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第1篇第一章总则第一条为加强我校双语教学管理，提高教学质量，培养具有国际视野的高素质人才，特制定本规定。
第二条本规定适用于我校开设的双语课程，包括公共课程、专业课程和选修课程。
第三条双语教学应遵循以下原则：1. 目标导向：以培养具有国际竞争力的人才为目标，提高学生的英语应用能力。
2. 内容适宜：课程内容应与专业相关，注重学科前沿性和实用性。
3. 方法多样：采用多种教学方法，激发学生的学习兴趣，提高教学效果。
4. 质量为本：确保教学质量和课程效果，不断提升双语教学水平。
第二章组织与管理第四条学校设立双语教学领导小组，负责统筹规划、协调管理双语教学工作。
第五条双语教学领导小组下设办公室，负责日常管理工作，包括：1. 制定双语教学计划；2. 组织双语教师培训和教学研讨；3. 监督双语教学质量；4. 收集反馈意见，不断改进教学。
第六条各学院设立双语教学管理小组，负责本院双语教学的具体实施。
第三章教师管理第七条双语教师应具备以下条件：1. 具有良好的师德师风，热爱教育事业；2. 具有较强的英语听说读写能力，能够熟练使用英语进行教学；3. 具有丰富的专业知识和教学经验；4. 具有良好的教学方法和沟通能力。
第八条学校对双语教师进行定期培训和考核，提高其教学水平和综合素质。
第九条双语教师应积极参加教学研讨和学术交流活动，不断提升自己的教学能力。
第四章课程设置与管理第十条双语课程设置应遵循以下原则：1. 符合专业培养目标和教学大纲要求；2. 具有较强的实用性和前沿性；3. 适应学生英语水平和学习需求。
第十一条双语课程设置应包括以下类型：1. 公共课程：英语、英语写作、英语口语等；2. 专业课程：专业英语、跨文化交际等；3. 选修课程：商务英语、旅游英语等。
第十二条双语课程的教学内容和教学方法应根据课程性质和教学目标进行调整。
第五章教学实施第十三条双语教学应采用多种教学方法，如：1. 案例教学：通过案例分析，提高学生的实际应用能力；2. 讨论式教学：鼓励学生积极参与讨论，培养批判性思维能力；3. 项目式教学：通过项目实施，提高学生的团队协作能力和解决问题的能力。
毕设附件外文文献翻译原文及译文(3500 字)原文Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel IndustryBorkar; SameerAbstractIt is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well.Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process.IntroductionIt has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques and methods of handling various processes. Awareness among the hoteliers and the guests has fuelled the inventions focused on operations. The increased sagacity of customer satisfaction led to the use of high standards of service in industry. The new service parameters made the hoteliers to implement quality management as an effective aid. It has significantly affected hotels' ability to control and adapt to changing environments. The use of new techniques began with the simple motive of sophistication and precise activities in the given field of operation which may result in high standards of service in global economy and has allowed the rise of a leisure class.Conceptual Framework This study of Service quality management in hospitality industry is an attempt to understand the presence of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations safer, focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations.As the hospitality industry becomes more competitive there is an obvious need to retain clientele as well as increasing profitability and hence management professionals strive to improve guest satisfaction and revenues. The management professionals whom are striving for these results however often have limited understanding of research surrounding the paradigms of guest satisfaction and loyalty and financial performance. This research paper shall enlighten some of the variables and important facts of service quality resulting into guest satisfaction.Review of LiteratureCustomers of hospitality often blame themselves when dissatisfied for their bad choice. Employees must be aware that dissatisfied customers may not complain and therefore the employees should seek out sources of dissatisfaction and resolve them. (Zeithaml V., 1981, p.186 -190)It is said that service quality is what differentiates hospitality sector, however there is not an agreed definition of what service quality is. There is however a few different suggestions of how to define service quality. Dividing it into technical, functional and image components; (Greenrooms C., 1982) another is that service quality is determined by its fitness for use by internal and external customers. It is accepted that service quality is depends upon guest's needs and expectations. A definition of service quality state that quality is simply conformance to specifications, which would mean that positive quality is when a product or service specific quality meet or exceed preset standards or promises. This however seems like an easy view within the hospitality industry. The alternative definitions read as follows: 1) quality is excellence; 2)quality is value for money; 3) quality is meeting or exceeding expectations. This appears better aligned with ideas which exist within hospitality management than the first mentioned simplistic approach. Service quality and value is rather difficult to calculate, companies must therefore rely on guest's quality perceptions and expectations to get consistent results which is best achieved by asking guest's questions related to expectations and their perceptions of the service quality, which can effectively be achieved through carefully designed surveys.A major problem with service quality is variability and limited capability and robustness of the service production process. (Gummesson E., 1991) Hotels consumers have well-conceived ideas about service quality and quality attributes are considered important for most types of services, the absence of certain attributes may lead consumers to perceive service quality as poor. The presence of these attributes may not substantially improve the perceived quality of the service. Most customers would be willing to trade some convenience for a price break, and that the behavior, skill level and performance of service employees are key determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992)Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality. The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures. (Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that guest's evaluation of service comprise of two basic distinct dimensions:service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments.Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts –the leverage synergies –between improving service quality and boosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)A key activity is to conduct regularly scheduled review of progress by quality council or working group and management must establish a system to identify areas for future improvement and to track performance with respect to internal and external customers. They must also track the changing preferences of customer. Continuous improvement means not only being satisfied with doing a good job or process. It is accomplished by incorporating process measurement and team problem solving an all work activities. Organization must continuously strive for excellence by reducing complexity, variation and out of control process. Plan-D-Study-Act (PDSA) developed by Shewhart and later on modified by Deming is an effective improvement technique. First Plan carefully, then carry out plan, study the results and check whether the plan worked exactly as intended and act on results by identifying what worked as planned and what didn't work. Continuous process improvement is the objective and these phases of PDSA are the framework to achieve those objectives. (Besterfield D. et al 2003)The 'servicescape' -is a general term to describe the physical surroundings ofa service environment (Reimer 2005, p. 786) such as a hotel or cruise ship. Guests are sometimes unconsciously trying to obtain as much information as possible through experiences to decrease information asymmetries This causes guests to look for quality signals or cues which would provide them with information about the service, which leads us to 'cue utilization theory'. Cue utilization theory states that products or services consist of several arrays of cues that serve as surrogate indicators of product or service quality. There are both intrinsic and extrinsic cues to help guests determine quality. Consequentially, due to the limited tangibility of services, guests are often left to accept the price of the experience and the physical appearance or environment of the hotel or cruise ship itself as quality indicators. Though there are many trade and academic papers discussing guest satisfaction has been published, one can note that limited attention has been paid to the value perception and expectations guests have towards product delivery and influence price guests pay for an experience has on satisfaction and future spending. Furthermore it is also known that the role of pricing in relation to guest determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992) Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality.The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures. (Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that guest's evaluation of service comprise of two basicdistinct dimensions: service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments. Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts –the leverage synergies –between improving service quality and boosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)Telephonic conversation with peers and friends in hospitality industry worked a wonder giving lots of inputs in drafting this paper. Secondary data sources- For this study, data sources such as hospitality journals, Books on service quality management, organization behavior, URL on internet of various hospitality majors. Referring hospitality publications were helpful in knowing the current inventions in industry.Research Tools: Descriptive research design is used to know the attributes of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented in tables. The hypothesis is tested against the collected data.Hypotheses: The hypotheses framed for the subject areHypothesis 1: Implementing service quality management as a tool for improvement in Customer Satisfaction.Hypothesis 2: Practicing Continuous Improvement program has benefited hotel. Limitation & Scope of the Study: Though there was a specific questionnaire used for collecting information, the objective of the paper was well discussed with the every contributor and whatever the information was provided by these sources is arranged for further analysis. The analysis of the available data is done on the relevance to the topic. The effectiveness of the technology in conservation of resources was always a point of consideration. The data is sifted for making it as precise as possible.Analysis and DiscussionsThere is a significant relationship between service quality management and customer satisfaction. In hospitality industry, the customer satisfaction variables such as Availability, Access, Information, Time, delivery of service, availability of personal competence, Comfortable and safer atmosphere and pollution free environment are of prime concern to every hotelier. The industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction.The intangible nature of the service as a product means that it could be very difficult to place quantifiable terms on the features that contribute to the quality and measurement of the quality of the product is a problem for Service quality management.The customer is frequently directly involved in the delivery of the service and as such introduces an unknown and unpredictable influence on the process. The customer variability in the process makes it difficult to determine the exactrequirements of the customer and what they regard as an acceptable standard of service.This problem is magnified as it is often judgmental, based on personal preferences or even mood, rather than on technical performance that can be measured. Every hotel has a target market to cater which has very specific requirement in terms of expected and perceived quality of service.The customers come with different perception of quality every time they come to hotel and this makes it quite difficult to define quality and set the level of it. It requires hotel to continuously compare their perception against customer perception in terms of satisfaction measurement with performance measurement. The study has shown that the effective tools which management of various hotels uses for continuous improvement process and how it is dissipated amongst all the stake holders.译文酒店业服务质量管理研究博卡;萨米尔摘要本文旨在研究酒店业中质量改进过程的作用以及如何有效地推动企业的可持续发展。
北京首都国际机场服务质量管理研究专业硕士学位论文THESIS OF PROFESSIONAL MASTER DEGREE论文题目: 北京首都国际机场服务质量管理研究(英文): The Research on The Service QualityManagement of Beijing Capital International Airport作者:智永健指导教师: 焦叔斌副教授2005年5月14日论文题目:北京首都国际机场服务质量管理研究(中文)The Research on The Service Quality(外文)Management of Beijing Capital InternationalAirport 所在院、系、所 : 商学院专专业、名、称 : 工商管理指专导专教专师姓专名、职专称 : 焦叔斌副教授论文主题词 :机场;服务质量学专习专期专限 :2003年 9月至 2005年 7 月论文提交时间: 2005年 5月 15日独创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果,也不包含为获得中国人民大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献已在论文中作了明确地说明并表示了谢意。
签名: 智永健日期: 2005.5.15关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解中国人民大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留送交论文的复印件,允许论文被查阅和借阅;学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。
签名:智永健导师签名:焦叔斌日期:2005.5.15中国人民大学硕士学位论文摘要(中外文合订) 北京首都国际机场服务质量管理研究论文题目:院、系、所: 商学院专业: 工商管理作者: 智永健指导教师姓名、职称:焦叔斌副教授摘要随着我国民航体制改革的不断推进,民航机场管理模式随之转变,成为面向市场的赢利性企业。
2021-2022年湖南省长沙市大学英语6级大学英语六级知识点汇总（含答案）学校:________ 班级:________ 姓名:________ 考号:________一、2.Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(20题)1.In our world, any story of this kind makes people ______.2.No one knows exactly how GM crops will affect the environment because genetic structure is complex and the related tests now mainly study ______. 3.Cable television had developed technology that allowed them to add more programming to cable service in ______.A.In the early 1990sB.In the late 1970sC.In the early 1950sD.In the early 1940s4.Some types of depression are inherited form. generation to generation in ______.5.At present, the value of the drugs trafficked worldwide amounts to ______ every year.6.Human psychology decides that our maximum bid should be _______________ more than that of the rival bidder.7.Benner and his colleagues' assembly of an evolutionary tree of yeast ADH showed ______ and helped the researchers ______.8.In the United States, some citizens fear people with AIDS, but others______ those living with the disease.9.The nutritional quality of food product varies in accordance with ______. 10.Despite multiple authors, the book is______throughout the text.11.Thanks to______, water beyond 100 ℃ could not boil.12.The government has to decide how to arrange people's assets if they ______.13.Mark Twain got married when he was______years old.14.Hackers could do amazing things in APL with just______.15.Part ℃ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Self-esteem: the Myth of Feeling Good About OneselfDirections: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.No one would argue that children thrive when they feel respected, important, and cared for by other persons, or that they falter when they lack the self-pride and self-confidence that accompanies such approval and support. However, at the hands of educators eager to encourage lagging pupils, a myth hasdeveloped that raising youngsters' self-esteem is a sure means of improving their levels of achievement and solving many of the nation's social ills.A 1990 report, for instance, proposes that "self-esteem is the likeliest candidate for a 'social vaccine', something that empowers us to live responsibly and that keeps us from the lure of crime, teen pregnancy, and educational failure. The lack of self-esteem is central to more personal and social ills plaguing our state and nation as we approach the end of the twentieth century."By the 1960s, following the advent of the self-actualization theories of personal growth espoused by psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, interest in enhancing self-esteem as a path to accomplishment got under way in the nation's schools. Since then, dozens of "how-to" books have described ways for improving children's positive feeling about themselves. The theory is simple: Feeling good is a necessary predecessor of accomplishment.Despite its current popularity, questions can be raised about the assumptions underlying the self-esteem movement. For example, what benefit does a third-grader gain in telling herself, "I am smart," "I am a good student,"—all forms of the "affirmative language" advocated by Douglas Bloch in his book Positive Self-talk for Children?Does it really enhance the self-esteem of members of the fifth-grade baseball team—or improve their athletic skill—when everyone is awarded a trophy, despite the fact that the team did not show noticeable improvement throughout the season? What effect will this have on next year's efforts when this record of performance ends with apparent approval and satisfaction? Countless statistics and surveys have had a unanimous(一致的) result: nothing is changed, and the days go on the same as ever.People are eager to praise the toddler for a few tentative steps and the two-year-old for simply attempting to match form. with hole in a puzzle board. Self-esteem is heightened in the young child through such love and approval. Older kids, though, are foxy analysts and know when performance merits praise and when it does not. Repeating indiscriminate praise or acclaiming minimal accomplishments run the risk of transforming positive response into meaningless flattery(恭维).Self-esteem theorists appear to have it backwards. Meaningful self-evaluation and positive self-esteem usually are the results, not the prerequisites(前提), of accomplishment. Praise is just one source of feedback; self-esteem more often comes from an awareness that the requirements of a sought-after goal have been mastered. Acquiring the knowledge and skills that enable a child to make progress toward such goals is a necessary basis for developing healthy, realistic self-esteem.Sports are an arena in which Americans generally have little reluctance to require hard work and persistence. Coaches do not hesitate to point out errors and mistakes. Children's self-esteem does not appear to suffer when they are told that they need to practice more and concentrate on the task at hand. The usual effect is renewed effort to work, practice, and learn.InA.elegantB.ignorantC.successfulD.lonely16.The report appeals to the government for considering not only the effects of family change on children, on parents, but also on ______.17. Which of the following is not a big advantage of swimming according to the passage?A.Water reduces the pressure on people's joints.B.Swimming works most of the major muscles.C.Water can greatly increase people's fitness.D.Swimming can burn the fat quite effectively.18.______started by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King in the South changed civil rights in19.The difference between real - world artist' s playing and singing and her online alter ego's is that the latter______.20.Mr. Bellavance cashed out his pension, sold his house and unloaded things he didn't need at garage after losing his job in order to change his finances into survival mode.A.YB.NC.NG二、3.Listening Comprehension(20题)21.【B2】22.(46)23.(15)A.In Canada.B.Not in Canada.C.In their homeland.D.In the U. S.24.(26)A.1.B.2.C.3.D.4.25.Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer.听力原文：W: I found a perfect book bag，but I'm about 20 dollars short．M: Don't look at me. I don't get paid for another week.Q: What does the man imply?(12)A.His paycheck is late.B.The book bag is too expensive.C.He can't lend the woman any money.D.The woman doesn't need a new book bag.26.听力原文：M: Could you please explain the assignment for Monday, Miss Smith?W: Certainly. Read the next chapter in your textbook and come to class preparing to discuss what you've read.Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?(14)A.Secretary-Boss.B.Client-Lawyer.C.Student-Teacher.D.Patient-Nurse.27.听力原文：W: I'm sorry, Mike. I have to put off our meeting till four o'clock this afternoon. Mr. Anderson wants me to revise the annual report right now.M: Take your time. My schedule is flexible.Q: What does the man mean?(13)A.He doesn't mind having meeting ahead of schedule.B.He doesn't mind postponing the meeting.C.The meeting goes against with his schedule.D.The meeting is not on his schedule.28.(24)A.There are too many students in the discussion.B.Some people don't let other people talk.C.Questions to discuss are too easy.D.She doesn't have time to prepare the discussion.29.【B7】30.听力原文：M: You've passed the written test. Stand over here about 3 feet from the camera and we'll take your picture. We're going to issue you a temporary license. You'll receive your permanent license in about 6 weeks. W: Thank you. Here's the five-dollar fee.Q: How long will it take the woman's permanent license to arrive?(15)A.6 weeks.B.S weeks.C.4 weeks.D.3 weeks.31.(27)A.one's creativity needs stimulating by the others.B.Most people's creativity is weak and rare.C.All individuals have the ability of creativity.D.Creativity is something only a few people have.32.【B11】33.(35)A.Indifferent.B.Surprised.C.Worried.D.Confident.34.听力原文：Recently. a man who was always i13 good health, spent a week in bed with severe flu. It was tile worse illness in his 1ife. The previous week, he and his wife separated. (30)It seems his unusual. ill health was connected with his bad feeling.(29)Humans have long been aware that our health is linked with our thought, emotions and relationships. Now science is catching up with our suspicion. A new field of scientific investigation has developed. It's the study of how our thoughts and feelings work with our immune and nervous systems．There are already researchers at medical schools who are devoted to the study. They are discovering surprising connections between mind and body. One researcher has been working will with breast cancer patients. She has been looking at the mental factors in their illness and treatment. (31)She has discovered that women who did not like to talk about the emotions created by their illness had more chance of dying in five years after treatment. Of a group of 52 patients, 16 women died. All 16 women had said they usually found it difficult to talk to people about their illness. So, simply speaking, it is bad for your health to keep negative feeling inside you. You need to talk about them to your family and friends.Other research sh6ws that stress really can make you sick. People who lead stressful lives are more likely to fall ill with colds and flus and other illnesses. But, if you have lots of good quality relationships with family and friends in your life, then you are less likely to fall ill, even though the circumstance of your life might be difficult.(30)A.How people fall ill.B.The influence of people's emotions on their health.C.A new method to cure breast cancer.D.Several ways to keep fit.35.听力原文：M: How about yesterday's lectures on American Folklore? W: They weren't at all boring.Q: What does the woman think of the lectures?(16)A.The lectures were all boring.B.Not all the lectures were interesting.C.The lectures were rather interesting.D.The lectures were just so so.36.听力原文：W：Sir，did you just say you are going to fine me one hundred dollars?M：Yes，one hundred dollars．Speeding and driving under the influence of alcohol．Well，you can't fool me with that smell of alcohol in your breath．Q：What does the man imply?(19)A.The woman needs to pay him one hundred dollars for his job.B.The woman has to pay a one-hundred-dollar fine for speeding.C.The woman has to be fined because of speeding and drunk driving.D.The woman is a fool.37.听力原文：W: I just made a jar of jam this morning, and now I can' t find it anywhere. Do you know what happened to it?M: Did you hear a crash? That was it. I' m just as clumsy as ever.Q: What is the problem?(18)A.The woman doesn't like jam.B.The woman forgot where she had left the jar.C.The man had art accident.D.The man broke the jar.38.听力原文：W: Are you going to live with your children permanently7 M: Well...they want me to, but it's too early to know for sure. I'm pretty independent.Q: What does the man mean?(19)A.He wants to be independent.B.It's about time for him to make the decision.C.He is not sure whether he'll live with his children permanently or not.D.He wants to live With his children but not permanently.39.听力原文：M: How about phoning Liz and asking her to join us for dinner? W: I think you should phone her, she hardly knows who I am.Q: What does the woman mean?(19)A.That Liz doesn't know them well.B.That he's the one to phone Liz.C.That she will phone Liz if he doesn't.D.That she doesn't know Liz's phone number.40.听力原文：W: Why is Bob so tired and upset?M: He's been studying day and night for his final exams. I warned him many times to prepare earlier, but he wouldn't listen.Q: What does the man mean?(15)A.Bob is too tired to study any more.B.He told Bob not to study late at night.C.He had often advised Bob to study.D.Bob didn't hear the alarm.三、4.Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)(20题)41.Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Our multimillion nerve-cell central nervous system has its roots in the scattered nerve cells of tiny, lowly organisms that lived in water half a billion years ago. Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates—"hollow-gutted" organisms like hydra and the sea anemone. A coelenterate's nerve network lacks any kind of centralized control. This probably began with flatworms—the first creatures to possess a head, specialized sense cells help flatworms respond more flexibly than sea anemones to outside stimulus. But like most animals without a backbone, flatworms act mostly by instinct and reflex.Intelligent behavior. remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big, complex types of brain—the types we find among the backboned animals, or vertebrates. The tiniest fish has a larger brain than the largest insect. But the development of a fish's three-part brain reflects that beast's unintellectual priorities. Much of the forebrain deals only with smell. The midbrain handlesvision, the hindbrain, balance.With early mammals the brain grew larger and more complex. Sense coordination shifted from the midbrain to the forebrain, a developing structure capped by a folded cerebrum to handle memory and learning. Meanwhile the hindbrain gained a large cerebellum to coordinate complicated movements. Advanced mammals such as monkeys, apes, and humans (the primates) have brains derived from ancestors that took to living in the trees, when vision mattered more than smell. Accordingly the once-big "smell" part of the forebrain grew smaller, while the part that handles vision grew much larger. With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?A.The sensory organs of invertebrates.B.The anatomy of tiny organisms.C.The origin of the brain and central nervous system.D.The importance of vision for fish and advanced mammals.42.Habitrol is very effective for increasing the chances of stopping smoking ______.43.Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.The idea of humanoid robots is not new, of course. They have been part of the imaginative landscape ever since Karl Capek, a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play "Rossum's Universal Robots".(The word "robot" comes from the Czech word for drudgery, robota.) Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on the theme, from the sultry False Maria in Fritz Lang's silent masterpiece Metropolis to the wittering C-3PO in Star Wars and the ruthless assassinof Terminator. Humanoid robots have walked into our collective subconscious, colouring our views of the future.But now Japan's industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots a reality. Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda introduced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years, it walked so fluidly that its white, articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human. Honda continues to make the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October, when Asimo was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh, it walked on to the stage and accepted its own plaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sony's QRIO is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands a small number of voice commands, and cannavigate on its own. If it falls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect wirelessly to the internet and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003, Sony demonstrated an upgraded QRIO that could run. Honda responded last December with a version of Asimo that runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joined the fray with its own family of robots, called Partner, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instrument's valves, and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to offer a commercial version of the robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act as guides at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however, humanoids are still a mechanical minority. Most of the world's robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted to the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, machines making more machines. According to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the first half of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigating vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers and window washers, which are selling fast. But neither industrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.In paragraph 1 the author introduces his topic by relating______.A.the idea of humanoid robotsB.Karl Capek's creation of robotsC.Hollywood's production of robot filmsD.the origin of and popular films about robots44. 【S8】45.What do most teachers say about the destructive behavior. of pupils?A.Teachers have seen so much that they tend to ignore it.B.It makes teachers feel extremely disappointed.C.It hurts the teachers badly and they have to stop teaching.D.It is mainly the students misbehaving in the classroom.46.The changes in the skills needed for work in the new economy are prompted mainly by ______.A.new market standardsB.new political structuresanizational structuresD.decrease in transportation and communications costs47.Telecommuting substituting the computer for the trip to the job--has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child -care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility. In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush- hour congestion and improve air quality.But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child and does office work between calls to the doctor.These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize the necessary boundaries between work and family. Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.Management, too, must separate the myth from reality. Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting, in most cases it is the employees' situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work - at - home programs or policy guidelines remains small. Which of the following is not mentioned as a problem related to office work?A.Wasting time in traffic.B.The conflict between child -care and work.C.The inflexible schedule.D.The high expense on office equipment.48.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they aredissolved in its root.B.The stems contain more water than the leaves.C.Air around the leaf is found to be saturated.D.Part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.49. Car owners could go to______, besides the dealerships, to replace a mechanical car key.50.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.The feasibility and irrationality of protecting medical privacy.B.The government's appeal to protection of medical information.C.Patients should enjoy more rights to their medical records.D.Doctors and insurers' complaint about the proposal.51.According to the author, file best way to escape the realities of everyday life is ______.A.to chat with assistants in a bookshopB.to take a walk in the streetsC.to make some appointment in a bookshopD.to stay reading books of various kinds in a bookshop52.What does "take a similar turn" mean in the last paragraph?A.The oil price keeps on the rise.B.OPEC members take the same cutting strategy.C.The oil price keeps the same as before.D.World economy experiences the same situation as in 1998 and 2001.53.Judging from what he has written, we can know that the writer is ______.A.an experienced reporterB.a medical researcherC.an alcohol producerD.a social worker54.It is implied that China ______.A.took 10 years to double its real incomes per headB.has caught up by adopting advanced countries' technologyC.will see a sustained economic growth in the coming yearsD.accounts for the bulk of world production55.The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends on ______ .A.how closely he attends to the matterB.whether it is English that is being taughtC.his teacher's approach to pronunciationD.the importance normally given to grammar and spelling56.What can we learn about OPEC's cutting down of their production?A.Not all the members follow the cutting agreements in practice.B.They cut its production fast enough to keep the oil price.C.They would cut the global supply by 2% and no more.D.The cuts always take effect in no time.57.According to the author, what distinguishes jazz from other dance music?A.Jazz musicians specialize in solo.B.Jazz bands have featured soloists.C.Jazz is very hot and rough.D.Jazz musicians often paraphrase solo according to their feelings.58.What does the author tell us by saying "old dogs disdain the new tricks"(Line 1, Para. 4)?A.Professional robbers do not use new skills.B.Professional robbers do not use new weapons.C.Professional robbers do not admire new robbers.D.Professional robbers do not rob new places.ton Friedman was wrong. Inflation is always and everywhere a social phenomenon, not a monetary one. At least, that is how Robert Samuelson sees it. The Great Inflation and Its Aftermath dwells little on the economics of inflation; the main text does not mention the Federal Reserve until page 31.Instead, it examines the intellectual and political currents that let inflation rise from 1% in the early 1960s to nearly 15% in 1980 and then brought it down again.This is a laudable(值得称赞的) enterprise. Historians have devoted lots of scholarship to the Vietnam War and the civil-rights movement but almost nothing to the parallel rise in inflation, whose impact on society has been arguably great.Mr. Samuelson, an economics columnist for the Washington Post and Newsweek, graphically recounts the futile efforts of various presidents to contain inflation, and the toll they exacted. Inflation began, Mr. Samuelson writes, because the followers of John Maynard Keynes who dominated economics after the Second World War convinced John Kennedy that reducing unemployment would cause only a small rise in inflation. But as inflation increased, it became politically impossible to bring it down. In 1968 Richard Nixon asked Herbert Stein, a nominee for Iris Council of Economic Advisers, what the president-elect's biggest economic challenge would be. When Stein replied inflation, Nixon "immediately warned me that we must not raise unemployment," Stein later wrote.The Great Inflation and Its Aftermath is readable, but often frustrating. Rather than proceeding chronologically, it hopscotches (像玩“跳房子”游戏) back and forth between decades, repeatedly bringing home the points it wants to make. Despite the forward-looking subtitle, Mr. Samuelson does not demonstrate that the great inflation has much bearing on America's future. He spends much of two chapters, 73 pages in all, choosing a list of contemporary economic problems, from excessive entitlement spending to global imbalances that have little to do with inflation. Meanwhile, he devotes just a few paragraphs to inflation's most crucial impact at the present. The decline in interest rates that followed inflation's defeat created bubbles in stocks and houses and fuelled a" reach for yield" whose undoing is at the heart of the current crisis.More puzzling is the fact that, in a year in which inflation and deflation have both repeatedly hit the headlines, Mr. Samuelson devotes little time to speculating on the future course of inflation and the political pressures that will affect it. That is a pity because it is a ripe subject.The author commented the book as a" laudable enterprise" (Para.2), mainly because ______.A.it pointed out inflation is always a social phenomenonB.it has been focusing on the economics of inflationC.it contributed to the longly-neglected topic -- inflationD.it does not mention the Federal Reserve until page 3160.【C8】四、5.Error Correction(5题)61. 【S4】62.【S5】63.【S8】64.【S4】65.【S3】五、6.Translation(5题)66. As we all know, ______ (在办公室工作的人常被称为白领工作者)．67. Not until many years later______(整个事情的真相才为世人知晓).68. His speech was so welcome that it was _______________. (不断被掌声所打断)69. I believe ______ (他们是最有前途的年轻人).70. ____________(从正反两个方面权衡这个讨论之后), it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.参考答案1.think of drinkthink of drink 解析：由文章倒数第六段第一句话可直接得知答案。
implementing service levelobjectives 书Service Level Objectives (SLOs) are a key part of any service-oriented organization's operations. They define the level of service that a business agrees to provide to its customers, and they are used to measure and manage performance. Implementing service level objectives can be a complex process, but it is essential for ensuring that a business delivers the quality of service that its customers expect.One of the first steps in implementing service level objectives is to define the metrics that will be used to measure performance. These metrics should be relevant to the business and its customers, and they should be measurable and actionable. Examples of metrics that might be used include response time, availability, and error rate.Once the metrics have been defined, the next step is to set targets for each metric. These targets should be challenging but achievable, and they should be based on the business's goals and the needs of its customers. It is important to involve all relevant stakeholders in the target-setting process to ensure that everyone is on the same page.After the targets have been set, the next step is to monitor performance against the targets on an ongoing basis. This can be done using a variety of tools and techniques, including dashboards, alerts, and reports. Monitoring performance is essential for identifying areas where performance is not meeting expectations and for taking corrective action.Finally, it is important to review and adjust service level objectives on a regular basis. Business needs and customer expectations can change over time, and service level objectives should be updated to reflect these changes. Regular reviews also help to ensure that service level objectives remain challenging and achievable.In conclusion, implementing service level objectives is an essential part of any service-oriented organization's operations. By defining relevant metrics, setting challenging but achievable targets, monitoring performance, and regularly reviewing and adjusting service level objectives, businesses can ensure that they deliver the quality of service that their customers expect.。
