青岛理工大学英语语言学基础2期末试题及参考答案

题号■«—*分值20305四五总分3015100《基础英语（二）》课程期末考试试卷答题卷（B 卷）考试专业英语班级英语B1601、（）2、03、04考试形式闭卷考试时间120分钟考试学期2016.2017学年第二学期考试类型一考试命题教师丁熙where necessary.1—IO. fatal, fluent, homesick, inclination, normally,follow example, indifferent, to a degree, depressing, care forPart II Translate the following sentences from Chinese into English.11.Children may swim here provided that they are accompanied by adults.12.Although the old man is afflicted with rheumatism, he still insists on jogging and mountain-climbing every day.13.Everyone has the right to education, regardless of his or her origin, sex and age.14.Just dismiss the idea quickly一it's too crazy and not worth thinking about at alL15.The Japanese company succeeded in penetrating the market of US TV. Translate the following sentences from English into Chinese.16.我意识到自己内心充满了自怜、自私和对于别人需求的漠视，以及不为他人着想。

期末试卷一、听力（共三节，20分）第一节听下面5个问句，选择合适的回答。

（5分）1. A. Yes, how about adventure tourism?B. Yes, we have a lot of types to introduce.C. OK, where will you want to go?2. A. You can find anything here.B. So sorry, I am a stranger here.C. You can ask someone else here.3. A. It’s amazing, and I found many inventions make life better.B. The museum is great. I love it.C. I really won’t to go there.4. A. Yes, I am happy to work.B. I am proud of my skill. I can do a lot.C. Skill. It’s the most important to be skilled.5. A. Because of bad weather, I have to stop my job.B. Because of my father, he takes the same job as a fashion designer.C. Because my father loves to be a fashion designer.第二节听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。

（5分）6. What will the man know in Yunnan?A. Beautiful scenery.B. Local people’s storyC. Special customs and tradition.7. Why will the future daily life become easier?A. Because of great inventions.B. Because of the Smart home.C. Because of the people’s hard work.8. How did Tu Youyou find out a cure for malaria (疟疾)?A. She made a lot of Chinese medicines.B. She made a lot of studies among traditional Chinese medicines.C. She worked hard and we are proud of her.9. What are they talking about?A. Solving the problem of the mobile.B. Finding the way to solve the problem.C. The importance of the internet.10. Where were the talented people in the conversation?A. At the World Skill Competition.B. In their working field.C. In their countries.第三节听下面的独白或对话，每段对话或独白后有3-4个小题。

基础英语2试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a verb?A. AppleB. RunC. MountainD. Yellow答案：B2. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition: She is_______ the library.A. inB. onC. atD. to答案：C3. Choose the correct comparative form of the adjective "big":A. biggerB. bigC. biglyD. bigness答案：A4. What is the past tense of "do"?A. didB. doneC. doD. doing答案：A5. Which sentence is in the passive voice?A. The teacher gave the students some advice.B. The students were given some advice by the teacher.C. The advice was given to the students.D. Both B and C答案：D6. Which of the following is an interrogative sentence?A. She is a student.B. Is she a student?C. She likes reading.D. Reading is her hobby.答案：B7. What is the meaning of the phrase "break a leg"?A. To hurt one's legB. To wish someone good luckC. To break somethingD. To have a bad luck答案：B8. Fill in the blank with the correct article: _______ applea day keeps the doctor away.A. AB. AnC. TheD. /答案：B9. What is the correct spelling of the word meaning "very good"?A. excellantB. excellentC. excellantD. excellant答案：B10. Choose the correct sentence structure for a conditional sentence:A. If it rains, I will go to the park.B. If it rained, I go to the park.C. If it rains, I go to the park.D. If it rained, I will go to the park.答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The opposite of "happy" is __________.答案：sad12. The word "library" has __________ syllables.答案：three13. The possessive form of "man" is __________.答案：man's14. The word "because" is a __________.答案：conjunction15. The present participle of "run" is __________.答案：running16. The phrase "a piece of cake" means __________.答案：something easy17. The word "unique" has __________ syllables.答案：two18. The comparative form of "small" is __________.答案：smaller19. The word "their" is a __________.答案：pronoun20. The past tense of "drink" is __________.答案：drank三、阅读理解（每题3分，共15分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答问题。

大学语言期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是“大学”的英文翻译？A. Middle SchoolB. High SchoolC. UniversityD. Elementary School答案：C2. “语言”在英语中通常指的是：A. CountryB. LanguageC. CityD. Culture答案：B3. “期末考试”在英文中通常被称为：A. Final ExamB. Midterm ExamC. Written TestD. Oral Test答案：A4. “阅读理解”在英语学习中是指：A. Reading ComprehensionB. Listening ComprehensionC. Writing ComprehensionD. Speaking Comprehension答案：A5. “词汇量”在英语中可以表达为：A. VocabularyB. LexiconC. DictionaryD. Glossary答案：A6. “语法”的正确英文翻译是：A. GrammarB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonology答案：A7. 下列哪个短语表示“完成作业”？A. Do homeworkB. Make homeworkC. Finish homeworkD. Complete homework答案：D8. “图书馆”在英语中通常指的是：A. LibraryB. BookstoreC. Reading RoomD. Classroom答案：A9. “论文”在学术英语中通常指的是：A. EssayB. ThesisC. ReportD. Article答案：B10. “口语”在英语中可以表达为：A. OralB. SpokenC. VerbalD. All of the above答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The _________ (大学) is a place where students can study and live.答案：University12. To improve your _________ (语言) skills, you should practice speaking regularly.答案：Language13. Many students feel stressed before the _________ (期末考试).答案：Final Exam14. In an English class, you might be asked to write an_________ (论文) on a specific topic.答案：Thesis15. When learning a new language, expanding your _________(词汇量) is essential.答案：Vocabulary16. The teacher asked the students to _________ (完成) their homework before the next class.答案：Complete17. You can find a wide range of books in a(n) _________ (图书馆).答案：Library18. The _________ (语法) section of the language test is often challenging for many students.答案：Grammar19. An _________ (阅读理解) exercise usually involves readinga passage and answering questions about it.答案：Reading Comprehension20. Public _________ (口语) is an important skill for effective communication.答案：Spoken三、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分）阅读下面的短文，并回答问题。

英语语言学试题2及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is derived from which language?A. LatinB. GreekC. GermanD. French答案：B2. Which of the following is not a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. LexicologyC. AstronomyD. Syntax答案：C3. The study of language change over time is known as:A. Historical LinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Neurolinguistics答案：A4. What is the term for the smallest unit of sound in a language?A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. Syllable答案：A5. The process of using one language to explain another is called:A. TranslationB. InterpretationC. ParaphrasingD. Transliteration答案：A6. Which of the following is an example of a sociolect?A. Medical languageB. Legal languageC. Teenage slangD. All of the above答案：D7. The study of language in relation to the brain is known as:A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：B8. What is the term for the use of language to achieve a particular purpose?A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology9. The study of the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A10. Which of the following is not a component of a language's phonological system?A. PhonemesB. MorphemesC. SyllablesD. Tones答案：B二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of language in its social context is known as________.答案：Sociolinguistics2. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of sentences is ________.答案：Syntax4. A dialect is a variety of a language that is characterizedby features of ________, grammar, and vocabulary.答案：Phonology5. The process of acquiring a first language is known as________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the relationship between language and thought is called ________.答案：Linguistic relativity7. The branch of linguistics that deals with the history of words and their meanings is ________.答案：Etymology8. A language family is a group of languages that are related through ________.答案：Common ancestry9. The process of analyzing the structure of words is known as ________.答案：Morphology10. The study of language in relation to culture is known as ________.答案：Anthropological linguistics三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a dialect and a language. 答案：A dialect is a variety of a language that is spoken by a particular group within a larger language community, whilea language is a system of communication that is used by a community of people. Dialects can be mutually intelligible, meaning speakers of different dialects can understand each other, whereas languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible.2. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and how does it relate to language and thought?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also known as linguistic relativity, suggests that the structure of a language affects its speakers' cognition and perception. It posits that different languages structure the world in different ways, leading to different thought processes and perceptions of reality.3. Describe the role of phonetics in linguistics.答案：Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, or phones. It is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the production, transmission, and perception of speech sounds. Phonetics provides the foundation for understanding the sounds of a language and is crucial for the study of phonology, which is the study of the sound system of a language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It explores how social factors such as age, gender, social class, ethnicity, and geographical location affect the way language is used. Sociolinguistics helps us understand language variation andchange, and it provides insights into the social meanings and functions of language.。

最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitionsin Column B.Column A1.最新 2019英语8.mistakes17.语言学期末试题9.interlanguage18.context练习 +答案10.motivation19.blendingngue11.arbitrariness20.culture3.suprasegmental feature12.21.learning strategies4.deep structure13.broad transcription22.selectional restrictions5.predication analysis14.morphology23.phrase structure rules6.idiolect15.category24.culture diffusion7.pidgin16.errors最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案A. Learners ’ indepentdesystem of the second language， which is of neither the nativelanguage nor the second language， but a continuum or approximation from his nativelanguage to the target language. 9B.Learner ’ s attitudes and affective state or learning drive， having a strong impact on hisefforts n learning a second language. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23D.24E. 6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people whospeak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents----- arguments and predicates. 5H. They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.22I. The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s propertiessubcategorization.4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words ， and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner ’conscious， goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.20P.18Q. .19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language，such as a sentence， a noun phrase or a verb. 15S.17T.The ideal user’ s knowledge of the rules of his language12.U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W. They reflect gaps in a learner’ s knowledge of the target，languagenotself-corrigible.16X. They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word ， whose initial letter has been given.1. “ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illustration of thea____ nature of language. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user Competence’4._. This marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the a____ of the phoneme.Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. Theyare said to be in c____ distribution.7.When pitch ， stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation，they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8. The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammaticalmarkers， signifying such concepts as tense， number， case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head，specifier ， and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning ，conceptualist view holds that there is no direct linkbetween a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ， in the interpretation of meaning theyare linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12. The sense relation between“ animal” and“ dog” hyponymyiscalled____.13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials o f “ World Health Organization Acronym”.17.According to Halliday ， language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.Diffusion19.Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called”， which is a “vfeature of all vowels and some consonants in English. V oice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features.Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____.Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme25.The sense relation between autumn”“ and fall“” is calleds____. Synonym26. H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form，i.e. ， different words are identical in sound or spelling ， or in both. Homonymy27.Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “ SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome ”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an indi Idiolect30. RP， the short form of“ R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular way of pronouncingstandard English. ReceivedⅢ .Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics ， ____ form the part of language which links together the soundpattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics and semanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and semantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’，s point.e.，of howview the sounds are perceivedby the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental， voiceless fricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back，open and unrounded vowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [?]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat ， biteB. kill ， pillC. peak， pig，D. meat， seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional morphemes except____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD. undesirability12.The pair of words“ dead and alive” is called ____.A. gradable antonymsB. relational opposites13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y:John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y:My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl ’ s classification of speech， actswhich of the following is an instance ofdirectives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I ’ m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “ Kodak ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning issimply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A. K. Halliday27..B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD. sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’，s point.e.，ofhowviewa speaker uses his speechorgans to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatory phonetics29.We know the verb “put ”requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv，. theThusprocess ofputting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntacticcharacteristic is called.A. categorization B . subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30. Which of the following words contains a front ， close and unrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except____.A . faster B. writer C. lovely D. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words borrow“ and lend ” is called ___.A. gradable antonyms B . relational opposites34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y:John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37. According to Searl’ s classification of speech，actswhich of the following is Not an instanceof directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D.I have never seen the man before.38.The word “ brunch ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" isknown as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologicallyprogrammed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense， number， gender and case are called ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45. There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A.[z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B.[m]C.[b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant52. When a child uses “ mummy” to refer to any woman ，most probably his “ mummy”means.A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult–MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day ， eight days a week." obviously violatesthe maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words“ north ” and“ south ” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in thepart of speech.A. BlendingB. Back-formationC. ClippingD. Conversion60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the correspondingbracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general ， but not any particular language ， e.g. English ，Chinese， Arabic ， and Latin ， etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium ofhuman language. F3.In narrow transcription ， we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while inbroad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with thediacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. T5.T6.Of the three phonetics branches ， the longest established one ， and until recently the mosthighly developed ， is acoustic phonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “ seal in”the sentence “ theseal could not be found ”cannot bedetermined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmedfor language. T9.According to co-operative principle ， the conversational participants have to strictly observethe four maxims ， so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background.T11.T12. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14. Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds ， language is absolutelyarbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central and back according to the manner of articulation.F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to languageteaching and learning. F17. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T20. According to the innatist view of language acquisition，only when the language is modifiedand adjusted to the level of children F’21.T22.According to Austin ， the performative utterance is used to perform an action， it also has truthvalue. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds oflanguage samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that languagehas two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. Whatare they and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday ， what is register? What are the social variables that determine theregister? P117-1183.P8-94. Give a brief illustration to the“ semantic triangle” suggestedcharsby.P63Ogden-64 and Ri Ⅵ. Essay question.1.According to Austin ， what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making anutterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maxims givesrise to conversational implicature? P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules does eachof the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning?Please illustrate briefly.1)He ated the cake yesterday.2)We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3)The table intended to marry the chair.4)My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1.The meaning of sentence And it includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2.The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality ， which is governed by thegrammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes ， making a sentenceunacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated”and 2) has “will gone ”;3.But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether asentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions ， in other words， constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed ， yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example， as we can find in sentence 3) and4)， no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children ’s story and there is no redpears usually in the world. Therefore ， some selectional restrictions have been violated.。

大学语言类期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. PhenomenalB. PhenomenalizeC. PhenomenologyD. Phenomenonize答案：C2. Choose the correct translation for "ephemeral" in Chinese.A. 永恒的B. 短暂的C. 永恒的D. 永恒的答案：B3. Which of the following is NOT a function of language?A. CommunicationB. ExpressionC. EntertainmentD. Storage答案：C4. The phrase "to be on cloud nine" typically means:A. To be very high upB. To be very happyC. To be very sadD. To be very confused答案：B5. The term "dialect" refers to:A. A type of foodB. A type of musicC. A type of languageD. A type of clothing答案：C6. What is the past tense of "write"?A. WroteB. WritesC. WritingD. Writed答案：A7. The word "altruism" is opposite to:A. EgotismB. AltruismC. EgalitarianismD. Egalitarian答案：A8. The idiom "to break the ice" means:A. To start a conversationB. To make a decisionC. To end a relationshipD. To make a mistake答案：A9. The word "pragmatic" is most closely associated with:A. PracticalB. TheoreticalC. ImaginativeD. Emotional答案：A10. The phrase "to be in the pink" means:A. To be very wellB. To be very tiredC. To be very angryD. To be very sad答案：A二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）11. The word "____" means "a person who is very careful with money."答案：Miser12. The phrase "____" is used to describe someone who is very cautious.答案：Play it safe13. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is always ready to help others.答案：Good Samaritan14. The word "____" can be used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：Garrulous15. "____" is a phrase that means to make a situation better.答案：Improve16. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very honest.答案：Candid17. "____" is a term that refers to the study of languages.答案：Linguistics18. The phrase "____" means to be very careful with one's words.答案：Choose one's words carefully19. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very organized.答案：Methodical20. The word "____" can be used to describe a person who is very sensitive to criticism.答案：Thin-skinned三、阅读理解（每题5分，共30分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答问题。

英语语言学期末考试试卷第一部分选择题I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%)1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________.A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological pointof viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological pointof viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________.A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmittedB. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongueC. but the details of language have to be learnt.D. and the details are acquired by instinct4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctivephonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. freeD. word-forming6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative tointerrogative.A. obligatoryB. optionalC. selectionalD. arbitrary7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________.A. GriceB. PlatoC. SaussureD. Ogden and Richards8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction ofthe meaning of a sentence.A. utteranceB. referenceC. predicationD. morpheme10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; itis the act performed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. P___________ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questionsas how the human mind works when people use language.12. A d_________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level,there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d___________.14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: thepharyngeal cavity, the o_________ cavity and the nasal cavity.15. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain iscalled l_____________.16. S_____________ features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretationof meaning.17. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinitelength, due to their r_________ properties.18. H__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical insound or spelling, or in both.19. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of relatedlanguages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p____________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.20. In Sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social groupisolated for any given study is called the speech c___________.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)( ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce andcomprehend.( ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not as systematic as standard English.( ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%×10=30%)31. parole:32. broad transcription:33. allophones:34. phrase structure rules:35. context36. Historical Linguistics:37. standard language:38. linguistic taboo:39. acculturation:40. care-taker speech:V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second languageacquisition and give your examples.42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the majorperiods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.参考答案第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. A2. D3. C4. C5.B6. A7. B8. C9. C 10. D第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Psycholinguistics12. diachronic13. duality14. oral15. lateralization16. Suprasegmental17. recursive18. Homonymy19. protolanguage20. communityIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%X10=20%)( T ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( T ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( F ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( F ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( T ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce andcomprehend.( F ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( F ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( T ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( F ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not as systematic as standard English.( T ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%X10=30%)31. parole: It refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete and varies with context.32. Broad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normallyused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.33. Allophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments.34. Phrase structure rules are the rewrite rules which allow for the possible combination of wordsto form phrases and sentences.35. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and thehearer.36. Historical linguistics studies language change ( or historical development of language).37. Standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the languageemployed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media and taught in educational institutions.38. Linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society fromgeneral use.39. Acculturation is a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second languagecommunity.40. It is simple and modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter, etc. when they talk to youngchildren who are acquiring their native language.V. Answer the following questions. (10%X2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second languageacquisition and give your examples.1) Mother tongue interference2) interlingual interference3) Overgeneralization42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the majorperiods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.Major periods: Old English (449-1100)Middle English (1100-1500)Modern English (1500-present)Historical events: The old English period began with the invasion of the British Isles by English-speaking Anglo-Saxons from Europe, and ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders historically known as the Norman Conquest. The Middle English period is distinguished from the Old English period by the Norman Conquest. The European renaissance movement marked the beginning of the Modern English period.。

《大学英语2》期末考试综合复习资料I. Use of English1. — Hello, may I talk to the headmaster now?- __________.A。

Sorry，he is busy at the moment B. No，you can’tC。

Sorry, you can’t D. I don’t know2。

— Do you think I could borrow your dictionary？— ________。

A。

Yes, you may borrow B. Yes，go onC. Yes, help yourself D。

It doesn’t matter3. — What can I do for you，madam？—________。

A. I want a kilo of apples B。

You can go your own wayC。

Thanks D. Excuse me. I’m busy4。

—Do you mind telling me where you’re from?— _________.A. Certainly。

I'm from LondonB. Sure. I was born in LondonC. Not really, you can do itD. Certainly not。

I’m from London5。

- May I see the menu, please? I’ve been waiting an hour already.— _________.A. That is the menu，sir B。

Yes, please go onC. Here you are, sir D。

Of course, sir6. — I was worried about chemistry, but Mr. Brown gave me an A!— _________.A。

复习题BSection A Multiple ChoiceDirections: Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.1. The local TV station is going to_______ a few reporters to cover the international conference to be held in the small town.A. anticipateB. assignC. amazeD. attract2. —Excuse me, where is Mr Brown’s office?—Sorry, I don’t know. I ______ here for only a few days.A. workB. workedC. have workedD. will work3. It was such wonderful weather. He ______ himself out on the grass.A. scannedB. startledC. smashedD. stretched4. I didn’t see Laura at the party last night. Do you know _______?A. what happenedB. why she not comeC. when would she arriveD. where she has been5. Many people agree that the sudden death of a relative gives them a new ______ on life.A. prospectB. perspectiveC. preferenceD. performance6. You won’t feel happy at school ______ you get on well with your classmates.A. thoughB. whenC. unlessD. because7. This story _____ women’s social and economic status (地位) at that time.A. reflectsB. resemblesC. recallsD. reacts8.This movie provides the audience ______ into the anti-Japanese war.A. insightB. impactC. interviewD. revision9. If every one of us can think for others, we will live in ________.A. impactB. curiosityC. harmonyD. excitement10. The telephone _______, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.A. had rungB. was ringingC. ringsD. has rung11. While Mr. Johnson was away on vacation, a lot of letters ______ on his desk.A. accusedB. assignedC. acquiredD. accumulated12. The majority of people around her are ____ people. They are honest, polite and very friendly.A. decentB. recentC. decadeD. solemn13. In some places women are expected to earn money ____ men work at home and raise their children.A. butB. whileC. becauseD. though14. Have you _____ your friends of your plan to study abroad?A. referredB. informedC. ignoredD. registered15. Bill doesn’t feel he’s achieving his full ______ i n his present job as a salesman.A. potentialB. propertyC. prospectD. presence16. A cough is usually nothing to worry about unless it lasts for ten days ___.A. or moreB. insteadC. at mostD. only17.Age is not the only factor that decides whether a person can have ___ ideas about life.A. academicB. matureC. accurateD. feasible18.. —Can you show me Mr. Jaffer’s office, please?—_____. But I don’t know if he is in at the momen t.A. ThanksB. Go onC. SureD. You are welcome19. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _______ New York is an example.A. for whichB. in whichC. of whichD. from which20. —I have some big news for you. You’ve been accepted as a member of our club.—_______ That’s great!A. Have I?B. Pardon?C. Congratulations!D. Good idea!Section B Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following passages carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.Passage OneWhenever the sun dropped and the blue sky came up, my father and I used to climb the mountain near my house. Walking together, my father and I used to have a lot of conversations through which I learned lessons from his experiences. He always told me, “You should have goals like climbing the mountain.” Without the mountain-climbing that we both enjoyed, we couldn’t have enough time to spend together because my father was very busy. I really got a lot from the mountain-climbing. It gave me time to talk with my father and to be in deep thought as well as develop my patience.Once we climbed a very high mountain. It was so challenging for me because I was only ten year s old. During the first few hours of climbing, I enjoyed the flowers and trees, and the birds’ singing. But as time passed, I got a pain in both of my legs. I wanted to quit climbing, but my father said to me, “You can always see a beautiful sky at the top of the mountain, but you can’t see it before you reach the top. Only there can you see all of the nice things, which is just like your life.”At that time, I was too young to understand his words. But later after that, I got to know the meaning of hope in life. I found myself standing at the top of the mountain, and the sky was as clear as crystal.21. The passage tells us that mountain-climbing was ______ for the father and the son.A. hardB. enjoyableC. painfulD. comfortable22. The underlined word “crystal” in the passage means _______.A. 岩石B. 火焰C. 水晶D.寒冰23. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the father’s words in the second paragraph?A. You will get all you need at the top of the mountain.B. The sky is always as clear as crystal.C. You can find life is full of nice things.D. Never give up half-way.24. We can infer from the last paragraph that ______.A. the writer was very successful in his lifeB. the writer reached the top of the mountainC. though the writer was young, he could understand his fatherD. the writer used to stop half-way when he climbed the mountain25. The best title for the passage is ______.A. Reaching the Top of the MountainB. Standing at the Top of the MountainC. Conversations between Father and SonD. How to Get to the Top of the MountainPassage TwoEveryone has got two personalities (性格) —the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You don’t show your secret personality when you’re awake because you can control yourself, but when you’re asleep, your sleeping position shows the real you. In a normal night, of course, you often change your sleeping positions. The important position that best shows your secret personality is the one that you go to sleep.If you go to sleep on your back, you’re a very open person. You normally trust people and you are easily influenced by new ideas. You don’t like to make people unhappy, so you never express your real feelings. You’re quite shy and you aren’t very confident.If you sleep on your stomach, you are a person who likes to keep secrets. You worry a lot and you’re always easily becoming sad. You never want to change your ideas, but you are satisfied with your life the way it is. You usually live for today not for tomorrow.If you sleep on curled up (蜷缩), you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt, so you are very defensive. You’re shy and you don’t usually like meeting people. You like to be on your own.If you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced (平衡的) personality. You know your strengths and weaknesses. You’re usually careful. You have a confi dent personality. You sometimes feel worried, but you don’t often get unhappy. You always say what you think, even if it makes people angry.26. You may find the passage in_____.A. a science magazineB. a guide bookC. a sports newspaperD. a story book27. When does the sleeping position best show your secret personality?A. In the daytime.B. At the beginning of sleep.C. At night.D. During the deep sleep.28. Tina hardly tells her secrets to her friends. She probably goes to sleep _______.A. on curled upB. on her stomachC. on her backD. on her side29. What does the word "defensive" mean in the passage?A. 易怒的B. 攻击性的C. 外向的D. 有戒心的30. What does the passage tell us?A. Sleeping on your side is the best way of sleeping.B. Changing positions will cause sleeping problems.C. Sleeping positions show people’s secret personalities.D. Enough sleep makes people look better and healthier.Passage ThreeThere have been many great inventions or things that changed the way we live. The first great invention was the one that is still very important today——the wheel. This made it easier to carry heavy things and to travel long distance.For hundreds of years after that there were few inventions that as much effect as the wheel. Then in the early 1800s the world started to change. There was little unknown land left in the world. People didn’t have to explore much any more. They began to work inst ead to make life better.In the second half of the 19th century many great inventions were made. Among them were the camera, the light and the radio. These all play a big part in our daily life today.The first part of the 20th century saw more great inventions. The helicopter in 1909, movies with sound in 1926, the computer in 1928, jet planes in 1930. This was also a time when a new material was first made. Nylon came out in 1935. It changed the kind of clothes people wore.The middle part of the 20th century brought new ways to help people get over diseases. They worked very well. They made people healthier and allowed them to live longer. By the 1960s most people could expect to live to be at least 60.By this time most people in developed countries had a very good life. Of course new inventions continued to be made. But man now had a desire to explore again. The earth was known to man but the stars were not. Man began looking for ways to go into space. Russia made the first step. Then United States took a step. Since then other countries, including China and Japan, have made their own steps into space.In 1969 man took his biggest step away from earth. Americans first walked on the moon. This is certainly just a beginning, though. New inventions will some day allow us to do things we have never yet dreamed of.31. This passage talks mainly about .A. why cars were very importantB. when light was inventedC. how inventions affect people’s daily lifeD. which country made the first step into space32. According to the passage man didn’t have a desire to explore a lot .A. at the beginning of 1800sB. in the 1960sC. since the 1900sD. from the 1800s to 1960s33. In the 1800s, people began to work in order to makeA. explorationsB. their life betterC. discoveriesD. a trip to space34. Nylon came out of five years later than .A. radioB. cameraC. jet planesD. movies35. People can live longer lives because that help cure diseases have worked very well.A. doctorsB. new waysC. medicinesD. new hospitalsPassage FourShopping is an important part of any tourist’s activities. Shopping leads as the number on e activity while traveling for both domestic and international travelers. The Travel Industry Association of America (TIA) reports that shopping is an activity engaged in by 33 percent of domestic travelers. The U.S. Department of Commerce reports that 90 percent of international visitors shopped in the United States in 1997 as part of their vacation activities.An example of shopping’s importance is the Bayside Marketplace. The Rouse Company has created Miami—Dade Country’s number one visitor attraction, B ayside Marketplace, which was launched in April 1987. It has attracted more than 120 million visitors from South Florida and around the world. The Greater Miami Convention & Visitors Bureau has repeatedly identified Bayside as Miami—Dade County’s number on e visitor attraction, and Florida Trend magazine recently published a report naming Bayside as the fifth—most –visited attraction in the state of Florida.Bayside has nearly 140 shops offering a variety of merchandise(商品) in both the North and South Pavilions and Pier 5 Marketplace. In addition, Hard Rock Caféand nine additional full—service restaurants offer everything from different countries. For visitors on the run, the International Food Court offers 20 fast food eateries(餐馆). Bayside is also the only entertainment venue(聚会地点) in the city offering free concerts 365 days a year.36. According to TIA, which activity is the first one for domestic travelers?A. Sightseeing.B. Shopping.C. Singing.D. Dancing.37. How many percent of international visitors shopped in the United States in 1997 as part oftheir vacation activities?A. 60 percent.B. 70 percent.C. 80 percent.D. 90 percent.38. When was Bayside Marketplace launched?A. In April, 1978.B. In March, 1997.C. In April, 1987.D. In March, 1978.39. What kind of restaurants provide foods for visitors on the run?A. Fast Food restaurants.B. Local Snack Bars.C. Hard Rock Café.D. Full—service restaurants.40. Which market is the only entertainment place in Miami—Dade County offering concerts a year round?A. Bayside Market.B. The North Pavilion.C. The South Pavilion.D. Pier 5 Marketplace.Section C TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English.41. 据史密斯教授说，幸福就是你能充分利用你所有的一切。

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix twoexamples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）!Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme？42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius？Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with exampleshow they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）《五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been？B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples.the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）{语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.(语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）二、1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D三、6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D四、五、二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）六、七、11、knowledge八、12、bilabial九、13、morphology十、14、sentence十一、15、complete十二、16、representatives十三、17、coinage十四、18、delete十五、19、critical十六、20、interlanguage十七、十八、三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）十九、二十、21、F二十一、Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.二十二、二十三、22、F二十四、Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.二十五、二十六、23、F二十七、The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".二十八、二十九、24、F三十、Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.三十一、三十二、25、F三十三、Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.三十四、三十五、26、T三十六、三十七、27、T三十八、三十九、28、F四十、They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.四十一、四十二、29、F四十三、The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"四十四、四十五、30、T四十六、四十七、四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）四十八、四十九、31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.五十、五十一、32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.五十二、五十三、33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.五十四、五十五、34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added toa noun to form an adjective.五十六、五十七、35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences五十八、五十九、36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.六十、六十一、37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.六十二、六十三、38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.六十四、六十五、39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . "pass away" for "die".六十六、六十七、40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.六十八、六十九、五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）七十、七十一、41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.七十二、1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)七十三、2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.七十四、3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involvesthe insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle ofa word is known as epenthesis,七十五、4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced / ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".七十六、评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

教师试做时间出题教师取题时间审核教研室主任出题单位使用班级考试日期考试成绩期望值印刷份数规定完成时间交教学部印刷日期学号；姓名：班级：..........................................................密.......................................................封...........................................................线.......................................................... 专业年级班20 ~20 学年第学期英语报刊宣读课试卷试卷类型：卷题号一二三四五六七八九十总成绩得分Part I Writing (30 minutes; 15 points×1=15 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a paper about 100 words on the answer sheet based on the following guidelines.1. Suppose you are a college student living in a city,2. You are to spend your summer holiday in a countryside,3. Please write according to the information offered by the following two pictures,4. Briefly tell the shortcomings of living in a city and keep more your eyes on the reasons why you spend your holiday in the countryside.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (2 point×10 =20 points)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10Complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Love Yourself FirstMost of us long for (渴望) relationships in which we are loved and accepted just the way we are.Our hearts’ desire is to give and receive love in relationships that make us feel that even if others disagree with what we d o or say, they still love us, accept us, and appreciate (欣赏) what we give to the world. While it would be wonderful to have these types of relationships with all people, we know that’s hard to do. However, we can have such relationships with some others, but only when we first have them with ourselves — and, strangely, this is often the hardest relationship of all.Do you love yourself? You may think you do, but do you really? There’s only one way to find out — by taking a close look at what you think, say and do. You may not like some of wha t you find, but if you’re serious (认真的) about really loving yourself, you can use this insight to do some positive inner work.Here are three ways for gaining greater personal insight (洞察力) for deeper love.Listen Closely to Your Thoughts (想法)Your thoughts will determine your actions. One of the things that have helped you to listen to your thoughts is keeping a journal (日志). It is not necessary for you to write in it everyday, but it helps to record various insights you gain as you go about your life. Instead of using a big notebook, you might use a small notepad (笔记本) that you can keep in your purse or pocket for easy access to record your thoughts as they occur to you. Whichever method you choos e, what’s most important is that you write your thoughts dow n. It will help you know what’s in your heart.Be Honest with YourselfTo do this, you should pay attention to your actions. Actions speak louder than words, and they always tell the truth. If you say you love your job, but your actions say otherwise, which do you think is more true—your words or your actions? On the other hand, if you say you're not good at a certain job, but your actions say otherwise, that's also important. What do you do with this insight? You can use it to make more positive choices in your life. By being honest with yourself, you will act according to truth instead of just what you tell yourself.Take Quiet Time to Listen to Your Inner Voice.This is similar (相似的) to the first point, but it takes it a step further — beyond (超越) the natural mind to the heart that cannot be seen. You may want to use your quiet time to think deeply. However you use this time, the key is to shut out all of the noise around you by focusing (注意) deep within yourself. Breathing deeply during quiet time will also help you focus. I know it's hard to find quiet time during a particularly (特别的) busy day, but it's so important — even if it's just 10 minutes a day and you have to hide somewhere to get it. Quiet time can really make a difference in your life.Despite (尽管) what your subconscious (潜意识) may be telling you, you can have love with no limits. The key is to unconditionally (无条件地) love yourself first.1. The passage tells us that it’s not easy for us to love and accept ourselves the way we are.2. The only way to know whether we really love ourselves is to look deeply to our thoughts, words, and actions.3. The author provides (提供) two methods for obtaining (获得) greater personal insight for deeper love.4. An important way for gaining personal insight is to pay attention to our thoughts.5. Writing down our thoughts cannot definitely tell us what is in our heart.6. Though actions speak louder than words, they don’t always tell the truth.7. The benefit of being honest with ourselves is that it helps us to tell the differences between our words and our actions.8. The insight we gain from our actions can help us make in our life.9. It’s true that quiet time would in our life.10. If we can unconditionally love ourselves first, then we can have .Part III Reading comprehension (Reading in Depth) (A: 2 point×10=20 points; B: 3 points×5=20 points) Directions: In this part, there are 2 passages. For Passage A, you are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before you making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please write the corresponding letter for each。

复习题(A)Part I Blank Filling. (20%)Directions: Complete the sentences with the proper form of the given verbs in the brackets.1.The employers __________ (start) negotiations as soon as the men returned to work.2.Many familiar faces will be absent from Parliament when the new session ________(open) next Thursday.3.If you __________ (wait) for another hour before you made up your mind, it would be too late.4.Without TV, families __________ (rediscover) more active pastimes.5.When I first __________ (come) to this house, it was a very quiet area. But since a school was built here, it has becomevery noisy.6.“Have you applied for the job?”“I wrote to them last month, but they _____________ (not, answer) yet.”7.She __________ (not, have) time to study now. She will study when her children go to bed.8.He could not go out that night because he __________ (promise) to wait for Jim at home.9.I _______(go) back to my hometown two years ago. I found that it had changed greatly.10. It has been 11:30 already. Everybody __________ (go) to bed. Why are you still watching TV, Jane?Part II Multiple Choice. (30%)Directions: Circle the best answer from the four choices labeled A, B, C, D for each sentence.1.If you get up ______ you will miss the plane.A. latelyB. lateC. latterD. later2.The twins are so much ______ that it is difficult to tell one from the other.A. similarB. likeC. sameD. alike3.No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell _____.A. sleptB. sleepyC. asleepD. sleeping4.London has a larger population ______ in the United Kingdom.A. than any cityB. than other citiesC. than all the citiesD. than all the other cities5.Jack as a taxi-driver earns ______ he used to as a teacher.A. as $5,000 more thanB.$5,000 more thanC. more $5,000 thanD. $5,000 so much as6.We ______ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A. just have hadB. had just hadC. just hadD. have just had7.“Did you check your paper?”“No, I ______ it now.”A. checkingB. am checkingC. checkD. checked8.Send for a doctor quickly. The old man ______.A. will dieB. is dyingC. diesD. died9.Our school ______ for the summer at the end of June.A. to be closedB. closingC. closesD. to close10.Julia hadn’t reached the office when Tony ______ there.A. had gotB. has gotC. gotD. had been getting11.If the whole operation ______ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A. was not plannedB. has not been plannedC. were not plannedD. had not been planned12.______ the whole situation, I wouldn’t have said it.A. If I should knowB. Had I knownC. If I knewD. Were to know13.______ the English exam, I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. In spite ofB. Because ofC. But forD. As for14.The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I ______ here 30 minutes sooner.A. could have beenB. would beC. should beD. had been15.If I ______ you, I would have accepted their kind help.A. amB. had beenC. will beD. werePart III Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are three passages followed by 15 questions, each with four suggested answers. Choose the ONEthat you think is the best answer.Passage OneAfter practicing as a surgeon for several years, Dr. Ginoux decided to apply for membership in the American College of Surgeons, a highly selective and distinguished professional organization.As part of the application procedure, Dr. Ginoux was asked to prepare a list of all operations performed in the previous seven years. Slowly, as she worked on the long list, she began to feel uncertain. She began to question some of her decisions. Had she used the best technique in that case? Maybe, in this case, she should have run one more test before operating? On the other hand, maybe she should have …Would the doctors on the selection committee understand that, as the only trained surgeon in the area, she usually could not get advice from others and therefore, had to rely completely on her own judgment? For the first time, Dr. Ginoux felt lonely and isolated.The longer Dr. Ginoux worked on the application forms, the more depressed she became. As hope faded, she wondered if a “country doctor” had a realistic chance of being accepted by the American College of Surgeons.1.Dr. Ginoux was working inA. a large cityB.the American College of SurgeonsC.an area far from any big cityD. a selective organization2.The application forms must includeA.the decision procedureB. a record of all the operationsC.the best techniqueD. a list of advice and judgments3.It was most probable that Dr. Ginoux wasA. a member in that surgeonB. a well-trained surgeonC. a graduate from the American College of SurgeonsD. a distinguished surgeon in America4.When she was filling the application forms, Dr. Ginoux began to beA.realisticB.distinguishedC.perplexedD.decisive5.When filling the forms, Dr. Ginoux felt depressed becauseA.she didn’t perform enough operationsB.some operations were unsuccessfulC.she did n’t get advice from the selection committeeD.she was doubtful about her operationsPassage TwoAt sixteen Ron Mackie might have stayed at school, but the future called to him excitedly. “Get out of the classroom into a job,” it said, and Ron obeyed. His father, supporting the decision, found a place for him in a supermarket. “You’re lucky, Ron,”he said. “For every boy with a job these days, there’s a dozen with-out.” So Ron joined the working world at twenty pounds a week.For a year he spent his days filling shelves with tins of food. By the end of that time he was looking back on his school-days as a time of great variety and satisfaction. He searched for an interest in his work, with little success.One fine day instead of going to work Ron got a lift on a lorry going south. With nine pounds in his pocket, a full heart and a great longing for the sea, he set out to make a better way for himself. That evening, in Bournemouth, he had a sandwich and a drink in a café run by an elderly man and his wife. Before he had finished the sandwich, the woman had taken him on for the rest of the summer, at twenty pounds a week, a room upstairs and three meals a day. The ease and speed of it rather took Ron’s breath away. At quiet times Ron had to check the old man’s arithmetic in the records of the business.At the end of the season, he stayed on the coast. He was again surprised how straightforward it was for a boy of seventeento make a living. He worked in shops mostly, but once he took a job in a hotel for three weeks. Late in October he was taken on by the sick manager of a shoe shop. Ron soon found himself in charge there; he was the only one who could keep the books.6.Why did Ron Mackie leave school at sixteen?A.His father made him leaveB.He had reached the age when he had to leaveC.He left because he was worried about the futureD.He left because he wanted to start work7.What did Ron’s father think about his leaving school?A.He thought his son was doing the right thingB.He advised him to stay at school to complete his educationC.He did not like the idea, but he helped Ron to find work.D.He knew there was a job for every boy who wanted one.8.It took about a year for Ron to realize thatA.he worked well because he was interested in the jobB.his work at the supermarket was dull.C.being at work was much better than going to schoolD.the store manager wanted to get rid of him9.Why did Ron leave the supermarket?A.He knew he would find work in Bournemouth.B.He took a job as a lorry driver.C.He gave up the job because he felt unwell.D.He wanted to work at the seaside10.Ron was able to take over the shoe shop becauseA.he got on well with the manager thereB.he knew how to keep the accounts of the businessC.he had had experience of selling booksD.he was young and strongPassage ThreeIf you are like most people, your intelligence varies from season to season. You are probably a lot sharper in the spring than you are at any other time of year. A noted scientist, Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947), concluded from other men’s work and his own among peoples in different climates that climate and, temperature have a definite effect on our mental abilities.He found that cool weather is much more favorable for creative thinking than is summer heat. This does not mean that all people are less intelligent in the summer than they are during the rest of the year. It does mean, however, that the mental abilities of large numbers of people tend to be lowest in the summer.Spring appears to be the best period of the year for thinking. One reason may be that in the spring man’s mental abilities are affected by the same factors that bring about great changes in all nature.Fall is the next-best season, then winter. As for summer, it seems to be a good time to take a long vacation from thinking!11.According to the passage, your intelligence probably________.A.stays the same throughout the yearB.varies from day to dayC.changes with the seasonsD.changes from year to year12.Ellsworth Huntington decided that climate and temperature have _____A. a great effect on everyone’s intelligenceB.some effect on most persons’ intelligenceC.some effect on a few persons’ intelligenceD.no effect on most persons’ intelligence13.It seems that the cold winter____A.increases the ability to thinkB.is the best time for thinkingC.is better for thinking than is very warm weatherD.decreases the ability to think14.One possible reason why spring is the best season for thinking is that______A.all nature, including man, is growing thenB.it lasts longer than the other seasonsC.it is not too warm and not too coldD.both B and C15. According to the passage, any vacations from thinking should be taken ______A. several times throughout the yearB. during spring and fallC. during the summerD.as seldom as possiblePart IV Translation. (20%)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English.1.得马上请医生来。

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of writingD. A unit of grammar答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PsychologyD. Syntax答案：C3. The process of changing the form of a word to express different grammatical relationships is called:A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：A4. In English, the word "mouse" is an example of:A. A countable nounB. An uncountable nounC. A proper nounD. An article答案：A5. The study of meaning in language is known as:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A6. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning ina language is called:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that studies the social aspects of language is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational linguistics答案：A8. The use of language in context is studied in:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is known as:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The systematic arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences is the study of:A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as a____________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ____________.答案：Morphology4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is called ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as ____________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the rules governing the formation of sentences in a language is ____________.答案：Syntax7. The branch of linguistics that examines the psychological aspects of language is ____________.答案：Psycholinguistics8. The study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences is known as ____________.答案：Semantics9. The branch of linguistics concerned with the relationship between language and culture is ____________.答案：Anthropological linguistics10. The study of how language is processed in the brain is called ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, while an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of aword.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language,including how words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences.3. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understandingof language?答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how languagevaries according to social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity, and how these variations affect communication and social interaction.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps us understand how speakers convey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge.2. Explain the concept of language universals and give examples.答案：Language universals refer to the structural and functional features that are common to all human languages. Examples include the presence of nouns and verbs, the use ofword order to convey meaning, and the ability to form questions and negations.。

外国语学院期末试题及答案一、听力理解（共30分）本部分共有三篇短文，每篇短文后有几个小题。

请根据短文内容及问题选择正确答案。

短文一Hello, everyone! I'm Laura. I'm from the United States. I want to tell you about my favorite season. My favorite season is spring. In spring, the weather becomes warmer and the flowers start to bloom. It's so beautiful! I also like spring because it's a great time to go outdoors. I enjoy going for walks in the park and having picnics with my friends. My favorite spring festival is Easter. We decorate eggs and have an egg hunt. It's so much fun! I hope you all enjoy the coming spring season too.1. Where is Laura from?a. Chinab. Japanc. The United States2. What season does Laura like the most?a. Springb. Summerc. Winter3. What does Laura enjoy doing in spring?a. Having picnicsb. Playing soccerc. Shopping短文二Welcome to our language school! My name is John, and I'm here to tell you about our courses. We offer a wide range of language courses for beginners and advanced learners. Whether you want to learn English, French, German, Spanish, or Mandarin, we have the right course for you. Our experienced teachers are friendly and patient, ensuring that you receive the best education possible. Classes are held in small groups, allowing for individual attention and active participation. So why wait? Sign up for a course today and start your language learning journey with us!4. What is the speaker's name?a. Laurab. Johnc. Sarah5. What languages can you learn at the language school?a. English onlyb. English, French, German, Spanish, and Mandarinc. French, German, and Spanish only6. How are the classes organized?a. One-on-one lessonsb. Large groupsc. Small groups短文三Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the fashion show. Tonight, our talented designers will showcase their latest collections. You will be amazed by the creativity and style on display. From elegant evening gowns to trendy streetwear, there's something for everyone. In addition to the fashion show, there will also be live music performances and delicious food. It promises to be a night of glamour and entertainment. Enjoy the show!7. What is happening tonight?a. A music concertb. A fashion showc. A food festival8. What can the audience expect to see at the fashion show?a. Music performancesb. Food stallsc. Latest fashion collections9. What kind of clothes will be showcased?a. Formal attireb. Sportswearc. Casual outfits二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容选择正确答案。

28青岛理工大学期末考试翻译理论复习题2《翻译理论》复习题2一、译文比较。

下列各例均有两种译文。

把你认为较好的译文（A 或B）填写在每例后的括号里。

如：明年将出版更多的书籍。

( B )A．Next year will publish a greater number of new books.B．A greater number of new books will be published next year.1．It is already two years since he was Secretary General of the U. N. ( )A. 他担任联合国秘书长以来已经有两年了。

B．他不担任联合国秘书长已经有两年了。

2．If you think me in a way to be happier than I deserve, I am quite of your opinion.（）A．如果你认为我的幸福来之太易，受之有愧，那我完全同意你的看法。

B．如果你认为我生活幸福得超过我所值，那我完全同意你的看法。

3．I’ll live a little before it is too late. （）A．在太晚之前，我要生活一下。

B．我要好好享受一下生活，不然就太晚了。

4．Peter was an ambitious guy who always tried to squeeze into the upper class.（）A．彼得野心勃勃，他一心想挤进上流社会。

B．彼得雄心勃勃，他总是试图挤进上流社会。

5．Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented.（）A．只是在电动机发明之后，电力才成了人类的仆人。

B．只是在电动机发明之后，电力才开始造福于人类。

6. People sometimes expect gratitude when they aren’t entitled to it. （）A．有时人们在没有权利这么做的时候，也希望别人感激他们。