Valuable References

工程项目风险管理参考文献英文回答：Risk management is a crucial aspect of any engineering project, as it helps to identify potential risks and develop strategies to mitigate them. There are numerous references available on this topic that can provide valuable insights and guidance for project managers.One of the key references in risk management for engineering projects is the book "Project Risk Management: Processes, Techniques and Insights" by Chris Chapman and Stephen Ward. This book offers a comprehensive overview of risk management processes and techniques, along with practical insights from real-world examples. It covers topics such as risk identification, assessment, response planning, and monitoring and control.Another valuable reference is the article "A Framework for Project Risk Management" by Robert J. Chapman. Thisarticle presents a structured framework for managingproject risks, including a step-by-step approach to identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks. It also discusses the importance of integrating risk managementinto the overall project management process.In addition to these references, project managers can also benefit from industry-specific guidelines and standards, such as the Project Management Institute's (PMI) Project Risk Management Practice Guide. This guide provides best practices and tools for managing project risks, tailored to the needs of project managers in various industries.Overall, having a solid understanding of risk management principles and access to relevant references is essential for successfully managing engineering projects. By utilizing these resources, project managers can proactively identify and address potential risks,ultimately increasing the likelihood of project success.中文回答：工程项目风险管理是任何工程项目中至关重要的一部分，它有助于识别潜在风险并制定应对策略。

中考英语信息素养的培养与提升单选题40题1.The use of computers and the Internet is an important part of our daily life. It helps us get a lot of ___.rmationB.knowledgeC.newsD.data答案：A。

“information”意为“信息”，在这个语境中，使用电脑和网络能获得很多信息。

“knowledge”是“知识”；“news”是“新闻”；“data”是“数据”。

在这个句子中，电脑和网络主要帮助我们获得的是各种信息。

2.With the development of technology, we can easily access ___ through mobile phones.A.messagesB.instructionsC.tipsD.news答案：D。

“messages”是“信息、消息”；“instructions”是“说明、指示”；“tips”是“小贴士”；“news”是“新闻”。

在这个语境中，通过手机容易获取的是新闻。

rmation technology brings us a lot of ___.A.benefitsB.advantagesesD.functions答案：B。

“benefits”是“好处、益处”；“advantages”是“优势”；“uses”是“用途”；“functions”是“功能”。

在这个语境中，信息技术给我们带来很多优势。

4.We can get useful ___ from the Internet.A.ideasB.suggestionsC.opinionsrmation答案：D。

“ideas”是“想法”；“suggestions”是“建议”；“opinions”是“观点”；“information”是“信息”。

从互联网上能得到有用的信息。

valuable用法valuable可以用作形容词，valuable在句中可用作定语，也可用作表语。

用作表语时，可与介词to或for连用，to后接人，for后接目的，valuable有时还可用作宾语补足语。

valuable用作名词时，意思是“贵重物品，财宝”，尤指珠宝等小件物品，常用复数形式。

valuable，valued这两个词并不是同义词。

valuable的意思是“有价值的”、“贵重的”、“宝贵的”；它的对义词是valueless，而不是invaluable。

invaluable是valuable的同义词，作“非常珍贵的”、“无法估价的”解。

These diamonds are reckoned very valuable.这些钻石被认为是极为贵重的。

We have just received a piece of valuable information.我们刚接到一项很有价值的情报。

We are very much obliged to you for your valuable assistance.我们非常感谢你的可贵的帮助。

valuable 除作形容词外，亦可用作名词。

You had better send all your valuable to the bank.你最好把全部贵重物品存入银行。

valued的意思是“受人敬重的”、“值得重视的”。

valued是动词value的过去分词，为此，它是分词形容词，在句中只能作定语，不可用作名词。

Mr.Zhang is a valued elder.张先生是一位可尊敬的长者。

We will act on your valued advice.我们将遵照你的宝贵意见去做。

SCI审稿意见回复模板来了首先大家需要明确一点，给编辑的叫cover letter，不是response letter ，我们先来看下大致格式。

•Thank you for giving us the opportunity to submit a revised draft of the manuscript “XXX” for publication in the Journal of YYY. We appreciate the time and effort that you and the reviewers dedicated to providing feedback on our manuscript and are grateful for the insightful comments on and valuable improvements to our paper. We have incorporated most of the suggestions made by the reviewers. Those changes are highlighted in the manuscript. Please see below, in blue, for a point-by-point response to the reviewers’ comments and concerns. All page numbers refer to the revised manuscript file with tracked changes.•Ac cording to the reviewer’s comments, we have revised the manuscript extensively. If there are any other modifications we could make, we would like very much to modify them and wereally appreciate your help. We hope that our manuscript could be considered for publication in your journal. Thank you very much for your help.•Thank you again for your positive comments on our manuscript. 杂志名 is an influential journal which aims to improve our understanding of cancer prevention / other. From all the papers published in your journal, readers have been learning a lot. Hopefully, we could have our article been considered of publication in your journal. Should there been any other corrections we could make, please feel free to contact us.•Thank you for your email dated xxxxxx enclosing the reviewers’ comments. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Our responses are given in a point-by-point manner below. Changes to the manuscript are shown in underline / red / bold.•I hope that the changes I’ve made resolve all your concerns about the article. I’m more than happy to make any further changes that will improve the paper and/or facilitate successful publication.•Based on these comments and suggestions, we have made careful modifications to the original manuscript, and carefully proof-read the manuscript to minimize typographical and grammatical errors. We believe that the manuscript has been greatly improved and hope it has reached your magazine’s standard.回到正题，给审稿人的意见回信，叫做Response to Reviewers。

从歌词里学英文作文英文回答：Lyrics from popular songs can be a valuable tool for learning English in a fun and engaging way. They provide real-life examples of the language in use, exposing learners to a variety of vocabulary, grammar structures, and cultural references.Vocabulary:Songs are a rich source of new words and expressions. By listening to and reading song lyrics, learners can expand their vocabulary in a natural and memorable way. For example, the lyrics of the song "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen include words such as "magnum opus," "rhapsody," and "operatic," which may not be commonly encountered in everyday speech.Grammar:Songs also offer opportunities to observe how grammar is used in context. The lyrics of "Imagine" by John Lennon, for instance, provide examples of various tenses, modal verbs, and conditional clauses. By examining the lyrics, learners can gain insights into the rules and patterns of English grammar.Pronunciation:Lyrics can help learners improve their pronunciation by exposing them to the correct sounds and rhythms of the language. By singing along to songs or simply listening to them carefully, learners can develop a more accurate understanding of English pronunciation.Cultural References:Songs often contain references to historical events, cultural traditions, and social issues. By exploring the meanings and contexts behind these references, learners can gain a deeper understanding of English-speaking cultures.For example, the lyrics of "The Star-Spangled Banner" provide insights into the history of the United States and its national identity.Creative Expression:Song lyrics can also inspire creativity and self-expression. By writing their own songs or analyzing the lyrics of others, learners can explore their own thoughts and feelings and develop their writing skills. Songwriting can be a particularly effective way for learners to practice using target language vocabulary and grammar.Motivation:Lastly, songs can serve as a powerful motivator for language learning. Listening to and singing along to songs that you enjoy can make the learning process more fun and engaging. The positive emotions associated with music can also enhance memory and retention.中文回答：从流行歌曲的歌词中学习英语是一种有趣且引人入胜的方式。

小学下册英语第3单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on the theory of evolution?A. Charles DarwinB. Gregor MendelC. Louis PasteurD. Albert Einstein答案: A2 I have a pet ______ at home. (dog)3 What do you call the story of someone's life?A. BiographyB. NovelC. PoemD. Article答案:A4 The ______ is a symbol of wisdom.5 We have a ______ (丰富的) class schedule.6 What is the capital of Estonia?a. Tallinnb. Rigac. Vilniusd. Helsinki答案:a7 The fireflies are ______ (glowing) at night.8 I have a _____ (手电筒) for camping trips at night. 我有一个晚上露营时用的手电筒。

9 A chemical reaction that occurs spontaneously releases _____ (energy).10 I have a blue ___. (backpack)11 What color do you get when you mix red and white?A. PinkB. PurpleC. OrangeD. Brown答案：A12 What do we call the act of using resources wisely?A. ConservationB. SustainabilityC. EfficiencyD. All of the above答案: D13 What is the name of the famous detective created by Agatha Christie?A. Hercule PoirotB. Sherlock HolmesC. Miss MarpleD. Sam Spade14 The main component of air is _______. (氮气)15 Plants can grow in both _______ and dry conditions.16 The cat is very ___ (lazy/energetic).17 The chemical symbol for mercury is ____.18 The horse loves to eat _________. (草)19 A ____ is known for its quick movements and long legs.20 In a chemical reaction, the products may have different _____ from the reactants.21 My __________ (玩具名) is made of __________ (材料).22 I learned about different _____ (植物类型) in science class.23 A _____ (57) is a large, flowing body of fresh water.24 Plants need _______ to photosynthesize.25 A turtle hides in its _______ when it feels threatened.26 My ________ (玩具名称) is a great way to unwind.27 The chemical formula for ethanol is __________.28 The _____ (willow) tree has long, drooping branches.29 A ______ (青蛙) can be found in many colors and patterns.30 The __________ (历史的教育意义) shapes future generations.31 We like to ________ together.32 A ______ is a geographical area characterized by specific features.33 In a chemical reaction, the total number of atoms of each element must be the same on both _____.34 A chemical reaction can involve the formation of _____.35 The __________ (观鸟) activity is fun and educational.36 I enjoy watching __________ with my family. (电影)37 My brother likes to _____ video games. (play)38 What do we call a person who studies physics?A. PhysicistB. ChemistC. MathematicianD. Engineer39 What is the name of the famous museum in Paris?A. LouvreB. UffiziC. PradoD. Rijksmuseum答案:A. Louvre40 Did you hear that _____ (猫咪) purring?41 My favorite fruit is ________ (芒果) in the summer.42 _____ (succulent) stores water in its leaves.43 My ________ (玩具名称) is from a cartoon show.44 The turtle can live for many ______ (年).45 The ________ (岩石) formation is millions of years old.46 _____ (蔬菜) are important for a healthy diet.47 The kitten purrs when it is _______ (小猫在_______时咕噜作响).48 The rabbit has sharp _______ (牙齿) for chewing.49 Which month comes after April?A. MarchB. MayC. June答案:B50 She is wearing a __________ dress.51 A solution that can conduct electricity is called an ______.52 The __________ is a famous city known for its cuisine. (巴黎)53 My sister enjoys __________ (游览博物馆).54 In a circuit, electricity needs a complete _______.55 I like to ________ cartoons.56 What is the largest mammal in the ocean?A. SharkB. DolphinC. WhaleD. Octopus答案: C57 ts can produce ______ (芳香) oils. Some pla58 The __________ (历史的连接) builds relationships.59 The weather is very ___ (nice/stormy) today.60 The cat is _____ on the couch. (lying)61 Ancient China invented ______ (纸) and gunpowder.62 My mom teaches me to be __________ (善良的) to others.63 What is the name of the planet we live on?A. MarsB. JupiterC. EarthD. Neptune64 I bought some ________ (饼干) at the store.65 The __________ is a famous area known for its castles.66 The girl enjoys ________.67 The __________ (历史的观察) offers valuable perspectives.68 What is the name of the famous painting of a girl holding a pearl earring?A. The Girl with a Pearl EarringB. The Mona LisaC. The Birth of VenusD. The Starry Night69 A ________ is a place where water meets land.70 The _____ (door) is open.71 The _______ (狮子) is majestic and strong.72 What is the main language spoken in the USA?A. FrenchB. EnglishC. SpanishD. German答案: B73 The ________ (生态系统保护) ensures biodiversity.74 What do you call the large body of saltwater?A. LakeB. RiverC. OceanD. Pond75 What do we call a person who teaches school?a. Teacherb. Instructorc. Professord. All of the above答案:D76 ts have developed specific traits to cope with ______ stress. (某些植物发展出特定特征以应对环境压力。

关于英文版的推荐信A letter of recommendation is a valuable job-searching tool. (Also called a letter of reference.) For example, it s no secret that employers often use the cover of legit layoffs to get rid of undesirable employees. If you get laid off, it might raise the eyebrows of an interviewer or two. Was it because you were among the ranks of the undesirable or simply because your job was eliminated? A letter of recommendation that praises your performance and explains why termination wasn t your fault might come in handy.An employer might accept a letter of recommendation in place of grilling one or more of your references. That has several advantages. For one, it lets your references off the hot seat. The more often your references have to sit in the hot seat, the less willing they might be. For another, a letter of recommendation might speed up your hiring process. It takes more time to grill your one of references by phone or mail than it does to read your letter of recommendation. It also eliminates the risk that your reference will be unreachable, or might do a poor job because he or she was busy or having a rotten day. All it takes is one unreachable or poor reference to turn the tide against you, while only one stellar letter of recommendation might be enough to satisfy your potential employer. The biggest advantage of a letter of recommendation is that you ll already know exactly what your reference has to say about you.A letter of recommendation might even impress and comfort a potential employer. Some employers justifiably fear involvement in lawsuits resulting from poor references. Consequently, they typically document what your references say. If you have a letter of recommendation, you ve already documented for them while reducing their liability.推荐信是找工作时很有价值的一样工具，找工作时提供一封推荐信很重要，求职英语《找工作时提供一封推荐信很重要》。

会议汇报英文作文模板示例1:Title: Conference Report - English Essay TemplateIntroduction:The purpose of this article is to provide a template for writing a conference report in English. A conference report aims to summarize the key points, discussions, and outcomes of a conference or meeting. It should be concise, informative, and well-structured. The following template can serve as a guideline to effectively present your conference report.1. Introduction:- Start by providing a brief introduction to the conference, including its name, date, and location.- Mention the purpose of the conference and its significance in the respective field.2. Keynote Speeches:- Summarize the main points discussed in the keynote speeches.- Highlight any groundbreaking ideas, research findings, or innovative approaches presented.3. Sessions and Presentations:- Give an overview of the various sessions and presentations held during the conference.- Briefly mention the topics covered and the key takeaways from each session.4. Panel Discussions:- Summarize the panel discussions, highlighting the main themes and conclusions.- Mention any noteworthy debates, agreements, or disagreements among the panelists.5. Workshops and Interactive Sessions:- Describe the workshops and interactive sessions conducted during the conference.- Highlight any practical skills, strategies, or tools shared during these sessions.6. Networking Opportunities:- Discuss any networking events or opportunities provided during the conference.- Mention any valuable connections made or collaborations initiated.7. Conclusions and Recommendations:- Provide a summary of the overall outcomes and conclusions of the conference.- Offer recommendations or suggestions for future research, collaborations, or improvements.8. Closing Remarks:- Conclude the report by expressing your overall impression of the conference.- Highlight the significance of the conference in advancing knowledge or addressing challenges in the respective field.9. Acknowledgments:- Acknowledge any individuals or organizations that contributed to the success of the conference.- Express gratitude to the organizers, speakers, and participants for their valuable contributions.10. References:- Include a list of references for any sources cited in the conference report, such as research papers or presentations.Note: It is essential to adapt this template to the specific details and requirements of your conference. Ensure that the report is well-organized, concise, and accurately reflects the key aspects of the conference.Conclusion:Writing a conference report requires a structured approach to effectively summarize the key points and outcomes of the event. By following this template, you can ensure that your report is comprehensive, informative, and well-presented. Remember to adapt the template to suit the specifics of your conference, and always maintain clarity and conciseness in your writing.示例2:Introduction:In today's professional world, meetings play a crucial role in communication and decision-making. One important aspect of meetings is presenting reports to colleagues and superiors. This article aims to provide a template for writing a conference report to ensureclarity and effectiveness in conveying information.1. Opening:Begin the report by stating the purpose of the conference and the specific session being reported on. Introduce the key speakers or presenters and briefly mention the main topics discussed.2. Summary of Presentations:Provide a summary of each speaker's presentation, highlighting the key points and any important data or findings. Use clear and concise language to ensure the report is easily understandable.3. Discussion and Q&A:Include a section on the discussions and questions raised during the conference. Highlight any significant points of disagreement or areas of consensus among the participants. If possible, mention any solutions or decisions that were reached as a result of these discussions.4. Key Takeaways:Summarize the main insights or lessons learned from the conference. Highlight any actionable steps or recommendations thatwere made during the sessions. This section should focus on the practical implications of the conference and how it can benefit the organization or industry.5. Conclusion:Conclude the report by emphasizing the overall value and significance of the conference. Mention any follow-up actions that need to be taken or future conferences or events that may be relevant. Finally, express gratitude to the organizers and participants for their contributions.6. Appendices:Include any additional materials or supporting documents that may be relevant to the report, such as presentation slides, handouts, or survey results. This will provide readers with more context and allow them to delve deeper into the conference proceedings if desired.By following this template, conference reports can be effectively structured and convey the necessary information. Remember to tailor the report to the specific needs and requirements of your organization or audience.示例3:Title: Conference Report - English Essay TemplateIntroduction:The conference held on [date] was an insightful and productive event that brought together professionals from various fields. This report aims to summarize the key discussions, outcomes, and recommendations presented during the conference.1. Conference Overview:The conference commenced with an opening speech by [speaker's name], highlighting the importance of the event's theme and providing context for the discussions that followed. The agenda included keynote speeches, panel discussions, and interactive sessions, all focused on [theme/topic].2. Key Discussions:a) Keynote Speeches:Prominent speakers, such as [speaker's name], delivered thought-provoking keynote speeches. They emphasized the significance of [theme/topic] in today's rapidly changing world andhighlighted emerging trends and challenges.b) Panel Discussions:The conference featured insightful panel discussions, in which experts from different sectors shared their experiences and perspectives. Topics covered included [topic 1], [topic 2], and [topic 3], allowing for a comprehensive exploration of relevant issues.c) Interactive Sessions:Interactive sessions provided attendees with the opportunity to actively engage in discussions and share their insights. Breakout groups were formed to encourage collaboration and brainstorming on specific challenges related to [theme/topic].3. Outcomes and Recommendations:a) Identified Challenges:Throughout the conference, several challenges related to [theme/topic] were identified, including [challenge 1], [challenge 2], and [challenge 3]. These challenges were thoroughly discussed, and their impact on various industries and sectors was assessed.b) Proposed Solutions:Based on the discussions, various solutions were proposed to address the identified challenges. These included [solution 1], [solution 2], and [solution 3]. The proposed solutions aimed to mitigate the negative impacts of the challenges and promote growth and development in the respective fields.c) Recommendations:The conference concluded with a set of recommendations for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders. These recommendations focused on fostering collaboration, implementing innovative approaches, and investing in research and development to effectively tackle the challenges discussed during the conference.4. Conclusion:In conclusion, the conference provided a platform for fruitful discussions on [theme/topic]. The insights gained and recommendations put forth during the event will serve as a valuable resource for professionals, policymakers, and researchers working towards addressing the challenges and seizing the opportunities in [theme/topic]. The conference undoubtedly contributed to thecollective efforts aimed at driving progress and advancement in various sectors.Note: This essay template can be adapted and expanded based on the specific details and content of the conference being reported.。

外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。