DIFFUSIVE FLUX, HEAT & CONTAMINANT CONSERVATION

《光电技术》专业英语词汇1.Absorption coefficient 吸收系数2.Acceptance angle 接收角3.fibers 光纤4.Acceptors in semiconductors 半导体接收器5.Acousto-optic modulator 声光调制6.Bragg diffraction 布拉格衍射7.Air disk 艾里斑8.angular radius 角半径9.Airy rings 艾里环10.anisotropy 各向异性11.optical 光学的12.refractive index 各向异性13.Antireflection coating 抗反膜14.Argon-ion laser 氩离子激光器15.Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数16.Avalanche 雪崩17.breakdown voltage 击穿电压18.multiplication factor 倍增因子19.noise 燥声20.Avalanche photodiode(APD) 雪崩二极管21.absorption region in APD APD 吸收区域22.characteristics-table 特性表格23.guard ring 保护环24.internal gain 内增益25.noise 噪声26.photogeneration 光子再生27.primary photocurrent 起始光电流28.principle 原理29.responsivity of InGaAs InGaAs 响应度30.separate absorption and multiplication(SAM) 分离吸收和倍增31.separate absorption grading and multiplication(SAGM) 分离吸收等级和倍增32.silicon 硅33.Average irradiance 平均照度34.Bandgap 带隙35.energy gap 能级带隙36.bandgap diagram 带隙图37.Bandwidth 带宽38.Beam 光束39.Beam splitter cube 立方分束器40.Biaxial crystal双s 轴晶体41.Birefringent 双折射42.Bit rate 位率43.Black body radiation law 黑体辐射法则44.Bloch wave in a crystal 晶体中布洛赫波45.Boundary conditions 边界条件46.Bragg angle 布拉格角度47.Bragg diffraction condition 布拉格衍射条件48.Bragg wavelength 布拉格波长49.Brewster angle 布鲁斯特角50.Brewster window 布鲁斯特窗51.Calcite 霰石52.Carrier confinement 载流子限制53.Centrosymmetric crystals 中心对称晶体54.Chirping 啁啾55.Cladding 覆层56.Coefficient of index grating 指数光栅系数57.Coherence连贯性pensation doping 掺杂补偿59.Conduction band 导带60.Conductivity 导电性61.Confining layers 限制层62.Conjugate image 共轭像63.Cut-off wavelength 截止波长64.Degenerate semiconductor 简并半导体65.Density of states 态密度66.Depletion layer 耗尽层67.Detectivity 探测率68.Dielectric mirrors 介电质镜像69.Diffraction 衍射70.Diffraction g rating 衍射光栅71.Diffraction grating equation 衍射光栅等式72.Diffusion current 扩散电流73.Diffusion flux 扩散流量74.Diffusion Length 扩散长度75.Diode equation 二极管公式76.Diode ideality factor 二极管理想因子77.Direct recombinatio直n接复合78.Dispersion散射79.Dispersive medium 散射介质80.Distributed Bragg reflector 分布布拉格反射器81.Donors in semiconductors 施主离子82.Doppler broadened linewidth 多普勒扩展线宽83.Doppler effect 多普勒效应84.Doppler shift 多普勒位移85.Doppler-heterostructure 多普勒同质结构86.Drift mobility 漂移迁移率87.Drift Velocity 漂移速度88.Effective d ensity o f s tates 有效态密度89.Effective mass 有效质量90.Efficiency 效率91.Einstein coefficients 爱因斯坦系数92.Electrical bandwidth of fibers 光纤电子带宽93.Electromagnetic wave 电磁波94.Electron affinity 电子亲和势95.Electron potential energy in a crystal 晶体电子阱能量96.Electro-optic effects 光电子效应97.Energy band 能量带宽98.Energy band diagram 能量带宽图99.Energy level 能级100.E pitaxial growth 外延生长101.E rbium doped fiber amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器102.Excess carrier distribution 过剩载流子扩散103.External photocurrent 外部光电流104.Extrinsic semiconductors 本征半导体105.Fabry-Perot laser amplifier 法布里-珀罗激光放大器106.Fabry-Perot optical resonator 法布里-珀罗光谐振器107.Faraday effect 法拉第效应108.Fermi-Dirac function 费米狄拉克结109.Fermi energy 费米能级110.Fill factor 填充因子111.Free spectral range 自由谱范围112.Fresnel’s equations 菲涅耳方程113.Fresnel’s optical indicatrix 菲涅耳椭圆球114.Full width at half maximum 半峰宽115.Full width at half power 半功率带宽116.Gaussian beam 高斯光束117.Gaussian dispersion 高斯散射118.Gaussian pulse 高斯脉冲119.Glass perform 玻璃预制棒120.Goos Haenchen phase shift Goos Haenchen 相位移121.Graded index rod lens 梯度折射率棒透镜122.Group delay 群延迟123.Group velocity 群参数124.Half-wave plate retarder 半波延迟器125.Helium-Neon laser 氦氖激光器126.Heterojunction 异质结127.Heterostructure 异质结构128.Hole 空穴129.Hologram 全息图130.Holography 全息照相131.Homojunction 同质结132.Huygens-Fresnel principle 惠更斯-菲涅耳原理133.Impact-ionization 碰撞电离134.Index matching 指数匹配135.Injection 注射136.Instantaneous irradiance 自发辐射137.Integrated optics 集成光路138.Intensity of light 光强139.Intersymbol interference 符号间干扰140.Intrinsic concentration 本征浓度141.Intrinsic semiconductors 本征半导体142.Irradiance 辐射SER 激光144.active medium 活动介质145.active region 活动区域146.amplifiers 放大器147.cleaved-coupled-cavity 解理耦合腔148.distributed Bragg reflection 分布布拉格反射149.distributed feedback 分布反馈150.efficiency of the He-Ne 氦氖效率151.multiple quantum well 多量子阱152.oscillation condition 振荡条件ser diode 激光二极管sing emission 激光发射155.LED 发光二极管156.Lineshape function 线形结157.Linewidth 线宽158.Lithium niobate 铌酸锂159.Load line 负载线160.Loss c oefficient 损耗系数161.Mazh-Zehnder modulator Mazh-Zehnder 型调制器162.Macrobending loss 宏弯损耗163.Magneto-optic effects 磁光效应164.Magneto-optic isolator 磁光隔离165.Magneto-optic modulator 磁光调制166.Majority carriers 多数载流子167.Matrix emitter 矩阵发射168.Maximum acceptance angle 最优接收角169.Maxwell’s wave equation 麦克斯维方程170.Microbending loss 微弯损耗171.Microlaser 微型激光172.Minority carriers 少数载流子173.Modulated directional coupler 调制定向偶合器174.Modulation of light 光调制175.Monochromatic wave 单色光176.Multiplication region 倍增区177.Negative absolute temperature 负温度系数 round-trip optical gain 环路净光增益179.Noise 噪声180.Noncentrosymmetric crystals 非中心对称晶体181.Nondegenerate semiconductors 非简并半异体182.Non-linear optic 非线性光学183.Non-thermal equilibrium 非热平衡184.Normalized frequency 归一化频率185.Normalized index difference 归一化指数差异186.Normalized propagation constant 归一化传播常数187.Normalized thickness 归一化厚度188.Numerical aperture 孔径189.Optic axis 光轴190.Optical activity 光活性191.Optical anisotropy 光各向异性192.Optical bandwidth 光带宽193.Optical cavity 光腔194.Optical divergence 光发散195.Optic fibers 光纤196.Optical fiber amplifier 光纤放大器197.Optical field 光场198.Optical gain 光增益199.Optical indicatrix 光随圆球200.Optical isolater 光隔离器201.Optical Laser amplifiers 激光放大器202.Optical modulators 光调制器203.Optical pumping 光泵浦204.Opticalresonator 光谐振器205.Optical tunneling光学通道206.Optical isotropic 光学各向同性的207.Outside vapor deposition 管外气相淀积208.Penetration depth 渗透深度209.Phase change 相位改变210.Phase condition in lasers 激光相条件211.Phase matching 相位匹配212.Phase matching angle 相位匹配角213.Phase mismatch 相位失配214.Phase modulation 相位调制215.Phase modulator 相位调制器216.Phase of a wave 波相217.Phase velocity 相速218.Phonon 光子219.Photoconductive detector 光导探测器220.Photoconductive gain 光导增益221.Photoconductivity 光导性222.Photocurrent 光电流223.Photodetector 光探测器224.Photodiode 光电二极管225.Photoelastic effect 光弹效应226.Photogeneration 光子再生227.Photon amplification 光子放大228.Photon confinement 光子限制229.Photortansistor 光电三极管230.Photovoltaic devices 光伏器件231.Piezoelectric effect 压电效应232.Planck’s radiation distribution law 普朗克辐射法则233.Pockels cell modulator 普克尔斯调制器234.Pockel coefficients 普克尔斯系数235.Pockels phase modulator 普克尔斯相位调制器236.Polarization 极化237.Polarization transmission matrix 极化传输矩阵238.Population inversion 粒子数反转239.Poynting vector 能流密度向量240.Preform 预制棒241.Propagation constant 传播常数242.Pumping 泵浦243.Pyroelectric detectors 热释电探测器244.Quantum e fficiency 量子效应245.Quantum noise 量子噪声246.Quantum well 量子阱247.Quarter-wave plate retarder 四分之一波长延迟248.Radiant sensitivity 辐射敏感性249.Ramo’s theorem 拉莫定理250.Rate equations 速率方程251.Rayleigh criterion 瑞利条件252.Rayleigh scattering limit 瑞利散射极限253.Real image 实像254.Recombination 复合255.Recombination lifetime 复合寿命256.Reflectance 反射257.Reflection 反射258.Refracted light 折射光259.Refractive index 折射系数260.Resolving power 分辩力261.Response time 响应时间262.Return-to-zero data rate 归零码263.Rise time 上升时间264.Saturation drift velocity 饱和漂移速度265.Scattering 散射266.Second harmonic generation 二阶谐波267.Self-phase modulation 自相位调制268.Sellmeier dispersion equation 色列米尔波散方程式269.Shockley equation 肖克利公式270.Shot noise 肖特基噪声271.Signal to noise ratio 信噪比272.Single frequency lasers 单波长噪声273.Single quantum well 单量子阱274.Snell’s law 斯涅尔定律275.Solar cell 光电池276.Solid state photomultiplier 固态光复用器277.Spectral intensity 谱强度278.Spectral responsivity 光谱响应279.Spontaneous emission 自发辐射280.stimulated emission 受激辐射281.Terrestrial light 陆地光282.Theraml equilibrium 热平衡283.Thermal generation 热再生284.Thermal velocity 热速度285.Thershold concentration 光强阈值286.Threshold current 阈值电流287.Threshold wavelength 阈值波长288.Total acceptance angle 全接受角289.Totla internal reflection 全反射290.Transfer distance 转移距离291.Transit time 渡越时间292.Transmission coefficient 传输系数293.Tramsmittance 传输294.Transverse electric field 电横波场295.Tranverse magnetic field 磁横波场296.Traveling vave lase 行波激光器297.Uniaxial crystals 单轴晶体298.UnPolarized light 非极化光299.Wave 波300.W ave equation 波公式301.Wavefront 波前302.Waveguide 波导303.Wave n umber 波数304.Wave p acket 波包络305.Wavevector 波矢量306.Dark current 暗电流307.Saturation signal 饱和信号量308.Fringing field drift 边缘电场漂移plementary color 补色310.Image lag 残像311.Charge handling capability 操作电荷量312.Luminous quantity 测光量313.Pixel signal interpolating 插值处理314.Field integration 场读出方式315.Vertical CCD 垂直CCD316.Vertical overflow drain 垂直溢出漏极317.Conduction band 导带318.Charge coupled device 电荷耦合组件319.Electronic shutter 电子快门320.Dynamic range 动态范围321.Temporal resolution 动态分辨率322.Majority carrier 多数载流子323.Amorphous silicon photoconversion layer 非晶硅存储型324.Floating diffusion amplifier 浮置扩散放大器325.Floating gate amplifier 浮置栅极放大器326.Radiant quantity 辐射剂量327.Blooming 高光溢出328.High frame rate readout mode 高速读出模式329.Interlace scan 隔行扫描330.Fixed pattern noise 固定图形噪声331.Photodiode 光电二极管332.Iconoscope 光电摄像管333.Photolelctric effect 光电效应334.Spectral response 光谱响应335.Interline transfer CCD 行间转移型CCD336.Depletion layer 耗尽层plementary metal oxide semi-conductor 互补金属氧化物半导体338.Fundamental absorption edge 基本吸收带339.Valence band 价带340.Transistor 晶体管341.Visible light 可见光342.Spatial filter 空间滤波器343.Block access 块存取344.Pupil compensation 快门校正345.Diffusion current 扩散电流346.Discrete cosine transform 离散余弦变换347.Luminance signal 高度信号348.Quantum efficiency 量子效率349.Smear 漏光350.Edge enhancement 轮廓校正351.Nyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率352.Energy band 能带353.Bias 偏压354.Drift current 漂移电流355.Clamp 钳位356.Global exposure 全面曝光357.Progressive scan 全像素读出方式358.Full frame CCD 全帧CCD359.Defect correction 缺陷补偿360.Thermal noise 热噪声361.Weak inversion 弱反转362.Shot noise 散粒噪声363.Chrominance difference signal 色差信号364.Colotremperature 色温365.Minority carrier 少数载流子366.Image stabilizer 手振校正367.Horizontal CCD 水平CCD368.Random noise 随机噪声369.Tunneling effect 隧道效应370.Image sensor 图像传感器371.Aliasing 伪信号372.Passive 无源373.Passive pixel sensor 无源像素传感器374.Line transfer 线转移375.Correlated double sampling 相关双采样376.Pinned photodiode 掩埋型光电二极管377.Overflow 溢出378.Effective pixel 有效像素379.Active pixel sensor 有源像素传感器380.Threshold voltage 阈值电压381.Source follower 源极跟随器382.Illuminance 照度383.Refraction index 折射率384.Frame integration 帧读出方式385.Frame interline t ransfer CCD 帧行间转移CCD 386.Frame transfer 帧转移387.Frame transfer CCD 帧转移CCD388.Non interlace 逐行扫描389.Conversion efficiency 转换效率390.Automatic gain control 自动增益控制391.Self-induced drift 自激漂移392.Minimum illumination 最低照度393.CMOS image sensor COMS 图像传感器394.MOS diode MOS 二极管395.MOS image sensor MOS 型图像传感器396.ISO sensitivity ISO 感光度。

半导体物理爱因斯坦关系式推导英文版Derivation of Einstein's Relation in Semiconductor Physics In the realm of semiconductor physics, Einstein's relation plays a pivotal role in describing the relationship between diffusion and drift currents in semiconductors. Derived from the laws of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, this relationship provides a fundamental understanding of charge carrier transport in semiconductors.To derive Einstein's relation, we first consider the diffusion process of charge carriers within a semiconductor. Diffusion is the random movement of particles from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, driven by concentration gradients. In semiconductors, this movement is primarily governed by the interaction of charge carriers with the lattice atoms, resulting in a diffusive flux of charge carriers.The diffusive flux, Jd, is proportional to the gradient of the charge carrier concentration, n, and is given by:Jd = -D * grad(n)where D is the diffusion coefficient, which characterizes the rate of diffusion.Next, we consider the drift current, which is the directed movement of charge carriers due to an applied electric field. The drift velocity, vd, is related to the electric field, E, by: vd = μ * Ewhere μ is the mobility, w hich quantifies the response of charge carriers to the electric field.The drift current density, Jd, is then given by:Jd = n * q * vdwhere q is the charge of the charge carrier.Now, considering both diffusion and drift simultaneously, we can express the total current density, J, as:J = Jd (diffusion) + Jd (drift)Substituting the expressions for Jd from earlier, we get:J = -D * grad(n) + n * q * μ * EFrom thermodynamics, we know that the entropy production rate, Σ, is related to the current density a nd the gradients of thermodynamic forces. In the context of charge carrier transport, the entropy production rate can be expressed as:Σ = J / T * grad(μ/T)where T is the temperature and μ is the chemical potential.Combining the expressions for J and Σ, and using the laws of thermodynamics, we can derive Einstein's relation:D = (μ * T) / qThis relationship establishes a direct link between the diffusion coefficient, D, and the mobility, μ, providing a fundamental understanding of charge carrier transport in semiconductors. Einstein's relation is a cornerstone in semiconductor physics, enabling us to gain insights into the behavior of charge carriers and their interaction with the semiconductor lattice.中文版半导体物理中的爱因斯坦关系式推导在半导体物理中，爱因斯坦关系式在描述半导体中扩散电流和漂移电流之间的关系方面起着关键作用。

2.3. Model-Specific DEFINE MacrosThe DEFINE macros presented in this section are used to set parameters for a particular model in ANSYS Fluent. Table 2.2: Quick Reference Guide for Model-Specific DEFINE Functions – Table 2.6: Quick Reference Guide for Model-Specific DEFINE Functions MULTIPHASE ONLY provides a quick reference guide to the DEFINE macros, the functions they are used to define, and the dialog boxes where they are activated in ANSYS Fluent. Definitions of each DEFINE macro are listed in udf.h. For your convenience, they are listed in Appendix B.DEFINE_ANISOTROPIC_CONDUCTIVITYDEFINE_CHEM_STEPDEFINE_CPHIDEFINE_DIFFUSIVITYDEFINE_DOM_DIFFUSE_REFLECTIVITYDEFINE_DOM_SOURCEDEFINE_DOM_SPECULAR_REFLECTIVITYDEFINE_ECFM_SOURCEDEFINE_ECFM_SPARK_SOURCEDEFINE_EC_RATEDEFINE_EMISSIVITY_WEIGHTING_FACTORDEFINE_FLAMELET_PARAMETERSDEFINE_ZONE_MOTIONDEFINE_GRAY_BAND_ABS_COEFFDEFINE_HEAT_FLUXDEFINE_IGNITE_SOURCEDEFINE_NET_REACTION_RATEDEFINE_NOX_RATEDEFINE_PDF_TABLEDEFINE_PR_RATEDEFINE_PRANDTL UDFsDEFINE_PROFILEDEFINE_PROPERTY UDFsDEFINE_REACTING_CHANNEL_BCDEFINE_REACTING_CHANNEL_SOLVERDEFINE_SBES_BFDEFINE_SCAT_PHASE_FUNCDEFINE_SOLAR_INTENSITYDEFINE_SOLIDIFICATION_PARAMSDEFINE_SOOT_MASS_RATESDEFINE_SOOT_NUCLEATION_RATESDEFINE_SOOT_OXIDATION_RATEDEFINE_SOOT_PRECURSORDEFINE_SOURCEDEFINE_SOX_RATEDEFINE_SPARK_GEOM (R14.5 spark model)DEFINE_SPECIFIC_HEATDEFINE_SR_RATEDEFINE_THICKENED_FLAME_MODELDEFINE_TRANS UDFsDEFINE_TRANSIENT_PROFILEDEFINE_TURB_PREMIX_SOURCEDEFINE_TURB_SCHMIDT UDFDEFINE_TURBULENT_VISCOSITYDEFINE_VR_RATEDEFINE_WALL_FUNCTIONSDEFINE_WSGGM_ABS_COEFFTable 2.2: Quick Reference Guide for Model-Specific DEFINE FunctionsFunction DEFINE Macro Dialog Box Activated In anisotropic thermal conductivity DEFINE_ANISOTROPIC_CONDUCTIVITY Create/Edit Materialsmixing constant DEFINE_CPHI User-Defined Function Hooks homogeneous net mass reaction rate forDEFINE_CHEM_STEP User-Defined Function Hooksall species, integrated over a time stepspecies mass or UDS diffusivity DEFINE_DIFFUSIVITY Create/Edit Materials diffusive reflectivity for discreteDEFINE_DOM_DIFFUSE_REFLECTIVITY User-Defined Function Hooks ordinates (DO) modelsource for DO model DEFINE_DOM_SOURCE User-Defined Function Hooks specular reflectivity for DO model DEFINE_DOM_SPECULAR_REFLECTIVITY User-Defined Function Hooks ECFM source DEFINE_ECFM_SOURCE User-Defined Function Hooks ECFM spark source DEFINE_ECFM_SPARK_SOURCE Set Spark Ignition electrochemical reaction rate DEFINE_EC_RATE User-Defined Function Hooks emissivity weighting factor for theDEFINE_EMISSIVITY_WEIGHTING_FACTOR User-Defined Function Hooks radiative transfer equation of the non-gray P-1 model and the non-gray DOmodelvariation of scalar dissipation, meanDEFINE_FLAMELET_PARAMETERS Species Modelmixture fraction grid, and meanprogress variable grid for flameletgenerationcell zone motion components in aDEFINE_ZONE_MOTION cell zone conditionmoving reference frame or movingmesh simulationgray band absorption coefficient for DODEFINE_GRAY_BAND_ABS_COEFF Create/Edit Materials modelweighted-sum-of-gray-gases modelDEFINE_WSGGM_ABS_COEFF Create/Edit Materials (WSGGM) absorption coefficientsoot absorption coefficient DEFINE_WSGGM_ABS_COEFF Create/Edit Materialswall heat flux DEFINE_HEAT_FLUX User-Defined Function Hooks ignition time source DEFINE_IGNITE_SOURCE User-Defined Function Hooks homogeneous net mass reaction rate forDEFINE_NET_REACTION_RATE User-Defined Function Hooks all speciesTable 2.3: Quick Reference Guide for Model-Specific DEFINE Functions–ContinuedFunction DEFINE Macro Dialog Box Activated In NOx formation rates (for Thermal NOx,DEFINE_NOX_RATE NOx ModelPrompt NOx, Fuel NOx, and OPathways) and upper limit fortemperature PDFPDF lookup table DEFINE_PDF_TABLE User-Defined Function Hooks particle surface reaction rate DEFINE_PR_RATE User-Defined Function Hooks Prandtl numbers DEFINE_PRANDTL Viscous Modelspecies mass fraction DEFINE_PROFILE boundary condition (for example,Velocity Inlet)velocity at a boundary DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionpressure at a boundary DEFINE_PROFILE boundary condition temperature at a boundary DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionmass flux at a boundary DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditiontarget mass flow rate for pressure outlet DEFINE_PROFILE Pressure Outletturbulence kinetic energy DEFINE_PROFILE boundary condition (for example,Velocity Inlet)turbulence dissipation rate DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionspecific dissipation rate DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionporosity DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionviscous resistance DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditioninertial resistance DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionporous resistance direction vector DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionuser-defined scalar boundary value DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditioninternal emissivity DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionTable 2.4: Quick Reference Guide for Model-Specific DEFINE Functions–ContinuedFunction DEFINE Macro Dialog Box Activated In wall thermal conditions (heat flux, heatDEFINE_PROFILE boundary condition generation rate, temperature, heattransfer coefficient, external emissivity,external radiation and free streamtemperature)shell layer heat generation rate DEFINE_PROFILE Shell Conduction Layerswall radiation (internal emissivity,DEFINE_PROFILE boundary condition irradiation)wall momentum (shear stress x, y, zDEFINE_PROFILE boundary condition components swirl component, movingwall velocity components, roughnessheight, roughness constant)wall species mass fractions DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionwall user-defined scalar boundary value DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditionwall discrete phase boundary value DEFINE_PROFILE boundary conditiondensity (as function of temperature)DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materials density (as function of pressure forDEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materials compressible liquids)viscosity DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materialsmass diffusivity DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materials thermal conductivity DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materials thermal diffusion coefficient DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit MaterialsTable 2.5: Quick Reference Guide for Model-Specific DEFINE Functions–ContinuedFunction DEFINE Macro Dialog Box Activated In absorption coefficient DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materials scattering coefficient DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materials laminar flame speed DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materialsrate of strain DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materials speed of sound function DEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materialsuser-defined mixing law for mixtureDEFINE_PROPERTY Create/Edit Materials materials (density viscosity, thermalconductivity)reacting channel inlet boundaryDEFINE_REACTING_CHANNEL_BC Reacting Channel Model conditionsreacting channel solver DEFINE_REACTING_CHANNEL_SOLVER User-Defined Function Hooks blending function for the Stress-BlendedDEFINE_SBES_BF Viscous ModelEddy Simulation (SBES) modelscattering phase function DEFINE_SCAT_PHASE_FUNC Create/Edit Materialssolar intensity DEFINE_SOLAR_INTENSITY Radiation Modelback diffusion DEFINE_SOLIDIFICATION_PARAMS Solidification and Melting mushy zone DEFINE_SOLIDIFICATION_PARAMS Solidification and Melting soot nucleation, surface growth, andDEFINE_SOOT_MASS_RATES Soot Modeloxidation rates for soot mass fractionequationsoot nucleation and coagulation rates forDEFINE_SOOT_NUCLEATION_RATES Soot Modelsoot nuclei equationsoot oxidation rate DEFINE_SOOT_OXIDATION_RATE Soot Modelsoot precursor DEFINE_SOOT_PRECURSOR Soot Modelmass source DEFINE_SOURCE cell zone condition momentum source DEFINE_SOURCE cell zone conditionenergy source DEFINE_SOURCE cell zone condition。

北冰洋加拿大海盆的太平洋水与海冰的关系宋雪珑(桂林电子科技大学海洋信息工程学院,广西北海536000)【摘要】在过去的十年中，北冰洋海冰面积发生了大幅减少，其中加拿大海盆尤为突出。

本文基于2003~2010年加拿大海盆的水文和遥感卫星数据，对太平洋水和海冰进行分析。

根据研究发现，2003~2006年，高于0°C的太平洋水所在位置和海冰减少最剧烈的地方，都位于加拿大海盆的西南角。

而2007~2010年，加拿大的中部出现了明显的海冰减少，巧合的是，高于0°C的太平洋水也正好位于此处。

太平洋水和海冰两者的直接关系表明，随着太平洋水位温的升高，海冰密集度迅速减少。

因此，通过白令海峡进入北冰洋的太平洋水，在海冰面积减少中，起着重要的作用。

【关键词】北冰洋；加拿大海盆；太平洋水；海冰0引言北冰洋是世界上最小、最浅的大洋，位于地球的最北端。

海底山脉将北冰洋分割为4个主要的海盆：南森海盆、阿蒙森海盆（南森海盆和阿蒙森海盆又被统称为欧亚海盆）、马卡罗夫海盆和加拿大海盆（图1a）。

加拿大海盆位于北美洲以北，是4个海盆中最大的[1]（图1b）。

北冰洋冬季时，几乎全部被海冰所覆盖，而夏季时，北冰洋的边缘海有大量的海冰融化[2]。

在1979~2010年间，9月份海冰覆盖范围以每年1.1%的平均速度减少，最近十年，减少的趋势尤为显著[3]。

美国国家海洋和大气局的科学家表示，通过多种不同方法进行的研究发现，大约到2050年，北极地区将会迎来没有冰的夏天。

这对北冰洋的海洋环境，乃至全球的气候变化都有着至关重要的影响。

本文根据遥感卫星数据，得到北冰洋的海冰密集度（Sea Ice Concentration）。

海冰密集度是指单位面积海洋中海冰所占的百分比，前人通常采用该参数表征海冰的覆盖情况[2]。

2003~2006年和2007~ 2010年，北冰洋夏季（8~10月）的海冰密集度如图2a和图2b所示，可以清楚地看到，在北冰洋的中心，海冰密集度较大，说明几乎都是海冰；而在北冰洋的边缘海，海冰密集度较小，说明几乎都是海水。

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重皮(缺陷)piston 活塞，阳模pit 深坑, 深渊, 陷阱,凹陷planar 平面的plane front 平面波阵面，平面长大plane of shear=shear plane 剪切面plane-strain compression test 平面应变压缩试验plane-strain 平面应变planetary mill 行星式轧机planishing roll 平坦辊plasma torch 等离子喷枪，等离子焰炬plasma-arc melting 等离子熔炼plasma-arc 等离子弧plastic work 塑性功plastic-rigid solid 刚塑性体plastometer 塑性计platen 压盘platform 升降台，送料台plug drawing 定径拉拔plug 芯头point 弄尖polygon 多角形, 多边形porosity 孔隙positive正的，阳极的postpone 延迟，暂缓powder rolling 粉末轧制成型power hammer 动力锤predominate 占优势，统治，支配preferable 优先选择的prefered orientation 择优取向preform 预变形prescribe 规定，指示presentation 介绍，陈述，表达pressing 压制pressure plate 压力板，压板pressure vessel 压力容器prestrain 预应变primary roughing mill 初始开坯机principal stress 主应力prior coating 预涂层procedure 工序processing operation 工艺作业product mix 产品系列, 产品组合production run 生产性运行profile侧面profile 轮廓projection 突出局部,凸块propeller shaft 螺旋桨prototype 试验模型psi=pounds per square inch 磅/平方英寸pulling 拖，拽pullover 拔送器pull 拉力，张力pull 拉力，张力，拉，拔punching 冲孔，穿孔punch 冲孔，打孔，冲压机，冲床pyro-“火”,”热”,”焦”等含义pyrometallurgy 火法冶金学pyrometer 高温计quantitative 定性量的quenching 激冷，淬火radial coordinate 极坐标，径向坐标radial 径向的rail 钢轨,导轨,横杆, 围栏, 扶手ram 杆,推杆，挤压杆ram speed (压力机)滑块速度；冲击速度rationalize 合理化reaction 反响, 反作用,反动(力) reaction 反响，反作用力rear 后面, 后面的, 反面的；举起recalescence 金属潜热的释放，复辉，再炎热recalescence 再炎热recalescence 再辉，金属潜热的释放recast 重铸，重算，重做recess 凹进处reciprocate (使...)往复,互换recovery process 回复工艺，恢复过程rectifier 整流装臵reduction 削减，压下，缩减量，复原redundant work 附加功,关心作业redundant work 附加工，关心作业reeling 矫直refinish 再修整refractory material 难熔材料，耐高温材料refractory metal 耐高温金属refractory 难掌握的, 难熔的,耐火材料regime 状况，体制removal 切除reorientation 重取向repeater 转发器reposition重配臵reservoir 贮藏处,贮备retention 保持，保存reversible 可逆的reversing mill 可逆式轧机rheocasting 流变铸造rheological 流变的rheo-流变的rib 筋(jin)，肋(lei)ridge 脊，隆起局部right angle 直角rigid block 刚性体rinse 漂洗，清洗rod 棒,杆roll 轧辊roll caster 滚动铸型铸造roll forming 滚轧成形,辊锻成形, 轧锻rolled sheet 辊轧板roller leveling 辊式矫直roller-leveler 辊式矫直机,钢板压平机roller-leveling machine 辊式矫直机rolling mill 轧钢厂rolling 滚压Rolls Royce 劳斯莱斯rotor 转子roughing stand 粗轧机座roughing train 粗轧机组rounded apex 圆形底流排出口rpm=revolutions per minuterunout table 输出辊道rupture裂开，折断，裂缝safetyvalve 安全阀scab 疤, 痂scale 鳞皮scalebreaker mill 破鳞机scalp 剥皮scratch 划伤screw 压下丝杠,螺丝seam 线,缝seam 缝，线，裂缝seating surface 支持面secondary dendrite arm spacing 二次枝晶臂间距secondary tensile stress 副拉应力sedimentation 沉淀segregated cell 偏析晶胞self-diffusion 自集中Sendzimir mill 森吉米尔式轧机, 二十辊冷轧机sensor 传感器servocontrol 伺服掌握severity 严峻,剧烈,.严峻强度sharp 锐利的, 锐利的, 明显的,猛烈的,刺耳的,急剧的,精明的,灵敏的shear plane 切变面, 剪切面shear strength 切变强度shearedplate 切边的中厚板shearingprocess 剪切工艺sheathing 掩盖物, 罩子,加护套sheet-metal金属薄板，金属片ShiroKobayashi 小林史郎shrinkage porosity 收缩疏松，缩松，松心shrunk shrink 的过去式和过去分词(使) 收缩，(使)缩小side view 侧视图simulate 模拟simulation 仿真，模拟sinking drawing 减径拉拔sinking 减径拔管sinter 烧结skin pass 外表冷轧，外表光轧skylab 太空试验室skylark 云雀,火箭slabanalysis 主应力法slabmethod 主应力法slabbing mill板坯初轧机slab扁锭(宽≥2⨯厚,横截面积>10⨯10cm2)slag 电渣sleeve 套slip-line field theory 滑移线场理论sliver 渣粒sliver 毛刺，渣粒slope 斜坡, 斜面, 倾斜; 使)顺斜slug 毛坯solidification front 凝固前沿solidification interval 凝固间隙solidus 固相线solidus 固相线soluble 可溶的solute partition 溶质分区solute profile 溶质分布solvus 固溶度曲线sound product 发声产品sounder casting 较好的铸件sounding rocket 探测火箭soundness 安定性，致密性specific heat 比热spheroidization 球化处理spiral constriction 螺旋收缩splat cooling 急冷，喷涂细片冷却法splat 椅背中间纵立长条木，薄片激冷金属spray method 喷射成型法spread law 宽展定律spread ratio 宽展比spread宽展spring temper 弹性回火spring wire 弹簧钢丝squeeze ratio 挤压比squirt 喷射stacking –fault energy 层错能stagnant 停滞的, 迟钝的stand 机架steel casing 钢外套stem 茎, 杆stepped cone multiple-pass wiredrawing 级轮多道次拉伸机stepped cone 级轮sticking friction 粘着摩擦stock 原料，坯料stool(模)底板straightener 矫直机strainhardening 应变硬化strain phase transformation 应变诱导相变strand stand 中间机架stretch forming 拉伸成形，拉伸造型stretcher strains 滑移线streteher leveling 拉伸矫直stringer 发纹stroke 行程subsequence 后继, 随后subsidiary 补充的，关心的substantially 充分地substantial 实质的，真正的substructure 亚构造succeeding 后续的sulfate 硫酸盐superalloy 高温合金superimpose 重叠,添加superimpose 添加, 双重, 迭叠,重叠superior surface finish 高级外表光滑度surface finishing 外表抛光，精整surface finish 外表抛光，外表精整surface melting 外表熔解suspending medium 悬浮介质swager 锻锤，锤锻机swagging 旋锻，环锻synchronize 同步tandem mill 连轧机,串列式轧机tandem 序列,串列的taper 渐渐变细Teflon=polytetrafluoroethylene 特氟隆(聚四氯乙烯) temper rolling 外表光轧，平坦temper 回火tenfold 十倍的,成十倍tension type process 张力型工艺terminal curve 末端曲线terminology 术语,词汇theory of plasticity 塑性理论thermal conductivity 热导率thermal shock 热冲击thermomechanical processing 形变热处理工艺thermomechanical treatment 形变热处理thermosolutal fluid 热熔流体thin skin 薄皮thixocasting 触变铸造thixotropic property 触变性质thixotropic slurry 触变浆料thixo-触变的thread rolling 滚丝, 搓丝throughput n.生产量, 生产力量, 吞吐量throughput 吞吐量tin 锡titanium 钛top view 上视图topological 拓扑的total system 综合系统toughness 刚度,韧性,toward this end 为此，因此tractable 易处理的transformer 变压器transverse 横的transverse 横向的trimmededge 铣过的底边trimming die 修整模，修边模trim 密封面，修整,装饰true strain 真应变tube drawing 拉管tube drawing 拉管tube winking 缩口拉拔，减径拉拔，空拉tubular 管状的tundish 漏斗tungsten 钨turbine blade 涡轮叶片turbine 涡轮turn to 求助于，转向，致力于turntable 转台，回转台two band caster 双带铸造机(Hazelett process 黑兹利特工艺)two-high mill 二辊轧机Ugine-Sejournel process 尤金-塞焦耐特热挤压工艺，玻璃润滑剂高速挤压法UHF(ultra-high frequency)超高频uncoiler 开卷机, 拆卷机undercool 过冷uniaxial compression 单向压缩uniaxial 单轴的uniform-deformation energy method 均匀变形能量法unilateral 单边的，单面的universal mill 万能轧机universal-mill plate 齐边钢板unpinning 脱钉upper- (lower-) bound solution 上(下)界解upper limit 上限upper-bound 上界upsetting 镦粗upset 倒转upward向上弯vacuum arc refining 真空电弧精炼valved nozzle 阀门嘴versatile 通用的, 万能的versatility 多功能性versatility 多功能性，多用性VHF(very high frequency)甚高频vicinity 邻近，四周violate 违犯的,亵渎的,干扰,违反,阻碍, 侵害virtually 事实上，实质上viscosity 黏度volume fraction solid 固相体积分数vortex 涡流war 翘曲, 扭曲, 热变形warping 翘面, 扭曲, 变形web 连接板，薄片，腹板，网状物wedge 楔；楔入,楔进wettability 润湿性wheel caster 轮铸(Properzi process 普罗佩兹工艺)wide strip 宽带材windupreel 缠绕卷盘wiredrawing 拉线，拔丝with respect to 关于, 至于withdrawal chamber 退锭室withdrawal 放出workability 可使用性，可加工性wrought 锻件\轧材\冷拔产品的总称yield point 屈服点yield-stress 屈服应力yield 屈服zipper break 拉链式裂开。

Fluxes:advective and diffusiveJody M.KlymakSeptember16,20101IntroductionUnderstanding how to quantifyfluxes is an important part of this course and oceanog-raphy in general.Here I will attempt to give a bit more information on how to do this, since the basic knowledge is assumed in the course text.The quantity of a tracer,C,is measured as a concentration,usually mass per volume (i.e.kgm−3).Examples include salt(though usually in parts-per-thousand),gasses, minerals and nutrients,and even temperature(actually heat).The strength of a tracer at any given position is affected by two factors:1.The amount of tracer“upstream”of your position.2.Diffusion or smoothing of local tracer gradients.Thisfirst is called the advectiveflux,the second is called the diffusiveflux.2Advective FluxFirst lets begin with an example.Consider a river thatflows with a steady velocity of 1ms−1and has a tracer that has a higher concentration upstream than downstream. (figure1)Q Sketch the concentration as a function of x for a time1000s later.Q Based on the above,what is the approximate rate of change of C,i.e.∂C∂t?We cannot always calculate the rate of change of C graphically,so we considerit mathematically.We note that the larger velocity the greater the rate of change∂C∂t,and we note that the greater the gradient in the x-direction,∂C∂x ,the greater the rate ofchange.We also note that the gradient above is negative(i.e.smaller concentrations at greater x),so we arrive at the advectionflux law:∂C=−u ∂C(1)1Figure 1:Schematic of a tracer in a river with higher concentration of the tracer up-stream than downstream.Q Use the above equation to re-calculate ∂C ∂t at x =0km from the data infigure 1and compare with your answer from doing the same thing graphi-cally.Now lets consider a related problem.Suppose we want to predict what the total amount of tracer in kg was going to be between point A and point B at t =1000s?Q From the graph,how much tracer is between point A and point B at time1000?Assume the river is 10m wide and 1m deep.Again,we can do this graphically for the simple example,but it is not usually so easy.Another way to calculate is to consider how much tracer flows in at point A and subtract how much flows out at point B :ZV C new d V =Z V C old d V +(u A S A C A −u B S B C B )∆t .(2)where the integral is the total amount of C in the volume V between points A and B .S A =10×1m 2is the cross sectional area of the river at point A ,and C A =C (x =A ,t =0).Q Use the above to calculateR V C new d V and compare to your answer from the graph.Are they close?The differential form of this israte of change in volume ∂∂t Z V C d V =net transport in sides −Z S (uC )d S (3)2where S is the surface area at the edges of the volume V.−RS(uC)d S is the advectivetransport through the area defined by the surface S.Multiple dimensionsThe same concepts apply in multiple dimensions:if there is higher tracer concentration “upstream”of your location of interest,∂C/∂t>0,and tracer concentration increases. We can therefore extend the equations above:∂C ∂t =−u∂C∂x+v∂C∂y+w∂C∂z(4) =−u·∇C(5)where the latter simply comes from the definition of the velocity vector u=u i+v j+w kand∇=∂∂x i+∂∂yj+∂∂zk specifies a three-dimensionalgradient.Figure2:2-D example of a tracer distribution(i.e.in a lake).Q Assuming everything is2-D(w=0,∂C/∂z=0),what direction would ∇C point infigure2?Q What direction would u need to point in order for∂C∂t to be1)the great-est,2)the least,and3)equal to zero?Also write a mathematical expres-sion for u that satisfies those properties(note that you do not know the absolute magnitude of u for those cases.Q Usingfigure2,estimate∂C∂tat the point at(5km,5km)if u=1i+0j.3In three dimensions,the integral conservation of tracer C in an arbitrary volume V is the equivalent of equation(4)∂∂t ZVC d V=−ISC u·d S(6)where S is the surface of the volume V,and d S are infinitesimal area elements that compose S,with the vector pointing out of the volume and perpendicular to the surface. The right-hand side of this expression is the total transport of tracer C into the volume V through the edges.These vector formalisms should be familiar to you from Vector Calculus.However, it is important to bear in mind that we often want to compute equation(6)from practical data,in which case the transport terms are often a sum of easy-to-compute terms rather than a difficult analytical expression.3Diffusive Fluxes and TransportsCurrents are not the only way to have aflux or transport of a tracer.Tracers can also move due to diffusive effects,either because of molecular diffusion or,conceptually, via turbulent diffusion.3.1Fickian DiffusionFick’s law of diffusion can be proved using statistical mechanics,and states that flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentra-tion,with a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient(spatial derivative).In one dimension,this means thatJ x=−κ∂C∂x(7)whereκis the diffusion co-efficient which usually must be empirically determined.For instance,for salt in water,the molecular diffusivity isκs≈10−9m2˙s−1.Please note the units.Q Infigure1,if C is salt concentration in kgm−3(or usually parts-per-thousand,or psu),what is the diffusive saltflux(remember direction andunits).You can assume u=0.Q Consider the region between A and B.Due to the diffusiveflux,does Cgo up or down between the two points?43.2Diffusion EquationThe rate of change of concentration at a point is given by the convergence of thefluxes so that∂C∂t=−∇J(8) where J is theflux vector.For advection,J a=u C.So,as in the previous section,∂C∂t=−∇(u C)(9) For diffusion,theflux isJ d=−κ∇C(10) so the rate of change is the divergence of theflux,yielding:∂C∂t=∇(κ∇C).(11) Both equations together give the full Tracer Equation∂C ∂t =advection−∇(u C)+diffusion∇(κ∇C).(12)Again,an integral version arises naturally from this for any given volume V the rate of change of the total concentration in the volume is given by the netflux into the volume through its bounding surface S:∂∂t ZVC d V=ISJ·d S(13) =ISJ a·d S+ISJ d·d S(14) =advective transport−ISC u·d S+diffusive transportISκ(∇C)·d S(15)Q Based onfigure3,estimate∂C/∂t at x=5km,if the diffusivityκ=10−2m2s−1.3.3The heat equationAs an important aside:In oceanography,the heat equation is effectively decoupled from the mechanical energy equation-i.e.the heat generated by viscous dissipation is a very small term in the energy balance compared to solar and atmospheric forcing, and is almost universally ignored.Heat is a conserved quantity,but very roughly heat content is directly related to remperature:q=c pρT+q o,(16)5Figure3:Hypothetical distribution of a tracer C.where c p is the heat capacity of the water.This varies slightly in the ocean,but not generally enough to worry about.So the heat equation looks a lot like the tracer equa-tion∂T ∂t =advection−∇(u T)+diffusion∇(κ∇T)+heat sourceQc pρ(17)3.4Advective/Diffusive BalanceThe Tracer Equation,equation(12)has many solutions,depending on the boundary conditions imposed on the problems.A particularly interesting example is what hap-pens to temperature in the ocean.Imagine the highly idealized situation that the sea surface(z=0m)of the ocean is held at a steady25degrees,and the seafloor4degrees (z=−4000m).These are examples of Dirchlet boundary conditions from Math201.First,suppose that things are homogenous in the horizontal,then this becomes the one-dimensional version of equation(12).Also,assume that the diffusion,κis constant in time and space:∂T ∂t =−w∂T∂z+κ∂2T∂z(18)We are interested in the In steady state,we have the Advective-diffusive Balance:w ∂T∂z=κ∂2T∂z2(19)where the vertical advection of temperature must be balanced by the vertical diffusion of temperature.For the case above,clearly heat will diffuse downwards.If there is no vertical velocity,w=0,then∂2T∂z2=0(20)6and this has a solution of the form:T=T0+m z(21)We use the boundary conditions to solve for T0and m,to getT=25+(21/4000)z(22)The solution is only slightly more complicated for w=0.First,for a steady state to be possible,the verticalfluxes have to operate in opposite directions.Since the diffusiveflux is downwards in the ocean,the advectiveflux must be upwards,therefore w>0.For this we have solutions to equation(19)of the formT=T1e wκz+T2(23)where again,T2and T1are constants set by the boundary conditions at z=0and −4000m.In order to solve for these,we need some idea of the constants w andκ. We will show later in the course thatκ/w≈1300m,so we getT=22e z1300+3(24)The result is the dashed line infigure4.Q Consider the depth range in the dashed profile infigure4bounded be-tween-1000and-500m.If w>0,does the advectiveflux lead to a net lossor net gain of heat between these depths?Conversely,does the diffusiveflux lead to a net gain or loss of heat?Q If w increased,butκstayed the same,how would you expect the dashedline to look once a new steady state advective-diffusive balance had beenachieved?7Figure4:Results of the advection-diffusion steady-state balance if the seasurface is25 C,and the seafloor4C.Two cases are shown-thefirst is if w=0,the second if there is an upwards velocity.8。

Fluent 英文单词
松弛因子：大中小由于流体力学中要求解非线性的方程,在求解过程中,控制变量的变化是很必要的,这就通过松弛因子来实现的.它控制变量在每次迭代中的变化.也就是说,变量的新值为原值加上变化量乘以松弛因子.
如:A1=A0+B*DETA
A1 新值A0 原值B 松弛因子DETA 变化量松弛因子可控制收敛的速度和改善收敛的状况! 为1,相当于不用松弛因子大于1,为超松弛因子,加快收敛速度小于1,欠松弛因子,改善收敛的条件 .一般来讲,大家都是在收敛不好的时候，采用一个较小的欠松弛因子。

Fluent里面用的是欠松弛，主要防止两次迭代值相差太大引起发散。

松弛因子的值在0～1之间，越小表示两次迭代值之间变化越小，也就越稳定，但收敛也就越慢。