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汉译英中的词语翻译“No brick, no construction; no word no composition.”“无砖不成房，无词不成章。
” （译文）“千里之行，始于足下；翻译万卷，始于一词。
”不管是汉英还是英汉翻译，都必须从大处着眼，小处着手，即表达时词汇的处理入手，由词到句，由句到段，由段到章，也就是遣词造句，谋篇布局。
词语的翻译涉及到许多方面的问题，其中最根本的一条是译词的选择，要探讨这个问题，首先让我们看一下英汉词汇在词义上的对应关系，根据英汉词汇在意义上的对应程度，大致可以归纳为：一、完全对应(主要是一些专有名词，术语，客观事物)天空sky; 眼睛eye；湖泊lake；婴儿baby；广播讲话radio address；尾灯tail light；综合国力overall national strength；民族尊严national dignity二、包含关系(汉语词语的意义包含在英语词语中或者英语的意义包含在汉语词语中)1）英语的意义包含在汉语词语中：穿（衣服）：wear/put on借：borrow; lend;主人：master/owner/host;地毯：carpet/rug;货：goods; merchandise（泛指货物；）products; cargo; freight; shipment;e.g.华侨=overseas Chinese?“华侨”（《辞海》）：“侨居国外的具有中国国籍的人，不包括出国旅行、访问的人员，政府派在他国协助建设的工人和技术人员，国家派驻外国的公务人员和在国外学习的留学生。
已经加入或取得外国国籍的中国血统的人是外国公民（亦称中国血统外籍人），不是华侨”。
“Chinese” (Webster) : a native of China or a descendant of the people of China. 2）汉语词语的意义包含在英语词语中例：英语中的audience 包括了汉语的：“听众”、“观众”、“读者”；英语的marry包含了汉语的：“娶，嫁”；英语的cousin包含了汉语的：“堂兄”、“堂弟”、“堂姐”、“堂妹”、“表兄”、“表弟”、“表姐”、“表妹”；英语中的thick / thin可以表示“厚薄”、“粗细”、“稠稀”、“浓密/稀疏”三、语义空缺由于社会文化的差异，汉语中有些词语的词义在英语中没有表达这种词义的词语，反之亦然。
Unit 1 Hello! I’m Monkeycat monkey dog duck panda bearpig rabbit bird mouse miceUnit 2 This is my pencil.book bag pen pencil pencil-boxruler eraser sharpener glue marker Unit 3 Look at my nose.nose eye face mouth head ear neck arm hand leg knee foot Unit 4 I have a ball.doll ball kite balloon car bus bike taxi train ship plane boat Unit 5 What colour is it?Red blue yellow green purple brown white black pink orange greyUnit 6 I like hamburgers.Hamburger hot dog Coke cake egg orange pear apple banana milk juice water rice noodles chickenUnit 1 Let’s go to school.School classroom textbook storybook Chinese book English book exercise book notebook desk chair Unit 2 I’m in Class One, Grade Three.one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve Unit 3 This is my father.father(dad) mother(mum) brother sister daughter son grandfather grandmother uncle aunt Unit 4 Do you like candy?mango bread candy doughnut coffee fruit grapes honey ice cream jam Unit 5 It’s a parrot.kangaroo lion nest owl parrotquail rooster elephant tigerUnit 6 Is this your skirt?shirt T-shirt uniform vest watch box yacht zip zebra coat sweaterUnit 1. This is my new friend.China America England Singapore Canada good friend brother sister boy girl teacher farmer postman doctornurse driver policemanUnit 2. What’s your number?glass grade one two three four thirteen fourteen five six fifteen sixteen seven eight seventeen eighteen nine ten nineteen twentyUnit 3. It’s a pineapple.pineapple lemon apple pear watermelon kiwi fruit orange banana potato tomato carrot cucumber eggplant green pepper Unit 4. How’s the weather today?fine nice warm cool hotcold sunny cloudy windyrainy snowyUnit 5. I like those shoes.cap hat T-shirt dressblouse jacket raincoat sweater skirt shirt shorts jeans socks shoesUnit 6. I’m tall.big small long all short fat strong thin new old happyUnit 1. Welcome to my new home!home bedroom bed desk chairliving room TV sofa armchair ball kite kitchen fridge table study clock computer picture bathroom DVD playerUnit 2. There are forty students in our class.twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine eleven twelve thirty forty boy girl fifty sixty eacher student school seventy eighty bag book书ninety one hundred pen pencilUnit 3. What subject do you like best?maths PE Chinese English music art subject science lesson drama listen do speak listen and dospeak and sing play and act sing play act Unit 4. There are seven days in a week.day week Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday today weekend park theme parkUnit 5. What will you do this weekend?picnic sausage bread cake lunchpork beef rice chicken singdance paint draw read watchplay read a book watch TV play computer games game do go shop go shopping swim go swimming fish go fishing Unit 6. Would you like to take a trip?zoo farm giraffe camel monkeypanda bear seal dolphin hippotiger cat dog horse cowsheep goat duck pigUnit 1Britain Australia New Zealand France Germany Russia China Canada America Singaporehello hi I am where areyou from city road street what isyour nameUnit 2clever quiet pretty smartcute lovely activebeautiful handsomeeye nose hair ear arm footface mouth leg handher his how old he she thatman womanUnit 3writer singer dancer workeractor actress policeman policewoman reporter police driverFather mother uncle aunt sister brother grandfather（grandpa）grandmother（grandma）cousin this family love parent(s) whoUnit 4In on atcinema bank hotel CCTV hospital shopping mall restaurant company library work studyUnit 5animal fish hen goose cow horse elephant schoolbag activity book dictionary ruler crayon sun cap camera umbrella fanput yes no not it time whoseUnit 6coconut grapefruit hami melon watermelon cherry strawberry star fruit peach fruit longan lychee 葡萄milk water juice orangeNoodle(s) hamburger bread chicken hot dog rice foodThese those they thankUnit 1meeting room science lab language labart club music club libraryEnglish lesson science lesson music artPE math Chineseborrow books have a meeting paint a pictureplay the pianoborrow welcome meet ourwe have all like very much manyway please alsoUnit2toy train toy boat toy plane toy ship motorbike jeep coach bikecar bus taxitrousers short pants coat clothescan help want toy train plane ship boat buy tryUnit3make noise keep your room cleando housework read in bed go homelatego home get up go to bed help old people keep off the grass take good care of young children play on the street pick flowers be quiet watch TV ask questions wait forask answer eat make think late class question actively queit litter wait take young child（children）peopleUnit 4have a bad cold have a fever have a headache have a cough have a toothache have a stomachache take some medicine take a good rest drink more water stay in bedchocolate dragon fruit get-well card flower kiwi fruitdear ill bad afraid worrywrong with head face ear arm bring feel here forUnit5make a call write an email wash the clothes clean the room tell a story sing a songplay the guitar play the violin look at the picture talk about stand sit cousinUnit 6play football play volleyball play basketball watch the games play badminton play tennis play ping-pong play baseball do the high jump do the long jump run fast rungame foot（feet）football basketball playground Miss Ms Mr Mrs fovourite sport high jump long jumpUnit 1Unit 2collect toy cars collect stamps collect maps collect picture cards open hobby collect map box colour go fishing plant flowers cook meals dad mum plant flower drink tea play computer games make dolls take photos photo kid baby hungry cry collect take Unit 3Unit 4the first month of the yearthe second month of the yearNew Year’s Day Spring Festival Januray February Back theirthe third month of the yearthe fourth month of the yearTree Planting Day Easter March Apriltree grass stop eggthe fifth month of the yearthe sixth month of the year Labour Day May June Mother ’s Day Children ’s Day Father ’s DayUnit 6farm the land go on spring outing fly kites season spring little few greenbird fly go on a trip go to a summer camp have summer holidays begin close summer weather heavy rain pick apples cut rice make a snowman sweep the snow autumn yellow brown white winter snowman人教精通版小学英语六年级下册重要词语Unit 1go to the beach enjoy sunbathing stay at home enjoy the moon and stars have a partyenjoy Spring Festival sun moon starat night at home listen to English speak English read English write English talk in Eglishplay in English learn a lot ofword blackboard say do tasks why have an English party act in drama uselearn from each other subject but yesterday Unit 2in front of bookshop behind clothes shop supermarket across the road river near beside between healthy(food)vegetable go down this street cross the street turn right at the traffic lights streetturn right turn left on the right on the left minute City Library post officeby bike by bus by subway on foot half an hour cityUnit 3Shanghai Xi’an Wuhan by planeby train by ship travel know hear lake the Ming Tombs the Temple of Heaven the Summer Palace the Forbidden City Beihai Park tomorrow visit the Great Wall them Tower Bridge Big Ben Niagara FallsCN Tower Sydney Opera House Disneyland see favourite place11。
第三章词语英译1.这姑娘是漂亮。
This girl is really beautiful.2.此人是书就读。
This man reads every book he can reach .3.是可忍，孰不可忍？If this can be tolerated, what cannot?4.是古非今Praise the past to condemn the present5.知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。
When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it----this is knowledge .6.南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。
这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。
The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish,which stands for fortune.7.去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。
We had no confidence in today's ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night. It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.8.……只因生得妩媚风流，满学中都送了两个外号：一个叫“香怜”，一个叫“玉爱”。
... Because of their glamorous looks and affected manners, were universally known by the nickname of Darling and Precious.9.克明：觉新哪，你听着！Keming: Juexin, I want you to pay particular attention to this.10.客人一走进大门，扑鼻的是一阵幽香，入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞或白雪似的花朵……As guests entered the gate, they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.11.……三十六家花酒店，七十二座管弦楼。
自学考试英语翻译词语翻译一、考试题型暨测试重点分析I. 词语翻译（英译汉；汉译英）II. 单句改译（英语句子改译；汉语句子改译）III. 单句翻译（英译汉；汉译英）IV. 语篇翻译（英译汉；汉译英）二、冲刺班内容I. 词语翻译（课本内容总结）II. 单句改译（考点及技巧解析）III. 单句翻译（技巧分析及重点总结）IV. 语篇翻译（翻译方法讲解）第一部分词语翻译（课本内容总结）第一课：英语时政要闻汉译词语英译汉：nuclear proliferation核扩散economic recovery经济复苏freedom of speech and assembly言论和集会自由national security adviser国家安全事务助理第二课：汉语时政要闻英译词语汉译英：政府网the website of the central government新华网the web site of Xinhua News Agency 十二五the 12th Five-Year Plan国计民生national development and people's livelihood任期tenure of office恪尽职守to perform one’s duty honestly稳定物价price stabilization货币流动性the monetary flow通胀预期inflation expectations调控措施readjustment measures囤积居奇cornering the market哄抬物价jack up prices保障性住房economy houses棚户区shantytown投机性住房需求speculative housing demands捂盘惜售property hoarding圈地不用keeping purchased land unused医疗改革health care reform第三课：英语时事评论汉译词语英译汉：economic reach经济影响力achieve eminence脱颖而出a zero-sum game得失相抵的较量exceptionalism例外论Sino-American relationship中美关系第四课：汉语时事评论英译词语汉译英：贫富差距gap between the rich and the poor 基尼系数Gini coefficient平均主义egalitarianism限高upper limit关税customs duty增值税value added tax营业税business tax资源税resource tax地下经济illegal underground economy偷漏税tax evasion弱势群体the disadvantaged group基础阶层people at the bottom level兜底guaranteed income system社会保障事业social security undertakings 转移支付social transfer payments垄断经营monopolized operation垄断利润monopoly profits垄断行业monopoly trades特许经营franchise暴利colossal profits邮电通讯post and telecommunications公共事业部门public institutions第五课：英语经贸资料汉译词语英译汉：equality of opportunity 机会均等social class background 社会背景inherited privilege 继承的特权business section 商务专栏foreign aid 对外援助federal budget 联邦预算Federal Reserve Bank 联邦储备银行the entertainment industry 娱乐业show business 演艺业第六课：汉语经贸资料英译词语汉译英：货币疲软teetering currency rates购买力purchasing power大中型国有企业large and medium-sized state enterprises外贸体制改革the reform of China’s foreign trade regime以质取胜fine quality or else no export售前售后服务good service before and after sales附加值the added value名特优新产品premium and novel products “拳头”产品“hard-punch”items市场多元化geographical diversification不能在一棵树上吊死It is no good to “put all our eggs in one basket”大显身手make a good killing站稳脚根weather over the bad times优惠政策preferential policies基础设施infrastructure外资foreign investment劳工问题labor problem金融危机financial crisis消费市场consumer market市场坚挺steady market第七课：英语科技资料汉译词语英译汉：Silicon Valley 硅谷genetic alteration 转基因crude oil 原油science fiction 科幻小说renewable petroleum 可再生汽油hydrogen fuel 氢燃料carbon negative 负碳的the raw materials 原材料industrial yeast 工业酵母nonpathogenic strains 非病原菌株E. coli 大肠杆菌custom-designing 定制设计fatty acid 脂肪酸byproduct 副产品第八课：汉语科技资料英译词语汉译英：聚丙烯polypropylene聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇醋polyethylene glycol terephthalate中国科学院the Chinese Academy of Science 抽纱to draw yarn化学分解chemical decomposition水解hydrolysis醇解alcoholysis单体monomer低相对分子质量物质substances with relatively low- molecular mass 高分子合成的原料high-molecular synthetic materials化纤车间 a chemical fiber workshop涤纶短纤维short polyester fibers洗涤剂瓶detergent bottles环保运动服environment-friendly sportswear 环保晴雨两用衣environment-friendly all-weather clothes化学物质chemical substance对苯二甲酸terephthalic acid乙二醇ethylene glycol再生树脂regenerated resin环保事业environment-friendly undertaking 第九课：英语自然探秘资料汉译词语英译汉：global warming 全球气候变暖nuclear facilities 核设施flash floods 山洪sea-ice cover 海冰覆盖面积greenhouse gases 温室气体fossil-fuel emissions 化石燃料的排放solar variation 太阳的变化air mass 气团satellite measurements 卫星测量carbon-dioxide effect 二氧化碳效应第十课：汉语自然探秘资料英译词语汉译英：低空大气层the lower atmosphere水汽凝结物condensed matters of the vapor 水平能见度horizontal distance of visibility 轻雾light fog大雾thick fog浓雾heavy （or dense）fog辐射雾radiation fog平流雾advective fog蒸汽雾steam fog上坡雾up-slope fog锋面雾frontal surface fog病害plant disease抽穗to ear up赤霉病wheat scab气管炎tracheitis咽喉炎pharyngolaryngitis结膜炎conjunctivitis千姿百态appear in various shapes and postures云雾缭绕be enveloped in mists and clouds第11课：英语文化习俗资料汉译词语英译汉：Passport to the Pub: The Tourists’Guide to Pub Etiquette 《酒吧护照：旅游者酒吧仪俗指南》第12课：汉语文化习俗资料英译词语汉译英：中国社会调查事务所China’s Social Survey Office“洋节”Western festivals中国传统节日traditional Chinese festivals西学东渐Western learning being introduced into China农耕社会agrarian society情人节Saint Valentine’s Day复活节Easter Sunday万圣节All Saints’Day感恩节Thanksgiving Day坚船利炮armored ships with big guns民族认同感the sense of national identity儒学经典Confucian teachings封建残余feudalist vestiges端午the Dragon Boat Festival中秋Mid-Autumn Day法定假日legal holidays《全国节日及纪念日放假办法》“Solution to the Holiday Problem of Festivals and Anniversaries”联合国教科文组织the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization（UNESCO）教师节Teachers Day文化自轻cultural belittlement自我殖民self-colonization第13课：英语医疗保健资料汉译词语英译汉：the death tolls 死亡人数exotic organisms 外来微生物毒lethal strain 致命的病毒品种asteroid impact 小行星撞击white blood cell 白细胞temperature hike 体温骤升warning systems 预警系统side-effects 副作用loss of appetite 食欲减退genetic variation 基因变异第14课：汉语医疗保健资料英译词语汉译英：非典型性肺炎severe actue respiratory syndrome（SARS）免疫系统immune systemSARS疫区a SARS-affected area痊愈率recovery rate预防措施precautions培养信念foster our faith第15课：英语教育资料汉译词语英译汉：global integration 全球一体化geopolitical stability 地缘政治稳定global career 世界性职业the movement across borders 跨国界迁移research university 研究型大学summer internship 暑期实习doctoral degrees 博士学位videoconference seminars 视频会议研讨班on-the-job training 在岗培训mainframe computer 计算机主机integrated circuit 集成电路internet infrastructure 互联网基础设施Silicon Valley 硅谷MIT 麻省理工学院第16课：汉语教育资料英译词语汉译英：筹建阶段 a phase of preparation金融贸易区Financial and Trade Zone国际著名高等学府prestigious international universities中外合作办学Sino-foreign cooperative education鲇鱼效应catfish effect纷至沓来come in flocks教育部the Ministry of Education意向书 a letter of intent奠基the cornerstone-laying ceremony全球网络大学 a global network university独立法人an independent legal entity含金量the value of sth.优秀生源outstanding students高考college entrance examination第17课：英语体育运动资料汉译词语英译汉：the steam engine 蒸汽机the pneumatic tyre 充气轮胎the Football Association 国际足协kicking and grabbing 踢踏或者拉拽Rugby Football Union 橄榄球协会Wimbledon Tennis Championships 温布尔登网球赛Grand Slam 大奖赛the physical and mental condition 体能和健康athletic disciplines 运动规则第18课：汉语体育运动资料英译词语汉译英：中华民族精神the spirit of the Chinese nation 古老文明意蕴the deeper import of the ancient civilization华夏子孙品格he character of Cathay’s descendents奥林匹克史诗the Olympic epic经典华章as a classic chapter东方思想eastern ways of thinking民族气韵the nation’s lasting appeal人文特质cultural quality精诚所至，金石为开Complete sincerity can affect even metal and stone和平、友谊、进步peace, friendship, and progress of mankind更快、更高、更强faster, higher, and stronger 第19课：英语旅游资料汉译词语英译汉：Place de la Concorde Paris 巴黎协和广场Washington’s Pennsylvania Avenue 华盛顿宾夕法尼亚大街Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫financial districts 金融中心Globe Theatre 全球剧院two-way radios 对讲机slum houses 贫民窟council flats 政府公寓drug abuse 吸毒racial hatred 种族歧视Chinese gateways 中国式牌楼London’s Chinese Culture Association 伦敦中国文化协会Chinese ceramics 中国陶瓷Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》Victorian lecture room 维多利亚演讲堂第20课：汉语旅游资料英译词语汉译英：树木苍翠exuberant trees流水潺潺babbling streams洪水肆虐rampant floods大禹Yu the Great碳酸钙calcium carbonate奇花异草exotic flowers and rare herbs灿烂如缤纷 a dazzling sight深邃莫测be of immeasurable depth庙会 a temple fair喧腾be bustling with activity石灰岩地质 a limestone composition岩溶地貌 a geological formation unique to a karst region桂林山水the Guilin Landscape in Guangxi 云南石林the Stone Forest in Yunnan九寨沟自然保护区Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve第21课：英语名人演讲汉译词语英译汉：Partisan feeling 党派的门户之见President-elect 候任总统partisan rancor 党派之争结下的仇恨the U.S. Supreme Court 美国最高法院ruling principle 核心原则Electoral College 总统选举团popular will 公众意愿Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》第22课：汉语名人演讲英译词语汉译英：国际奥委会IOC国际奥委会评估团IOC Evaluation Commission北京陈述报告Beijing’s Candidate File全民健身运动nationwide fitness campaign 平均预期寿命average life expectancy体育设施sport facilities奥林匹克友谊合作基金Olympic Friendship-and-Cooperation Fund 改革开放reform and opening-up有朋自远方来，不亦说乎Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar!第23课：英语汉译散文（无）第24课：汉语散文英译词语汉译英：痛自反省to introspect with remorse少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲One who does not work hard in youth will grieve in vain in old age.体力渐衰the approaching of one’s senility 鞭策自己to spur oneself悔之晚矣It is too late to repent经书Chinese classics圈点to mark words or phrases for special attention with small circles and dots时作时辍my efforts at self-study were off and on同文石印the Tong Wen lithographic edition 前四史the First Four Books of History鼓起勇气to pluck up enough courage to do sth.强迫运动compulsory physical exercises嬉戏merry-making第25课：英语小说汉译（无）第26课：汉语小说英译词语汉译英：连挂式大型公共汽车an articulated bus第27课：英语剧本汉译（无）第28课：汉语剧本英译词语汉译英：烂肉面noodles with minced pork藤椅cane/rattan chairs醉八仙the intoxicated eight immortals神食龛the shrine of the god of wealth第29课：英语法律文献汉译词语英译汉：on the basis of equality and free will在平等自愿的基础上intangible asset 无形资产all-weather scaling rain and snow meter全天候称重降水量计front dispersion visibility instrument前向散射能见度仪hot field wind sensor 热场风传感器technical value 技术价值registered capital 注册资本transfer and hand-over formalities权利转移手续processing drawing 加工图纸test-run method 调试方法testing method 检测方法to keep in strict confidence承担严格的保密责任arbitration procedural rule 仲裁程序规则come into force and effect 生效第30课：汉语法律文献英译词语汉译英：著作权法Copyright Law实施条例regulations for the implementation of sth.行使权利to exercise one’s rights版式、装帧设计typographical design专有使用权exclusive right of exploitation in sth.有效期term of validity合同约定地区the territory of execution defined by a contract经济补偿economic compensation保护期term of protection著作权人the copyright owner国家版权局National Copyright Administration著作权公报copyright bulletin。
商务合同英译中容易混淆的词语英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。
因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下：接下来，小编给大家准备了商务合同英译中容易混淆的词语,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
商务合同英译中容易混淆的词语shipping1 advice 与 shipping instructionsshipping advice 是“装运通知”，是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。
然而shipping instructions 则是“装运须知”，是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。
另外要注意区分vendor2(卖主)与vendee(买主)，consignor(发货人)与consignee3(收货人)。
上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。
abide4 by 与 comply withabide by 与 comply with 都有“遵守”的意思.但是当主语是“人”时，英译“遵守”须用abide by。
当主语是非人称时，则用comply with 。
例 3：双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall complywith the contractual stipulations.change A to B 与 change A into B英译“把 A 改为B”用change A to B，英译“把 A 折合成/兑换成B”用change A into B，两者不可混淆。
例 4：交货期改为 8 月并将美元折合成人民币。
Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.ex 与 per源自拉丁语的介词ex 与per 有各自不同的含义。
Unit 1翻译技巧（一）翻译概述1.把下面的英语段落翻译成汉语。
没有哪个政治体制是完美的；但是很多美国人都会告诉你，如果他们会嫉妒我们的一样东西的话，那就是我们英国传统的为期三周的大选，因为它的简洁就是一种仁慈----是对选民和政治家们双方的仁慈：他们拿它跟美国四年一度的总统选举中进行的那些耗时几个月的战争相比。
2. 把下面的汉语段落翻译成英语。
Someone has once prophesied that once cigarettes disappear from the surface of the earth, the whole world may be in chaos. This might be an exaggeration, but the danger of smoking should not be underestimated. Smoking is a curse affecting the whole globe. Let’s put foreign countries aside. China alone has hundreds of millions of smokers. Addicted smokers often say that it would be more difficult for them to endure the suffering of two hours without smoking a cigarette than a day without having meals. Smoking pollutes the air and endangers the health, consequently increasing the incidence of lung cancer greatly.Unit 2翻译技巧(二)直译与意译1. 用直译法翻译下列的词语、惯用语和句子：（1）开胃酒（2）水果蛋糕（3）童装（4）人工语言（5）门铃（6）访问学者（7）走下坡路（8）扣帽子/加标签于某人（9）随大流（10）overtime pay （11）peanut oil （12）rice flour （13）academic journal（14）woman editor （15）evening paper （16）tear up by the roots （17）get in by the backdoor （18）paper tiger(19) 必须注意到,电流是与每次电阻减小成比例地增加的。
汉语词语的英译汉译英的质量高低，首先取决于译词的质量过不过关。
译词是翻译过程的基础。
只有把译词的基础打牢了，才有可能追求句子翻译的语篇修整的技巧，才有可能保证翻译的整体质量。
下面从四个方面进行探讨。
一、汉语词语的特点及英译对策1．汉语有许多词语重意合，语义浓缩（semantic condensation），其外形不完整，其含义靠人们的语言习得去感悟，翻译时往往需要进行补充。
例如，“他是在大街上扫垃圾的。
”“扫垃圾的”外形不完整，但是讲汉语的人根据语言习得能明白这是“搞清洁工作”的意思。
再如，“今天下雨，你搭出租吧，不要去挤公共了。
”这里的“出租”和“公共”分别省略了一个“车”字。
“我想买辆车，但是家里不同意。
”这里的“家里”可能指父母、丈夫或妻子。
“他们准备在这里建一座宾馆，但市里不批。
”“市里”决不是指城市，也不是指市里的所有官员，而是指市政府有关主管部门。
再如，“这件事你得去找我们当家的。
”“他靠蹬三轮谋生”“她现在每月已经拿五本了”。
“找我们当家的”“靠蹬三轮”“拿五本”这些词语的外形都不完整，分别省略了“去商量”、“赚钱”“五千元工资”。
“和气生财”实际是“态度如果和蔼，就可以使自己的生意兴隆”的浓缩形式，内涵条件。
再如：“这真是狗咬吕洞宾。
”“你这是狗拿耗子”“这无异于老公公背儿媳妇过河”，上面这些句子中的词语外形都不完整。
翻译这些意合词时，一般要加词。
例1“行动比语言更响亮”可能老掉牙了，但它仍不失为一条真理。
“Actions speak louder than words” may be an overworn phrase, but it’s still true. // “老掉了牙”是个浓缩的意合词，译时必须把其含义(phrase)译出，并使其外形完整。
例2这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。
This workshop processes raw materials on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s samples as well. // “来料加工”、“来样加工”都是浓缩的意合句，应译出其完整的含义。
Unit 1【例1】The history of a tree from the time it starts in the forest until the boards which it yields are used, would form an interesting and, in many instances, an exciting story.（“×”号表示译文有问题，下同）×树的历史开始于森林中，直到生产为木板后被使用为止，成为一个有趣且有许多事例的激动人心的故事。
上面这句话的原文实际上主要说了两点内容：1、树的历史的起迄时间2、树的历史是怎样一回事【译文】一棵树，从它在森林中生长起直到被制成木板使用为止，这段历史会构成一个饶有趣味的故事，在很多情况下这个故事十分激动人心。
例2】There are two regulatory systems which interact. One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.×有两个调节系统相互作用。
一个定时系统来自于我们的感官和胃的证明，就是当我们生活在一个特定的时区所经历的周期性。
【译文】人体有两个相互作用的时间调节系统。
一个时间调节系统依据感官和胃发出的信息，依据我们生活在某个时区所体验的周期性规律。
寻找对等词语和结构然后将其串接成句的翻译方法，常表现如下：1、简单语句的译文虽然生硬，但基本可读。
如：【例3】I can see three different 无效s of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.×我能看到音乐史上有三种不同的作曲家，他们中每一个人以某种不同的方式创作音乐。
英汉词类中的名词和动词Nounsand Verbsin Englis h and Chines eI. Nounsin Englis h and Chines e1. Differ encein Classi ficat ionEnglis h: common nouns, proper nouns, collec tivenounsCN: counta ble vs. uncoun tableChines e: common nouns, proper nouns, collec tivenouns, abstra ct nouns.2. Differ ences in termsof Number1). Number Langua ge vs. Classi fierLangua ge2). Effect on transl ationPrinci ple of Amplifi cati on (增词原则)增词原则：在译文中增加必需的词汇，保证译文在意义上与原文吻合、表达上符合目的语的表达习惯，使译文易于理解。
【例】Up the street they went, past stores, across a broadsquare, and then entere d a huge buildi ng.他们沿着大街走过去，一路经过几家大商店，穿过一个大广场，最后进了一栋大楼。
Princi ple of Omissi on (省略原则)：省略原则：指在翻译中不损害原文意义的前提下，删减原文中不必要的词汇，使译文符合目的语的表达习惯。
【例】一条条新修的公路把这个小镇和外界连在一起。
T he newlybuiltroadsconnec t this smaill town to the outsid e world.3. Differences in Freque ncy of A vaila bilit y (使用频率不同)Noun-promin ent (E) vs. Verb-promin ent (C)词类转换原则：指在翻译中为了表达的需要，改变原文中词的类别，使译文自然流畅，符合目的语的表达习惯。
