”的两种基本翻译方法:1) 顺译法;2) 逆译法.1) 顺译法:e.g.1 When the storm had passed, we continued our way.暴风雨过后, 我们继续赶路.e.g.2 We can chop and change till we get someone who suits.我们可以变来变去, 直到我们找到一个合适的人.2) 逆译法:起因: “英语状语多后置, 中文状语多前置”.方法: “颠倒顺序(为了符合中文习惯)”e.g. The students stood up before the teacher had come in.老师还没进来学生就站起来了.技巧之十一：“非谓语动词作状语”总的原则: 非谓语动词包括不定式, 动名词和分词, 非谓语结构在句中可作除谓语之外的多种句子成分. 其中非谓语动词作状语时, 其功能相当于状语从句, 修饰谓语动词.解决方法:与状语从句一样, 非谓语结构也可以用来表示时间, 原因, 结果, 条件, 让步, 方式等. 翻译时可译为一个分句, 并可增译相应连词来表明其与主句之间的逻辑关系.e.g.1 Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science.因为我来自伊朗, 所以对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣.e.g.2 Managed badly, email can be a waste of valuable time.如果管理不当, 电子邮件会浪费我们的宝贵时间.技巧之十二“被动语态的翻译”总的原则: 英语多被动, 汉语少被动.最常见的两种翻译方法:1)直译为汉语的被动句;2)转译为汉语的主动句.1) 直译为汉语的被动句:适用条件: 着重表达被动含义的英语被动句.解决方法: 直接翻译为汉语中的被动句, 汉语中表达被动意义的语言工具主要有”被, 受, 遭, 让, 给, 由, 把, 得到,受到, 加以, 得以, 为…所, 由…来”等e.g.1 The minister was found to have appropriated government money.部长被发现挪用公款.(部长挪用公款被发现.)e.g.2 He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬.(他被老师表扬了.)e.g.3 Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应及时加以解决.(问题应得到及时解决.) (问题应被及时解决.)2) 转译为汉语的主动句(六种译法):A. 保存原句主语;B. 原文主语转译为宾语;C. 增译主语;D. 译成汉语”无主句”;E. 译成汉语”判断句”;F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译.A. 保存原句主语:适用条件: 主语为无生命的名词, 且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体.解决方法: 被动句主语直接变为主动句主语.e.g.1 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.水能从液体变成固体.B. 原文主语转译为宾语:适用条件1): 句中由by引出动作的施动者.适用条件2): 介词短语构成的状语引出施动者.解决方法: 施动者变主语, 原主语变宾语.e.g.2 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光.e.g.3 Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况直播.C. 增译主语:适用条件: 句中未出现表示行为的主体.解决方法: 适当增添一些泛指性的主语, 如”人们”、”有人”、”大家”、’’我们”等.e.g.4 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索.D. 译成汉语”无主句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不需要或者无法说出行为的主体.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”无主语句型”, 原句中的主语译成宾语.e.g.5 Measurements have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading.已经采取了措施防止这种流行病的蔓延.E. 译成汉语”判断句”:适用条件: 有些被动句不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述, 其作用与”主系表”结构类似.解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”判断句”, 经常采用”是…的”句式.e.g.6 Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的.F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态+ that”的翻译:适用条件: It作形式主语, that引导的从句是真正主语.解决方法: 1) 增译泛指性主语, 如“我们”, “人们”, “大家”, “有人”等等.2) 译成无主语的汉语句子.e.g.7 It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.有人强调说, 科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域: 自然科学和社会科学.e.g.8 It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.应该指出, 这一过程就是氧化.技巧之十三：“形式主语”的翻译总体原则:先译真实主语, 后译形式主语. (“先真后假”)三种方法:1) 按原句顺序翻译;2) 增译主语;3) 调整语序.1) 按原句顺序翻译:两种情况:A. 真实主语是”不定式短语(to do)”或”动名词短语(doing sth.)”, 整句可译成无主语的句子.e.g. It is no exaggeration to say she is the best mother in the world.可以毫不夸张地说她是世上最好的母亲.B. 真实主语为一个从句, 可将形式主语和谓语译为一个短语, 而将主语从句译为句子的主干.e.g. It goes without saying that these waves travel at the speed of light.显然, 这些波是以光速传播.2) 增译主语:适用条件: 形式主语部分为被动句.解决办法: 根据句意或上下文增译出主语, 或增译泛指性主语”我们”、”人们”、”大家”、”有人”等等.e.g. It was incorrectly believed that current flowed from positive to negative.人们错误的认为电流是由正极流向负极的.3) 调整语序:适用条件: 真实主语为主语从句或其他较长的结构时.解决办法:A. 将真实主语恢复到主语位置.e.g. It was rather hard to bring up the child on her own.她独自一人抚养孩子十分不容易.B. 有时为了说明强调并使汉语句子通顺, 可对主语进行重复.e.g. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着, 这简直难以置信.技巧之十四：“比较结构”的翻译总体原则: 比较结构多英式思维, 很难字面翻译.解决方法:熟记含义的前提下灵活运用.more than:1) more than + 名词/动名词/名词性从句:译法: "不仅仅, 超过, 不同于"e.g. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.刻意练习不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务.2) more than + 动词:译法: "不仅仅, 岂止是, 极大地, 十分的"e.g. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries.他们可以教得很好, 而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水.3) more than + 形容词/副词:译法: "非常, 不止于"e.g. I am more than willingly to go out with you.我非常愿意和你一起出去.4) more than + 从句:译法: "并非, 不是"e.g.1 At least you enjoy yourself, which is more than I did.至少你玩儿得很开心, 但是我却没有.e.g.2 The beauty of Chengdu is more than words can describe.成都的美是语言不能形容的.。
