summary of the magic barrel——中科院英美文学选读(雁栖湖校区)

英美文学选读（英国文学部分）Period Life Time Name CN Nane Writings CN WritingsRenaissance1500-1660Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾赛The Faerie Queen仙后Blank verse University wit ChristopherMarlowe克里斯扥夫.马洛TamburlaineDr FauctusThe Jew of Malta帖木耳大帝弗士德博士的悲剧马耳他的犹太人WilliamShakespeare威廉.莎士比亚The Merchant of VeniceHamletThe Tempest威尼斯商人哈姆雷特暴风雨叙事诗十四行诗Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根EssaysOf Studies论说文论学习John Donne约翰.邓恩The Sun RisingDeath Be Not ProudJohn Milton约翰.弥尔顿LycidasParadise LostParadise RegainedSamson Agonistes利西达斯失乐园复乐园力士参孙Neoclassical Period 1660-1798John Bunyan约翰.班杨The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程Alexander Pope亚历山大.蒲伯An Essay on Criticism论批评1660-1731Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛弗Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威特Gull iver’s Travels格列佛游记Henry Fielding亨利.菲尔丁The History of The Adventuresof Joseph AndrewThe History of Jonathan Wildthe GreatThe History of Tom Jons约瑟夫.安德鲁伟大的乔纳森.怀尔德汤姆.琼斯Samuel Johnson赛缪尔.约翰逊A Dictionary of the EnglishLanguageTo the Right Honorable TheEarl of Chesterfield英语大词典致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信Richard BrinsleySheridan理查德德.比.谢立丹The School of Scandal造谣学校Thomas Gray扥马斯.格雷Elegy Written in a CountryChurchyard写在教堂墓地的挽歌Romantic1798-1870William Blake 威廉.布莱克Songs of InnocenceSongs of ExperienceMarriage of Heaven and Hell天真之歌经验之歌天堂与地狱联姻先知书William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lyrical BalladsTintern AbbeyPrelude抒情歌谣集丁登寺旁序曲Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔.特勒.科勒律治The Rime of The AncientMarinerKubla KhanChristalbelBiographia Literaria老水手之行忽必烈汉克丽斯塔贝尔文学传记George Gordon Byron 乔治.戈登.拜伦Childe HaroldDon Juan洽尔德.哈罗德游记唐璜该隐Percy Bysshe Shelley 铂.比.雪莱Ode to the West WindTo a SkylarkPrometheus UnboundA Defence of Poetry西风颂云雀颂解放了的普罗米修斯诗辩John Keats约翰.济慈Ode to a NightingaleOde to an Grecian UrnIsabella夜鹰颂希腊古瓮颂伊莎贝拉Jane Austen简.奥斯汀Sense and SensibilityNorthanger AbbeyMansfield ParkPride and PrejudiceEmmaPersuasion理智与感情诺桑觉寺曼斯菲尔德公园傲慢与偏见爱玛劝告Walter Scott 华特.斯哥特Victorian1870-1914Charles Dickens 查尔斯.狄更斯Oliver Twist雾都孤儿The Bronte Sister 夏治特.布郎帝Jane EyreWuthering Heights简爱呼啸山庄Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生In MemeriamBreak Break BreakCrossing The BarUlysses悼念拍吧, 拍吧, 拍吧过沙洲尤利西斯Robert Browning 罗伯特.布郞宁My Last DuchessMeeting at Night我逝去的公爵夫人黑夜相会Parting at Morning晨别George Eliot 乔治.艾略特Middlemarch A Study ofProvincial Life米德尔马契Thomas Hardy 扥马斯.哈代Tess of The D’Unverville德伯家的苔丝Modern1914-1945George BernardShaw萧伯纳Widower’s HouseMrs. Warren’s ProfessionCandidaCasar and CleopatraMan and SupermanPygmalionBack to MethuselahST. JoanThe Apple Cart鳏夫的房产华伦夫人的职业康蒂坦西泽和克丽奥佩特拉人与超人巴巴拉少校皮格马利翁伤心之家回到麦修色拉圣女贞德苹果车John Galsworthy约翰.高尔斯华瑞The Silver BoxThe Man of PropertyModern Comedy银盒正义斗争福赛特世家有产业的人骑虎出租现代喜剧William ButlerYeats威廉.伯特勒.业芝The Lake Isle of InnisfreeThe Man Who Dreamed ofFnerylandEaster Rising of 1916Sailing to ByzantianLeda and The SwanDown By The Sally Gardens茵尼斯弗利岛梦见仙境的人玫瑰新的纪元1916年的复活节驶向拜占庭丽达及天鹅在学童们中间T.S. Eliot T.S.艾略特The Love Song of J.AlfredThe Waste LandAsh WednesdayFour Quartets普鲁弗洛克的情歌荒原灰星期三四个四重奏wrence戴维.赫伯特.劳伦斯Sons and LoversThe RainbowWoman in Love儿子与情人虹恋爱中的女人James Joyce詹姆斯.乔Dubliners 都柏林人伊斯The Portrait of The Artist As aYoung ManUlysses 青年艺术家的肖像尤利西斯英美文学选读（美国文学部分）Period Life Time Name CN Name Writings CN WritingsThe Romantic period 1782-1859WashingtonIrving华盛顿.欧文The Sketch Book of GeoffreyCrayon, Gent.The Legend of Sleep HollowRip Van Winkle见闻札记睡谷传奇瑞普.凡.温克尔Ralph WaldoEmerson拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生NatureThe American ScholarSelf-RelianceThe Oversoul论自然论美国学者论自助论超灵NathanielHawthorne纳萨尼尔.霍桑The Scarlet LetterThe House of the Seven GablesYoung Goodman Brown红字七个尖角阁的房子年轻人古德蒙.布朗Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼Leaves of GrassDemocratic VistasThere Was a Child Went ForthCavalry Crossing a FordSong of Myself草叶集名主展望有个天天向前走的孩子骑兵过河自我之歌HermanMelville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔Bartleby, The ScrivnerThe Confidence ManBilly BuddMoby Dick巴特尔比自信者比利.巴德莫比.迪克The Realistic Period Mark Twain马克.吐温The Adventures of TomSawyerAdventures of HuckleberryFinnA Connecticut Yankee in KingArthur’s Court汤姆.索亚历险记哈克贝利.费恩历险记亚瑟王朝中的康涅狄格北方佬Henry James亨利.詹姆斯The AmericanThe Portrait of a LadyThe Turn of the ScrewThe Wing of the DoveDaisy Miller美国人贵妇画像拧紧螺丝鸽翼黛西.米勒Emily Dickinson 艾米莉.狄金森I Died for Beauty—but WasScarceApparently with No SurpriseTell All the Truth but Tell itSlantThis is my letter to the worldI Heard a Fly Buzz When IDiedI like to see it lap the MilesBecause I could not stop forDeath我为美而死，但还未….显然没有惊奇说出所有的真理，但切莫直言这是我写给世界的信当我死的时候，我听到苍蝇在嗡嗡叫我爱看它舔食一哩又一哩因为我不能停步等候死神Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞The FinancierThe TitanAn American TragedyThe StoicSister Carrie金融家巨人美国的悲剧斯多噶嘉莉妹妹The Modern Period Ezra Pound埃兹拉.庞德Hugh Selwyn MauberleyThe CantosIn a Station of the MetroThe River-Merchant’s Wife: ALetterA Pact休.赛尔温.莫伯利诗章在地铁车站河商的妻子合同Robert LeeFrost罗伯特.弗罗斯特A Boy’s WillNorth of BostonMountain IntervalNew HampshireAfter Apple-PickingThe Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening一个男孩的意愿波斯顿以北山间低地新罕布什尔摘苹果之后没有走的路雪夜林边驻脚Eugene O’Neil尤金.奥尼尔Beyond the HorizonThe Emperor JonesThe Iceman ComethLong Day’s Journey into NightThe Hairy Ape天边外琼斯皇帝送冰的人来了长夜漫漫路迢迢毛猿F. ScottFitzgerald弗.斯科特.菲茨杰拉德This Side of ParadiseTender Is the NightThe Great Gatsby人间天堂夜色温柔了不起的盖茨比Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特.海明威In Our TimeThe Sun Also RisesA Farewell to ArmsThe Old Man and the SeaIndian Camp在我们的时代里太阳照样升起永别了，武器老人与海印第安人营地William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳The BearThe Sound and the FuryLight in AugustA Rose for Emily。

目录第一部分章节题库（含名校考研真题） (5)第1章殖民地时期的美国 (5)第2章爱德华兹•富兰克林•克里夫古尔 (12)第3章美国浪漫主义•欧文•库柏 (17)第4章新英格兰超验主义•爱默生•梭罗 (25)第5章霍桑•麦尔维尔 (33)第6章惠特曼•狄金森 (42)第7章埃德加•爱伦•坡 (51)第8章现实主义时期•豪威尔•詹姆斯 (55)第9章地方色彩小说•马克.吐温 (63)第10章美国自然主义•克兰•诺里斯•德莱赛•罗宾森 (69)第11章20世纪20年代•意象派•庞德 (78)第12章艾略特•史蒂文斯•威廉斯 (82)第13章弗罗斯特•桑德堡•卡明斯•哈特•克兰•穆尔 (90)第14章菲茨杰拉德•海明威 (96)第15章南方文艺复兴•威廉姆•福克纳 (106)第16章安德森•斯坦•刘易斯•凯瑟•沃尔夫 (114)第17章20世纪30年代•多斯•帕索斯•斯坦贝克 (118)第18章波特•韦尔蒂•麦卡勒斯•韦斯特•新批评 (121)第19章美国戏剧 (123)第20章二战后诗歌•20世纪40年代的诗人 (128)第21章自白派•垮掉的一代 (129)第22章纽约派诗人•沉思型诗歌•黑山派诗人 (131)第23章二战后美国小说（1） (132)第24章二战后美国小说（2） (135)第25章多种族文学（1） (139)第26章多种族文学（2） (145)第二部分模拟试题 (147)第1章常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）模拟试题及详解（一） (147)第2章常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）模拟试题及详解（二） (154)第一部分章节题库（含名校考研真题）第1章殖民地时期的美国I. Fill in the blanks.1. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the _____ values that dominated much of the early American writing.【答案】Puritan【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。

英语文学赏析论文The Magic Barrel : A Journey in English Literature魔桶：一次英语文化之旅Mao Xin 毛欣Student Number：20106656Course PaperSubmitted in partial fulfillmentOf the requirements for the Literature CourseCollege of AutomationChongqing UniversityDecember 21, 2011AbstractMagic barrel is a well-known representative Malamud's short story ,and widely included in the literature, teaching materials . The story describes the Jewish old man Salzman, in order to help his beloved daughter find her husband, he thought hard , and even unscrupulous and cunning .But the performance of his good-hearted nature, also depicts the Slazman's daughter and his favorite the image of Leo, in the harmony and witty which gives a warm feeling.The plot of the novel is clear and marvelous . To introduce Jewish marriage as a career , the old man Salzman for Jewish students introduce to marriage Jewish students Leo, he strongly recommended several nice girls with wealthy families to Leo , but unfortunately no one suit Leo appetite. Finally, in a bunch of pictures he found the girl who he likes when he learned that's Schatzman's daughter, he still loved her, but he had some doubts . And they eventually came together.This thesisaims to analysis the short stories Main characters ，Narrative point of view，Symbolism in the work，Cultural implications in the work Images in the work ，Language characteristics 。

如何应用“读后续写”促进英美文学选读课的教学——以“英美短篇小说选读”课程为例许秋红【摘要】以浙江师范大学英语专业的“英美短篇小说选读”课程教学为例,阐述读后续写这种新兴的语言学习方法在教学中的具体应用.通过问卷调查和随机访谈验证读后续写法对于学生英语学习的促进作用.调查结果显示:读后续写教学法在促进学生输入、输出,激发学生创作欲望,培养学生思辨能力等方面具有良好的效果.【期刊名称】《英语教师》【年(卷),期】2016(016)019【总页数】6页(P19-24)【关键词】读后续写;英美短篇小说选读;教学实践【作者】许秋红【作者单位】321004,浙江金华,浙江师范大学外国语学院【正文语种】中文多年来，国内外二语研究者都在努力寻求有效促进学生外语学习的方法。

在国外有关二语习得的研究成果中，美国学者Krashen提出的语言输入假说（the Input Hypothesis）（Krashen，S.D.1985）和加拿大学者Swain提出的语言输出假说（Output Hypothesis）（Swain，M.1993；1995）对二语教学研究产生了深远的影响。

前者认为在语言学习中，可理解性语言的输入是语言习得的基本条件，而后者指出光靠语言输入是远远不够的，只有在输入的同时强调输出才能内化目的语知识，成功习得语言。

无独有偶，国内二语习得研究专家王初明也曾指出：“外语学习效率的高低取决于语言理解和产出结合的紧密程度；两者结合产生协同效应。

结合得越紧密，协同效应越强，外语学习效果也就越佳。

”由此可见，语言输入和输出或者说语言理解和产出是语言习得的必要条件，两者缺一不可。

而最重要的是，如果要使语言的输入和输出或者说要使语言的理解和产出达到一定的协同效应，就必须将两者紧密结合，促其互动。

王初明根据中国的具体国情创立、推广的“读后续写法”正迎合了这一机制。

在王初明根据多年的实证研究证明了读后续写的促学效果（王初明2012；2015）之后，国内其他学者也展开了相应的探讨。

美国文学选读_河海大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.In Everyday Use: for your grandmama, Mama is a defender. Dee is a betrayer.Maggie is an .答案:inheritor2.As an important part of black culture, popular songs in Invisible Man are thenarrator’s subconscious spiritual return.答案:错误3.Initiation novel often tends to use the third person narrative.答案:错误4.The plays of the theatre of the absurd focus on logical acts, realisticoccurrences, or traditional character development.答案:错误5.In The Waste Land, the great despair of modern existence comes from asense of meaninglessness and a sense of loneliness.答案:正确6.When Rip begins to wonder about his ______ in the story, this feeling ofstrangeness and confusion climbs up to a climax .答案:identity7.Washington Irving attached a note by Knickerbocker in Rip Van Winkle,because _______.答案:B. he attempted to improve the authenticity of story.8.Scholars have long pointed out the link between Puritanism and capitalism:Both rest on ambition , _______, and an intense striving for success.答案:B. hard work9.The Birth-Mark indicates the _______of husband and wife.答案:D. power struggle10.Freud’s theory of per sonality is structured into three parts, the _______ , ego,and superego .答案:A. id11.Upward movement of Gothic architecture suggests ______ .答案:B. heavenward aspiration12.We can learn from Invisible Man that is a devastating force, possessing thepower to render black Americans virtually invisible.答案:racism13.Gary Snyder proposes three categories of nature: nature, the wild, and .答案:C. wildness14.InA Day’s Wait, the son took the centigrade as Fahrenheit wrongly.答案:错误15.The theme of The Road Not Taken is about _____ and encourages people tolive their individualism to the fullest.答案:non-conformism16.Psychologist Carl Jung firstly proposed the word ____ in his idea of “CollectiveUnconscious”.答案:archetype##%_YZPRLFH_%##"archetype"17. A Day’s Wait was written by _______ who won the Nobel Prize for literature in1954.答案:Ernest Hemingway##%_YZPRLFH_%##Hemingway18.Rip Van Winkle story reflects the psychological truth of the American peoplebefore and after the________.答案:American War of Independence##%_YZPRLFH_%##AmericanRevolution##%_YZPRLFH_%##War of Independence19.The differences between imagist poem and ancient Chinese poem lie in .答案:B. personal feelings20.The Transcendentalist movement was a reaction against .答案:B. rationalism of 18th century21.T.S. Eliot’s poem is hard to read because the poet .答案:A. uses a lot of obscure allusions and makes the work in fragment.22.Initiation novel usually has a similar plot pattern, it is .答案:C. departure—ordeal—transformation—maturity.23.In The Birth-Mark, Aylmer finally gave up removing Georgiana’s birth markon the face out of a husband’s sense of duty.答案:错误24.Washington Irving is regarded as the first internationally recognizedAmerican author.答案:正确25.In order to escape his nagging wife, Rip Van Winkle took his gun and his dogwolf with him to enter the forests in the Catskills.答案:正确26.Goodman Brown left home to attend a witch’s Sabbath in the forest, whichwill be performed between sunset and sunrise.答案:正确27.To T.S. Eliot, the second world war not only destroyed people’s home, butalso their mentality.答案:正确28.In Death of A Salesman, Willy Loman’s tragedy reveals the disillusionment of .答案:American dream29.is the god of wine and dance, of irrationality and chaos, and appeals toemotions and instincts.答案:Dionysus30.“Bildungsroman”, a literary genre that focuses on the psychological andmoral growth of a protagonist from to adulthood.答案:youth。

The Magic BarrelBy Bernard MalamudNot long ago there lived in uptown New York, in a small, almost meager room, though crowded with books, Leo Finkle, a rabbinical student in the Yeshivah University. Finkle, after six years of study, was to be ordained in June and had been advised by an acquaintance that he might find it easier to win himself a congregation if he were married. Since he had no present prospects of marriage, after two tormented days of turning it over in his mind, he called in Pinye Salzman, a marriage broker whose two-line advertisement he had read in the Forward.The matchmaker appeared one night out of the dark fourth-floor hallway of the graystone rooming house where Finkle lived, grasping a black, strapped portfolio that had been worn thin with use. Salzman, who had been long in the business, was of slight but dignified build, wearing an old hat, and an overcoat too short and tight for him. He smelled frankly of fish, which he loved to eat, and although he was missing a few teeth, his presence was not displeasing, because of an amiable manner curiously contrasted with mournful eyes. His voice, his lips, his wisp of beard, his bony fingers were animated, but give him a moment of repose and his mild blue eyes revealed a depth of sadness, a characteristic that put Leo a little at ease although the situation, for him, was inherently tense.He at once informed Salzman why he had asked him to come, explaining that his home was in Cleveland, and that but for his parents, who had married comparatively late in life, he was alone in the world. He had for six years devoted himself almost entirely to his studies, as a result of which, understandably, he had found himself without time for a social life and the company of young women. Therefore he thought it the better part of trial and error--of embarrassing fumbling--to call in an experienced person to advise him on these matters. He remarked in passing that the function of the marriage broker was ancient and honorable, highly approved in the Jewish community, because it made practical the necessary without hindering joy. Moreover, his own parents had been brought together by a matchmaker. They had made, if not a financially profitable marriage--since neither had possessed any worldly goods to speak of--at least a successful one in the sense of their everlasting devotion to each other. Salzman listened in embarrassed surprise, sensing a sort of apology. Later, however, he experienced a glow of pride in his work, an emotion that had left him years ago, and he heartily approved of Finkle.The two went to their business. Leo had led Salzman to the only clear place in the room, a table near a window that overlooked the lamp-lit city. He seated himself at the matchmaker's side but facing him, attempting by an act of will to suppress the unpleasant tickle in his throat. Salzman eagerly unstrapped his portfolio and removeda loose rubber band from a thin packet of much-handled cards. As he flipped through them, a gesture and sound that physically hurt Leo, the student pretended not to see and gazed steadfastly out the window. Although it was still February, winter was on its last legs, signs of which he had for the first time in years begun to notice. He now observed the round white moon, moving high in the sky through a cloud menagerie, and watched with half-open mouth as it penetrated a huge hen, and dropped out of her like an egg laying itself. Salzman, though pretending through eye-glasses he had just slipped on, to be engaged in scanning the writing on the cards, stole occasional glances at the young man's distinguished face, noting with pleasure the long, severe scholar's nose, brown eyes heavy with learning, sensitive yet ascetic lips, and a certain, almost hollow quality of the dark cheeks. He gazed around at shelves upon shelves of books and let out a soft, contented sigh.When Leo's eyes fell upon the cards, he counted six spread out in Salzman's hand."So few?" he asked in disappointment."You wouldn't believe me how much cards I got in my office," Salzman replied. "The drawers are already filled to the top, so I keep them now in a barrel, but is every girl good for a new rabbi?"Leo blushed at this, regretting all he had revealed of himself in a curriculum vitae he had sent to Salzman. He had thought it best to acquaint him with his strict standards and specifications, but in having done so, felt he had told the marriage broker more than was absolutely necessary.He hesitantly inquired, "Do you keep photographs of your clients on file?""First comes family, amount of dowry, also what kind of promises," Salzman replied, unbuttoning his tight coat and settling himself in the chair. "After comes pictures, rabbi.""Call me Mr. Finkle. I'm not yet a rabbi."Salzman said he would, but instead called him doctor, which he changed to rabbi when Leo was not listening too attentively.Salzman adjusted his horn-rimmed spectacles, gently cleared his throat and read in an eager voice the contents of the top card:"Sophie P. Twenty-four years. Widow one year. No children. Educated high school and two years college. Father promises eight thousand dollars. Has wonderful wholesale business. Also real estate. On the mother's side comes teachers, also one actor. Well known on Second Avenue."Leo gazed up in surprise. "Did you say a widow?""A widow don't mean spoiled, rabbi. She lived with her husband maybe four months. He was a sick boy she made a mistake to marry him.""Marrying a widow has never entered my mind.""This is because you have no experience. A widow, especially if she is young and healthy like this girl, is a wonderful person to marry. She will be thankful to you the rest of her life. Believe me, if I was looking now for a bride, I would marry a widow."Leo reflected, then shook his head.Salzman hunched his shoulders in an almost imperceptible gesture of disappointment. He placed the card down on the wooden table and began to read another:"Lily H. High school teacher. Regular. Not a substitute. Has savings and new Dodge car. Lived in Paris one year. Father is successful dentist thirty-five years. Interested in professional man. Well Americanized family. Wonderful opportunity.""I knew her personally," said Salzman. "I wish you could see this girl. She is a doll. Also very intelligent. All day you could talk to her about books and theyater and what not. She also knows current events.""I don't believe you mentioned her age?""Her age?" Salzman said, raising his brows. "Her age is thirty-two years.""Leo said after a while, "I'm afraid that seems a little too old.Salzman let out a laugh. "So how old are you, rabbi?""Twenty-seven.""So what is the difference, tell me, between twenty-seven and thirty-two? My own wife is seven years older than me. So what did I suffer?--Nothing. If Rothschild's daughter wants to marry you, would you say on account her age, no?""Yes," Leo said dryly.Salzman shook off the no in the eyes. "Five years don't mean a thing. I give you my word that when you will live with her for one week you will forget her age. Whatdoes it mean five years--that she lived more and knows more than somebody who is younger? On this girl, God bless her, years are not wasted. Each one that it comes makes better the bargain.""What subject does she teach in high school?""Languages. If you heard the way she speaks French, you will think it is music. I am in the business twenty-five years, and I recommend her with my whole heart. Believe me, I know what I'm talking, rabbi.""What's on the next card?" Leo said abruptly.Salzman reluctantly turned up the third card:"Ruth K. Nineteen years. Honor student. Father offers thirteen thousand cash to the right bridegroom. He is a medical doctor. Stomach specialist with marvelous practice. Brother in law owns garment business. Particular people."Salzman looked as if he had read his trump card."Did you say nineteen?" Leo asked with interest."On the dot.""Is she attractive?" He blushed. "Pretty?"Salzman kissed his finger tips. "A little doll. On this I give you my word. Let me call the father tonight and you will see what means pretty."But Leo was troubled. "You're sure she's that young?""This I am positive. The father will show you the birth certificate.""Are you positive there isn't something wrong with her?" Leo insisted."Who says there is wrong?""I don't understand why an American girl her age should go to a marriage broker."A smile spread over Salzman's face."So for the same reason you went, she comes."Leo flushed. "I am passed for time."Salzman, realizing he had been tactless, quickly explained. "The father came, not her. He wants she should have the best, so he looks around himself. When we will locate the right boy he will introduce him and encourage. This makes a better marriage than if a young girl without experience takes for herself. I don't have to tell you this.""But don't you think this young girl believes in love?" Leo spoke uneasily.Salzman was about was about to guffaw but caught himself and said soberly, "Love comes with the right person, not before."Leo parted dry lips but did not speak. Noticing that Salzman had snatched a glance at the next card, he cleverly asked, "How is her health?""Perfect," Salzman said, breathing with difficulty. "Of course, she is a little lame on her right foot from an auto accident that it happened to her when she was twelve years, but nobody notices on account she is so brilliant and also beautiful."Leo got up heavily and went to the window. He felt curiously bitter and upbraided himself for having called in the marriage broker. Finally, he shook his head."Why not?" Salzman persisted, the pitch of his voice rising."Because I detest stomach specialists.""So what do you care what is his business? After you marry her do you need him? Who says he must come every Friday night in your house?"Ashamed of the way the talk was going, Leo dismissed Salzman, who went home with heavy, melancholy eyes.Though he had felt only relief at the marriage broker's departure, Leo was in low spirits the next day. He explained it as rising from Salzman's failure to produce a suitable bride for him. He did not care for his type of clientele. But when Leo found himself hesitating whether to seek out another matchmaker, one more polished than Pinye, he wondered if it could be--protestations to the contrary, and although he honored his father and mother--that he did not, in essence, care for the matchmaking institution? This thought he quickly put out of mind yet found himself still upset. All day he ran around the woods--missed an important appointment, forgot to give out his laundry, walked out of a Broadway cafeteria without paying and had to run back with the ticket in his hand; had even not recognized his landlady in the street when she passed with a friend and courteously called out, "A good evening to you, Doctor Finkle." By nightfall, however, he had regained sufficient calm to sink his nose into abook and there found peace from his thoughts.Almost at once there came a knock on the door. Before Leo could say enter, Salzman, commercial cupid, was standing in the room. His face was gray and meager, his expression hungry, and he looked as if he would expire on his feet. Yet the marriage broker managed, by some trick of the muscles to display a broad smile."So good evening. I am invited?"Leo nodded, disturbed to see him again, yet unwilling to ask the man to leave.Beaming still, Salzman laid his portfolio on the table. "Rabbi, I got for you tonight good news.""I've asked you not to call me rabbi. I'm still a student.""Your worries are finished. I have for you a first-class bride.""Leave me in peace concerning this subject." Leo pretended lack of interest."The world will dance at your wedding.""Please, Mr. Salzman, no more.""But first must come back my strength," Salzman said weakly. He fumbled with the portfolio straps and took out of the leather case an oily paper bag, from which he extracted a hard, seeded roll and a small, smoked white fish. With a quick emotion of his hand he stripped the fish out of its skin and began ravenously to chew. "All day in a rush," he muttered.Leo watched him eat."A sliced tomato you have maybe?" Salzman hesitantly inquired."No."The marriage broker shut his eyes and ate. When he had finished he carefully cleaned up the crumbs and rolled up the remains of the fish, in the paper bag. His spectacled eyes roamed the room until he discovered, amid some piles of books, a one-burner gas stove. Lifting his hat he humbly asked, "A glass of tea you got, rabbi?"Conscience-stricken, Leo rose and brewed the tea. He served it with a chunk of lemon and two cubes of lump sugar, delighting Salzman.After he had drunk his tea, Salzman's strength and good spirits were restored."So tell me rabbi," he said amiably, "you considered some more the three clients I mentioned yesterday?""There was no need to consider.""Why not?""None of them suits me.""What then suits you?"Leo let it pass because he could give only a confused answer.Without waiting for a reply, Salzman asked, "You remember this girl I talked to you--the high school teacher?""Age thirty-two?"But surprisingly, Salzman's face lit in a smile. "Age twenty-nine."Leo shot him a look. "Reduced from thirty-two?""A mistake," Salzman avowed. "I talked today with the dentist. He took me to his safety deposit box and showed me the birth certificate. She was twenty-nine years last August. They made her a party in the mountains where she went for her vacation. When her father spoke to me the first time I forgot to write the age and I told you thirty-two, but now I remember this was a different client, a widow.""The same one you told me about? I thought she was twenty-four?""A different. Am I responsible that the world is filled with widows?""No, but I'm not interested in them, nor for that matter, in school teachers."Salzman pulled his clasped hand to his breast. Looking at the ceiling he devoutly exclaimed, "Yiddishe kinder, what can I say to somebody that he is not interested in high school teachers? So what then you are interested?"Leo flushed but controlled himself."In what else will you be interested," Salzman went on, "if you not interested in this fine girl that she speaks four languages and has personally in the bank tenthousand dollars? Also her father guarantees further twelve thousand. Also she has a new car, wonderful clothes, talks on all subjects, and she will give you a first-class home and children. How near do we come in our life to paradise?"If she's so wonderful, why wasn't she married ten years ago?""Why?" said Salzman with a heavy laugh. "--Why? Because she is partikiler. This is why. She wants the best."Leo was silent, amused at how he had entangled himself. But Salzman had arouse his interest in Lily H., and he began seriously to consider calling on her. When the marriage broker observed how intently Leo's mind was at work on the facts he had supplied, he felt certain they would soon come to an agreement.Late Saturday afternoon, conscious of Salzman, Leo Finkle walked with Lily Hirschorn along Riverside Drive. He walked briskly and erectly, wearing with distinction the black fedora he had that morning taken with trepidation out of the dusty hat box on his closet shelf, and the heavy black Saturday coat he had throughly whisked clean. Leo also owned a walking stick, a present from a distant relative, but quickly put temptation aside and did not use it. Lily, petite and not unpretty, had on something signifying the approach of spring. She was au courant, animatedly, with all sorts of subjects, and he weighed her words and found her surprisingly sound--score another for Salzman, whom he uneasily sensed to be somewhere around, hiding perhaps high in a tree along the street, flashing the lady signals with a pocket mirror; or perhaps a cloven-hoofed Pan, piping nuptial ditties as he danced his invisible way before them, strewing wild buds on the walk and purple grapes in their path, symbolizing fruit of a union, though there was of course still none.Lily startled Leo by remarking, "I was thinking of Mr. Salzman, a curious figure, wouldn't you say?"Not certain what to answer, he nodded.She bravely went on, blushing, "I for one am grateful for his introducing us. Aren't you?"He courteously replied, "I am.""I mean," she said with a little laugh--and it was all in good taste, to at least gave the effect of being not in bad--"do you mind that we came together so?"He was not displeased with her honesty, recognizing that she meant to set the relationship aright, and understanding that it took a certain amount of experience inlife, and courage, to want to do it quite that way. One had to have some sort of past to make that kind of beginning.He said that he did not mind. Salzman's function was traditional and honorable--valuable for what it might achieve, which, he pointed out, was frequently nothing.Lily agreed with a sigh. They walked on for a while and she said after a long silence, again with a nervous laugh, "Would you mind if I asked you something a little bit personal? Frankly, I find the subject fascinating." Although Leo shrugged, she went on half embarrassedly, "How was it that you came to your calling? I mean was it a sudden passionate inspiration?"Leo, after a time, slowly replied, "I was always interested in the Law.""You saw revealed in it the presence of the Highest?"He nodded and changed the subject. "I understand that you spent a little time in Paris, Miss Hirschorn?""Oh, did Mr. Salzman tell you, Rabbi Finkle?" Leo winced but she went on, "It was ages ago and almost forgotten. I remember I had to return for my sister's wedding."And Lily would not be put off. "When," she asked in a trembly voice, "did you become enamored of God?"He stared at her. Then it came to him that she was talking not about Leo Finkle, but of a total stranger, some mystical figure, perhaps even passionate prophet that Salzman had dreamed up for her--no relation to the living or dead. Leo trembled with rage and weakness. The trickster had obviously sold her a bill of goods, just as he had him, who'd expected to become acquainted with a young lady of twenty-nine, only to behold, the moment he laid eyes upon her strained and anxious face, a woman past thirty-five and aging rapidly. Only his self control had kept him this long in her presence."I am not," he said gravely, "a talented religious person." and in seeking words to go on, found himself possessed by shame and fear. "I think," he said in a strained manner, "that I came to God not because I love Him, but because I did not."This confession he spoke harshly because its unexpectedness shook him.Lily wilted. Leo saw a profusion of loaves of bread go flying like ducks high over his head, not unlike the winged loaves by which he had counted himself to sleep lastnight. Mercifully, then, it snowed, which he would not put past Salzman's machinations.He was infuriated with the marriage broker and swore he would throw him out of the room the minute he reappeared. But Salzman did not come that night, and when Leo's anger had subsided, an unaccountable despair grew in its place. At first he thought this was caused by his disappointment in Lily, but before long it became evident that he had involved himself with Salzman without a true knowledge of his own intent. He gradually realized--with an emptiness that seized him with six hands--that he had called in the broker to find him a bride because he was incapable of doing it himself. This terrifying insight he had derived as a result of his meeting and conversation with Lily Hirschorn. Her probing questions had somehow irritated him into revealing --to himself more than her--the true nature of his relationship to God, and from that it had come upon him, with shocking force, that apart from his parents, he had never loved anyone. Or perhaps it went the other way, that he did not love God so well as he might, because he had not loved man. It seemed to Leo that his whole life stood starkly revealed and he saw himself for the first time as he truly was--unloved and loveless. This bitter but somehow not fully unexpected revelation brought him to a point to panic, controlled only by extraordinary effort. He covered his face with his hands and cried.The week that followed was the worst of his life. He did not eat and lost weight. His beard darkened and grew ragged. He stopped attending seminars and almost never opened a book. He seriously considered leaving the Yeshiva, although he was deeply troubled at the thought of the loss of all his years of study--saw them like pages torn from a book, strewn over the city--and at the devastating effect of this decision upon his parents. But he had lived without knowledge of himself, and never in the Five Books and all the Commentaries--mea culpa--had the truth been revealed to him. He did not know where to turn, and in all this desolating loneliness there was no to whom, although he often thought of Lily but not once could bring himself to go downstairs and make the call. He became touchy and irritable, especially with his landlady, who asked him all manner of personal questions; on the other hand sensing his own disagreeableness, he waylaid her on the stairs and apologized abjectly, until mortified, she ran from him. Out of this, however, he drew the consolation that he was a Jew and that a Jew suffered. But generally, as the long and terrible week drew to a close, he regained his composure and some idea of purpose in life to go on as planned. Although he was imperfect, the ideal was not. As for his quest of a bride, the thought of continuing afflicted him with anxiety and heartburn, yet perhaps with this new knowledge of himself he would be more successful than in the past. Perhaps love would now come to him and a bride to that love. And for this sanctified seeking who needed a Salzman?The marriage broker, a skeleton with haunted eyes, returned that very night. Helooked, withal, the picture of frustrated expectancy--as if he had steadfastly waited the week at Miss Lily Hirschorn's side for a telephone call that never came.Casually coughing, Salzman came immediately to the point: "So how did you like her?"Leo's anger rose and he could not refrain from chiding the matchmaker: "Why did you lie to me, Salzman?"Salzman's pale face went dead white, the world had snowed on him."Did you not state that she was twenty-nine?' Leo insisted."I give you my word--""She was thirty-five, if a day. At least thirty-five.""Of this don't be too sure. Her father told me--""Never mind. The worst of it was that you lied to her.""How did I lie to her, tell me?""You told her things abut me that weren't true. You made out to be more, consequently less than I am. She had in mind a totally different person, a sort of semi-mystical Wonder Rabbi.""All I said, you was a religious man.""I can imagine."Salzman sighed. "This is my weakness that I have," he confessed. "My wife says to me I shouldn't be a salesman, but when I have two fine people that they would be wonderful to be married, I am so happy that I talk too much." He smiled wanly. "This is why Salzman is a poor man."Leo's anger left him. "Well, Salzman, I'm afraid that's all."The marriage broker fastened hungry eyes on him."You don't want any more a bride?""I do," said Leo, "but I have decided to seek her in a different way. I am no longer interested in an arranged marriage. To be frank, I now admit the necessity ofpremarital love. That is, I want to be in love with the one I marry.""Love?" said Salzman, astounded. After a moment he remarked "For us, our love is our life, not for the ladies. In the ghetto they--""I know, I know," said Leo. "I've thought of it often. Love, I have said to myself, should be a by-product of living and worship rather than its own end. Yet for myself I find it necessary to establish the level of my need and fulfill it."Salzman shrugged but answered, "Listen, rabbi, if you want love, this I can find for you also. I have such beautiful clients that you will love them the minute your eyes will see them."Leo smiled unhappily. "I'm afraid you don't understand."But Salzman hastily unstrapped his portfolio and withdrew a manila packet from it."Pictures," he said, quickly laying the envelope on the table.Leo called after him to take the pictures away, but as if on the wings of the wind, Salzman had disappeared.March came. Leo had returned to his regular routine. Although he felt not quite himself yet--lacked energy--he was making plans for a more active social life. Of course it would cost something, but he was an expert in cutting corners; and when there were no corners left he would make circles rounder. All the while Salzman's pictures had lain on the table, gathering dust. Occasionally as Leo sat studying, or enjoying a cup of tea, his eyes fell on the manila envelope, but he never opened it.The days went by and no social life to speak of developed with a member of the opposite sex--it was difficult, given the circumstances of his situation. One morning Leo toiled up the stairs to his room and stared out the window at the city. Although the day was bright his view of it was dark. For some time he watched the people in the street below hurrying along and then turned with a heavy heart to his little room. On the table was the packet. With a sudden relentless gesture he tore it open. For a half-hour he stood by the table in a state of excitement, examining the photographs of the ladies Salzman had included. Finally, with a deep sigh he put them down. There were six, of varying degree of attractiveness, but look at them along enough and they all became Lily Hirschorn: all past their prime, all starved behind bright smiles, not a true personality in the lot. Life, despite their frantic yoohooings, had passed them by; they were pictures in a brief case that stank of fish. After a while, however, as Leo attempted to return the photographs into the envelope, he found in it another, a snapshot of the type taken by a machine for a quarter. He gazed at it a moment and let out a cry.。

《英美文学选读》笔记（简单版）Thomas More: Utopia 《乌托邦》Francis Bacon: Essays 《论说文集》或《随笔》"Knowledge is power"----BaconEdmund Spencer: Faerie Queen 《仙后》"Our sweetest songs are those that sing of saddest feelings."--- SpencerWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)1. 23rd, April 1564, Stratford-on-Avon2. His Father, a leather merchant 皮货商3. His school, a local Grammar school for 6 years4. His life, dramatist, actor, poet, proprietor5. His first son, Hamnet6. 4 tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth (Romeo and Juliet)7. Main works: 37 plays, 154 sonnets , 2 narrative plays戏剧 14行诗叙事诗Titus Andronicus 《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》The Two Gentlemen of Verona 《维罗纳二绅士》Love's Labor's Lost 《爱的徒劳》A Midsummer Night's Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》King John 《约翰王的生平和逝世》Much Ado about Nothing 《无事生非》The Merry Wives of Windsor 《温莎的风流娘们》Julius Caesar 《朱力叶斯·凯撒》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》As you like it 《皆大欢喜》8. Carl Marx: "Aeschylus and Shakespeare are the two greatest dramatic genius the world has ever known."9. His friend: "He does not belong to one time, but belongs to all times."William Shakespeare's writing feature1. A play in the play.2. Borrow plots from other stories such as Roman, Greek and ancient myth.3. Several threads running through the play.4. Combination of tragic and comic elements.William Shakespeare's writing style1. Tremendous vocabulary (16,000 words, invent words)2. Literary devices (alliteration, simile, metaphor)3. Use poetry in his playWilliam Shakespeare's humanistic ideas1. Against cruelty and anti-natural character of civil wars2. Against religious persecution, racial discrimination, social inequality.3. Hates rebellion and despises democracyThemes in Shakespeare's sonnets1. Express love and praise to a young man2. Immortalize beauty through verses3. Friendship or betrayal of friendshipSonnetOrigin: ItalyMost famous and influential sonneteer: PetrachSelected Reading of Shakespeare:1. [P37] Shakespeare's Sonnet 18:a. Ladies in the eyes of Shakespeare are not good and beautiful. His wife is 8 years older than him.b. Iambic pentameterc. Main ideas:i. Quatrain 1: praise the beauty of the young manii. Quatrain 2: changes in life and natureiii. Quatrain 3: "your" beauty will last foreveriv. Couplet: "your" beauty will live in my poem. à Immortalize beauty2. [P39] An Excerpt from The Merchant of Venicea. How does Shylock justify himself according to the accusation of Duke and Bassanio?[P40-41] There are 3 reasons.b. Why does Shylock stick to his bond instead of taking twice his principle?He hates the Christians and is determined to revenge on them because his daughter elopes with a Christian.c. What do you think of Shylock in the early court scene? What about him later?In the early court scene, Shylock is cruel, eloquent, stubborn, tricky, isolated from law and friendship.In the later court scene, Shylock is greedy, sympathetic and oppressed by Christians.d. What is Shakespeare's attitude towards Shylock?He sympathizes those who are oppressed. Antonio is oppressed by Shylock. Shylock is oppressed by Christians.e. The whole play is a tragi-comedy. In the scene, Shylock is the tragic side. Antonio and his friends is the comic side.John Donne (1572-1631)1572 Born in a merchant family1591 Learn law at the Inns of Court in LondonPrivate Secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.1601 29y. Married Egerton's niece, Ann More. He worked hard to fight against poverty. However, it's a secret marriage. When the marriage was exposed, he was put into jail. The Egertons regarded the marriage as an offence.1617 His wife died. He devoted his time and efforts to his priestly duties, writing sermons and religious poems.1621 Donne was appointed the Dean of St. Paul's and kept the post until his death.John Donne's major work1. Songs and Sonnets, wrote before 1600, 55 love poems.2. The Elegies and Satires, his elegies wrote for love whereas others' wrote for mourning dead people.3. Holy Sonnets & Sermons, Sonnets wrote about God, sexual life, problem of death and life. Sermons are Christian preaching. John Donne is famed for 3 things1. A great visitor of ladies2. A great frequenter of plays3. A great writer of conceited versesAt his time, John Donne was famed as a preacher. Today, he is famed as a lyric poet. John Donne compared parting love to compass, flea compared to the union of lovers. John Donne's conceit can be seen from his "Go catching the falling star" in which he listed many impossible things---the most impossible thing is a woman's faith and heart.Metaphysical poetry--- is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poets--- are the poets in the 17c England who often unconventionally use conceits and wit. The imagery is draw from everyday life.The form is the form of argument (with God, lover, himself). The diction is simple and the language is colloquial but powerful. John Donne is the leading of "metaphysical school".Selected Reading of John Donne1. [P66]The Sun Rising2. [P68]Death, Be not Proud (1)John Milton (1608-1674)1608 Born in London. A Catholic family. His father was both a scholar and a businessman.1620 Educated at St. Paul's School1625 Educated in Cambridge1643 Married a 17y. girl younger than him1649 Appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell's Council of State1652 Became totally blind. His wife died. He married again.3 periods in John Milton's life1. English revolution1649 Charles I beheaded. Cromwell took the power1660 Restoration. Charles II took the power2. Political ideas: express his political ideas in pamphlets3. Poem: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. The theme is the "Fall of Man", i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of Paradise.The original story is taken from Genesis. Adam and Eve are originally in innocent spiritual love. They are punished by God because they eat the apple of the Tree of Knowledge seduced by a serpent. Since they eat the apple, they begin to make love. God thinks they are not innocent. They committed sin. God drives Adam and Eve out of Eden.Satan is punished by God to suffer from fire. He knows that he can't win God by power, so he wins God by cheating. He seduced Eve to eat the apple.In Paradise Lost, Satan is the rebel who never bows down to God even when he failed. He is a good military leader. He refuses to acknowledge the power of God. He is determined to continue the battle. He feels sorrow at the sufferings of those angels. He has led to so terrible a punishment, but he is very cruel. He has indomitable pride, unconquerable rebellion, and the will to evil and power. He said, "Only do evil, no good". He tries to be as equal as God.Selected Reading of John Milton1. [P73] An Excerpt from Paradise LostChapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (1600-1798)The age of reason and enlightenment. It's a turbulent period.1660 The Restoration1665 The Great Plague --- Black Death. 70,000 died, 2/3 homeless.1688 The Glorious Revolution. James II exiled abroad. The persecution of Protestants. James II's daughter Marry and her wife William turned back to England as figurehead (King and Queen) without power. Power was in the Parliament. England became the first capitalist country with Constitutional monarchy, which marked the end of feudal society.1798 The publication of Lyrics by WordsworthIndustrial Revolution --- at the 2nd half of 18cPreparations for the revolution1. money --- by trading companies, e.g. East India Company--- by money investment2. goods, materials --- colonies, e.g. India, North America3. manpower --- "Act of Enclosure". The landless and homeless peasant began to work in cities--- the invention of textile machineIn the revolution, Bourgeois (middle class) became the main class in the society. Bankers, landlords, slave traders, merchants, colonists controlled the economy of the country at the time. They believed in self-reliance and hard working.The Giants of the Enlightenment Movement:Voltaire 伏乐泰, Mosteiqeu 孟德斯鸠, Dierot 狄德罗, Rousseau 卢梭.Gothic Novel1. Content: magic, supernatural elements, ghosts, monsters.2. Setting: old castle, graveyard, dark forest3. Atmosphere: horribleJohn Bunyan (1628-1688)1628 Born in a poor tinker's family. He received little education in a GrammarSchool1647 Married a Christian woman and became interested in Christianity.1660 Bunyan began to preach, but he didn't have a preaching license so he was put into jail for 6 years.1665 Great Plague in England, he was released from jail. Few months later, he was in jail again for another 6 years.1672 Declaration of Independence, he was released again.1675 His license of lay preacher was temporarily cancelled and he was in prison again.Throughout his life, he only read one book the Bible. His most famous work is The Pilgrim's Process.Bunyan's purpose of writing The Pilgrim's Process1. Urge people to abide by Christian doctrine2. To seek salvation through struggling with his own weakness and social evilsThe content of The Pilgrim's Process is about Christianity. The title means "life is a journey". It's a metaphor.Form of The Pilgrim's Process: Allegory1. A story in verse or prose with double meanings or meanings at two levels.2. Higher lever - concerning moral, religious, or political ideas. Lower level - your understanding of the story.3. Main characters in the story Christian, Faithful, Hopeful.4. The description of the story is realistic religious allegory.Selected Reading of John Bunyan: [P85]"The Vanity Fair" from The Pilgrim's ProcessWhy "The Vanity Fair" is a satire on the ruling class of Egnland?1. It's a symbolic picture of London at the time of Restoration2. In Vanity Fair, everything can be sold and bought, daily necessities, but also honor, kingdom, lust, pleasure and even lives.3. Evil things such as cheating, roguery, and adultery are normal in the Vanity Fair where there is no moral. It's a satire of the non-moral English ruling class.4. Faithful is put to death for his despising of the Vanities. It's a parallel of Bunyan's experience of imprisoned for preaching. John Bunyan's writing style --- moded after the BibleLanguage --- easy to read, colloquial, concrete and conciseForm --- allegorical form, realistic, true to life.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)1688 Born in the year of Glorious Revolution in a merchant Roman Catholic family.Because of his ill health, he didn't go to university. He received his education from a learned preacher. Because he is a Catholic, he can't do thing for the government.Pope is a deformed person. He suffered severe illness in his childhood.Illness accompanied him throughout his life.Alexander Pope's major work1711 An Essay on Criticism. The poem is a manifesto of English neoclassicism. It's expressed Pope's aesthetic theories of poetry. The poem is divided into 3 parts with 744 lines.Part I: bewailing the lack of true taste in critics; praising the ancients likeHomer, VirgilPart II: enumerating dangers of criticism; referring to literary scene of his dayPart III: giving rules for criticism; tracing the history of literary criticism.The poem is a comprehensive study on literary criticism. It was written in heroic couplet as Pope is a master in heroic couplet. Heroic couplet is 2 lines with the same rhymes, same length. 10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressed. Heroic couplet was first used by Chaucer.1712 The Rape of Lock is based on a real event. Bellina is as beautiful woman as a Goodness. She is admired by all the people around her, esp. a young man name. A Baron cut a small amount of Bellina's hair. In Bellina's opinion, it's an offence. Baronjust cut her hair for fun and admiration. So hatred is aroused between the two families. They become enemies. In this poem, Pope satires the idle, meaningless life of middle-class people.1728 The Dunciad is consisted of 4 books. It's the best satire of Pope. It's a very famous satirical poem about against personal enemies. Pope tries to attack on all personal enemies.1733-34 An Essay on Man. Pope gained his fame as a poet. It includes 4 epistles (letters). People review his philosophical and political views as an enlgitener.Selected Reading of Alexander Pope: [P93] An excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)He was born in a butcher's family (wealthy but low social status). Defoe never went to university, but received good educationin a Dissenting Academy. Defoe has two interests: interest in business and interest in politics.Interest in business. He started from small business to become rich. He is a gifted man in business.Interest in politics. His political stand swang between the Whigs and the Tories. He wrote political pamphlets to attack the Whigs, but both of the two parties thought the pamphlets insulted them. So Defoe was sent to jail and pillory. He negotiatedwith the Prime minister to become a spy to Scotland. He tried to make the union of Scotland and England.1704, he issued a periodical The Review, on which he voiced his concerns for woman's right, economy, children and parents relationships, politics and other hot issues of the time.1718, he began to write novel.1719, his first novel Robinson Crusoe was published. It's based on a true story published on a newspaper. (Alexander is a Scottish who lives in an uninhabited island for 5 years.) The story is about the hero's life on the island. The first part is aboutthe career of Robinson Crusoe. The body of the novel is about his life on the island after the shipwreck. The story reveals the essence of British colonialism.The themes of Robinson's Crusoea. man's struggles against natureb. glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.c. Glorification of labor (Robinson lives on his own hands)The style of Robinson's Crusoea. realistic style, true to life, in detailsb. smooth, simple, colloquial languagec. long sentences are loose; short sentences are plain, easy to understandd. presents facts in order, the meaning is clearIn the following years, Defoe wrote another 4 novels: Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack (1722) and Roxana (1724). Defoe wrote them in the same pattern. The feature of the pattern:a. Traces the personal history of the titular hero or heroine of a low origin. After some ups and downs, he/she finally gets prosperity.b. Deals with moralizing, repentance, and revolutions to be good.c. Expresses the struggles for mere existence. Show the conflicts between existence and social environment.d. Blames the society for driving people to sinning.1720, Captain Singleton is sent to Africa when he was 3 months old. In Africa, he experiences many adventures. With good luck, he wins much gold. Back to England, he goes bankrupt and becomes a pirate.1722, Moll Flanders is the daughter of a woman thief. She is born in the Newgate Prison. In her life, she married 5 times with over 12 children. However, she never nurses a single child. She becomes a thief herself. She is transferred to the American colony as a criminal. She accumulates a wealth and buys a fare plant there. At the age of 30, she comes back to England. 1722, Colonel Jack is deserted by his parents at a very young age. He becomes a pickpocket. He is kidnapped and sent to the American colony. He is very clever and finally becomes a rich plant owner.1724, Roxana is the daughter of a Protestant refugee. She is beautiful and clever. She marries an English merchant. Because the merchant deserts her, she becomes a famous international prostitute. In Holland, she married a Dutch merchant. After his death, she finds that he was in great debts. She can't pay off the debts and is put into jail and died in jail.Daniel Defoe's satirical poems.1701, The True-Born Englishman, in the poem, Defoe defended King William, which won him the friendship of the King. He attacked the racial and family pride of the aristocrats in England.1703, A Hymn to the Pillory. He voiced his anger over the shameful punishment, courageous attack on the injustice of England's legal system. He was cheered by people as a hero to defend himself.Selected Reading of Daniel Defoe: [P98] An excerpt from Robinson CrusoeJonathan Swift (1667-1745)He was born in Dublin, Ireland, of an English family. His father died before he was born. A rich uncle sent Swift to the Trinity College. His most deed is against the ruling class of England.1689-1699, he worked as a private secretary to Sir William Temple, a retired diplomat. On the post, Swift made many famous politician friends and came to know many dirty and dishonest politicians of the day.1704, Swift published the satire, The Battle of the Books, which wrote about the quarrels between the Ancients and the Moderns. The Ancients were compared to bee. The Moderns were compared to spider. In literate theory, bee represents good - "bring honey"; spider represents selfish.1704, A Tale of a Tub attacks on religion or Christianity. In the satire, the father represents the God. His 3 sons indicate the 3 branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic, English Church, and Dissenters.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub established Swift's name as a satirist.1705, he became a clergyman.1707, he moved to London and became a politician. He tries to speak for the Irish people. He was the editor of The Examiner, a Tory's periodical.1713, he was appointed the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.1716, Swift married a woman.1724, there were 2 great events in England.a. Wool industry --- English Congress passed the persuasion of developing wool industry in England. Irish people can't make money from wool because they have to return the land. Irish people had to live a miserable life. A famous slogan in Ireland at that time is "Burn everything that come from England except the coal" which voiced Irish people's determination of refusing England.b. Coin event --- A minister suggested and permitted to make new coins. The exchange rate between Irish coin and the new English coin was unfair. The minister and King got profit from the exchange.1724, Swift published the satireThe Drapier's Letters to attack the event. The exchange of new coin is canceled.1726, his wife died. It's a heavy blow on him. He wrote and published his greatest satirical work, Gulliver's Travels. The story is divided into 4 parts.Part I. Travels in Lilliput is a mini picture of modern English society. Two parties: High Heel and Low Heel indicates the Tories and the Whigs. Here, Swift satires the two parties. The war between Lilliput and its neighboring country about how to break eggs (big/small end). Big end - Roman Church. Small end - English Church. Swift satires the party and church fights are meaningless.Part II. Travels in BrobdingnagPart III. A show of the cruelty of the English ruling class. The Flying Island rules the below countries.Part IV. It's the sharpest and bitterest satire. In this part, human beings are reduced to animals. A wiser creature governs human beings. Gulliver wants to be a horse rather than a man. It shows how mean the human beings are.1729, the publication of the pamphlet A Modest Proposal. It's a greatest and bitterest satire.The theme of A Modest Proposala. The poor Irish people were forced to sell their one-year-old child for the rich people for food.b. English King allowed French King to recruit soldiers from Ireland to solve the problem of over population.c. Some politicians suggested sending Irish people to Australia to be concentrated servants because of over population.d. Swift lists some terrible scenes in the prose: a beggar mother followed by children in rugs; poor parents sell children. It's a satire against the English ruling class and the cruelty of English landlords.Selected Reading of Jonathan Swift: [P107] An excerpt from Gulliver's TravelHenry Fielding (1707-1754)1707 Fielding was born in an aristocratic family. His great grandfather was an Earl. (Duke 公, Marquis 侯, Earl 伯, Viscount 子, Baron男) He received his education in the Eton Public School1728 21y. He published his first play in London, but failed.1729 Fielding quarreled with his father, so his father cut off financial support. He had to make a living by himself.1730-37 He produced 25 plays of different times. His ballads, satires were alsovery successful. (Shakespeare wrote 37 plays)1734 He got married.1737 30y. The promulgation of Licensing Act restricted the publication of plays. So Fielding took up law. He spent 3 years to finish a 7-year course.1740 Fielding became a bar, but the money he earn couldn't support his familyHenry Fielding wrote 4 novels in his life. Henry Fielding is regarded as "Father of English Novel".1742 The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews. The hero Joseph Andrews is the servant of Mr. B's uncle and is the cousin of Pamela.Samuel Richardson's Pamela is a collection of letters written by herself and her parents. Pamela is a very beautiful and clever girl. Mr. B's mother is very found of here and teaches her knowledge. After the mother died, Pamela wants to go home, but Mr.B as a noble man seduces her, doesn't allow her to go home and imprisons her. Pamela write letters and sends the letters by a servant of Mr. B. Mr. B falls in love with Pamela through reading her letters. The novel persuades people to be virtuous. Henry Fielding's aims of writing the Adventures of Joseph AndrewsPart I, Fielding tries to attack Pamela. He thinks Pamela's chastity ispretentious and untrue. She uses her chastity to seduce Mr. B.Part II. Joseph Andrews meets his friend Parson Adams. Both of them travel through England. Fielding tries to give a panoramic view of England.Part I. It was first intended as a burlesque of the conventional virtue of false sentimentality.Part II. Fielding adopted "comic epic in prose"--- to write common people in form of great novel. Epic is used to describe great figures and heroes. He gave a vivid picture of English life.Major achievement: the description of Parson Adams. Adams is an absent-minded, vain man, so he is a ridiculous person, easy to be cheated.1743 Jonathan Wild the Great , Jonathan is a notorious criminal of the London underworld. He is a real person. He is hanged in 1725. Jonathan is described as a great man. He never participated in any crime, but he orders other people to commit crimes. He commands crime.Henry Fielding compared Jonathan to Prime Minister Walpole. The story is a political satire.1749 Tom Jones is a deserted child. He is adopted by a kind man who has his own child Blifil. The two children fell in love with the same girl Sophia. Tom is kind and he is truly in love with Sophia. Blifil loves Sophia for her beauty and money. Sophia's father knows that Tom is a deserted child so he wants Sophia to marry Blifil. Tom wants to see the outside world andmoves to London. Sophia wants to see the world too. So they go through a long journey and give a panoramic view of 18c's English life.In this novel, social evils are presented: cruelty, moral degeneracy, deceit, and hypocrisy. It's showed Fielding's view about human nature. Henry Fielding thinks that human nature is a combination of good and evil.The writing feature of Tom Jones --- "comic epic in prose", displays a kind of classic epic form. The novel contains 18 books in 3 sections.Section 1: life in the countrysideSection 2: life on the highwaySection 3: life in London1750 Amelia marries a poor solider. Her husband goes to London to seek fortune. He fights with other people in the street so he is put into jail. She is very faithful to her husband. When her husband is in prison, other officials try to seduce her. In the end, Amelia reunites with her husband and live happily.Henry Fielding's aim of writing Ameliaa. To condemn the moral degeneracy of the officials. To praise Amelia.b. To reveal the shameless deed of the noble and the rich.Henry Fielding's writing style1. Comic epic in prose: the grand style of classic epic in the depiction of common, ridiculous people.2. He started the third person narration. The narrator is a kind of all knowing God.3. The characters are vivid, convincing and true to life,4. His language is easy, familiar, vivid but vigorous.5. The content is noted for the theatrical devices: suspense, coincidence, surprise.What is "comic epic in prose"?1. The description in a grand style of classic epic. "Classic epic" has:(a) a great hero(b) calls on Muses(c) give a list of names of gods(d) compare small fights to great wars.2. Use verified language to narrate a small fight.3. Different figure of speech esp. irony, hyperboleSelected Reading of Henry Fielding: [P122] An excerpt from Tom JonesSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)1708 Johnson was born in a bookseller's family, in Richfield. His eyesight was very poor like John Milton1715 8y. He went to a Grammar School for 8 years which provided him a solid knowledge of Latin1728 He went to Oxford University1731 22y. His father died. He quit Oxford without a degree.1735 26y. He married an old rich widow who was 20years older than him. Hemarried her for money.1738 29y. His first poem1747 He compiled English dictionary1752 His wife died. He was in great debt and was arrested.1755 The first publication of English dictionary brought him fame and money.1762 The British government gave him an annual pension of £300, which freed him from the burden of "writing for a living". His life before 1762 was very difficult.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet诗人, dramatist 剧作家, prose romancer散文传奇小说作家, biographer 传记作者, essayist 随笔作家, critic 批评家, lexicographer 词典编纂者and publicist 政治评论家. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18c. His point of view:1. He concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.2. In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative, openly showed his dislike and fondness.3. He insisted that a writer should adhere to universal truth and experience i.e. Nature.4. He was particularly found of moralizing 道德教化and didacticism 教训主义.Johnson's writing style.1. His language is characteristically general, of Latinate 从拉丁文衍生来的and frequently polysyllabic多音节的2. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven 交织with parallel words and phrases but clearly expressed.3. He tends to use "learned words", uses words accurately.Selected Reading from Samuel Johnson: [P132] "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield"Richard Brinkley Sheridan (1751-1816)1751 Sheridan was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father was an actor and theater manager. He was educated at Harrow (Eton, 2 public schools). His works are mainly plays. In fact, Dublin is the cradle of many famous writers, like Jonathan Swift.1770 Sheridan moved to Bath, the most fashionable place in 18c's England.1772 He was in love with a beautiful lady who is a singer and actress. He fought two duels and finally married her.1774 The appearance of his first play The Rivals won him an immediate success and fame.1776 He became a part owner and manager of the Drury Lane Theater, so it's easy for him to stage his plays.1777 The appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal.1780 His play-writing career ended. He was elected M.P. of the Parliament and became an orator.1809 The Drury Lane Theater was burn in a fire. His financial support was cut off.1812 His political career ended. He had no money to afford the election.1816 Sheridan died in poverty and neglect. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.The first English writer buried in Westminster Abbey was Chaucer. Samuel Johnson was also rested there.Richard Brinsley Sheridan is chiefly known as a playwright. Two plays: The Rivals, The School of Scandal.The Rivals (1774)The heroine Lydia comes from an upper-class family. Lydia is a sentimental girl. She often dreams to elope with a poor young man. Captain Absolute loves Lydia. He is a Baron. He pretends to be a poor young man to win the heart of Lydia. However, Lydia's aunt is a rich woman. She refuses the proposal made by Captain Absolute. Captain Absolute's father makes a proposal to Lydia's aunt. The father reveals the real identity of his son so the aunt accepts the proposal. When Lydia knows the identity of Captain Absolute, she is disillusioned. She finally realized that romance is not realistic.Theme of The Rivals.1. Sheridan ridicules the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of the young woman of the upper class.2. Sheridan presents a true picture of the aristocratic-bourgeois world where money talks. (like the arranged marriage)The School of Scandal (1777)The school of scandal refers to the living room of Lady Sneerwell.Lady Sneerwell: She often laughs at people, esp. underdogs.Mrs. Candour: Candour means justice, but here it's an irony. She is a scandal monger.Sir Backbite: Backbite means bite people from behind. He is a two-blade man.Joseph Surface and Charles Surface: Surface means superficial. You can't judge the brothers by their appearance.Theme of Sheridan [P136]In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.Writing style of Sheridan [P136-137]1. His dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage.2. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly.3. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.。

美国文学史（英文版）FranklinAmerican puritanism3. American RomanticismRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions.4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remains agriculturalRomantic Subject Matter1. The quest for beauty: non-didactic, “pure beauty”2. The use of the far-away and non-normal----antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective: antiquarianism; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque, Gothicism, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer.3. Escapism----from American problems4. Interest in external nature: for itself, for beautya. Nature as source for the knowledge of primitive.b. Nature as refuge.c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitude1. Appeals to imagination; use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality.3. Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more importantthan reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group,against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop andexpress his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy,problem novel, historical novel , gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:•New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;•Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving4. Washington Irving (1783-1859)Information about his life:1, Born in New York City.Drew the inspiration for his first publication, Salmagundi(杂录), became the focal point for a group of New York writers in the early nineteenth century, called the Knickerbocker school（纽约派）2, In 1832, he traveled west, gathering material for “A Tour on the Prairies”.3, From 1842 to 1846 he served as American minister to Spain. In his final years he continued to produce books and revised and published his complete works. He finished the five-volume Life of Washington shortly before his death. Masterpieces:“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”, “Bracebridge Hall”, “Tales of a Traveller”, “The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus ”Washington Irving quotes1, Acting provides the fulfillment of never being fulfilled. You’re never as good as you’d like to be. So there’s always something to hope for.2, A sharp tongue is the only edge tool that grows keener with constant use.3, Age is a matter of feeling, not of years.4, Great minds have purposes, others have wishes.Little minds are tamed and subdued by misfortune; but great minds rise above them 5, One of the greatest and simplest tools for learning more and growing is doing more.6, A father may turn his back on his child, brothers and sisters may become inveterate enemies, husbands may desert their wives, wives their husbands. But a mother’s love endures through all.The Sketch Book (1819)The Sketch Book (1819), contains two most enduring stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. In both these stories, Irving aims at creating a past in which history and myth blend into each other, providing for a rapidly changing American society kind of historical tradition so apparent in England and so apparently absent in the new nation. The plots of both stories are based on old German folk tales. However, Irving fills them with the “local color” of New York’s Hudson River Valley.5. James Fenimore Cooper(1789----1851)Information about his life:1,In 1808 he served on the Vesuvius and on the Wasp in the Atlantic in 1809. These experiences later inspired his sea stories.2, Cooper's first novel Precaution (1820) was an imitation of Jane Austin’s novels anddid not meet with great success.3, His s econd, The Spy (1821), was based on Sir Walter Scott’s Waverly series, and told an adventure tale about the American Revolution, set in Westchester Country. The book brought Cooper fame and wealth and he gave up farming.Work:The Spy (1821)The Leatherstocking Tales (1823—1841)The Pilot (1824) The Red Rover (1827)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans,The Pathfinder, and The Prairie (1827).PS:Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the Leatherstocking Tales. The five novels are The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841). A modern American historian, Allan Nevins, who has edited a one-volume version of the series, calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.”Cooper’s famous “Leatherstocking” series set in the exciting period of America’s movement westward. Natty Bumppo (who is often called Leatherstocking) appears in all of the novels in the series and is one of the best-known characters in American literature.Literary Achievements:1, The lst successful American novelistIn his fiction he dealt with the themes of wilderness versus civilization, freedom versus law, order versus change, aristocrat versus democrat, and natural rights versus legal rights.2, Cooper developed 3 kinds of novels:--the 1st kind is the novels about the revolutionary past (“The Spy”);--the 2nd is the sea novels (he also was the 1st writer to write a novel on the sea, “The Pilot”);--the 3rd is novels about the American frontier (“The Pioneers ”, “The Pathfinder” and “The Deerslayer” ).6. New England TranscendentalismBackgrounds:1, Ralph Waldo Emerson published ‘Nature’ in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America.2, ‘The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere. ’3, romantic idealism on Puritan soil4, 1836, the Transcendental ClubWhat is Transcendentalism:In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts (main ideas)1, ‘transcend ere’: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. (All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind.)5, It emphasized the significance of the individual (the individual was the most important element in society, the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish.)6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ‘oversoul’.Major writers and Literary WorksRalph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882)Henry David Thoreau (1817----1862)7. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)About Emerson1, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the towering figure of his era, had a religious sense of mission.2, Emerson's philosophy has been called contradictory, and it is true that he consciously avoided building a logical intellectual system because such a rational system would have negated his Romantic belief in intuition and flexibility.3, In his essay "Self-Reliance," Emerson remarks: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." Yet he is remarkably consistent in his call for the birth of American individualism inspired by nature.4,Most of his major ideas -- the need for a new national vision, the use of personal experience, the notion of the cosmic Over-Soul, and the doctrine of compensation -- are suggested in his first publication, Nature (1836).Achievement:1, ‘Nature’ has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”2, ‘The American Scholar’ has been called “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”3, The contribution both for philosophy and literature4, His perception of humanity and nature as symbols of universal truth encouraged the development of the American symbolist movement.5, Emphasize the common life worth of highest art6, Believed the work’s form was determined by the writer’s perception of the higher truth he found symbolized in nature.Influence:1, A great prose-poet, Emerson influenced a long line of American poets, including Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Wallace Stevens, Hart Crane, and Robert Frost.2, He is also credited with influencing the philosophies of John Dewey, George Santayana, Friedrich Nietzsche, and William James.Henry David Thoreau（1817 –1862，Classically educated at Harvard，Two books published in his lifetime--neither sold well.1）If Ralph Waldo Emerson was the philosopher of Transcendentalism, Thoreau was its most devoted practitioner. Thoreau tried to live as a transcendentalist.超验主义者2）As an independent thinker, Thoreau became the head of the Concord Lyceum organizing lectures where he met Ralph Waldo Emerson.3）From 1841 – 1843 Thoreau decided to conduct an experiment of self-sufficiency 自给自足）by building his own house on the shores of Walden Pond and living off the food he grew on his farm. a) Thoreau later documented his experiment in his famous memoir Walden. H7e wrote thirteen drafts of Walden before publishing it. b)Another work that was a result of Thoreau’s Walden Experiment was his essay Civil Disobedience. Civil Disobedience has been a highly influential work that has inspired peaceful activists such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.4) On May 6th, 1862 Thoreau died losing his fight to the disease, Tuberculosis.肺结核His collection of writing consist of over twenty volumes. Emerson later published a collection of Thoreau’s poems in 1865.Main work: Walden瓦尔登湖--- a spiritual book--- a diary of a nature lover, a classic of American prose (this is a book of essays put together, exploring subjects concerned with Nature, with the meaning of life, and with morality)---3 aims in writing the book: to make people evaluate the way he lived and thought; to reveal the hidden spiritual possibilities in everyone’s life; to condemn the weakness and errors of society--- subjects: a)The essentials of life: living rather than getting a livingb) It is a condemnation of making social improvement and comfort all important.c) It stresses the importance of thought over material circumstance.d) It has confidence in the individual, and holds that individual freedom breaksdown the rules and barriers of society so that the individual can express himself and act on his own principles.e) There is the possibility for and importance of change in one’s spiritual lifewhich is in harmony with nature.--- Style:Prophetic 预言的voiceDirect forceful sentenceConversational in toneHumorProverbial 谚语式的expressionsBrief tales, fables 寓言and allegories讽喻MetaphorsNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)“Like Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne took a dark view of human Nature.”Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne. His ancestors include John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials.---Hawthorne is significant as a romantic writer because he used the New England regional past as subject and setting for his stories and he showed great concern about the American past.--- He is significant for his themes: the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilty; the conflict between lighthearted and somber忧郁toward life; the impingement of ——---He is significant for his style He used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the characters. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world of uncertainty.1.Themes in Hawthorne’s Writings1）Moral allegories寓言——a story where everything is symbol, used commonly to instruct especially in religious matters2）The sinful man 罪人3）Hypocrisy (伪善)4）The Dark side of human nature5）Religious in nature2. Hawthorne’s Major Works1）Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales + Mosses from an Old Manse(古屋青苔)2）The Scarlet Letter红字——His masterpiece, which established him as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century.3)The House of the Seven Gables(带有七个尖角阁的房子)4)The Blithedale Romance(福谷传奇)5)The Marble Faun(玉石雕像)3. Hawthorne’s Point of ViewHawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played an important role in his life and works.1)Evil is at the core of human life.2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed fromgeneration to generation.3)Evil educates4)He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening intellect. Hisintellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-blooded4.Hawthorne’s aesthetic审美的ideas1) He took a great interest in history and antiquity（古物），to him these furnish thesoil on which his mind grows to fruition. Trying to connect a bygone time with the very present, he makes the dream strange things look like truth.2) He was convinced that romance was the best form to describe AmericaThe poverty of materials and the avoidance of offending the puritan taste——romances rather than novels to tell the truth and satirize讽刺and yet not the offend5. Hawthorne’s Writing Style1）A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in the use of symbol: symbols serve as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing.2）Revelation of characters’ psycho logy: he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. There isn’t much physical movement going on in his works.3) The use of supernatural mixed with the actual4)His stories are parable(allegory)——to teach a lesson5)Use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty——multiple point of view.MelvilleEdgar Allan Poe (1809---1849): 象征主义唯美主义Edgar Allen Poe was an American writer, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement.Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective-fiction genre流派.He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, which resulting in a financially difficult life and career.Poe established a new symbolic poetry, formulated the new short story in detective and science fiction line, developed an important artistic theory, and laid foundation for analytical criticism.1) Father of modern short story2) Father of detective story3) Father of psychoanalytic criticism1.Poe’s Major Literary WorksPoems1) “The Raven” 《乌鸦》2) “Annabel Lee” 《安娜贝尔·李》3) “The Sleeper” 《睡梦人》4) “A Dream Within a Dream” 《梦中梦》5) “Sonnet—To Science” 《十四行诗—致科学》6) “To Helen” 《致海伦》7) “The City in the Sea” 《海中的城市》earlier entitled The Doomed City 《衰败的城市》Tales——two kindsHorror：Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque «述异集»：a collection of short stories The Black Cat《黑猫》Ligeia《莉盖亚》The Cask of Amontillado(红色死亡假面舞会)《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍府的倒塌》Ratiocination（推理）:The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》The Gold Bug《金甲虫》The Purloined Letter《被窃的信件》The Mystery of Marie Roget《玛丽罗杰谜案》Literary theory:The Philosophy of Composition 《创作原理》The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原则》2. Themes1) Death –predominant theme “Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything inPoe’s writings is dead.”2)Horror 3)Negative thoughts of science3. Poe’s theory for poetryPoems: 1) short but achieve maximum effect, "pure“, not to moralize2) produce a feeling of beauty in the reader3)He stresses rhythm, insists on an even(规则的) metrical韵律flow.真实能够满足人的理智,感情能够满足人的心灵, 而美则能激动人的灵魂4. Poe’s theory for short storyShort story should be of brevity简洁, totality全面, single effect, compression(压缩) and finality.5.Conclusion about his theories:--- Only short poems could sustain the level of emotion in the reader that was generated by all good poetry.--- The most important purpose of poetry is the creation of beauty--- The tone of its highest manifestation表现is one of sadness. (The death of a beautiful woman is the most potential topic.)--- The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth.--- Music is essential because it is associated with indefinite sensations.感觉(alliteration头韵, assonance,谐音repetition)--- Poe preferred the tale to other fictional such as the novel because it is brief. He stressed the principle of concentration and thematic主题的totality.--- The writer must decide the effect first and then determine the incidents.--- Truth rather than beauty is often the aim of the tale.--- The merit of a work of art should be judged by its psychological effect upon the reader.6. Poe’s a chievement：Poe is generally regarded as a pioneering aesthetician, psychological investigator, literary technician and his influence on American literary circles can never be overrated.1) His aesthetics, his call for "the rhythmical creation of beauty" have influenced French symbolists and the devotees of "art for art's sake."2) He is the father of psychoanalytic(心理分析的) criticism.3) He is the father of the detective story.Raven《乌鸦》是爱伦·坡1844年创作的。