【考研英语】2019考研英语一翻译冲刺电子讲义

2019年考研英语⼀翻译真题及答案解析 在医学杂志上有很多⽆稽之谈，如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热。

⼩编为⼤家提供2019年考研英语⼀翻译真题及答案解析，⼀起看看吧！ 2019考研英语⼀翻译真题 It wasn’t until after my retirement that I had the time to read scientific papers in medical journals with anything like close attention. Until then, I had, like most doctors, read the authors’ conclusions and assumed that they bore some necessary relation to what had gone before. I had also naively assumed that the editors had done their job and checked the intellectual coherence and probity of the contents of their journals. It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad — inaccurate, misleading, sloppy, illogical — much of the medical literature, even in the best journals, frequently was. My discovery pleased and reassured me in a way: for it showed me that, even in advancing age, I was still capable of being surprised. I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science’, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. According to the authors, the problem is not merely that people do bad science, as they have always done, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. They quote ananonymous researcher who said pithily: ‘Poor methods get results.’ What is important is not truth, let alone importance, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. It is at least an objective measure. In addition to the pressure to publish, there is a preference in journals for positive rather than negative results. To prove that factor a has no effect whatever on outcome b may be important in the sense that it refutes a hypothesis, but it is not half so captivating as that factor a has some marginally positive statistical association with outcome b. It may be an elementary principle of statistics that association is not causation, but in practice everyone forgets it. The easiest way to generate positive associations is to do bad science, for example by trawling through a whole lot of data without a prior hypothesis. For example, if you took 100 dietary factors and tried to associate them with flat feet, you would find some of them that were associated with that condition, associations so strong that at first sight they would appear not to have arisen by chance. Once it has been shown that the consumption of, shall we say, red cabbage is associated with flat feet, one of two things can happen: someone will try to reproduce the result, or no one will, in which case it will enter scientific mythology. The penalties for having published results which are not reproducible, and prove before long to be misleading, usually do not cancel out the prestige of having published them in the first place: and therefore it is better, from the career point of view, to publish junk than to publish nothing at all. A long list of publications, all of them valueless, is always impressive. 48)Attempts have been made to (control this inflation命题⼈改编为curb this kind tendency),(for example by trying, when it comes to career advancement这部分被出题⼈删除), to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 49) This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors. Boiling down an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. 50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science. In other words, what we need is more emphasis on personal contact and even nepotism in the way careers are advanced: but tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice… 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. 2019考研英语⼀翻译答案解析 【解析】 1. 本句主干为There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals(在医学杂志上有很多这样的⽆稽之谈) 2. which引导定语从句，修饰this kind of nonsense，which指代this kind of nonsense，在定语从句中做主语 (1) 则定语从句为“这些⽆稽之谈引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热” (2) when引导状语从句，可以理解为条件，从句省略this kind of nonsense is，则为“如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈” 【参考译⽂】 在医学杂志上有很多这样的⽆稽之谈，如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热。

一、考研翻译高分策略【本章要点】-掌握考研翻译高分两大策略-巩固试题演练【翻译技巧】◎尽量译主干1）划竖线，断开结构2）看动词，瞻前顾后3）译主干，稳定分数◎修饰层层加1）看词性，分析关系2）译修饰，能加则加【试题演练】【例1】（2005年49题）Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.模考：笔记：【例2】（2008年47题）He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.模考：笔记：【例3】（2008年49题）He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”模考：笔记：本章参考译文【例1】不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织在一起，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。

【例2】他还坚持认为自己进行长时间完全抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此他认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。

考研英语冲刺班翻译讲义主讲：唐静欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材翻译满分是十分。

讲解分两部分：第一部分，讲解想要得到翻译的基本分该怎么办。

三个优先：1.短句优先 2.介词优先 3.顺序优先短句优先就是汉语短句优先就是把你有限的英语单词转变成为汉语之后来造句。

造汉语短句。

越精短越好。

参见04年真题64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.沃尔夫对语言和思维的关系感兴趣介词优先考的最多的是介词，而考的最多的介词又是in,其次是of ,with... 介词优先就是先翻译介词后面的，再把它放到介词前面的那个词前面去。

a of b of c即c的b的aof 的翻译参见97年真题72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.一些哲学家辩论说，权利今仅存在于社会契约中，作为责任和权利的交换的一部分。

参见07年真题(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.当你发现句子已经像个短句是就打上逗号。

强化翻译邵宁第一部分:真题翻译重点句精讲⑴The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________⑵According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________⑶This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________⑷This “brain drain”has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________⑸They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________⑹Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home.____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________⑺These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________⑻The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________⑼When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of the best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________⑽After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally –which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________第二部分:考研英语二历年真题2010年考研英语二真题46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spen ding a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn’t go well.“It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales.“I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner,give it some time.’”_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2011年考研英语二真题46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do – roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google searchcan leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2012年考研英语二真题46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all India ns over the age of 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2013年考研英语二真题46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does – try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day – they both just pop into my mind in the same way._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2014年考研英语二真题46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down –say, after giving a bad lecture – he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand sche me of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2015年考研英语二真题46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it's easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember the journey well because we didn't pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2016年考研英语二真题46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the FoodMarketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally – which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2017年考研英语二真题46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realised I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream – I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course “Fashion Media Promotion.”_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2018年考研英语二真题46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads – everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet–not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,” Gates says._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________。

考研英语翻译讲义【词类活译】1.A well-dressed man ,who looked and talked like an American,got into the car. 译文：一个衣着讲究的人钻进了轿车，他的外表和谈吐都像是个美国人；【代词归位】代词所指的对象一般在前文找到，但是有些状语从句前置时，造成迷惑，指代的内容不在状语从句中，而是在后文；1.Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated,over-industrialized planet.When we come to think about it ,there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish :dump it ,burn it,turn it into so mething you can use again ,attempt to produce less of it译文：当我们开始考虑垃圾问题时，我们只有四种对付垃圾的方法：倾倒，焚烧，让其变成再生材料或努力减少垃圾；【语态转换】被动语态首先考虑译成主动语态，其次保留原文的被动形式，再次灵活处理；若存在动作的发出者，通常译成主动语态，对于不言自明的发出者可适当添加，也可译成无主句；1.By the end of the war ,about 1,000 children had been rescued by the organization 译文：截止到战争结束，这个组织拯救了大约1000名儿童；2.The child is to be told not to touch the piano 译文：我们应该告诉孩子不要碰钢琴；3.About that project ,much has said but little has been done译文：关于那项工程，说的多，做的少；也可译成“被......”，“遭到......（不好的事）”，“受到......（好的事）”，“由......”，“为......所......”，“把......”等【It is ...句式翻译】It is alleged that 据说...It is rumored that 据传...It is argued that 有人主张...It is to be discussed that 需要讨论的是...There is no agreement ...人们对此看法不一It is necessary that 有必要...It is true that 诚然...It is likely that 可能...It is a mystery that 让人不解的是...It is common knowledge that 常识是...It occurred to me that 我突然想起...【状语从句】状语从句一般前置到句首，有时前置到所修饰谓语动词的前面；但结果状语从句和伴随转语从句一般不前置翻译；1.He pushed open the door gently and crept out of the room for fear that he should awake the ba by译文：为了不惊醒孩子，他轻轻推开门，蹑手蹑脚溜了进去；2.I was never allowed by my parents to do things ass I wanted to译文：父母从不允许我按照自己想要的方式来做事；3.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past ,giving rise to new standards of elegance译文：就像以往那样，在将来，新的思维方式和新的思维对象一定会出现，并带来新的完美标准；4.The sense is growing that the Americans need to turn things round fast ,militarily and politically ,if they are to ensue that events do not get out of control;译文：人们越来越强烈地感觉到：如果美国人想确保情况不失去控制，他们就需要在军事和政治两方面，快速扭转形势；5.If experience are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the sci ence journals indicate,then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce r esults measurable in dollars and cents译文：如果试验被计划并像科学杂志上的报告所表明的那样忠实地按照计划得以实施，那么管理方面期待着研究能够带来可以用金钱衡量的结果也是完全符合逻辑的；【定语从句】比较短的定语从句一般合译，即译成形容词“...的”；较长的定语从句常用分译法，即单独译成一个句子，此时要翻译连接词！多个定语从句嵌套时，常将第一个定语从句合译，后面的从句分译；对于“there be ”句型的定语从句常用融合法，即将从句作为主语的谓语；还有的非限制性定语从句有状语的含义，此时用状译法译成相应的状语从句；1. The people who work for him live in moral fear of him;译文：在他手下工作的人对他惧怕得要死；2.The fine arts , such as painting and sculpture ,involve the production of works to be seen and ex perienced on an abstract level;译文：像绘画和雕塑这样的美术，往往要求创作出能够从抽象的角度加以欣赏和感受的作品；3.There are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write译文：在世界上有些地方，甚至现在人们也不会书写；4.He grabbed the letter from his rival that would prove him guilty in the smuggling case译文：他把信件从对方手里一把夺了过来，因为这封信可以证明他在走私案中的罪行；竹节式：5.A culture in which the citizens share similar religious beliefs and values is more likely to have la ws that represent the wishes of its people than is a culture where citizens come from diverse bac kgrounds译文：有的文化中，公民们拥有着相似的宗教信仰和价值观；还有的文化中，公民们来自不同文化背景，前者比后者更有可能产生代表民意的法律；洋葱式：6.Oneof my friends got pregnant in her boyfriend’s hospital room while he was recovering fro m a terrible car accident which left him partially paralyzed译文：我有一个朋友，她的男朋友遭遇了一起严重的车祸，结果导致了半身不遂。

19英一text4译文（实用版）目录1.概述：介绍 19 英一 text4 的内容和主题2.详细内容：详述文章的主要观点和论述3.总结：总结文章的主要观点和结论正文1.概述：19 英一 text4 是一篇关于人类行为和决策的文章，主要探讨了人们在面对不确定性和风险时的行为模式和决策方式。

文章通过实例和理论分析，揭示了人们在不确定性和风险环境下的决策行为，为我们理解和应对这种行为提供了有益的启示。

2.详细内容：文章首先介绍了不确定性和风险的概念，以及它们对人类行为的影响。

不确定性是指事件发生的结果不确定，而风险则是指事件发生的结果可能带来损失或收益。

文章指出，人们在面对不确定性和风险时，往往会采取不同的行为模式和决策方式。

文章接着通过一个实例，说明了人们在面对不确定性和风险时的决策行为。

实例中，一个人需要在两个选项中做出选择，一个是确定的收益，另一个是不确定的收益。

实验结果表明，人们在面对不确定性时，往往会选择确定的收益，而不是冒险去追求更大的收益。

这表明，人们在面对不确定性时，往往会选择保守的行为模式。

然而，文章也指出，人们在面对风险时，往往会采取冒险的行为模式。

这是因为，风险意味着可能带来损失或收益，而人们往往会高估自己的能力和运气，认为自己能够避免损失或获得收益。

因此，人们在面对风险时，往往会采取冒险的行为模式，以期获得更大的收益。

文章还讨论了人们在面对不确定性和风险时的决策方式。

文章指出，人们在做决策时，往往会受到过去经验和记忆的影响。

例如，人们在面对不确定性和风险时，往往会根据过去的经验来做出决策，而忽视当前的环境和情况。

这可能导致人们在做决策时，出现误判和误决策。

3.总结：总的来说，19 英一 text4 是一篇关于人类行为和决策的文章，主要探讨了人们在面对不确定性和风险时的行为模式和决策方式。

文章通过实例和理论分析，揭示了人们在不确定性和风险环境下的决策行为，为我们理解和应对这种行为提供了有益的启示。

2019年考研英语真题：《英语一》翻译Directions：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts inglobal companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant：(50)It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment.That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.。

46. It is alsothe reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰thereason。

定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulateourreactions and not grasp music itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulateour reactions and not grasp music itself。

our reactions之后toit为其定语，it指代music。

定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。

【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后why引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。

②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中withwords做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。

定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语toit在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。

and之后，grasp依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”。

【译文总结】这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。

47. By all accounts hewas a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding,let alone the performance, of his works。

2019考研英语翻译预测题及讲解（一）（英语学习）考研英语考试中，翻译需要我们不断练习。

下面为大家整理了考研翻译预测，希望可以为大家带来帮助！There is no question that science-fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years. (1) (But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions—a factor that academic critics rarely take into account.) Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery or Western writers, most science-fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie-ins.) (2) (Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. )By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science-fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (3)( At his parents’urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if worst came to worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere”.) During his sophomore year, he sold his first science-fiction story to aScottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (4) (By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. )“I became very cynical very quickly,” he says. First I couldn’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten-thousand-word hole to fill in his next issue. I’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (5)( I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as a reader—Joyce, Kafka, Mann—so I detached myself from my work.) I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling auth or. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious” —meaning something that wasn’t science fiction—and I kept telling them, “ When I’m financially secure.”答案1.但是这一点与其说是与学术环境具有诱惑力的召唤有关，还不如说是与变化的市场状况有关——一这是一个学术评论家很少考虑的因素。

2019考研英语一冲刺翻译2016翻译Mental health is our birthright. (46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone . Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to ga in access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant .Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem— confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives— the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are . Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49) Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions . It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily .句子精讲(46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.(47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.(48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.(49) Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.(50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.2017翻译The growth of the use of English as the world’s primary language for internationalEnglish speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminishthe leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Thoserealistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. (47) His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global positionof English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additiona l language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitiveadvantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that, (48) many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluencyin other languages. If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of theEnglish language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49) The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK’s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for theUK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a yearmore. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant: (50) Itgives a basis to all organizations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basisfor planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment . That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.句子精讲(46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the globa l predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.(47) His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe tha t the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.(48) many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.(49) The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK’s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.(50) It gives a basis to all organizations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.。

2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解完整版【答案】B收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除intentionally（故意地，有意地），C选项unexpectedly（意外地，出乎意料地）带入空格后，语义不通顺，均排除。

故正确答案为D选项eventually。

收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除搭配。

Carve woods:在森林中开辟道路，B选项through用法最恰当，故为正确答案。

收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除据已知信息去填空，根据空前后的线索来选择填什么。

比方说，题目让考生填主句的内容，那么从句中就会有相应的说明。

题目让考生填动词，原文常常在别的地方出现这个动收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.C.Decisiveness Required of Top Executivesgraduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.D.meet local governments’n eedsThis year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electricmachines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.D.has aroused much curiosity.Text 4statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”B.b rought prosperity to the c ountry【试题点评】今年四篇文章难度一般。

2019考研英语在线点睛班讲义（英语一写作）主讲人：何凯文第一部分：这些图这些描述版本一：By a contrast between two periods of a student’s life:the hard-working middle school times against the carefree college years,the cartoon above cast a critical eye on college student’s indifference to academic pursuits.版本二：As is shown above,the picture poses a contrast between college life and middle school life,showing that middle students are under the great academic pressure while college students are leading a care-free life.Version 1:The picture is a metaphor of life.If life is a voyage across water,then dream is the oar to our little boats,without which we would float aimless instead of directing our own courses.Version2:As is shown above,in a boat ildeliessly lies a man.It is not hard to notice that he has no direction and the oar is drifting away.The catption of the cartoon is refreshing and sparking that the life without dream is like a boat without oar.Version 3:Above stands a picture showing the importance of dream and ambition,which is symbolized by a man,a boat and a drifting oar.【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】文明出行让风景更美Version 1As is shown above,in the middle of the picture stands a young man,carrying the bag and being prepared to go to visit some scenic spots and historical sites.He is trying to embrace the poster:being a civilized traveler.This cartoon does demonstrate a topic that is worthy of our attention.Version 2The picture depicts a well-behaved tourist,who merrily embrace a figure representing “civilized travel”.As outbound Chinese tourism grow rapidly,it is becoming important that Chinese travelers project a positive image as a group.Version 3Above stands a picture showing the importance of courtesy and decency in the travelling,which is symbolized by a poster and a civilized traveler.As is shown above,in the middle of the picture stands a man setting the temperature of an air conditioner higher to save the energy.If posted on the Wechat,it will make the good copy in the newspaper.【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】The picture above shows a higher education institution setting up classes that say no to mobile phones.It touches on the controversy around college students’use of electronic devices on campus.The picture underscores the importance of trust by showing us how two men cut wood together.The absence of mutual trust will make it impossible to finish this job.The caption below shows that where there is no trust,there is no cooperation.As is shown above,in the middle of the picture stand a young man and an old man.The old man passes a gift,symbolizing the cultural heritage,to the young man,reminding the youngster to preserve the traditional culture.【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】Above stand two pictures,with left one showing a father is scolding his son’s poor physical condition despite of the son’s excellent academic performance,and with right one illustrating another mother is criticizing his son for his low test score,although he is really good at sports.If posted on Weibo,a popular social media in china these pictures will trigger heated discussion for they strike a chord with many users.As is shown above,in the middle of the picture sits a devoted researcher,working enthusiastically on his project despite of his recovery from the disease.The most striking feature of the cartoon that impresses me most is his professional dedication and professional ethics.Above stands a picture showing the importance of seizing the opportunity,which is symbolized by two individuals hunting the bird.【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】这些范文：As is shown above,in the middle of the picture walks a young man,suffering from the anxiety,depression and the disorder for the heavy burden of interpersonal relations,job-hunting pressure and further study plan.This picture,if posted on the social media,will definitely strike the cord with youngsters for it revealing a common scene among college students.The author of the picture demonstrates a common scene in today’s college education and illustrates some problems facing universities.Some scholars have already noticed that current college education focuses a lot on the academic study but fail to offer adequate exploration on the creativity and moral education,components critical to students’future lives and careers.And,one survey even suggests that most college students are coping with a lot of tedious paper work,with few breaks,and feeling the strain,with no substantial advance to speak of.That’s a reality that horrifies some educators.Many people have voiced their concerns about this issue.The clear message is that we should take more efforts and make some concrete initiatives to safeguard any possible adverse consequences.Fortunately,we have heard that some effective measures have been taken by authorities and a trend of focusing more on the quality of students is gradually emerging nationwide.There are good reasons to expect that a more advisable and healthy circumstance will be created on our campuses. 【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】As is shown above,on the playground tiredly runs a college student taking part in the physical test,dwarfed by the performance of a middle school student.If posted on Weibo,an influential social media in China,this picture will trigger heated discussion for its deep social implication and profound bearing on one’s growth.The picture shows us an interesting but provoking scene that the matter of physical health has been aroused our attention and stressed by authorities.To be sure,the physical health always plays the leading role on our way to the success.Sadly,however,from someday on,this invaluable quality has been gradually neglected by most of us.In most cases,we fail to translate it into practice just for trivial excuses,which will definitely lead to one’s poor performance and even a sorry state of affairs of our society.Beyond any doubt,the negative trend will exert adverse effects on one’s personal growth and will possibly hinder the advancement of a society.So,the picture is a prompt warning./So,the picture shows a good start.Much can be done.A string of campaigns,for example,should be initiated and promoted by institutions or authorities to further enhance people’s enthusiasm of physical exercise.With rational attitude and appropriate measures,a predictable ideal scene can be witnessed in which college students can tap the full potential and gain the rewarding life with good health condition. 【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】By a contrast between two periods of a student’s life:the hard-working middle school times against the carefree college years,the cartoon above cast a critical eye on college student’s indifference to academic pursuits.It is a serious problem that may undermine not only the future of individual students but also the collective strength of our economy.The existing education system has put too much emphasis on the college entrance examination that students approach knowledge with only scores in mind.They fail to recognize the true value of higher education and do not possess self-initiative to strive for deeper understanding.When they have entered college,a place where students are not merely rated by test scores,they falsely believe that they are safe from competition and can thus “take it easy”.It’s a terrible miscaculation.When you fail a test,you may have to spent extra years to attend college.But when you fail your college education,the society,in time,will teach you a tough lesson by giving you a unpromising future without warning and without recourse.In a word,we cannot afford to throw away valuable time and educational resources any more.It is time that college students change their passive attitude towards learning and start to strive for academic excellence on their own initiative.Above stand two pictures,with left one showing that middle school students are under the great academic pressure and with right one illustrating college students are leading a care-free life style.These cartoons will trigger heated discussion for they strike a chord with many people.The pictures above show that the good college education is beneficial to individuals’growth and always indispensable to social progress.In other words,the right way to spend the college life will ensure individual achievements and boost collective successes.Many admit the waste of prime time and idle way of spending college years will exert adverse effects on one’s personal growth and hinder the betterment of society(community).选择句一：(正)Obviously,the pictures highlight the benefits and merits of the excellent family education.选择句二：(负)Evidently ，the pictures dramatize the detrimental impacts caused by the lack of proper college education.So,abundant attention should be attached by all of us.Fortunately,it has captured wide media attention,occupying newspaper headlines and sparking heated discussion on the web.This is a promising start.From my personal perspective,this matter of fact/the status quo/the cultivation of this trait demands more than devoted attention but the instant action as well.A string of campaigns should be initiated and promoted by authorities to enhance people’s awareness of it.The involvement of experts and scholars is also necessary.Their scientific and proper proposals usually help a lot.With rational attitude and appropriate measures,a predictable ideal scene can be witnessed in which we can live our comfortable life with less anxiety and worries/individuals can tap their full potential with the guidance of this trait. 【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】The picture shows a scene of career fair,in which fresh graduates queueing up to ask the potential employer for information relating to the job vacancy,including accommodation,career prospects and salary level.The students’straightforward manner in expressing their deepest concerns indicates a positive trend in the job market.Students seeking employment used to be shy about asking for pay and benefits,for fear of losing favor with the interviewer.The robust economy has changed the power dynamics between young people and recruiters.They have become equal partners at the negotiating table.Students no longer have to look up to the companies for favor of hiring,instead they are favoring businesses with their skills and wisdom.Human resource personnel find it useless to employ mind games to trick or trap college graduates.This is what a healthy job market should look like.Brilliant young people get rewarded for their abilities to generate value and their tenuous efforts at acquiring a craft,while companies attract talents with clear and fair monetary conditions.This new attitude towards employment not only is beneficial for the individual development,but also serves to facilitate a more harmonious and efficient business environment.In brief,I applaud the new generation of confident college students.The picture illustrates a young man holding a resume jumping from one bowl (represents a company)to another.What it tries to convey is that job-hopping is on the rise among young adults,who have lower employee loyalty than previous generations and happily switch allegiance when better opportunity calls.Despite the common lament over the irresponsible young generation,it is actually a trend that grows naturally out of today’s fast-changing business landscape and will serve to sustain the growth of the vibrant new economy.People used to be judged as unreliable and money-grabbing if their records indicate that they have held more than two jobs shorter than two years.Human resource managers used to put this kind of resumes aside without second thought.But employees,especially fresh graduates,do not need to worry about building a bad image due to job-hopping anymore.It has not only become more acceptable,but also increasingly encouraged by companies who are desperate for open-minded talents that can bring new perspectives and adapt to different roles fast.A lot of old-fashioned critics blame the younger generation for having no sense of loyalty.But they are wrong.The nature of work has changed.What the young have done is only to bravely embrace the new business world,take risks and generate more value for the society as a whole. 【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】第二部分：应用文Letter E-mail NoticeMemoReport 小作文必看词：动词：Share/make/express名词：Acknowledgement (致谢)thanks(感谢)welcome (欢迎)inquiry (咨询)Complaint （投诉）Sorry （道歉）regrets （道歉）Resignation （辞职）application （求职/申请）congratulation （祝贺）Recommendation （推荐）advice （建议）suggestion （建议）Dear_____,I am____I am writing this letter to express my _____concerning______.In the first place,I would like to say thank you for your reading of this letter.Meanwhile,I also want this letter will make my idea clear.Firstly,I have found that_______.Secondly,I want to _______.Finally,I hope that____.Thank you again for your attention.I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.With best wishes for the coming New Year!By the way,as the New Year is quickly approaching,I take this opportunity to send my greetings and best wishes to you for the year of 2019.If there is any question or details you want know,don’t hesitate to contact us during our working hours.Your coming call or visit will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,Li Ming Dear sir,I am writing this letter to share/express/make ______.I hope this letter won’t bother you and made myself clear.Firstly,I’d like to present here is _____.Secondly,the related fact of this matter is that_____.Finally,what we should not ignore is ______.I’d like to express my ____again.I hope that____.I believe _____.I am looking forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】Dear____,My name is _______,and I am ________.I am writing this letter to express ____regarding____.This is also the main reason of writing this letter.There are a few factors involved.For one thing,_____.For another,______.In addition,_____.It seems to me that all these things make this letter necessary and I am anticipating ______It would be great if you could ______.I am looking forward to hearing from you.With best wishes!Yours sincerely,Li Ming NoticeI am____I am representing ______and writing this notice to express my _____concerning______.In the first place,I would like to say thank you for your reading of this notice.Meanwhile,I also want this notice will make my idea clear.Firstly,I have found that_______.Secondly,I want to _______.Finally,I hope that____.Thank you again for your attention.I am looking forward to your_____.If there is any question or details you want know,don’t hesitate to contact us during our working hours.Your coming call or visit will be highly appreciated.With best wishes for the coming New Year!(替换语：By the way,as the New Year is quickly approaching,I take this opportunity to send my greetings and best wishes to you for the year of 2019.)The Students Union 齐头式范文：Dear Professor Stevens,I am Li Ming,a senior student of our university major in civil engineering.I am writing this letter to apply for the position of teaching assistant for the course of American History Introduction.I think I am qualified and suitable for this position for the following reasons.Firstly,I have the good communication skills and I am enthusiastic enough to finish your assignment and serve the classmates.Secondly,since my second college year,I have worked as a teaching assistant for Kevin’s mathematic courses.My performance is acknowledged by him and his recommendation letter is attached in this letter.I hope you can accept my application.It will be my great honor and privilege.If there is any question or details you want to know,I am always ready to offer the answer.With my best wishes!Yours sincerely,Li Ming【关注微博 ：考研加油站吧 】【关注微信公众号 ：考研加油站吧 】。

第第一一课课时时考研翻译： a. 弄清什么是翻译 b. 怎么做翻译1）形合与意合 2）繁复与简短P P a a s s s s a a g g e e 9Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recongnized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.3）被动与主动 4）抽象与具体P P a a s s s s a a g g e e 2The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kids of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things, they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.2. 考研翻译的题型、题型特点、考试内容和评分标准1）考研翻译的题型第第二二课课时时2）考研翻译的题型特点3）考研翻译的考试内容P P a a s s s s a a g g e e 3 The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good" as opposed to "bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to newstandards of elegance.P P a a s s s s a a g g e e 10Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth."Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. Anthropology is one of social sciences. (62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. (63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patternedbehavior. (65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.4）考研翻译的评分标准第第三三课课时时3. 考研翻译解题中的常见问题和应对策略4. 考研翻译的步骤、标准和方法P P a a s s s s a a g g e e 9Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recongnized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.第第四四课课时时两个问题需注意：1.笔记问题，做记录不要把汉字直接批注在英语旁边2.答案问题，上课翻译的句子不会给答案，需要你自己来说答案P P a a s s s s a a g g e e 9Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recongnized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, atechnology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.定语从句其有两种翻译方法：1.前置：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词前面。