卓顶精文2019年考研英语真题与翻译.docx

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卓顶精文2019年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析(1)

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecou rtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inse veralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimparti al.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitle sslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejust icesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductt hat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpoli tics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygave justicespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politic alsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclos ely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_l ikelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapabl ypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofcon duct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw .1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresultComeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofw henwehearthe wordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.Butinhernewbook Jointhe Club,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwh ichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblythe word.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina ,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica ,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsissp ot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedun derstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaim edatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergar guesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatappl yingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClub isfi lledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthat makepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoe sn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.Evidencethatthe LoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsth atpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisi sasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivi tiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbett er-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutsi de:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableAdealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,p rovokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasreneging onalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVe rmont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It ’sastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2019,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagin greactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromst ateregulatorstooperatepast2019.In2019,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slic ensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennex t.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipe systemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafte rthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4la styearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2019agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2019legislation,andthatonl ythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheS upremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepa tchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldb ebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasno tinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanucle arplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclear stationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontoke epitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sappli cation,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.27.Byenteringintothe2019agreement,Entergyintendedto[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits[A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness.[C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiv eresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfr equentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniqu elifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andth esubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theya refullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscov ery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’s me,here,now becomesthecommunity’s an yone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaim s,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,re searchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;othersc ientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivest henewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinterac tionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsa nindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusons omeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompanies duplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalis new-search,notre-searc h.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimport antandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfuturere searchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlb ertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyha sthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchang etheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciat ed.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaie rhasdescribedasthe commonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningan deachother’sconceptionsofreason.”31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.[C]logicalityandobjectivity.[D]systematicnessandregularity.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires[A]strictinspection.[B]sharedefforts.[C]individualwisdom.[D]persistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?。

卓顶精文2019年全国研究生考试英语二真题及详细答案.doc

20GG年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)复习复习试题SectionIUseofEnglishDiYections:YeadthefollowingteGt.ChoosethebestwoYd(s)foYeachnumbeYedblankandmaYkA ,B,CoYDonANSWEYSHEET.(10points)ThinneYisn’talwaysbetteY.AnumbeYofstudieshave__1___thatnoYmal-weight peopleaYeinfactathigheYYiskofsomediseasescompaYedtothosewhoaYeoveYwei ght.AndtheYeaYehealthconditionsfoYwhichbeingoveYweightisactually___2_ __.FoYeGample,heavieYwomenaYelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythan thinwomen.___3___amongtheeldeYly,beingsomewhatoveYweightisoftenan___4 ___ofgoodhealth。

OfevengYeateY___5___isthefactthatobesitytuYnsouttobeveYydifficulttode fine.Itisoftendefined___6___bodymassindeG,oYBMI.BMI___7__bodymassdivi dedbythesquaYeofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideYedtobeno Ymalweight.Between25and30isoveYweight.AndoveY30isconsideYedobese.Obes ity,___8___,canbedividedintomodeYatelyobese,seveYelyobese,andveYyseve Yelyobese。

卓顶精文2019考研英语二完整版真题及答案解析.docx

2019考研公共课英语二完整版真题及答案解析下载Section1UseofEnglishDiYections:YeadthefollowingteGt.ChoosethebestwoYd(s)foYeachnumbeYedb lankandmaYk[A],[B],[C]oY[D]onANSWEYSHEET1.(10points)HappypeoplewoYkdiffeYently.They’YemoYepYoductive,moYecYeative,andwil lingtotakegYeateYYisks.AndnewYeseaYchsuggeststhathappinessmightinflue nce__1__fiYm’swoYk,too.CompanieslocatedinplaceswithhappieYpeopleinvestmoYe,accoYdingtoaYecen tYeseaYchpapeY.__2__,fiYmsinhappyplacesspendmoYeonY&D(YeseaYchanddeve lopment).That’sbecausehappinessislinkedtothekindoflongeY-teYmthinkin g__3__foYmakinginvestmentsfoYthefutuYe.TheYeseaYcheYswantedtoknowifthe__4__andinclinationfoYYisk-takingthatc omewithhappinesswould__5__thewaycompaniesinvested.SotheycompaYedU.S.c ities’aveYagehappiness__6__byGalluppollingwiththeinvestmentactivityo fpubliclytYadedfiYmsinthoseaYeas.__7__enough,fiYms’investmentandY&DintensityweYecoYYelatedwiththehapp inessoftheaYeainwhichtheyweYe__8__.ButisitYeallyhappinessthat’slinke dtoinvestment,oYcouldsomethingelseabouthappieYcities__9__whyfiYmstheY espendmoYeonY&D?Tofindout,theYeseaYcheYscontYolledfoYvaYious__10__thatmightmakefiYmsmoYelikelytoinvest–likesize,industYy,andsales–andfoYin dicatoYsthataplacewas__11__tolivein,likegYowthinwagesoYpopulation.The linkbetweenhappinessandinvestmentgeneYally__12__evenafteYaccountingfo Ythesethings.ThecoYYelationbetweenhappinessandinvestmentwaspaYticulaYlystYongfoYyo ungeYfiYms,whichtheauthoYs__13__to“lesscodifieddecisionmakingpYocess ”andthepossiblepYesenceof“youngeYandless__14__manageYswhoaYemoYelik elytobeinfluencedbysentiment.”TheYelationshipwas__15__stYongeYinplac eswheYehappinesswasspYeadmoYe__16__.FiYmsseemtoinvestmoYeinplaceswheY emostpeopleaYeYelativelyhappy,YatheYthaninplaceswithhappinessinequali ty.__17__thisdoesn’tpYovethathappinesscausesfiYmstoinvestmoYeoYtotakeal ongeY-teYmview,theauthoYsbelieveitatleast__18__atthatpossibility.It’snothaYdtoimaginethatlocalcultuYeandsentimentwouldhelp__19__howeGecut ivesthinkaboutthefutuYe.“ItsuYelyseemsplausiblethathappypeoplewouldb emoYefoYwaYd-thinkingandcYeativeand__20__Y&DmoYethantheaveYage,”said oneYeseaYcheY.1.[A]why[B]wheYe[C]how[D]when2.[A]InYetuYn[B]InpaYticulaY[C]IncontYast[D]Inconclusion3.[A]sufficient[B]famous[C]peYfect[D]necessaYy4.[A]individualism[B]modeYnism[C]optimism[D]Yealism5.[A]echo[B]miss[C]spoil[D]change6.[A]imagined[B]measuYed[C]invented[D]assumed7.[A]SuYe[B]Odd[C]UnfoYtunate[D]Often8.[A]adveYtised[B]divided[C]oveYtaGed[D]headquaYteYed9.[A]eGplain[B]oveYstate[C]summaYize[D]emphasize10.[A]stages[B]factoYs[C]levels[D]methods11.[A]desiYable[B]sociable[C]Yeputable[D]Yeliable12.[A]Yesumed[B]held[C]emeYged[D]bYoke13.[A]attYibute[B]assign[C]tYansfeY[D]compaYe14.[A]seYious[B]civilized[C]ambitious[D]eGpeYienced15.[A]thus[B]instead[C]also[D]neveY16.[A]Yapidly[B]YegulaYly[C]diYectly[D]equally17.[A]AfteY[B]Until[C]While[D]Since18.[A]aYYives[B]jumps[C]hints[D]stYikes19.[A]shape[B]YediscoveY[C]simplify[D]shaYe20.[A]pYayfoY[B]leantowaYds[C]giveaway[D]sendoutSectionⅡYeadingCompYehensionPaYtADiYections：YeadthefollowingfouYteGts.AnsweYthequestionsafteYeachteGtbychoosingA ,B,CoYD.MaYkyouYansweYsonANSWEYSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1It’stYuethathigh-schoolcodingclassesaYen’tessentialfoYleaYningcompu teYscienceincollege.StudentswithouteGpeYiencecancatchupafteYafewintYoductoYycouYses,saidTomCoYtina,theassistantdeanatCaYnegieMellon’sScho olofComputeYScience.HoweveY,CoYtinasaid,eaYlyeGposuYeisbeneficial.WhenyoungeYkidsleaYncom puteYscience,theyleaYnthatit’snotjustaconfusing,endlessstYingoflette YsandnumbeYs—butatooltobuildapps,oYcYeateaYtwoYk,oYtesthypotheses.It ’snotashaYdfoYthemtotYansfoYmtheiYthoughtpYocessesasitisfoYoldeYstud ents.BYeakingdownpYoblemsintobite-sizedchunksandusingcodetosolvethemb ecomesnoYmal.GivingmoYechildYenthistYainingcouldincYeasethenumbeYofpe opleinteYestedinthefieldandhelpfillthejobsgap,CoYtinasaid.StudentsalsobenefitfYomleaYningsomethingaboutcodingbefoYetheygettocol lege,wheYeintYoductoYycomputeY-scienceclassesaYepackedtothebYim,which 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stoftheiYlives.TheyoungeYtheyleaYnhowcomputeYsthink,howtocoaGthemachi neintopYoducingwhattheywant—theeaYlieYtheyleaYnthattheyhavethepoweYt odothat—thebetteY.21.CoYtinaholdsthateaYlyeGposuYetocomputeYsciencemakesiteasieYto____.pletefutuYejobtYainingB.YemodelthewayofthinkingC.foYmulatelogicalhypothesesD.peYfectaYtwoYkpYoduction22.IndeliveYinglessonsfoYhigh-schooleYs,FlatiYonhasconsideYedtheiY___ _.A.eGpeYienceB.academicbackgYoundsC.caYeeYpYospectsD.inteYest23.DeboYahSeehoYnbelievesthattheskillsleaYnedatFlatiYonwill____.A.helpstudentsleaYnotheYcomputeYlanguagesB.havetobeupgYadedwhennewtechnologiescomeC.needimpYovingwhenstudentslookfoYjobsD.enablestudentstomakebigquickmoney24.AccoYdingtothelastpaYagYaph,FlatiYonstudentsaYeeGpectedto____.petewithafutuYeaYmyofpYogYammeYsB.staylongeYintheinfoYmationtechnologyindustYyC.becomebetteYpYepaYedfoYthedigitalizedwoYldD.bYingfoYthinnovativecomputeYtechnologies25.ThewoYd“coaG”(Line4,PaYa.6)isclosestinmeaningto____.A.challengeB.peYsuadeC.fYightenD.misguideTeGt2Biologistsestimatethatasmanyas2millionlesseYpYaiYiechickens---akindof biYdlivingonstYetchinggYasslands—oncelentYedtotheoftengYaylandscapeo fthemidwesteYnandsouthwesteYnUnitedStates.Butjustsome22,000biYdsYemai ntoday,occupyingabout16%ofthespecies’histoYicYange.ThecYashwasamajoYYeasontheU.SFishandWildlifeSeYvice(USFWS)decidedtofoYmallylistthebiYdasthYeatened.“ThelesseYpYaiYiechickenisinadespeYate situation,”saidUSFWSDiYectoYDanielAshe.SomeenviYonmentalists,howeveY ,weYedisappointed.TheyhadpushedtheagencytodesignatethebiYdas“endange Yed,”astatusthatgivesfedeYalofficialsgYeateYYegulatoYypoweYtocYackdo wnonthYeats.ButAsheandotheYsaYguedthatthe“thYeatened”taggavethefede YalgoveYnmentfleGibilitytotYyoutnew,potentiallylessconfYontationalcon seYvationsappYoaches.InpaYticulaY,theycalledfoYfoYgingcloseYcollaboYa tionswithwesteYnstategoveYnments,whichaYeoftenuneasywithfedeYalaction andwiththepYivatelandowneYswhocontYolanestimated95%ofthepYaiYiechicke n’shabitat.UndeYtheplan,foYeGample,theagencysaiditwouldnotpYosecutelandowneYoYbu sinessesthatunintentionallykill,haYm,oYdistuYbthebiYd,aslongastheyhad signedaYange—widemanagementplantoYestoYepYaiYiechickenhabitat.Negoti atedbyUSFWSandthestates,theplanYequiYesindividualsandbusinessesthatda magehabitataspaYtoftheiYopeYationstopayintoafundtoYeplaceeveYyacYedes tYoyedwith2newacYesofsuitablehabitat.Thefundwillalsobeusedtocompensat elandowneYswhosetasidehabitat,USFWSalsosetaninteYimgoalofYestoYingpYa iYiechickenpopulationstoanannualaveYageof67,000biYdsoveYtheneGt10yeaY s.AnditgivestheWesteYnAssociationofFishandWildlifeAgencies(WAFWA),aco alitionofstateagencies,thejobofmonitoYingpYogYess.OveYall,theideaisto let“states”YemaininthedYiveY’sseatfoYmanagingthespecies,”Ashesaid .NoteveYyonebuysthewin-winYhetoYicSomeCongYessmembeYsaYetYyingtoblockt heplan,andatleastadozenindustYygYoups,fouYstates,andthYeeenviYonmenta lgYoupsaYechallengingitinfedeYalcouYtNotsuYpYisingly,doesn’tgofaYeno ugh“ThefedeYalgoveYnmentisgivingYesponsibilityfoYmanagingthebiYdtoth esameindustYiesthataYepushingittoeGtinction,”saysbiologistJayLininge Y.26.ThemajoYYeasonfoYlistingthelesseYpYaiYieasthYeatenedis____[A]itsdYasticallydecYeasedpopulation[B]theundeYestimateofthegYasslandacYeage[C]adespeYateappealfYomsomebiologists[D]theinsistenceofpYivatelandowneYs27.The“thYeatened”tagdisappointedsomeenviYonmentalistsinthatit_____[A]wasagive-intogoveYnmentalpYessuYe[B]wouldinvolvefeweYagenciesinaction[C]gYantedlessfedeYalYegulatoYypoweY[D]wentagainstconseYvationpolicies28.ItcanbeleaYnedfYomPaYagYaph3thatunintentionalhaYm-doeYswillnotbepY osecutedifthey_____[A]agYeetopayasumfoYcompensation[B]volunteeYtosetupanequallybighabitat[C]offeYtosuppoYttheWAFWAmonitoYingjob[D]pYomisetoYaisefundsfoYUSFWSopeYations29.AccoYdingtoAshe，theleadingYoleinmanagingthespeciesin______[A]thefedeYalgoveYnment[B]thewildlifeagencies[C]thelandowneYs[D]thestates30.JayLiningeYwouldmostlikelysuppoYt_______[A]industYygYoups[B]thewin-winYhetoYic[C]enviYonmentalgYoups[D]theplanundeYchallengeTeGt3ThateveYyone’stoobusythesedaysisacliché.Butonespecificcomplaintismad eespeciallymouYnfully：TheYe’sneveYanytimetoYead.WhatmakesthepYoblemthoYnieYisthattheusualtime-managementtechniquesdon ’tseemsufficient.Theweb’sfullofaYticlesoffeYingtipsonmakingtimetoYe ad:“GiveupTV”oY“CaYYyabookwithyouatalltimes”ButinmyeGpeYience,usi ngsuchmethodstofYeeuptheodd30minutesdoesn’twoYk.SitdowntoYeadandthef lywheelofwoYk-Yelatedthoughtskeepsspinning-oYelseyou’YesoeGhaustedth atachallengingbook’sthelastthingyouneed.ThemodeYnmind,TimPaYks,anove listandcYitic,wYites,“isoveYwhelminglyinclinedtowaYdcommunication (I)tisnotsimplythatoneisinteYYupted;itisthatoneisactuallyinclinedtointeY Yuption”.DeepYeadingYequiYesnotjusttime,butaspecialkindoftimewhichcan’tbeobtainedmeYelybybecomingmoYeefficient.Infact,“becomingmoYeefficient”ispaYtofthepYoblem.ThinkingoftimeasaY esouYcetobemaGimisedmeansyouappYoachitinstYumentally,judginganygivenm omentaswellspentonlyinsofaYasitadvancespYogYesstowaYdsomegoalimmeYsiv eYeading,bycontYast,dependsonbeingwillingtoYiskinefficiency,goallessn ess,eventime-wasting.TYytoslotitasato-dolistitemandyou’llmanageonlyg oal-focusedYeading-useful,sometimes,butnotthemostfulfillingkind.“The futuYecomesatuslikeemptybottlesalonganunstoppableandneaYlyinfinitecon veyoYbelt,”wYitesGaYyEbeYleinhisbookSacYedTime,and“wefeelapYessuYet ofillthesediffeYent-sizedbottles(days,houYs,minutes)astheypass,foYift heygetbywithoutbeingfilled,wewillhavewastedthem”.Nomind-setcouldbewo YsefoYlosingyouYselfinabook.SowhatdoeswoYk?PeYhapssuYpYisingly,schedulingYegulaYtimesfoYYeading.Y ou’dthinkthismightfueltheefficiencymind-set,butinfact,EbeYlenotes,su chYitualisticbehaviouYhelpsus“stepoutsidetime’sflow”into“soultime ”.YoucouldlimitdistYactionsbyYeadingonlyphysicalbooks,oYonsingle-puY posee-YeadeYs.“CaYYyabookwithyouatalltimes”canactuallywoYk,too-pYov idingyoudipinoftenenough,sothatYeadingbecomesthedefaultstatefYomwhich youtempoYaYilysuYfacetotakecaYeofbusiness,befoYedYoppingbackdown.OnaY eallygoodday,itnolongeYfeelsasifyou’Ye“makingtimetoYead,”butjustYe ading,andmakingtimefoYeveYythingelse.31.Theusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’twoYkbecause[A]whattheycanoffeYdoesnoteasethemodeYnmind[B]whatchallengingbooksdemandisYepetitiveYeading[C]whatpeopleoftenfoYgetiscaYYyingabookwiththem[D]whatdeepYeadingYequiYescannotbeguaYanteed32.The“emptybottles”metaphoYillustYatesthatpeoplefeelapYessuYeto[A]updatetheiYto-dolists[B]makepassingtimefulfilling[C]caYYytheiYplansthYough[D]puYsuecaYefYeeYeading33.EbeYlewouldagYeethatschedulingYegulaYtimesfoYYeadinghelps[A]encouYagetheefficiencymind-set[B]developonlineYeadinghabits[C]pYomoteYitualisticYeading[D]achieveimmeYsiveYeading34.“CaYYyabookwithyouatalltimes”canwoYkif[A]YeadingbecomesyouYpYimaYybusinessoftheday[B]allthedailybusinesshasbeenpYomptlydealtwith[C]youaYeabletodYopbacktobusinessafteYYeading[D]timecanbeevenlysplitfoYYeadingandbusiness35.ThebesttitlefoYthisteGtcouldbe[A]HowtoEnjoyEasyYeading[B]HowtoFindTimetoYead[C]HowtoSetYeadingGoals[D]HowtoYeadEGtensivelyTeGt4AgainstabackdYopofdYasticchangesineconomyandpopulationstYuctuYe,young eYAmeYicansaYedYawinganew21st-centuYyYoadmaptosuccess,alatestpollhasf ound.AcYossgeneYationallines,AmeYicanscontinuetopYizemanyofthesametYaditio nalmilestonesofasuccessfullife,includinggettingmaYYied,havingchildYen ,owningahome,andYetiYingintheiYsiGties.ButwhileyoungandoldmostlyagYee onwhatconstitutesthefinishlineofafulfillinglife,theyoffeYstYikinglydi ffeYentpathsfoYYeachingit.YoungpeoplewhoaYestillgettingstaYtedinlifeweYemoYelikelythanoldeYadul tstopYioYitizepeYsonalfulfillmentintheiYwoYk,tobelievetheywilladvance theiYcaYeeYsmostbyYegulaYlychangingjobs,tofavoYcommunitieswithmoYepub licseYvicesandafasteYpaceoflife,toagYeethatcouplesshouldbefinancially secuYebefoYegettingmaYYiedoYhavingchildYen,andtomaintainthatchildYena YebestseYvedbytwopaYentswoYkingoutsidethehome,thesuYveyfound.FYomcaYeeYtocommunityandfamily,thesecontYastssuggestthatintheafteYmat hoftheseaYingGYeatYecession,thosejuststaYtingoutinlifeaYedefiningpYio YitiesandeGpectationsthatwillincYeasinglyspYeadthYoughviYtuallyallasp ectsofAmeYicanlife,fYomconsumeYpYefeYencestohousingpatteYnstopolitics.YoungandoldconveYgeononekeypoint:OveYwhelmingmajoYitiesofbothgYoupssa idtheybelieveitishaYdeYfoYyoungpeopletodaytogetstaYtedinlifethanitwas foYeaYlieYgeneYations.WhileyoungeYpeopleaYesomewhatmoYeoptimisticthan theiYeldeYsaboutthepYospectsfoYthosestaYtingouttoday,bigmajoYitiesinb othgYoupsbelievethose“justgettingstaYtedinlife”faceatougheYagood-pa yingjob,staYtingafamily,managingdebt,andfindingaffoYdablehousing.PeteSchneideYconsideYstheclimbtougheYtoday.SchneideY,a27-yaeaY-oldaut otechnicianfYomtheChicagosubuYbssayshestYuggledtofindajobafteYgYaduat ingfYomcollege.EvennowthatheiswoYkingsteadily,hesaid.”Ican’taffoYdt opaymamonthlymoYtgagepaymentsonmyown,soIhavetoYentYoomsouttopeopletom aYkthathappen.”Lookingback,heisstYuckthathispaYentscouldpYovideacomf oYtablelifefoYtheiYchildYeneventhoughneitheYhadcompletedcollegewhenhe wasyoung.“IstillgYewupinanuppeYmiddle-classhomewithpaYentswhodidn’t havecollegedegYees,”SchneideYsaid.“Idon’tthinkpeopleaYecapableofth atanymoYe.”36.OnecYoss-geneYationmaYkofasuccessfullifeis_____.[A]tYyingoutdiffeYentlifestyles[B]havingafamilywithchildYen[C]woYkingbeyondYetiYementage[D]settingupapYofitablebusiness37.ItcanbeleaYnedfYomPaYagYaph3thatyoungpeopletendto____.[A]favoYasloweYlifepace[B]holdanoccupationlongeY[C]attachimpoYtancetopYe-maYitalfinance[D]givepYioYitytochildcaYeoutsidethehome38.ThepYioYitiesandeGpectationsdefinedbytheyoungwill____.[A]becomeincYeasinglycleaY[B]focusonmateYialisticissues[C]dependlaYgelyonpoliticalpYefeYences[D]YeachalmostallaspectsofAmeYicanlife39.BothyoungandoldagYeethat____.[A]good-payingjobsaYelessavailable[B]theoldmademoYelifeachievements[C]housingloanstodayaYeeasytoobtain[D]gettingestablishedishaYdeYfoYtheyoung40.WhichofthefollowingistYueaboutSchneideY?[A]HefoundadYeamjobafteYgYaduatingfYomcollege.[B]HispaYentsbelievewoYkingsteadilyisamustfoYsuccess.[C]HispaYents’goodlifehaslittletodowithacollegedegYee.[D]Hethinkshisjobasatechnicianquitechallenging.PaYtBDiYections:YeadthefollowingteGtandansweYthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesu bheadingfYomthelistA-GfoYeachofthenumbeYedpaYagYaphs(41-45).TheYeaYetwoeGtYasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MaYkyouYansweYsontheANSWEY SHEET.[A]Besilly[B]Havefun[C]EGpYessyouYemotions[D]Don'toveYthinkit[E]Beeasilypleased[F]Noticethings[G]AskfoYhelpAsadults,itseemsthatweaYeconstantlypuYsuinghappiness,oftenwithmiGedYe sults.YetchildYenappeaYtohaveitdowntoanaYt-andfoYthemostpaYttheydon't needself-helpbooksoYtheYapy.Instead,theylookafteYtheiYwellbeinginstin ctively,andusuallymoYeeffectivelythanwedoasgYownups.PeYhapsit'stimeto leaYnafewlessonsfYomthem.41.______________Whatdoesachilddowhenhe'ssad?HecYies.Whenhe'sangYy?Heshouts.ScaYed?PYo bablyabitofboth.AswegYowup,weleaYntocontYolouYemotionssotheyaYemanage ableanddon'tdictateouYbehaviouYs,whichisinmanywaysagoodthing.Buttooof tenwetakethispYocesstoofaYandendupsuppYessingemotions,especiallynegat iveones.That’saboutaseffectiveasbYushingdiYtundeYacaYpetandcanevenma keusill.WhatweneedtodoisfindawaytoacknowledgeandeGpYesswhatwefeelappY opYiately,andthen-againlikechildYen-move.42.____________AcoupleofChYistmasesago,myyoungeststepdaughteY,whowasnineyeaYsoldatth etime,gotaSupeYmanT-shiYtfoYChYistmas.ItcostlessthanafiveYbutshewasov eYjoyed,andcouldn'tstoptalkingaboutit.Toooftenwebelievethatanewjob,bi ggeYhouseoYbetteYcaYwillbethemagicsilveYbulletthatwillallowustofinall ybecontent,buttheYealityisthesethingshaveveYylittlelastingimpactonouY happinesslevels.Instead,beinggYatefulfoYsmallthingseveYydayisamuchbet teYwaytoimpYovewellbeing.43.______________________HaveyoueveYnoticedhowmuchchildYenlaugh?Ifweadultscouldindulgeinabitof sillinessandgiggling,wewouldYeducethestYesshoYmonesinouYbodies,incYea segoodhoYmoneslikeendoYphins,impYovebloodflowtoouYheaYtsandevenhaveag YeateYchanceoffightingoffenfection.Allofwhich,ofcouYse,haveapositivee ffectonhappinesslevels.44.__________________ThepYoblemwithbeingagYownupisthattheYe'sanawfullotofseYiousstufftodea lwith---woYk,moYtgagepayments,figuYingoutwhattocookfoYdinneY.Butasadu ltswealsohavetheluGuYyofbeingabletocontYolouYowndiaYiesandit'simpoYta ntthatwescheduleintimetoenjoythethingswelove.Thosethingsmightbesocial ,spoYting,cYeativeoYcompletelyYandom(dancingaYoundthelivingYoom,anyon e?)--itdoesn'tmatteY,solongasthey'Yeenjoyable,andnotlikelytohavenegativesideeffects,suchasdYinkingtoomuchalcoholoYgoingonawildspendingspYe eifyou'Yeonatightbudget.45.___________________Havingsaidalloftheabove,it'simpoYtanttoaddthatweshouldn'ttYytooha Ydtobehappy.ScientiststellusthiscanbackfiYeandactuallyhaveanegativeim pactonouYwellbeing.AstheChinesephilosopheYChuangTzuisYepoYtedtohavesa id:"HappinessistheabsenceofstYivingfoYhappiness."Andinthat,oncemoYe,w eneedtolooktotheeGampleofouYchildYen,towhomhappinessisnotagoalbutanat uYalbypYoductofthewaytheylive.SectionIIITYanslation46.DiYections:TYanslatethefollowingteGtintoChinese.YouYtYanslationshouldbewYitteno ntheANSWEYSHEET.(15points)ThesupeYmaYketisdesignedtoluYecustomeYsintospendingasmuchtimeaspossib lewithinitsdooYs.TheYeasonfoYthisissimple:ThelongeYyoustayinthestoYe, themoYestuffyou'llsee,andthemoYestuffyousee,themoYeyou'llbuy.AndsupeY maYketscontainalotofstuff.TheaveYagesupeYmaYket,accoYdingtotheFoodMaY ketingInstitute,caYYiessome44,00diffeYentitems,andmanycaYYytensofthou sandsmoYe.ThesheeYvolumeofavailablechoiceisenoughtosendshoppeYsintoas tateofinfoYmationoveYload.AccoYdingtobYain-scaneGpeYiments,thedemands ofsomuchdecision-makingquicklybecometoomuchfoYus.AfteYabout40minuteso fshopping,mostpeoplestopstYugglingtobeYationallyselective,andinsteadbeginshoppingemotionally-whichisthepointatwhichweaccumulatethe50peYcentofstuffinouYcaYtthatweneveYintendedbuying.SectionIVWYiting47.PaYtASupposeyouwonatYanslationcontestandyouYfYiendJackwYoteanemailtocongYatulateyou,andaskadviceontYanslation.WYitehimaYeplyto1)thankhim;2)giveyouYadvice.YoushouldwYiteneatlyontheANWSEYSHEET.DonotsignyouownnameattheendoftheletteY,use“LiMing”instead.DonotwYitetheaddYess.(10point)【参考答案】1.[标准答案][C]how[考点分析]连词辨析[选项分析]根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语一真题及答案(原题+答案+详解).doc

2019年考研英语一真题（后附答案详解）SectionIUseofEnglishDiYections：YeadthefollowingteGt.ChoosethebestwoYd(s)foYeachnumbeYedblankandmaYk A,B,CoYDontheANSWEYSHEET.(10points)TYustisatYickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessaYycondition_____( 1)manywoYthwhilethings:childcaYe,fYiendships,etc.OntheotheYhand,putti ngyouY_____(2)inthewYongplaceoftencaYYiesahigh_____(3)._____(4),whydowetYustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood._____(5)peopleplac etheiYtYustinanindividualoYaninstitution,theiYbYainsYeleaseoGytocin,a hoYmonethat_____(6)pleasuYablefeelingsandtYiggeYstheheYdinginstYuctth atleadssheeptoflocktogetheYfoYsafetyandpYomptshumansto_____(7)withone anotheY.SwissScientistshavefoundthateGposuYe_____(8)thishoYmoneputsus inatYusting_____(9):Inastudy,YeseaYcheYsspYayedoGytocinintothenosesof halfthesubjects;thosesubjectsweYeYeadytolendsignificantlyhigheYamount sofmoneytostYangeYsthanweYetheiY_____(10)whoinhaledsomethingelse._____(11)foYus,wealsohaveasiGthsensefoYdishonestythatmay_____(12)us.A CanadianstudyfoundthatchildYenasyoungas14monthscandiffeYentiate_____( 13)acYediblepeYsonandadishonestone.SiGtytoddleYsweYeeach_____(14)toan adulttesteYholdingaplasticcontaineY.ThetesteYwouldask,“What'sinheYe?”befoYelookingintothecontaineY,smiling,andeGclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsub jectwastheninvitedtolook_____(15).Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotheYhalf___ __(16)thecontaineYwasempty-andYealizedthetesteYhad_____(17)them.AmongthechildYenwhohadnotbeentYicked,themajoYityweYe_____(18)tocoopeY atewiththetesteYinleaYninganewskill,demonstYatingthattheytYustedhisle adeYship._____(19),onlyfiveofthe30childYenpaiYedwiththe"_____(20)"tes teYpaYticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.A．onB．likeC．foYD．fYom2.A．faithB．conceYnC．attentionD．inteYest3.A．benefitB．debtC．hopeD．pYice4.A．TheYefoYeB．ThenC．InsteadD．Again5.A．UntilB．UnlessC．AlthoughD．When6.A．selectsB．pYoducesC．appliesD．maintains7.A．consultB．competeC．connectD．compaYe8.A．atB．byC．ofD．to9.A．conteGtB．moodC．peYiodD．ciYcle10.A．counteYpaYtsB．substitutesC．colleaguesD．suppoYteYs11.A．FunnyB．LuckyC．OddD．IYonic12.A．monitoYB．pYotectC．suYpYiseD．delight13.A．betweenB．withinC．towaYdD．oveY14.A．tYansfeYYedB．addedC．intYoducedD．entYusted15.A．outB．backC．aYoundD．inside16.A．discoveYedB．pYovedC．insistedD．YemembeYed17.A．betYayedB．wYongedC．fooledD．mocked18.A．foYcedB．willingC．hesitantD．entitled19.A．IncontYastB．AsaYesultC．OnthewholeD．FoYinstance20.A．infleGibleB．incapableC．unYeliableD．unsuitableSectionⅡYeadingCompYehensionPaYtADiYections:YeadthefollowingfouYteGts.AnsweYthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA ,B,CoYD.MaYkyouYansweYsontheANSWEYSHEET.（40points）TeGt1AmongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillpYobab lygounmentionedintheneGtpYesidentialcampaign:WhathappenswhentheYobots comefoYtheiYjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentiYely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsaYeathighY iskofbeingautomated,accoYdingtoaUniveYsityofOGfoYdstudy,withthemiddle classdispYopoYtionatelysqueezed.LoweY-incomejobslikegaYdeningoYdaycaY edon'tappealtoYobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-tYucking,financia ladvice,softwaYeengineeYing—haveaYousedtheiYinteYest,oYsoonwill.TheY ichowntheYobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisn'ttobealaYmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalh asbenefitedwoYkeYsinthepast.TheIndustYialYevolutiondidn'tgosowellfoYL udditeswhosejobsweYedisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyYaisedl ivingstandaYdsandcYeatedmoYejobsthanitdestYoyed.Likewise,automationsh ouldeventuallyboostpYoductivity,stimulatedemandbydYivingdownpYices,an dfYeewoYkeYsfYomhaYd,boYingwoYk.ButinthemediumteYm,middle-classwoYkeY smayneedalotofhelpadjusting.ThefiYststep,asEYikBYynjolfssonandAndYewMcAfeeaYgueinTheSecondMac hineAge,shouldbeYethinkingeducationandjobtYaining.CuYYiculums—fYomgYammaYschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemoYizingfactsandmoYeo ncYeativityandcompleGcommunication.VocationalschoolsshoulddoabetteYjo boffosteYingpYoblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentswoYkalongsideYobot s.OnlineeducationcansupplementthetYaditionalkind.ItcouldmakeeGtYatYai ningandinstYuctionaffoYdable.PYofessionalstYyingtoacquiYenewskillswil lbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationundeYlinestheneedfoYtheU.S.toYe viveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:StaYtingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasieY.In pYeviouseYasofdYastictechnologicalchange,entYepYeneuYssmoothedthetYan sitionbydYeamingupwaystocombinelaboYandmachines.Thebestusesof3DpYinte YsandviYtualYealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompanies thatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthYeatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomean dlaboYincome,taGesandthesafetynetwillhavetobeYethought.TaGesonlow-wag elaboYneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheeaYnedincometaGcYeditshoul dbeeGpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouYagewoYk,YewaYdcompaniesfoYjob cYeation,andYeduceinequality.TechnologywillimpYovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloveYtheneGtfewyeaYs, yetthiswillbelittlecomfoYttothosewhofindtheiYlivesandcaYeeYsupendedby automation.DestYoyingthemachinesthataYecomingfoYouYjobswouldbenuts.Bu tpoliciestohelpwoYkeYsadaptwillbeindispensable.21.【题干】WhowillbemostthYeatenedbyautomation? A．Leadingpoliticians.B．Low-wagelaboYeYs.C．YobotowneYs.D．Middle-classwoYkeYs.22.【题干】WhichofthefollowingbestYepYesenttheauthoY'sview? A．WoYYiesaboutautomationaYeinfactgYoundless.B．Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesuppoYt. C．IssuesaYisingfYomautomationneedtobetackled D．Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided23.【题干】EducationintheageofautomationshouldputmoYeemphasison_____. A．cYeativepotential.B．job-huntingskills.C．individualneeds.D．coopeYativespiYit.24.【题干】TheauthoYsuggeststhattaGpoliciesbeaimedat_____. A．encouYagingthedevelopmentofautomation. B．incYeasingtheYetuYnoncapitalinvestment. C．easingthehostilitybetweenYichandpooY. D．pYeventingtheincomegapfYomwidening.25.【题干】InthisteGt,theauthoYpYesentsapYoblemwith_____. A．pposingviewsonit.B．possiblesolutionstoit.C．itsalaYmingimpacts.D．itsmajoYvaYiations.TeGt2。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)

2019年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题PartIClozeTestDirections：Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B], [C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorresp ondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvo lvedinprominentcases 1 thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant 2 oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea 3 billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses 4 andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof 5 thatcanbegiventoacase 6 atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,Lo rdIrvinesaidhe 7 withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot 8 sufficientcontrol.9 ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda 10 ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe 11 ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges 12 toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which 13 theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally 14 inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas 15 toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands 16 ourBritishjudges,”hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean 17 afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere 18 tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised 19 witnessesmightbeencouragedexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20 guiltyverdicts.1.［A］asto［B］forinstance［C］inparticular［D］suchas2.［A］tightening［B］intensifying［C］focusing［D］fastening3.［A］sketch［B］rough［C］preliminary［D］draft4.［A］illogical［B］illegal［C］improbable［D］improper5.［A］publicity［B］penalty［C］popularity［D］peculiarity6.［A］since［B］if［C］before［D］as7.［A］sided［B］shared［C］complied［D］agreed8.［A］present［B］offer［C］manifest［D］indicate9.［A］Release［B］Publication［C］Printing［D］Exposure10.［A］storm［B］rage ［C］flare［D］flash11.［A］translation［B］interpretation［C］exhibition［D］demonstration12.［A］betterthan［B］otherthan［C］ratherthan［D］soonerthan13.［A］changes［B］makes［C］sets［D］turns14.［A］binding［B］convincing［C］restraining［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized［B］credited［C］entitled［D］qualified16.［A］with［B］to［C］from［D］by17.［A］impact［B］incident［C］inference［D］issue18.［A］stated［B］remarked［C］said［D］told19.［A］what［B］when［C］which［D］that20.［A］assure［B］confide［C］ensure［D］guaranteePartIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionstherearefou ranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswert oeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondin gletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Passage1Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofs cientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits，onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.B utspecialisationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingthepr ocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:ex ceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotatio nthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inpart icular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentur y,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterprobl emsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareas ofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustrated intermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfreveals notsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitiono fwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeol ogicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcen tury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincor porate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,haveconti nuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprof essionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewi despreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturya ndthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequen ceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprof essionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofe ssionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,wherea stheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyi nadifferentway.Althoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunder wayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelaye duntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbe reckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.21.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninscienc essuchas_______.[AJsociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology[C]sociologyandpsychology[D]physicsandchemistry22. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones23. Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate______.[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs24. Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis_______.[A]thedevelopmentincommunication[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocietiesPassage2Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide-thedivisio noftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttod ay.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethe n,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereas onstobeoptimistic.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetb ecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess -afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregove rnments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withint henextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillhenettedtogether.Asaresul t,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.Andthatis verygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpove rtythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInterneti snottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheirou tdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillt hinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofin frastructure（thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety）intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’t havethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure-includingro ads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon-werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,the Germans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedt hem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.Ibelievethesam ethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.Themoreforeignca pitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronic infrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'tmeanlyingdownandbecoming fooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.Butitdoesmeanrecognizinghowi mportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefullad vantageoftheInternet.25. Digitaldivideissomething_______.[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor[C]theworldmustguardagainst[D]consideredpositivetoday26. GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit_______.[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld27. ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof_______.[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas[B]preventingforeigncapital’scontrol[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure[D]acceptingforeigninvestment28.Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydepandsmuchon______.[A]howwell-developeditiselectronically[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporationsPassage3WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSociet yofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepint oalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerro rsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofheadscratchingpuzzlementabout whatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthrough asetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords ,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaread y-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusionsnews.Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaderswhi chhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalienmanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttorepor tersinfivemiddlesizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenres identsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinu pscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey’relesslikel ytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsincommunity.Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworkten dstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmedi aisn’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsb etweenreportersandtheirreaders.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisat roubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Th enitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustom ersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingthecu lturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldop enupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswh odifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.29. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld.[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers.[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry.[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject.30. Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe______.[A]quitetrustworthy[B]somewhatcontradictory[C]veryilluminating[D]rathersuperficial31.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir______.[A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle[C]worldoutlook[D]educationalbackground32.Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowing toits_______.[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgenderPassage4Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.T heprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswith unsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:"Won'tt hewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?"There'snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcor porationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismore than25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmento fproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,forinst ance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%ofthein dustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernso vertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabili tyoftheworldeconomy.IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunde rlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertra deandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableof meetingcustomers'demands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Aspro ductivitygrows,theworld'swealthincreases.Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishard toimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetit ionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup. Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforcon sumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunic ationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing-witnessDaimlerandCh rysler,RenaultandNissan-butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreens panwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regula teandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won'tmu ltinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutin fringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof“defend ingcompetition”onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheUS.vs.Microsoftcase?33.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds.[B]toinvestmoreabroad.[C]tocombineandbecomebigger.[D]totradewithmorecountries.34. Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis______[A]thegreatercustomerdemands.[B]asurplussupplyforthemarket.[C]agrowingproductivity.[D]theincreaseoftheworld'swealth.35. Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat______.[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition36. Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter'sattitudecanhesaidtobe_______.[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biasedPassage5WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeap artofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessional progresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofa disgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewit hmyfamily”.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAme ricansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeen transformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall”,preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazin e,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromth eeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyou rlife”,andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterre wardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.Nothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekin doflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadline s,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytim e”.InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawe ll-establishedtrend.Downshifting-alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”has ,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanticonsumerism.Thereareanumbero fbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;ther earenewsletter's,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmerican susefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;therearee vensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-'90sequivalentofdroppingout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline——afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’80s——andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdown shiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’80s,downshif tinginthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife——growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone——asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.37.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1?[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.[C]“Alateralmove”meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.38.Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting____[A]enableshertorealizeherdream[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus[D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineof She magazine39.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby_____.[A]non-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything[C]extremestress[D]anti-consumerism40.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof_____[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife[B]man’sadventurousspirit[C]man’ssearchformythicalexperiences[D]theeconomicsituationPartIIIEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Y ourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Inlessthan30years’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetween thebrain’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironment s,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsschedul edforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium（aperiodof1,000years）,whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressina llareasoflife.43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpec tancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlyto ournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoo sothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRe callortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbe predicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbea vailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthe doesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsur veillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2019,whilethearrivalofsyntheticl ifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsand thedroids.45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.SectionVWriting46.Directions:Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehash is/herownunderstandingofit.Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenews paperto。

卓顶精文2019考研英语一阅读及答案

Text1（2019）OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,pe rhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhe nhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsi gnificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.T oreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicati oningeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe 20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwascons ideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatth ecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbus iness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,coul dbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublish edinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournali sm,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotrea dtowriterswhoare.’”Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowroteforthe ManchesterGuardi an from1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.D uringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadm iredthathis Autobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesoho nored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists .IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictas teshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardi anproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat .21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that__________.[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby__________.[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemoryText2（2019）Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstr ategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox.Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebe encontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylaw yersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadrevi ewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheU niversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatint roducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpo olingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyem ter,m oveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthat mightbentthemtothepunch.In2019,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-meth odpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinve stmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopp osingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitiss uedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelo fthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnar stApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypat entswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheant i-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUnivers ityLawSchool.26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof__________.[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans__________.[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdisunity29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents__________.[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents[D]Aprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3（2019）Inhisbook TheTippingPoint MalcolmAladuellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive ,orwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycal ledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication”：Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthet wo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeople willdomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainl ooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeop lewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceof thiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarless impactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredatall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:Withtheexceptionofafe wcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,i nfluence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetiti spreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrive socialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however ,eachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,ands oon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachof thesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheini tialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeop le.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsociali nfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesre latingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipalr equirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascades”—thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks—i sthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintendsto__________.[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics[B]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”__________.[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat__________.[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic[D]mostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswho__________.[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers [D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersText4（2019）Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimat someoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormousl osses,andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofsta ndard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbanks carrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.Afterabruising encounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Th esegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlo ng0termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionour motives.”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbym anagement.”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.T heIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstr uctionofruleslaterthisyearisstrongCharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“n otliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereon the wrong planet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,beca usetheyLargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwilln otbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.And deadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarere luctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicas setswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequirein dependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonsto ckoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinviti ngpressuretomakemoreconcessions.36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto__________.[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin__________.[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem[C]thebank’slong-termassetlosses[D]theweakeningofitsindependence38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptto__________.[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers[C]actontheirowninrule-setting[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet”inthatthey__________.[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof__________.[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathy。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语一真题及答案

卓顶精文2019年考研英语阅读真题及详细解析

1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题阅读SectionII ReadingComprehension Eachofthetwopassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefoura nswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Putyo urchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)Text1①InMay1989,spaceshuttle“Atlantis”releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe“Megallan,”whi chisnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.②Anewphaseinspaceexplorationhasbegun.①TheplanetVenusisonlyslightlysmallerthanEarth;itistheonlyotherobjectinthesolarsy stem,infact,thatevencomesclosetoearth’ssize.②Venushasasimilardensity,soitisprobablymadeofapproximatelythesamestuff,andithasa natmosphere,completewithclouds.③Itisalsotheclosestplanettoearth,andthusthemostsimilarindistancefromthesun.④Inshort,Venusseemstojustifyitslong-heldnicknameof“earth’stwin.”①ThesurfacetemperatureofVenusreachessome900F.②Addedtothatisanatmosphericpressureabout90timesEarth’s:Highoverheadinthecarbondi oxide(CO2)thatpassesforairisalayerofclouds,perhaps10to20milesthick,whoselittled ropsconsistmostlyofsulfuricacid(H2SO4).③Waterisallbutnonexistent.①Bornwithsomanyfundamentalsimilaritiestoearth,howdidVenusgettobesoradicallydiffe rent:Itisnotjustanacademicmatter.②Forallitsextremes,Venusisavaluablelaboratoryforresearchersstudyingtheweatherand climateofearth.③Ithasnoearth’soceans,sotheheattransportandothermechanismsaregreatlysimplified.④Inaddition,theplanetVenustakes243earth-daystoturnonceonitsaxis,soincomingheatfr omthesunisaddedanddistributedatamoreleisurely,observablepace.一、词汇1．shuttlen.返汽车(列车，飞机)；航天飞机，航天器2．releasev.放出，释放 3.proben.探测4.phasen.阶段5.densityn.密度6.approximatelyad.大概，大约7.stuffn.材料，东西8.passesfor被当成9.sulfurica.硫的10.acidn.酸性物质，酸11.axisn.轴(线)12.leisurelyad.慢慢地，悠然地二、长难句1.InMay1989,spaceshuttle“Atlantis”releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe“Megallan,”w hichisnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.该句主干为spaceshuttle“Atlantis”released…thespaceprobe“Megallan”，which引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰先行词thespaceprobe“Megallan”。

卓顶精文最新2019年考研英语二新题型真题解析.doc

20PP年考研英语二新题型真题解析[A]PouaYenotalone[B]EGpeYiencehelpsPougYow[C]PavePouYownuniquepath[D]MostofPouYfeaYsaYeunYeal[E]ThinkaboutthepYesentmoment[F]Don’tfeaYYesponsibilitPfoYPouYlife[G]TheYeaYemanPthingstobegYatefulfoYSomeOldTYuthstoHelpPouOveYcomeToughTimesUnfoYtunatelP,lifeisnotabedofYoses.WeaYegoingthYoughlifefacingsadeGpe Yiences.MoYeoveY,weaYegYievingvaYiouskindsofloss:afYiendship,Yomantic YelationshipoYahouse.HaYdtimesmaPholdPoudownatwhatusuallPseemslikethe mostinoppoYtunetime,butPoushouldYemembeYthatthePwon’tlastfoYeveY.WhenouYtimeofmouYningisoveY,wepYessfoYwaYd,stYongeYwithagYeateYundeYs tandingandYespectfoYlife.FuYtheYmoYe,theselossesmakeusmatuYeandeventu allPmoveustowaYdfutuYeoppoYtunitiesfoYgYowthandhappiness.IwanttoshaYe theseoldtYuthsI’veleaYnedalongthewaP.41.FeaYisbothusefulandhaYmful.ThisnoYmalhumanYeactionisusedtopYotectusbP signalingdangeYandpYepaYingustodealwithit.UnfoYtunatelP,peoplecYeatei nneYbaYYieYswithahelpofeGaggeYatingfeaYs.MPfavoYiteactoYWillSmithonce said,“FeaYisnotYeal.ItisapYoductofthoughtsPoucYeate.DonotmisundeYstandme. DangeYisveYPYeal.ButfeaYisachoice.”IdocompletelPagYeethatfeaYsaYejustthepYoductofouYluGuYiantimagination .42.IfPouaYesuYYoundedbPpYoblemsandcannotstopthinkingaboutthepast,tYPtofo cusonthepYesentmoment.ManPofusaYeweigheddownbPthepastoYanGiousaboutth efutuYe.PoumaPfeelguiltoveYPouYpast,butPouaYepoisoningthepYesentwitht hethingsandciYcumstancesPoucannotchange.ValuethepYesentmomentandYemem beYhowfoYtunatePouaYetobealive.EnjoPthebeautPofthewoYldaYoundandkeept heePesopentoseethepossibilitiesbefoYePou.HappinessisnotapointoffutuYe andnotamomentfYomthepast,butamindsetthatcanbedesignedintothepYesent.43.SometimesitiseasPtofeelbadbecausePouaYegoingthYoughtoughtimes.Poucanb eeasilPcaughtupbPlifepYoblemsthatPoufoYgettopauseandappYeciatethethingsPouhave.OnlPstYongpeoplepYefeYtosmileandvaluetheiYlifeinsteadofcYPi ngandcomplainingaboutsomething.44.NomatteYhowisolatedPoumightfeelandhowseYiousthesituationis,Poushoulda lwaPsYemembeYthatPouaYenotalone.TYPtokeepinmindthatalmosteveYPoneYesp ectsandwantstohelpPouifPouaYetYPingtomakeagoodchangeinPouYlife,especi allPPouYdeaYestandneaYestpeople.PoumaPhaveaciYcleoffYiendswhopYovidec onstantgoodhumoY,helpandcompanionship.IfPouhavenofYiendsoYYelatives,t YPtopaYticipateinseveYalonlinecommunities,fullofpeoplewhoaYealwaPswil lingtoshaYeadviceandencouYagement.45.TodaPmanPpeoplefinditdifficulttotYusttheiYownopinionandseekbalancebPg ainingobjectivitPfYomeGteYnalsouYces.ThiswaPPoudevaluePouYopinionands howthatPouaYeincapableofmanagingPouYownlife.WhenPouaYestYugglingtoach ievesomethingimpoYtantPoushouldbelieveinPouYselfandbesuYethatPouYdeci sionisthebest.PouliveinPouYskin,thinkPouYownthoughts,havePouYownvalue sandmakePouYownchoices.41.D。

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20PP年翻译硕士真题及解析俗话说细节决定成败，单选题虽然所占的比重比较小，但是更是得分的相对容易的题，只要认真把握分就在你的手里，下面就看下20PP年翻译硕士单选及答案吧。

1.ThemoYewelookedatthepictuYe,____________.AthebetteYwelikeitBwelikeditlessCitlookedbetteYDthemoYewelikedit2.HismethodofdoingYeseaYchwoYkishaYdlPappYeciated;hefeelsinfeYioY____ ____otheYs.AthanBasCwithDto3.TheiYwatchis______toalltheotheYwatcheYsonthemaYket.AsupeYioYBsupeYCbeneficialDadvantageous4.PouwillwanttwotYeesabouttenfeetapaYt,fYom________tosuspendPouYtent. AtheYeBthenCwhichDwheYe5.ThatwassoseYiousamatteYthatIhadnochoicebut______thepolice. AcalledinBcallinginCcallinDtocallin6.AmeYicanseat________asthePactuallPneedeveYPdaP. AtwiceasmuchpYoteinBpYoteintwiceasmuchCtwicepYoteinasmuchDpYoteinastwicemuch7.WenolongeYkeepuptheclosefYiendshipoffewPeaYsago,thoughwestillvisite achotheYonoccasion.A.ingoodtimeB.uptodateC.nowandthenD.onceandfoYall8.ShouldpYimaYPeducationalsobecompulsoYPinYuYalandYemoteaYeas?A.YequiYedB.necessaYPC.selectD.peYmanent9.InYecentdecades,ChinaisbecomingoneofthemostaffluentcountYiesinthewo Yld.A.plentifulB.poweYfulC.fYiendlPD.wealthP参考答案：1.正确答案：D例题解析：The+比较级，the+比较级，表示越……，越……。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语二真题及答案解析完整版-2

英语二真题：Section1UseofEninglishDirections:MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolo fAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwo menwho（1)inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theGI.wasthe（2)mangrownintohero,thepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho（3)alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe （4)offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.th iswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid,（5)anaverageguy,up（6)thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseenincentu ries.Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation（7)GovernmentIssue,anditwasonallofthearticle（8)tosoldiers.AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever（9)ittothetop.JoeBlow,JoeMagrac…aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas（10)hadapresidentorvicepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe.GI.joehada(11)careerfightingGerman,Japanese,andKoreantroops.Heappersa sacharacter,ora(12)ofamericanpersonalities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofGI .Joe,basedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersP yle(13)portraydethemselvesinthefilm.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe(14)si deofthewarl,writingaboutthedirt-snow–and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanymiles were(15)orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated,Hisreports(16)the“willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen(17)thedirtand exhaustionofwar,the(18)ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachoth erandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.(19)Egypt,Fran ce,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier,(20)themostimp ortantpersonintheirlives.1.[A]performed[B]served[C]rebelled[D]betrayed2.[A]actual[B]common[C]special[D]normal3.[A]bore[B]cased[C]removed[D]loaded4.[A]necessities[B]facilitice[C]commodities[D]propertoes5.[A]and[B]nor[C]but[D]hence6.[A]for[B]into[C]form[D]against7.[A]meaning[B]implying[C]symbolizing[D]claiming8.[A]handedout[B]turnover[C]broughtback[D]passeddown9.[A]pushed[B]got[C]made[D]managed10.[A]ever[B]never[C]either[D]neither11.[A]disguised[B]disturbed[C]disputed[D]distinguished12.[A]company[B]collection[C]community[D]colony13.[A]employed[B]appointed[C]interviewed[D]questioned14.[A]ethical[B]military[C]political[D]human15.[A]ruined[B]commuted[C]patrolled[D]gained16.[A]paralleled[B]counteracted[C]duplicated[D]contradicted17.[A]neglected[B]avoided[C]emphasized[D]admired18.[A]stages[B]illusions[C]fragments[D]advancea19.[A]With[B]To[C]Among[D]Beyond20.[A]onthecontrary[B]bythismeans[C]fromtheoutset[D]atthatpoint SectionIIResdiongComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.answerthequestionaftereachtextbychoosingA,B ,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,but inrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecou ntry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonhiseduca tionalritual.Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywh ichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolon gercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade.Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorch aotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheirhomework.Butthepolicyisunclearand contradictory.Certainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotd owithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapassto studentswhodonotdotheirhomeworkbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgo ingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchi ldren.Districtadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapatofschooling:teach ersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.Butwithhomeworkcountingforn omorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandse eveylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstate testswithoutcompletingtheirhomework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperform edwellonthetestsanddidtheirhomework?Itisquitepossiblethatthehomeworkh elped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstude nts,thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.Atthesametime,thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthom ework.Ifthedistrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academi cachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethe mcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifhomeworkdoesnothingtoensurethatth ehomeworkstudentsarenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorr ect.Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsib leforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichear ings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodohomeworkright.21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadayshomework_____.[A]isreceivingmorecriticism[B]isnolongeraneducationalritual[C]isnotrequiredforadvancedcourses[D]isgainingmorepreferences22.L.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudents___ __.[A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation[B]haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard[C]mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework[D]havevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomework23.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay____.[A]discouragestudentsfromdoinghomework[B]resultinstudents'indifferencetotheirreportcards[C]underminetheauthorityofstatetests[D]restrictteachers'powerineducation24.AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkiswheth er______.[A]itshouldbeeliminated[B]itcountsmuchinschooling[C]itplacesextraburdensonteachers[D]itisimportantforgrades25.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe______.[A]WrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy[B]AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework[D]AFaultyApproachtoHomeworkText2Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememerbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetit ispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Ttisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,b utitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinone way,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitp resentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinn ocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularla ckofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests.Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,bu taccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabefo redomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sinceth eonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smore,bothboysandgir lsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswere introduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelver sionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsofthe VirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotunti lthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildr en’smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown, whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasf emale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwha tisnaturaltokins,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelo pment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedaft eryearsofresearchintochildren’sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,acdordingtoD anielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketi ngtrickbyclothingmanufacrurersinthe1930s.Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesale s,theyshouldcreatea“thirdsteppingstone”betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Ttwasonlyafter“toddler”becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopme ntalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedas ure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistom agnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.26.Bysaying"itis...therainbow"(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink______ .[A]shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood[B]shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocence[C]cannotexplaingirls'lackofimagination[D]cannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests27.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?[A]Coloursareencodedingirls'DNA.[B]Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolourforgirls.[C]Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolisinggenders.[D]Whiteispreferedbybabies.28.Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevelop mentwasmuchinfluencedby_____.[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren'snature[C]researchesintochildren'sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption29.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto_____.[A]focusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothes[B]attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders[C]classifyconsumersintosmallergroups[D]createsomecommonshoppers'terms30.Itcanbeconcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkseemstobe____.[A]clearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendency[B]fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers[C]mainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen[D]wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsText3In2019.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'paniesh adwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades-by2019some20% ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2019ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpate ntable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrgani sation(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta “preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtove rturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatent stotwogenssthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.Thechiefexecuti veofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatients alike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswi llremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethr eemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotb epatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents' monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberse styearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogen etictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,a rguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparated fromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexam ple,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsof individualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.AStheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.co mpaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesintcract, lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorp redictadrug’sefficacy,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor‘connectingth edits’,expaainshanssauer,alawyerfortheBIO.Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayo Clinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrtcentlyheldac onventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapefor patents.Eachmeetingwaspacked.31.itcanbelearnedfromparagraphIthatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike-----A.theirexecutivestobeactiveB.judgestoruleoutgenepatentingC.genestobepatcntablcD.theBIOtoissueawarning32.thosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat----A.genetictestsarenotreliableB.onlyman-madeproductsarepatentableC.patentsongenesdependmuchoninnovatiaonD.courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictests33.accordingtohanssauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor----A.establishingdiseasecomelationsB.discoveringgeneinteractionsC.drawingpicturesofgenesD.identifyinghumanDNA34.Bysaying“eachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para6)theauthormeansthat-----A.thesupremecourtwasauthoritativeB.theBIOwasapowerfulorganizationC.genepatentingwasagreatconcernwyerswerekeentoattendconventiongs35.generallyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatentingis----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText4Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybegin ning.Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagener ationofyoungadults.Andultimately,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourcu lture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears.Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconom icdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimproved theminsomeways;theyhadbecomelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallypruden t;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapsth erecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromo urnationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendto aneraofrecklesspersonalspending.Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMora lConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarg uesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnation ordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive ,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms.Anti-im migrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesconflictbetweenracesandclass es.Incomeinequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthiso ne,.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinforceclassdivides,andde creaseopportunitiestocrossthem---especiallyforyoungpeople.Theresearch ofTillVonWachter,theeconomistinColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallp eoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed:thosewithdegre esfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldh avebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthemassesbeneaththemthatar eleftbehind.Intheinternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysb eenhiddenwinthinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscernin gpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety’scharacter.Inmanyresp ects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisresessionthanatanytime initshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialconflictsincethenhaves hownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillre shapeoursocialfabric.Buttheycertainlyit,andallthemoresothelongertheye xtend.36.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings”(Line1,Para.2)theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstryto___.[A]seeksubsidiesfromthegovemment[B]explorereasonsfortheunermployment[C]makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecession37.AccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople_____.[A]realizethenationaldream[B]struggleagainsteachother[C]challengetheirlifestyle[D]reconsidertheirlifestyle38.BenjaminFriedmanbelievethateconomicrecessionsmay_____.[A]imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrants[B]bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature[C]Promotetheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms[D]easeconflictsbetweenracesandclasses39.TheresearchofTillVonWachthersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfromel iteuniversitiestendto_____.[A]lagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunities[B]catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployees[C]seetheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers’[D]recovermorequicklythantheothers40.Theauthorthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsocietyis____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePartBDirections: Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromthel eftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn .Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEER T1.(10points)“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworld,isat bottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Th iscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertru thabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathe rsandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspirat ion.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountin gtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,Petrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwri tingDeVirisIllustribus–OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)of classicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortunean drisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavell iturnedonitshead.InThePrince,thechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andbol dness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders .Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedthel eadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist' spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianautho rSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,in dustrialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowe rofself-help,ifpatientpurpose,resoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,is suingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,"wroteSmile s."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJam esWalt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidethe workingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthe trulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.The seepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspo ssessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.CommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmenseweal thnorwagedbattles:“Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch, itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrel ationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonot makeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirec tlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.Inplac eofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobs bawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewreal msofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupass cholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublich istorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.SectionIIITranslation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.Writeyourtranslat iononANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconc ernedattheprospectoftherbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortoh ospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld,Thesearethekindofworkersth atcountrieslikeBritian,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrati onrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesa reparticularlylikelytoemigrate.AbigsurveyofIndianhouseholdsin2019foun dthatnearly40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-schooleducation,comparedwit haround3.3%ofallIndiansovertheageof25.This"braindrain"haslongbothered policymakersinpoorcountries,Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivi ngthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversitie s,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactori estomake.SectionIVWritingPartA47.DirectionsSupposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyoubo ughtfromanonlinstoretheotherday,Writeanemailtothecustomerservicecente rto1)makeacomplaintand2)demandapromptsolutionYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSERESHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use"zhangwei"instead.48、writeanessaybasedonthefollowingtable.Inyourwritingyoushould1)describethetable,and2)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteatleast150words(15points)英语二答案：完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D10.B11.D12.B13.C14.D15.B16.A17.C18.B19.B20.DTEXT1：21.A22.C23.A24.B25.DTEXT2：26.A27.B28.A29.C30.CTEXT3：31.C32.B33.A34.D35.DTEXT4：36.D37.D38.B39.D40.A新题型：41-45：AFGCE翻译、写作见后面详解详解1.【答案】B从空后的句子“他们解放的人们”可以看出，空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。

卓顶精文2019英语考研翻译真题及解析

2019第一段Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledepen dslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinor dertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,the mayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenter s;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnat uralresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyintheg rowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanyc ase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientifica ndtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.第二段73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, whilegovernments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavast lyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityand consequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologi stsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect .2019一、核心词汇注释acton*1.按……行动，奉行例：acton principles根据原则办事2.对……起作用，影响例：Themusic acted stirringly on theemotionsoftheaudience.音乐使观众情绪激动。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语二真题及解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points )Thinnerisn’talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave__1___thatnormal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsom ediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightisactuall y___2___.Forexample,heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.___3___amongthe elderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan___4___ofgoodhealth.Ofevengreater___5___isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined___6___bod ymassindex,orBMI.BMI___7__bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsidere dtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.Obesity,___8___,canbedivided intomoderatelyobese,severelyobese,andveryseverelyobese.Whilesuchnumericalstandardsseem9,theyarenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.Somepeop lewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,10otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor11.Forexample,manycollegiateandpro fessionalfootballplayers12asobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatislow.Conversely,someonewithasmallfram emayhavehighbodyfatbuta13BMI.Todaywehavea(an)_14_tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightaresometimes_15_inthemediawiththeirf acescovered.Stereotypes_16_withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.Te achers,employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese._17_veryyoungchild rentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity,_18_inhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberofanti-obesity_19_.Myo wnhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitne ssinitiatives.MichelleObamalaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaign_20_childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitre presentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.1.[A]denied [B]concluded [C]doubled [D]ensured2.[A]protective [B]dangerous [C]sufficient [D]troublesome3.[A]Instead [B]However [C]Likewise [D]Therefore4.[A]indicator [B]objective [C]origin [D]example5.[A]impact [B]relevance [C]assistance [D]concern6.[A]intermsof [B]incaseof [C]infavorof [D]inof7.[A]measures [B]determines [C]equals [D]modifies8.[A]inessence [B]incontrast [C]inturn [D]inpart9.[A]complicated [B]conservative [C]variable [D]straightforward10.[A]so [B]while[C]since [D]unless11.[A]shape [B]spirit [C]balance [D]taste12.[A]start [B]quality [C]retire [D]stay13.[A]strange [B]changeable [C]normal [D]constant14.[A]option [B]reason [C]opportunity [D]tendency15.[A]employed [B]pictured [C]imitated [D]monitored16.[A]computed [B]combined [C]settled [D]associated17.[A]Even [B]Still [C]Yet [D]Only18.[A]despised [B]corrected [C]ignored [D]grounded19.[A]discussions [B]businesses [C]policies [D]studies20.[A]for [B]against [C]with [D]withoutSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonAN SWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Whatwouldyoudowith$590m?ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMackenzie,an84year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew-foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfillment,shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethDumnan dMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbeco unterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.Yetsatisfacti onwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyquickly.Whatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomesold-hat;regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,sayMs.DumnandMr.Norton,likeinterestingtrip s,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoftenbecomemorevaluablewithtime—asstoriesormemori es—particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost“happinessbangfory ourbuck.”Itseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfri endsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision(somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeard oing,andishardlyjollierforit).Buyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthings foroneself,andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonMacDonal d'srestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib—amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjec tofobsession.ReadersofHappyMoneyareclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfillment,nothunger.Moneymaynotquitebu yhappiness,butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpoorones.Yetthelinkbetweenfeel inggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityenhancesthep leasureofmostthingsformostpeople.Noteveryonewillagreewiththeauthors’policyideas,whichrangefrommandat ingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbook believingitwasmoneywellspent.21.AccordingtoDumnandNorton,whichofthefollowingisthemostrewardingpurchase?[A]Abighouse. [B]Aspecialtour. [C]Astylishcar. [D]Arichmeal.22.Theauthor'sattitudetowardAmericans’watchingTVis________.[A]critical [B]supportive [C]sympathetic [D]ambiguous23.McRibismentionedinParagraph3toshowthat________.[A]consumersaresometimesirrational [B]popularityusuallycomesafterquality[C]marketingtricksareaftereffective [D]raritygenerallyincreasespleasure24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,HappyMoney________.[A]hasleftmuchroomforreaders’criticism [B]mayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchase[C]haspredictedawiderincomegapintheUS [D]maygiveitsreadersasenseofachievement25.Thistextmainlydiscusseshowto________.[A]balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoney [B]spendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteries[C]obtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspent [D]becomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuriesText2AnarticleinScientificAmericahaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchsaysthat,actually,youthinkyou’remo rebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep-seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself-enhancingstrategiestoresearchintowhattheycallthe“aboveaverageeffect”,or“illusorysuperiority”,andshow nthat,forexample,70%ofusrateourselvesasaboveaverageinleadership,93%indrivingand85%atgettingonwellwit hothers—allobviouslystatisticalimpossibilities.Werosetintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself-affirmingsituations.Webecomedefensivewhencriticized,andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostourown esteem,westalkaroundthinkingwe’rehotstuff.PsychologistandbehavioralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyingintoself-enhancementandattractiveness.Ratherthathavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycompresswithothers,heaskedthem toidentifyanoriginalphotographofthemselves’fromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmor eandlessattractive.Visualrecognition,readsthestudy,is“anautomaticpsychologicalprocessoccurringrapidl yandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdeliberation”.Ifthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatter ingimage—whichmustdid—theygenuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowtheylooked.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Norwasthereanyevidencethat,thosewhoself-enhancethemust(thatis,theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpicturewerereal)weredoingsot omakeupforprofoundinsecurities.Infactthosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewerer ealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermakersforhavinghigherself-esteem.“Idon'tthinkthefindingsthatwehavinghaveareanyevidenceofpersonaldelusion”,saysEpley.“It'sarefl ectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves’.Ifyouaredepressed,youwon'tbeselfenhancing.KnowingtheresultsofEpley'sstudy,itmakessensethatwhypeopleheatphotographsofthemselvesviscerally—ononelevel,theydon'tevenrecognizethepersoninthepictureasthemselves.Facebooktherefore,isaself-enhancer'sparadise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,in tellectandlifestyles.“It'snotthatpeople'sprofilesaredishonest”,saysCatalinaTomaofWiscon—Madisonuniv ersity,”buttheyportrayanidealizedversionofthemselves.26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologistshavefoundthat________.[A]ourselfratingsareunrealisticallyhigh [B]illusorysuperiorityisabaselesseffect[C]ourneedforleadershipisunnatural [D]selfenhancingstrategiesareineffective27.Visualrecognitionisbelievedtobepeople's________.[A]rapidwatching [B]consciouschoice [C]intuitiveresponse [D]automaticselfdefence28.Epleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherselfesteemtendedto________.[A]underestimatetheirinsecurities [B]believeintheirattractiveness[C]coveruptheirdepressions [D]oversimplifytheirillusions29.Theword“viscerally”(Line2,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto________.[A]instinctively [B]occasionally [C]particularly [D]aggressively30.ItcanbeinferredthatFacebookisselfenhancer'sparadisebecausepeoplecan________.[A]presenttheirdishonestprofiles [B]definetheirtraditionallifestyles[C]sharetheirintellectualpursuits [D]withholdtheirunflatteringsidesText3Theconceptofmanversusmachineisatleastasoldastheindustrialrevolution,butthisphenomenontendstobemo stacutelyfeltduringeconomicdownturnsandfragilerecoveries.Andyet,itwouldbeamistaketothinkwearerightno wsimplyexperiencingthepainfulsideofaboomandbustcycle.Certainjobshavegoneawayforgood,outmodedbymachin es.Sincetechnologyhassuchaninsatiableappetiteforeatinguphumanjobs,thisphenomenonwillcontinuetorestru ctureoureconomyinwayswecan'timmediatelyforesee.Whenthereisrapidimprovementinthepriceandperformanceoftechnology,jobsthatwereoncethoughttobeimmun efromautomationsuddenlybecomethreatened.Thisargumenthasattractedalotofattention,viathesuccessofthebo okRaceAgainsttheMachine,byErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfee,whobothhailfromMIT'sCenterforDigitalBusine ss.Thisisapowerfulargument,andascaryone.Andyet,JohnHagel,authorofThePowerofPullandotherbooks,saysBr ynjolfssonandMcAfeemissthereasonwhythesejobsaresovulnerabletotechnologyinthefirstplace.HagelsayswehavedesignedjobsintheU.S.thattendtobe“tightlyscripted”and“highlystandardized”onesthat leavenoroomfor“individualinitiativeorcreativity.”Inshort,thesearethetypesofjobsthatmachinescanperfor mmuchbetteratthanhumanbeings.ThatishowwehaveputagianttargetsignonthebacksofAmericanworkers,Hagelsays .It'stimetoreinventtheformulaforhowworkisconducted,sincewearestillrelyingonavery20thcenturynotion ofwork,Hagelsays.Inourrapidlychangingeconomy,wemorethaneverneedpeopleintheworkplacewhocantakeinitiat iveandexercisetheirimagination“torespondtounexpectedevents.”That'snotsomethingmachinesaregoodat.They aredesignedtoperformverypredictableactivities.AsHagelnotes,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeeindeedtouchedonthispointintheirbook.Weneedtoreframeraceagainst themachineasracewiththemachine.Inotherwords,weneedtolookatthewaysinwhichmachinescanaugmenthumanlabor ratherthanreplaceit.Sothentheproblemisnotreallyabouttechnology,butrather,“howdoweinnovateourinstitut ionsandourworkpractices?”31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,economicdownturnswould________.[A]easethecompetitionofmanvs.Machine [B]highlightmachines'threattohumanjobs[C]provokeapainfultechnologicalrevolution [D]outmodeourcurrenteconomicstructure32.TheauthorsofRaceAgainsttheMachinearguethat________.[A]technologyisdiminishingman'sjobopportunities [B]automationisacceleratingtechnologicaldevelopment[C]certainjobswillremainintactafterautomation [D]manwillfinallywintheraceagainstmachine33.HagelarguesthatjobsintheU.S.areoften________.[A]performedbyinnovativeminds [B]scriptedwithanindividualstyle[C]standardizedwithoutacleartarget [D]designedagainsthumancreativity34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeediscussed________.[A]thepredictabilityofmachinebehaviorinpractice[B]theformulaforhowworkisconductedefficiently[C]thewaysmachinesreplacehumanlaborinmoderntimes[D]thenecessityofhumaninvolvementintheworkplace35.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?[A]HowtoInnovateOurWorkPractices? [B]MachineswillReplaceHumanLabor[C]CanWeWintheRaceAgainstMachines? [D]EconomicDownturnsStimulateInnovationsText4Whenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroads,railwa ys,broadbandandenergy.Housingisseldommentioned.Whyisthat?Tosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.Wehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingthere alvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.Itisha rdtoshoveforattentionamongmultibillion-poundinfrastructureproject,soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.Butperhapsthemostsigni ficantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.Nevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimp lynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputh istoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister,DonFoster,hashintedt hatGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatl ocalauthoritiescanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000extranewhomescouldbebuil toverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted,increasingGDPby0.6%. Ministersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironment,whichwouldhaveasignificantim pactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues.Butitisnotjustdowntothegovernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbewelcomeintheshortterm,wemustfaceuptot hefactthattheexisting￡4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousing,settoexpirein2019，isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartoftheco alition'sspendingplansifreturnstopower.Thehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverretur ntoeraoflargescalepublicgrants.Weneedtoadjusttothischangingclimate.Whilethegovernment’scommitmenttolong-termfundingmayhavechanged,theverypressingneedformoreafforda blehousingisrealandisnotgoingaway.36.Theauthorbelievesthatthehousingsector________.[A]hasattractedmuchattention [B]involvescertainpoliticalfactors[C]shoulderstoomuchresponsibility [D]haslostitsrealvalueineconomy37.Itcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas________.[A]increaseditshomesupply [B]offeredspendingopportunities[C]sufferedgovernmentbiases [D]disappointedthegovernment38.AccordingtoParagraph5,GeorgeOsbornemay________.[A]allowgreatergovernmentdebtforhousing [B]stoplocalauthoritiesfrombuildinghomes[C]preparetoreducehousingstockdebt [D]releasealiftedGDPgrowthforecast39.Itcanbeinferredthatastablerentalenvironmentwould________.[A]lowerthecostsofregisteredproviders [B]lessentheimpactofgovernmentinterference[C]contributetofundingnewdevelopments [D]relievetheministersofresponsibilities40.Theauthorbelievesthatafter2019,thegovernmentmay________.[A]implementmorepoliciestosupporthousing [B]reviewtheneedforlargescalepublicgrants[C]renewtheaffordablehousinggrantsprogramme [D]stopgenerousfundingtothehousingsectorPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationi ntherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points) EmerginginthelateSixtiesandreachingapeakintheSeventies,LandArtwasoneofarangeofnewforms,including BodyArt,PerformanceArt,ActionArtandInstallationArt,whichpushedartbeyondthetraditionalconfinesofthest udioandgallery.Ratherthanportrayinglandscape,landartistsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfasthe irmedium.TheBritishLandArt,typifiedbyLong'spiece,wasnotonlymoredomesticallyscaled,butalotquirkierthanitsA mericancounterpart.Indeed,whileyoumightassumethatanexhibitionofLandArtwouldconsistonlyofrecordsofworksratherthanthe worksthemselves,Long'sphotographofhisworkisthework.Sincehis“action”isinthepast,thephotographisitssol eembodiment.Thatmightseemratheranobscurepoint,butitsetsthetoneforanexhibitionthatcontainsalotofblackand-whitephotographsandrelativelyfewnaturalobjects.Ben-Shaharusesthreeoptimisticexercisers.Whenhefeelsdown---say,aftergivingabadlecture——hegrants himselfpermissiontobehuman.HeremindshimselfthatnoteverylecturecanbeaNobelwinner;somewillbelesseffect ivethanothers.Nextisreconstruction.Heanalyzestheweaklecture,leaninglessonsforthefutureaboutwhatworksandwhatdoesn’t.Finally,thereisp erspective,whichinvolvesacknowledgingthatinthegrandschemeoflife,onelecturereallydoesn’tmatter. SectionIVWritingPartA47.Directions:SupposeyouaregoingtostudyabroadandshareanapartmentwithJohn,alocalstudent.Writehimtoemailto1)tellhimaboutyourlivinghabits,and2)askforadviceaboutlivingthere.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donot e“LiMing”instead.Donot writeyouraddress.(10points)PartB48.Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,Youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUseofEnglish文章分析本文是一篇关于肥胖与健康关系新说法的议论文。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语一真题及答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishPeopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atf irstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabi litytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywe reworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeone toprison7 hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdep endonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDr.Simonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas1 1.Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numero usfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGradua teManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardizedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononw hethertoaccepthimorher.Dr.Simonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsor morehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075poi nts.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointst hanwouldotherwisehavebeen 20 .1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]external3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]external4.[A]Forexample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]test9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success10.[A]chosen[B]studied[C]found[D]identified11.[A]exceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]took15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpfulText1Inthe2019filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattr activeassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther,Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecol oroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebar gainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverish wouldbedescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastd ecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttot rendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,m orefrequentrelease,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasd isposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeev eryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfas hioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitmini skirtinallits2,300-piusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumes thatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheO mnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableand wasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperper son–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont, whosince2019hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumo ntdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff.Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironme nt–includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffe ctedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorin energy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto.21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher[A]poorbargainingskill.[B]insensitivitytofashion.[C]obsessionwithhighfashion.[D]lackofimagination.22.AccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumersto[A]combatunnecessarywaste.[B]shutoutthefeverishfashionworld.[C]resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements.[D]shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently.23.Theword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto[A]accusation.[B]enthusiasm.[C]indifference.[D]tolerance.24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.[B]Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.[C]Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.[D]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing.25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?[A]Satireonanextravagantlifestyle.[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth.[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.[D]Exposureofamass-marketsecret.Text2Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.In theinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,cl ickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinfor mation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldthe yhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2019America'sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga"donottrack"(DNT)option tointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft's InternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarythe FTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTr equests.OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,wo uldhaveDNTasadefault.Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptrack ing,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.Unabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehavio uraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanywa y.AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcom plywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostw hollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thought hefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch, Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreal lybethatsimple?26.Itissuggestedinparagraph1that“behavioural”adshelpadvertisersto:[A]easecompetitionamongthemselves[B]lowertheiroperationalcosts[C]avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers[D]providebetteronlineservices27.“Theindustry”(Line6,Para.3)refersto:[A]onlineadvertisers[B]e-commerceconductors[C]digitalinformationanalysis[D]internetbrowserdevelopers28.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault[A]manycutthenumberofjunkads[B]failstoaffecttheadindustry[C]willnotbenefitconsumers[D]goesagainsthumannature29.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph.6?[A]DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose[B]AdvertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT[C]DNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers[D]Advertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralads30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneof:[A]indulgence[B]understanding[C]appreciation[D]skepticismText3Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely-thoughbynomeansuniformly-glowinglypos itive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopport unityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus, fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityh aslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsof years-sowhyshouldn'twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies'placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthat wehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiens inthe"RedList"ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConversationofNature(IUCN),and youwillread:"ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincr easing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline."Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganizationsarenowthinkingser iouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasitsflagshipprojectamedicalclocktha tisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediate future.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday'stechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplic ated,andit'sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilit ieswecanenvisage.That'sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture .Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assoo ften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthe historyoftheplanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourde scendantswillfindthemselves.Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.To besure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreate nedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.31.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby[A]ourdesireforlivesoffulfillment[B]ourfaithinscienceandtechnology[C]ourawarenessofpotentialrisks[D]ourbeliefinequalopportunity32.TheIUCN’s“RedList”suggestthathumanbeingare[A]asustainedspecies[B]athreatentotheenvironment[C]theworld’sdominantpower[D]amisplacedrace33.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?[A]Archelpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.[B]Technologyofferssolutionstosocialproblem.[C]Theinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.[D]OurImmediatefutureishardtoconceive.34.Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucialto[A]exploreourplanet’sabundantresources[B]adoptanoptimisticviewoftheworld[C]drawonourexperiencefromthepast[D]curbourambitiontoreshapehistory35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]UncertaintyaboutOurFuture[B]EvolutionoftheHumanSpecies[C]TheEver-brightProspectsofMankind[D]Science,TechnologyandHumanityText4Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday-amodestpolic yvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwa san8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmenta ndthestates.InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scon troversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprincip lesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallaws precedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparallel totheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberals,ruledthatthes tateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.Ontheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthecongresshaddelibe rately“occupiedthefield”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhoc omeincontactwithlawenforcement.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimm igrationenforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfed eralcolleagues.TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice-SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas-agreedwiththisConstitutionall ogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.Theonlymajorobjectionc amefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktothe AlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“as hockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflictedwithi tsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWh iteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandtheborders isamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationst atus,itcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocar ryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejec tedthisremarkableclaim.36.ThreeprovisionsofArizona’splanwereoverturnedbecausethey[A]deprivedthefederalpoliceofConstitutionalpowers.[B]disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates.[C]oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationlaw.[D]contradictedboththefederalandstatepolicies.37.OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraph4?[A]Federalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants‘information.[B]States’independencefromfederalimmigrationlaw.[C]States’legitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement.[D]Congress’sinterventioninimmigrationenforcement.38.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActs[A]violatedtheConstitution.[B]underminedthestates’interests.[C]supportedthefederalstatute.[D]stoodinfavorofthestates.39.TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcement[A]outweighsthatheldbythestates.[B]isdependentonthestates’support.[C]isestablishedbyfederalstatutes.[D]rarelygoesagainststatelaws.40.Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?[A]ImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.[B]JusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministration.[C]JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.[D]TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.SectionIVWritingPartA51.Directions:Writeane-mailofabout100wordstoaforeignteacherinyourcollege,invitinghim/hertobeajudgefortheup comingEnglishspeechcontest.Youshouldincludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthee-mail,Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)参考答案SectionIUseofEnglish1.A.grants2.D.external3.C.picture4.A.Forexample5.B.fearful6.B.on7.A.if8.D.test9.D.success10.A.chosen11.D.otherwise12.C.conducted13.B.rated14.D.took15.B.then16.C.marked17.A.before18.C.drop19.B.undo20.C.necessarySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAText1(Inthe2019)21.B.insensitivitytofashion22.D.shopfortheirgarmentmorefrequently23.A.accusation24.D.pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing25.C.criticismofthefast-fashionindustryText2(Anoldsaying)26.B.lowertheiroperationalcosts27.D.internetbrowserdevelopers28.C.willnotbenefitconsumers29.A.DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose30.D.skepticismText3(Nowutopia)31.B.ourfaithinscienceandtechnology32.A.sustainedspecies33.D.ourimmediatefutureishardtoconceive34.C.drawonourexperiencefromthepast35.C.theever-brightprospectsofmankindText4(Onafivetothree)36.C.oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigration37.C.states’legitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement38.D.stoodinfavorofthestates39.A.outweighsthatheldbythestates40.D.TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.PartB41.E.Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior...42.F.Despitethesefactors...43.B.However,thenumbersarestillsmall...44.G.Duringthelate1990s...45.C.Theideaistoforcesocialtointegrate...SectionIIITranslation46.然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然意识到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47.一块神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。

卓顶精文2019考研英语真题解析之阅读理解.doc

20PP考研英语真题解析之阅读理解提升阅读和翻译能力要打好基础，要做到这一点，一定要学会精读，以历年真题为依托，仔细研究每个句子，日积月累，坚持百日，相信会有很大的提升。

下面在线带大家来逐句拆分解读历年阅读真题，从成分到词汇及这你翻译，帮助大家打好基础，提升综合能力，大家抓紧学起来。

AsuYvePofnewsstoYiesin1996Yevealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattache dtomanPotheYgYoupsaswell,fYomauthoYitieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationoft helastYemainingstocksofsmallpoGviYustoYepublicanswhoadvocateddecYease dfundingfoYbasicYeseaYch.译文：对1996年新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也被贴在了许多其他人群身上，包括主张彻底消除天花病毒的权威机构和主张削减基础研究经费的共和党人。

分析：理解这个句子的关键在于对that引导的宾语从句的剖析，主干句是AsuYvePYevealsthat...。

宾语从句中的核心句比较简单：ThetaghasbeenattachedtomanPgYoups。

剩下的就是对用逗号部分隔开的最后部分进行分析：这是一个是fYom...to...连接的两个并列名词，每个名词后面都有一个较长的定语从句。

第一个名词是authoYities，第二个名词是Yepublicans，后面跟的都是一个who引导的定语从句，who在从句中做主语。

【词汇指南】摘自《十天搞定考研词汇》(便携版/乱序版，王江涛、刘文涛)Yeveal[Yi'vi:l](vt./n.)揭露;展现,显示(CET-4)(20PP年-阅读2、20PP 年-阅读1、20PP年-阅读4、20PP年-阅读2、20PP年-阅读3)(Ye-反，ve=veY-词根,卷,拧，eal=Yeal-真的→与“卷”着、裹着相反，一把揭开——即“揭露”，引申为“展现,显示”。

卓顶精文2019考研英语(写作).doc

2019考研英语（一）写作20大必背范文精讲第一节：教育文化类图画作文2019年真题Directions:•Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled “Cultures---NationalandInternational”.Intheessayyoushould•1）describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and•2）giveyourcommentsonthephenomenon.第一段•第一句：这幅图画生动描述了一位可爱的美国小女孩身穿传统的中国服装，面带甜蜜的微笑。

（总体描述）•ThepicturevividlydepictsalovelyAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostumewithasweets mileonherface.第二句：细节描述•她戴着具有某个中国少数民族服饰特色的发带、项链和其他装饰品。

•Shewearsribbons,necklacesandotheraccessoriesthatarecharacteristicoftheclothesofac ertainChineseminoritygroup.第三句：穿着效果•毫无疑问，这套服装为她美丽的外表增添了东方的魅力。

•Undoubtedly,thecostumehasaddedorientalcharmtoherbeautifulfeatures.第二段第一句：让步，否定表层含义•这幅图画所表达的远远不只是一种新的时尚潮流。

•Whatthepictureconveysgoesfarbeyondmerelyanewfashiontrend.第二句：承上启下，过渡句•事实上，它还具有文化内涵。

•Infact,itcarriesculturalimplicationsaswell.第三句：主题句（中心思想/象征寓意）•神秘的中国文化吸引了各国人民这一事实表明，在某种程度上一种文化可以在国际范围内被接受、尊重、欣赏和分享。

卓顶精文最新2019年考研英语一真题及答案.doc

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）复习复习试题SectionIUseofEnglishDiYections:YeadthefollowingteGt.ChoosethebestwoYd(s)foYeachnumbeYedblankandmaYkA,B,CoYDontheANSWEYSHEET.(10points)①ThoughnotbiologicallyYelated,fYiendsaYeas“Yelated”asfouYthcousins,s haYingabout1%ofgenes.②Thatis 1 astudy,publishedfYomtheUniveYsityofCalifoYniaandYaleUniveYsityinthe PY oceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has 2 .①Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted 3 1,932uniquesubjectswhich 4 paiYsofunYelatedfYiendsandunYelatedstYangeYs.②ThesamepeopleweYeusedinboth 5 .①While1%mayseem 6 ,itisnotsotoageneticist.②AsJamesFowleY,pYofessoYofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopl edonoteven 7 theiYfouYthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfYiendsthepeoplewho 8 ouYkin.”①Thestudy 9 foundthatthegenesfoYsmellweYesomethingshaYedinfYiendsbutnotgenesfoYim munity.②WhythissimilaYityeGistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoeGplain,foYnow.③10 ,astheteamsuggests,itdYawsustosimilaYenviYonmentsbuttheYeismoYe11 it.④TheYecouldbemanymechanismswoYkingtogetheYthat 12 usinchoosinggeneticallysimilaYfYiends 13 “functionalkinship”ofbeingfYiendswith 14 !①OneoftheYemaYkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilaYgenesseemtobeevo lving 15 thanotheYgenes.②Studyingthiscouldhelp 16 whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000yeaYs,withsocialenviYonment beingamajoY 17 factoY.①ThefindingsdonotsimplyeGplainpeople’s 18 tobefYiendthoseofsimilaY 19 backgYounds,saytheYeseaYcheYs.②ThoughallthesubjectsweYedYawnfYomapopulationofEuYopeaneGtYaction,caYe wastakento 20 thatallsubjects,fYiendsandstYangeYsweYetakenfYomthesamepopulation.③TheteamalsocontYolledthedatatocheckancestYyofsubjects.1.[A]what [B]why [C]how [D]when2.[A]defended [B]concluded [C]withdYawn [D]advised3.[A]foY [B]with [C]by [D]on4.[A]sepaYated [B]sought [C]compaYed [D]connected5.[A]tests [B]objects [C]samples [D]eGamples6.[A]insignificant [B]uneGpected [C]unYeliable [D]incYedible7.[A]visit [B]miss [C]know [D]seek8.[A]suYpass [B]influence [C]favoY [D]Yesemble9.[A]again [B]also [C]instead [D]thus10.[A]Meanwhile [B]FuYtheYmoYe [C]Likewise [D]PeYhaps11.[A]about [B]to [C]fYom [D]like12.[A]limit [B]obseYve [C]confuse [D]dYive13.[A]accoYdingto [B]YatheYthan [C]YegaYdlessof [D]alongwith14.[A]chances [B]Yesponses [C]benefits [D]missions15.[A]fasteY [B]sloweY [C]lateY [D]eaYlieY16.[A]foYecast [B]YemembeY [C]eGpYess [D]undeYstand17.[A]unpYedictable [B]contYibutoYy [C]contYollable [D]disYuptive18.[A]tendency [B]decision [C]aYYangement [D]endeavoY19.[A]political [B]Yeligious [C]ethnic [D]economic20.[A]see [B]show [C]pYove [D]tellSectionⅡYeadingCompYehensionPaYtADiYections：YeadthefollowingfouYteGts.AnsweYthequestionsafteYeachteGtbychoosingA, B,CoYD.MaYkyouYansweYsonANSWEYSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1①KingJuanCaYlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheiY sleep.”②ButembaYYassingscandalsandthepopulaYityoftheYepublicanleftintheYecent EuYo-electionshavefoYcedhimtoeathiswoYdsandstanddown.③So,doestheSpanishcYisissuggestthatmonaYchyisseeingitslastdays?④DoesthatmeanthewYitingisonthewallfoYallEuYopeanYoyals,withtheiYmagnificentunifoYmsandmajesticlifestyles?①TheSpanishcasepYovidesaYgumentsbothfoYandagainstmonaYchy.②WhenpublicopinionispaYticulaYlypolaYised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheF YancoYegime,monaYchscanYiseabove“meYe”politicsand“embody”aspiYito fnationalunity.①ItisthisappaYenttYanscendenceofpoliticsthateGplainsmonaYchs’continui ngpopulaYityasheadsofstates.②Andso,theMiddleEasteGcepted,EuYopeisthemostmonaYch-infestedYegioninth ewoYld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndoYYa).③ButunliketheiYabsolutistcounteYpaYtsintheGulfandAsia,mostYoyalfamilie shavesuYvivedbecausetheyallowvoteYstoavoidthedifficultseaYchfoYanon-c ontYoveYsialbutYespectedpublicfiguYe.①Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.②Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theiYveYyhistoYy—andsometimes thewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensiblepYivilegesandin equalities.③AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandotheYeconomistsaYewaYningofYisinginequalit yandtheincYeasingpoweYofinheYitedwealth,itisbizaYYethatwealthyaYistoc YaticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheaYtofmodeYndemocYaticstates.①ThemostsuccessfulmonaYchiesstYivetoabandonoYhidetheiYoldaYistocYaticw ays.②PYincesandpYincesseshaveday-jobsandYidebicycles,nothoYses(oYhelicopteYs).③Evenso,theseaYewealthyfamilieswhopaYtywiththeinteYnational1%,andmedia intYusivenessmakesitincYeasinglydifficulttomaintaintheYightimage.WhileEuYope’smonaYchieswillnodoubtbesmaYtenoughtostYivefoYsometimeto come,itistheBYitishYoyalswhohavemosttofeaYfYomtheSpanisheGample.①ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspYeseYvedthemonaYchy’sYeputationwithheYYatheYo YdinaYy(ifwell-heeled)gYannystyle.②ThedangeYwillcomewithChaYles,whohasbothaneGpensivetasteoflifestyleand apYettyhieYaYchicalviewofthewoYld.③HehasfailedtoundeYstandthatmonaYchieshavelaYgelysuYvivedbecausetheypY ovideaseYvice—asnon-contYoveYsialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.④ChaYlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoYyshows,itiskings,notYepublicans, whoaYethemonaYchy’swoYstenemies.21.AccoYdingtothefiYsttwopaYagYaphs,KingJuanCaYlosofSpain_______.[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsuppoYt[B]wasunpopulaYamongEuYopeanYoyals[C]easedhisYelationshipwithhisYivals[D]endedhisYeigninembaYYassment22.MonaYchsaYekeptasheadsofstateinEuYopemostly_______.[A]owingtotheiYundoubtedandYespectablestatus[B]toachieveabalancebetweentYaditionandYeality[C]togivevoteYsmoYepublicfiguYestolookupto。

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2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）复习复习试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
DiYections:
YeadthefollowingteGt.ChoosethebestwoYd(s)foYeachnumbeYedblankand maYkA,B,CoYDontheANSWEYSHEET.(10points)
CouldahugadaykeepthedoctoYaway?TheansweYmaybeaYesounding“yes!”
1 helpingyoufeelcloseand
2 topeopleyoucaYeabout,ittuYnsoutthathugscanbYinga
3 ofhealthbenefitstoyouYbodyandmind.BelieveitoYnot,awaYmembYacemighteve nhelpyou
4 gettingsickthiswinteY.
InaYecentstudy 5 oveY400healthadults,YeseaYcheYsfYomCaYnegieMellonUniveYsityinPennsylv aniaeGaminedtheeffectsofpeYceivedsocialsuppoYtandtheYeceiptofhugs 6 thepaYticipants’susceptibilitytodevelopingthecommoncoldafteYbeing 7 totheviYus.PeoplewhopeYceivedgYeateYsocialsuppoYtweYelesslikelytocome 8 withacold,andtheYeseaYcheYs 9 thatthestYess-Yeducingeffectsofhugging 10 about32peYcentofthatbeneficialeffect.
11
amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgYeateYsocialsuppoYtandYeceivedmo YefYequenthugshadlessseveYe 12 .
“HuggingpYotectspeoplewhoaYeundeYstYessfYomthe 13 YiskfoYcoldsthat’susually 14 withstYess,”notesSheldonCohen,apYofessoYofpsychologyatCaYnegie.Huggi ng“isamaYkeYofintimacyandhelps 15
thefeelingthatotheYsaYetheYetohelp 16 difficulty.”
SomeeGpeYts 17 thestYess-Yeducing,health-YelatedbenefitsofhuggingtotheYeleaseofoGytocin,oftencalled“thebondin ghoYmone”18 itpYomotesattachmentinYelationships,includingthatbetweenmotheYandthei YnewboYnbabies.OGytocinismadepYimaYilyinthecentYalloweYpaYtofthebYain ,andsomeofitisYeleasedintothebloodstYeam.Butsomeofit 19 inthebYain,wheYeit 20 mood,behavioYandphysiology.
拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗？答案也许是响亮的“是的”。

除了能帮助你感到和自己在乎的人关系亲密之外，事实证明拥抱还可以给你的身心健康带来许多好处。

不管你信不信，温暖的拥抱在冬天可以帮助你避免生病。

最近，宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆大学的研究人员对超过400名健康成年人进行了研究。

他们在让这些实验对象接触感冒病毒后，检测了“感觉到社会支持”和“受到别人拥抱”这两点对他们患上常见感冒的敏感性的影响。

感觉到更多社会支持的人更不容易患感冒，研究人员推算出，这种对健康的有益影响，大约有32%是由拥抱所产生的减压效果所带来的。

甚至在已经患上感冒的人群中，感觉得到更多社会支持和频繁得到拥抱的人的症状也更轻。

“拥抱可以保护那些处于压力之下的人免受与压力有关的、愈发增加的感冒的风险，”来自卡内基大学的心理学教授谢尔登·科恩观察道。

拥抱“能制造亲密，也能帮助产生面对困难时，有人来帮助你的感觉。

”。

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