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名词与冠词【考纲解读】关于名词，高考主要考查：1. 名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。
名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。
另外，高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。
这些问题主要出现在完形填空中。
2. 名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
这些问题常出现在短文改错或语法填空中。
3. 名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象，主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。
冠词的考查几乎每年都会在新课标卷中出现，主要是在语境中考查考生对冠词的理解和运用。
考查要点主要包括：1. 考查定冠词和不定冠词的基本用法。
2. 考查定冠词和不定冠词的特殊用法，如抽象名词具体化前冠词的使用情况、比较级前冠词的使用情况。
3. 考查冠词的泛指、特指、类指和专指用法。
4. 考查零冠词的运用。
另外，还涉及很多冠词与名词的固定搭配。
【考点纵横】【考题导引】1. （2016 •全国I, 61）Che ngdu has doze ns of new milli on aires, Asia ' s biggest buildi ng,and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me, pan das are its top _____ （attract）2. （2016 •全国I, 69）The nursery team switches him every few ________ （day） with his sister.3. _______________________________________________________________________________ （2016 •全国I ,短文改错）My uncle tells methat the key to his success is honest. __________________4. __ （2016 •全国n, 42）Handle the most important tasks first so you' ll feel a real sense of_______ （achieve）.5. （2016 •全国n, 46）Recent （study） show that we are far more productive at workif we take short breaks regularly.6. （2016 •全国n, 48）Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while, exercis ing, or doing someth ing you enjoy.7. （2016 •全国n,短文改错）In that case, we will learn little about world. ___8. （2015 •江苏，33）—Why did n't you invite John to your birthday party?—Well, you know he's ____ wet bla nket.9. （2015 •浙江，_______________________________ 2）Ja ne's gra ndmother had wan ted to write childre n's __________________________________ book for manyyears, but one thing or ano ther always got in ___ way.10. （2015 •重庆，3）I just heard ________________________ bank where Doraworks was robbed by gunmanweari ng a mask.1. attraction ［空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用其名词形式。
【专题一】名词& 冠词一、单项选择：从A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
—Hello！Could I speak to Mr. Smith—Sorry, wrong number. There isn’t Mr. Smith here.A. aB. anC. theD. /According to World Health Organization, health-care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent spread of the novel coronavirus.A. a; theB. the; aC. the; theD. a; aHe devotes most of his time to football and I am sure he promisesexcellent footballer.A. the; anB. /; anC./; aD. /; theJohn is university student from European country.A. an; aB. an; anC. a; anD. a; aIt is known to us all that light travels faster than sound.A. the; theB. the; /C. /; /D. /; theThis kind of dress was popular and my mother bought one .A. in the 1980s; in her twentiesB. in 1980s; in her twentyC.in 1980s; in twentiesD. in the 1980s; twentiesstudents and teachers account for the majority in our school.A. Girls; womenB. Girl; womenC. Girls; womanD. Girl; womanCarbon dioxide, which makes a between us and the sun, prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily, so the earth is becoming warmer.A. differenceB. comparisonC. connectionD. barrierWhenever I make mistakes, my teacher, Mr. Smith points them out with .A. curiosityB. satisfactionC. envyD. patience.The accident caused some to my car, but it’s nothing serious.A. harmB. injuryC. damageD. ruin二、填空题：根据句意和句子结构，在空格处填入一个适当的单词或括号中所给词的正确形式。
专题1 名词与冠词单项填空对名词的考查主要包括名词的辨析、单复数、名词的固定搭配、名词的格、名词在特殊语境中的应用、名词的熟词生义等。
冠词在近几年高考中未考查，但对冠词的基本用法也应掌握。
考查要点主要包括：1．考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。
名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。
另外，高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。
2．考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
3．考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。
这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。
如：shelter n．庇护，避难所→vt.保护，躲避，避难；storm n. 暴风雨，大动荡→vi.&vt.横冲直撞，猛攻；shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部→vt.肩负，承担；trail n．小径，痕迹→vt.追踪。
知识点一、名词的单复数1．可数名词复数的规则变化可数名词复数的构成，通常是在单数形式后面加－s或－es，其规则如下：构成方法例词一般情况在词尾加－scat—cats girl—girlspage—pages以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词在词尾加－esbus—buses box—boxeswatch—watchesbrush—brushes但有例外：stomach—stomachs以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母＋y”结尾的名词变复数时，直接在词尾加－stwo Marysthree Henrysmonkey—monkeysholiday—holidays boy—boys以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，把y变成i加－es baby—babies city—cities factory—factories story—stories以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的词，在词尾加－es tomato—tomatoes hero—heroes potato—potatoes但有例外：photo—photos piano—pianos以“元音字母＋o”结尾的词在词尾加－sradio—radioszoo—zoos以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v加－es knife—knives wife—wives half—halves leaf—leaves但仍有例外：belief—beliefs roof—roofs handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves【特别提醒】因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化，所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。
第一讲名词和冠词语法项目(一) 名词语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格，以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。
短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。
解答有关名词的题目时，一定要注意名词前的修饰成分，如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等，来判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词；有的还要结合语境分析句子成分，来判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。
如何确定填单复数、所有格还是派生为名词[思考趋向]1．填名词的单复数若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。
2．填名词的所有格提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。
3．派生为名词[典例感悟][典例1](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.解析：invitations invitation“邀请”是可数名词，其前有several修饰，应用复数形式。
[典例2](2019·湖南师大附中模拟)This could be ________ (Mary) motto——the expression that best captures her spirit.解析：Mary's此题考查名词的所有格，根据语境应该表示“玛丽的格言”。
[典例3](2017·浙江卷11月)Of course you have to work at it.You wouldn't think that a few ________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life，and that's also true for building your vocabulary—you have to keep at it daily，and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.解析：months考查名词的数。
高考押题专练1．When you enter a hotel, the top ________ is to find out where all the available exit routes are in case you need to get out in an emergency.A．privilege B．priorityC．preference D．principle【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。
句意：当你进入酒店时，你的首要任务是找出所有可用的出口路线，以防你需要在紧急情况下离开。
priority“优先事项，首要事情”，符合句意。
privilege“特权”；preference“偏爱，偏爱的事物”；principle“规范，原则”。
2．The health of garden plants depends on the soil ________ —the proper balance of mineral pieces, organic matter, air, and water.A．construction B．conservationC．corporation D．composition【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。
句意：园艺植物的健康取决于土壤的组成成分——矿物质、有机物质、空气和水的适当平衡。
composition“构成，成分”，符合语境。
construction“建造，建筑”；conservation“保存，保护”；corporation“法人，大型公司”。
3．The audience burst into laughter because of the ________ of the tongue from the host, who said, “Good ladies, evening and gentlemen.”A．slip B．slideC．seal D．spit【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。
