《英美文化概况》读写课后词汇练习-答案及译文

英美文化课后答案6Lecture 6 Social Life and CustomsT ell whether each of the following statements is true or false.1-10: FFFTT/FFTFT 11-20: FFFFF/TTTTT 21-29: FTFFF/FTFTFill in the blanks with the correct information.1. the public opinion; people’s morals, rule2. The Times; The Guardian; The Daily Telegraph; The Observer3. The Guardian; the Labor Party; the Conservative4. Football Association5. flat racing; hurdle racing6. American Football Conference, National Football Conference7. The New York Times; The Washington post; The Wall Street Journal; The Los Angeles Times8.2.25 million 9. candy 10. bonfires; jack-o’-lanterns 11. Football Association 12. steeplechase 13. 16 or 17 14. during the July to September quarter 15. The British LibraryChoose the correct answer on the basis of what is stated in the text.1-10: BBDAC/DDCCA11-20: BDBCD/CCADC 21-30: DABDC/ DACBDExplain the following terms.1. TabloidTabloids always deal in some scandals and gossip of the famous people in politic s, sports or entertainment.2. BBCFor a long period, the only television programs in Britain were produced by the BBC, the British Broadcasting Company, which was funded by the sale of TV licenses. The BBC was sponsored by the national government, which broadcasts radio and television programs for domestic and foreign markets.3. WimbledonWimbledon is the place now where the best tennis players gather to compete for a championship. It is a suburb of London. The Wimbledon Cup is one of the major sports events in Britain and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.4. Horse racingHorse racing is the true sport of British Kings and Queens. The two types of horse racing are flat racing and hurdle racing. Flat racing is racing where horse riders compete on a flat track. Hurdle racing is racing across the countryside or around the obstacles encountered.5. ChristmasChristmas is celebrated on December 25 and is the greatest of the Christian festivals. Christmas is a religious holiday during which Christians commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ. There are three traditions for Christmas Day in Britain. The first is Christmas Pantomime, which is a comical musical play. Another tradition on Christmas is to hear the Queen of Britain give her Christmas message through television and radio. The third British tradition is Boxing Day whichis the day after Christmas.6. USA TodayOf all the newspapers, the most widely circulated paper in the United States is USA Today averaging over 2.25 million copies every weekday.7. All-Star GameIt is the game in which the best players from basketball teams from the eastern and western divisions display their skills. It begins in mid-February.8. ThanksgivingThanksgiving always occurs on the fourth Thursday in November at the end of the harvest season. It is a festival to express thanks for the year’s harvest. On Thanksgiving Day family members always gather for a rich dinner of roast turkey with stuffing, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie, which are traditional foods eaten on the first Thanksgiving.9. HalloweenHalloween is celebrated on October 31st, shortened from All-Hallows-Eve, the night when the ghosts of the dead walked around. Halloween activities include trick-or-treating, bonfires, costume parties, carving jack-o'-lanterns, haunted houses, reading scary stories and watching horror movies.10. Trick-or-treatingOn this day the children will dress like the character of a book or movie and go “trick-or-treating”. Children knock on neighbors’ doors asking for candy as a treat.Short Answer Questions1.These magazines often contain short stories and serials of strong romantic interest, as well aspractical advice and hints for housewives.2.These are terms which refer to the size of the paper: broadsheet being double the size tabloid.However, the term “tabloid” is traditionally associated with the popular press and concentrates on entertainment; broadsheet is associated with the quality press and places its emphasis on information and analysis.3.In the nineteenth century, students at Oxford and Cambridge, Britain’s two oldest universities,were huge fans of rowing. In 1829, the two schools agreed to hold a race against each other for the first time on the Thames River. The oxford boat won and a tradition was born.4.Shakespeare’s famous plays include tragedies, such as Hamlet (1603), Othello(1604), andKing Lear (1605); comedies, such as A midsummer Night’s Dream(1594-96) and Twelfth Night (1602); and history plays, such as Henry IV, part 1 – 2.5.Rugby League is played mainly in the north of England, and Rugby Union is played in therest of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The main difference between the two is that the former (which used to be strictly amateur) is played with teams of 15 players, and the latter (which is played by amateurs and professionals) has 13 players to a team.。

英美文化课后答案2Lecture 2 HistoryTell wheher each of the following statements is true or false1-10: FTTFT/TFTFF 11-20: FTTTF/FTTFFFill in the blanks with the correct information.1. Celt2. Romans3.5th4. Viking; 10665. Hundred Years’ War6. York7. divorce8.11 9. Elizabeth I; Queen Victoria 10. America 11. 1492 12. Virginia; 1607 13. Thanksgiving Day 14. 13 15. Declaration of Independence 16. 4th of July 17. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 18. 1865 19. World War I 20. World War II 21. Puritans, religious, Mayflower 22. Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, National Day 23. Monroe Doctrine, colonize, interfere 24. agrarian, industrial, Andrew Jackson 25. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, slavery 26. 1932, recovery, New DealChoose the correct answer on the basis of what is stated in text.1-10: ABDCD/CBDAB 11-20: CBDCB/DCADD 21-30: BDABA/DCBCBExplain the following terms.1. The Anglo-SaxonsIn the 5th century, the tribes called the Angles and Saxons invaded Britain, coming from northern Europe. By the end of the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons ruled most of Britain. Their language was called Old English. From them comes the name of “England” and “English”; England came from “Angle-land” meaning the land of the Anglo-Saxons.2. Norman ConquestAfter King Edward died, Duke William of Normandy, from northern France, declared that Edward had promised to let him become the king. On October 14, 1066, William and his army invaded England and defeated the English army. He was made king and crowned in Westminster Abby on Christmas Day, 1066. William is often referred to as William the Conqueror in English history.3. Robin HoodEngland's best-loved legend of Robin Hood is an outlawed Saxon nobleman oppressed by the Normans. He hid i n the forest near Sherwood with his band of followers, called “merry men”. From this secret wood, they went out to rob from the rich to give to the poor with their longbows. Robin Hood has been a popular subject of numerous films, television series, books, comics and plays.4. The Hundred Years’ WarAt the beginning of the 14th century, England developed into a stronger state in Europe. Consequently, the rich wanted to control more markets and the nobles wanted to regain their lost land. When King Edward III of England declared that he should become the French king, the French rejected his claim so he declared war on France in 1337. The war lasted intermittently for116 years, hence being known as the Hundred Years’ War.5. The Civil WarIn January 1642 the Civil War broke out between the Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) and the Cavaliers (supporters of the King). The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory and it led to the execution of Charles I, and his son Charles II was driven out of the country in 1649. In addition to that, Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Roundheads,formed republican England, known as the Commonwealth of England and the English monarchy was abolished.6. American IndiansThe American Indians were the descendants of t he Mongoloid. The name “Indians” was given by Columbus when he mistook them for the people of India. It is believed that about 25,000 years ago the Indians crossed the Bering Strait land bridge to Alaska. The American Indians developed the brilliant civilizations of the Aztecs, the Incas and the Mayas.7. Columbus’ “discovery ” of AmericaIn 1492, Columbus persuaded the king and queen of Spain to finance his voyage. He believed that by sailing west from Europe, he could reach India. Columbus failed to reach India but landed at one of the Caribbean islands instead. He mistook these islands for part of India and called the local people Indians.8. The MayflowerThe Mayflower has a famous position in American history as a symbol of early European colonization. With their religion oppressed by the Church of England, in the autumn of 1620, 102 people sailed to the New World in a ship named the “Mayflower”. Late in December, the Mayflower finally landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.9. Declaration of IndependenceOn July 2, 1776, the Congress finally determined that these United Colonies ought to be free and independent states. Thomas Jefferson, assisted by Benjamin Franklin, drafted the Declaration of Independence, which the Congress adopted on July 4, 1776. It announced the independence of 13 North American colonies and the birth of a new nation.10. Abraham LincolnIn March 1861 Abraham Lincoln took the office of president. He realized that by making the war a battle against slavery, he could win support for the Union at home and abroad. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which granted freedom to all slaves.11. William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616): English playwright and poet, whose body of works is considered as the greatest in English literature. His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theater in London, include historical works, comedies and tragedies. He also composed 154 sonnets and 36 plays.12. Sir Francis BaconSir Francis Bacon (1561-1626): English philosopher, essayist, courtier, jurist, and statesman. His writings include The Advancement of Learning (1605) and The Novum Organum (1620), in which he proposed a theory of scientific knowledge based on observation and experimentation that came to be known as the inductive method.13. Gunpowder PlotGunpowder Plot: Conspiracy of a group of English Catholics to blow up the Houses of parliament where King James I was present on 5 November, 1605. The plan was discovered and Guy Fawkes was caught and burnt alive. In England, 5 November is celebrated with bonfires, fireworks and the burning of the effigies.14. Great Fire of LondonGreat Fire of London (2-5 September, 1666): Worst fire in London’s history. It destroyed a large part of the city, including most of the civic buildings, St. Paul’s Cathedral, 87 parish churches, and about 13,000 houses. It began accidentally at the house of the king’s baker in Pudding Lane near London Bridge.15. Suez Canal CrisisSuez Canal Crisis: A major international incident that arose in 1956 from the decision by Gamal A. Nasser, President of Egypt, to nationalize the Suez Canal, which long had been controlled by Great Britain. After Nasser took over the canal, Britain and France induced Israel to provoke a conflict with Egypt that would serve as a pretext for an Anglo-French invasion of Egypt. The United States, which had been excluded from the planned invasion, denounced it. The incident severely damaged Anglo-American relations.16. John MajorJohn Major (1943- ): British banker and conservative politician, who served as Prime Minister from 1990 to 1997. during this administration, he advocated privatization, anti-inflationary budget discipline, and negotiations for peace in Northern Ireland.17. the First Continental CongressIn September 1774, 55 representatives from all the colonies except Georgia held a meeting in Philadelphia to talk about their troubles with their mother country. The meeting was called the First Continental Congress. At the meeting the majority of representatives still thought they could settle their quarrel with the British by peaceful means. They agreed to refuse to buy British goods, hoping in this way to force the British Government to give in to their demands. They also agreed to raise a volunteer army to protect the colonies if Britain used force to break the boycott.18. Louisiana PurchaseThe most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, gave Western farmer use of the important Mississippi River waterway, removed the French presence from the western border of US, provided US farmers with vast expanses of land, and furthered American leaders’ vision of creating a “Great Nation”.19. US-Spanish WarThe US-Spanish War broke out in April, 1898, lasted for only 70 days and ended with US as the victor. A peace treaty was signed in December 1898 in Paris. As a result of the war, Spain was forced to cede her former colonies Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to US; US agreed to pay 20 million dollars for them in an attempt to put a good face on its foreign expansion. Cuba remained a US “protectorate”for some years, while the Philippines were not granted its independence until after the end of WW I. US seized Hawaii from Spain after the US-Spanish War. The US-Spanish War was the first imperialist war for re-dividing the world. It marked a new stage in which US transformed into an imperialist power. From that time the US began its modern history.20. roaring twentiesThe expression of “roaring twenties” is often used to describe the period of American life. The roaring twenties ushered in an exciting time of social change and economic prosperity, as the recession at the end of WW II was quickly replaced by an unprecedented period of financial growth. The stock market soared to unimaginable heights because of the so-called Second Industrial Revolution at the turn of the 20th century, which saw the development of new inventions and machines that changed American society drastically.21. Wathergate ScandalIn the presidential election year 1972, five men of the Committee for the Reelection of the President broke into the Democratic national headquarters at the Water Hotel, Washington, D.C., where they planted bugs in order to get information for the Committee. But unfortunately they were arrested. Although it was never approved that Nixon planned the Watergate break-in or that he ever knew about it beforehand, he was eventually forced out of office because he was found guilty for his effort to avoid the investigation and disclosures.。

英美⽂化概况练习题韶师2014带答案Decide the following statements are true or false1.The commonwealth of Nations includes all Europeancountries. F2.The United Kingdom includes 3 constituent countries:England, Scotland and Wales. F3. Northern Ireland is part of Great Britain. F4. Scotland was never conquered by the Romans. T5. Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called “Gaelic”. F6.Wales is rich in coal deposits. T7. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city. F8. Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world. T9. In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution, in contrast to France and the USA. T10. The oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy. T11. The term “parliament” was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns. F12. Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. T13. Britain, like Israel, has a written constitution of the sort which most countries have. F14. Common laws are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts. T15. Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.T16. The first English permanent settlement was founded in California. F17. The state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers. T18. By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America were ready to separate themselves from Europe. T 19. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founding fathers of the United States of America. F20. The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills but also to socializechildren. T21. The state seldom interferes with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught. F22. In the UK, Public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government. F23. All secondary schools in Britain are run and supervised by the government. F24. Independent schools get money mainly through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government support. T25. Grammar schools selects children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education. F26. In 1948 President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine, which is generally regarded as the formal declaration of the implementation of the US containment foreign policy. T27. When the War of Independence was over, the United States was one unified nation as it is today. F28. The US Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. T29. The main duty of the congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay for the work of the federal government. T30. The idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse is from constitution. T31. Today, the United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, formed before 1800. The other is the Republican party, formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West. T32. Americans have to join a political party in order to vote or to be a candidate for public office. F33. One of the things that decides whether an applicant can be accepted by a college is his/ her scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test. T34. It takes at least four years to get a bachelor’s degree from an institution of higher learning in the US. T35. Fibre and centre are American English spelling. F36. dialog and monolog are British English spelling. FII. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.1. Which of the following is NOT true of London?A the cultural centerB the business centerB Wales was invaded by the Anglo-Saxons.C Wales was conquered by the Normans.D Wales was threatened by the English.7. When did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish Parliaments?A in 1715 b in 1688 c in 1745 d in 17078. Which of the following kings was executed in the civil war?A. James IB. James IIC. Charles ID. Charles II9. What happened in 1215?A. It was the year of Norman Conquest in British history.B. Forced by barons, King John signed the Magna Carta. （⼤宪章）C. Henry IV granted the Commons the power to review money grants.D. King Egbert united England under his rule.10. Which of the following is Not related to the Constitution?A. It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government.B. It is the foundation of British governance todayC. Conventions and Laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution.D. The common laws are part of the Constitution.11. Which of the following is Not a feature of the House of Lords?A. Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.B. It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.C. The Lords are expected to present the interests of the public.D. Most of the Lords in the House of Lords are male.12. Which of the following is NOT based on the fact?A. Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B. MPs receive salaries and some other allowances.C. MPs are expected to represent the interests of the public.D. Most MPs belong to the major political parties.13. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to ___.A. private schoolsB. independent schoolsC. state schoolsD. public schools.14. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 ___.A. can legally receive partly free education.B. can legally receive completely free education.C. can not receive free education at all.D. can not receive free education if their parents are rich.15. If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called___.A. General Certificate of Education — Advanced.B. General Certificate of Secondary EducationC. the common entrance examinationD. General National Vocational Qualifications.16. Which of the following is NOT trueA. Parents send their children to public schools because they are rich.B. Parents send their children to public schools because their children can get better jobs when they leave school.C. Parents send their children to public schools because their children can have a better chance of getting into a good university.D. Parents send their children to public schools because their children prefer to go to public schools.17. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the open UniversityA. It’s open to everybodyB. It requires no formal education qualification.C. No university degree is awarded.D. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, etc.18. In the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to ___.A. grammar schoolsB. comprehensive schoolsC. public schoolsD. technical schools19. Which of the following is NOT included in the National CurriculumA. Children must study the subjects like English, mathematics, science and so on.B. Children must sit in A-level exams.C. Children must pass national tests.D. Teachers must teach what they are told.20. Which of the following schools would admit children without reference to their academic abilities?A. Comprehensive schoolsB. Secondary schoolsC. Independent schoolsD. Grammar schools21. “No taxation without representation” was the rallying cry of ____.A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennylvaniaC. the colonists in New England.D. the people of the 13 colonies on the eve of the American Revolution.22. which of the following statements is NOT correct? When the War of Independence was over,___.A. each new state had its own government.B. each new state made its own laws and handled all of its internal affairs.C. the national government was called the Congress with little power.D. the relationships between the states and the national government were clearly defined.23. Which of the following is the only branch that can makefederal laws, and levy federal taxes?A. the executiveB. the legislativeC. the judicialD. the president24. Which of the following is NOT a power of the president?A. The president can veto any bill passed by Congress.B. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges as vacancies occur.C. The president can make laws.D. The president broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments.25. The American foreign policy before WWI can be described as ___. A. containment B. swinging between containment and interventionismC. isolationismD. unilateralism26. What did the US mean by containment?A. It would use whatever means to prevent the Soviet Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence.B. It wanted to reverse the situation in which the Soviet Union reached parity with the US in nuclear forceC. It planned to drag the the Soviet Union into another round of arms raceD. It intended to shift the balance of terror27. On one occasion during the Cold War period, the US and the Soviet Union were on the brink of nuclear war. What was that occasion?A. the US fought the Korean WarB. the US sent 50 000 troops to VietnamC. the Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1962.D. Large numbers of people fled East Berlin and East Germany to West Germany in 1961.28. Which of the following subjects are NOT offered to elementary school students?A. Mathematics and languagesB. Politics and business educationC. Science and social studies.D. Music and physical education29. The expenditure in American public schools is guided by or decided by___A. teacherB. studentsC. headmastersD. school boards30. In the United States school systems, which of the following divisions is true?A. Elementary school, grammar schoolB. Elementary school, junior high schoolC. Elementary school, secondary schoolD. Junior high school, senior high school31. In order to go to university, secondary school students must meet the following requirements except that_____.A. they have high school records and recommendations from their teachersB. they make good impressions during the interviewC. they get good scores in the Scholastic Aptitude TestsD. they pass the college entrance examinations32. Three of the following universities have large endowments from wealthy benefactors. Which is the exception?A. Harvard UniversityB. the State University of New YorkC. Yale University D, Princeton University33. Both public and private universities depend on the following sources on income except____.A. investmentB. student tuitionC. endowmentsD.government funding34. Shelley’ s political lyrics ______ is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.A. “Ode to Liberty”B. “Ode to Naples”C. “Ode to the West Wind”D. “Men of England”35. Charlotte’ s works are famous for the depiction of the life of ______ working women, particularly governesses.A. the middle – classB. the lower - classC. the upper - middle – classD. the upper - class36. Jane Austen’ s practical idealism is that love should be justified by ______ and disciplined by self-control.A. reasonB. senseC. rationalityD. sensibility37. “To be, or not to be - that is the question;/Whether’ tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,/Or to take arms against a sea of troubles ,/And by opposing end then?” These lines are taken from ______.A. King LearB. Romeo and JulietC. OthelloD. Hamlet38. Daniel Defoe’s ______ is universally considered as his masterpiece.A. Colonel JackB. Robinson CrusoeC. Captain SingletonD. A Journal of the Plague Year39. Jonathan Swift’ s ______ is generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.A. Gulliver’s TravelsB. The Battle of the BooksC. “A Modest Proposal”D. A Tale of a Tub40. Dickens’ s first child hero is ______.A. Little NellB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Little Dorrit bbs41. With the scarlet letter A as the biggest symbol of all, ______ proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.A. HawthorneB. DreiserC. JamesD. Faulkner42. The author of Leaves of Grass , a giant of American letters, is ______.A. FaulknerB. DreiserC. JamesD. Whitman43. Melville is best - known as the author of his mighty book,。

英美文化概论答案第一份(总20页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--1、In the format of western names,which name is put first( )A、Family nameB、Last nameC、SurnameD、First name正确答案： D 我的答案：D得分：分2Bill is the short version of ( ).A、WilliamB、StevenC、RobertD、Richard正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分3There is only one given name in western name.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×Which one is not the key aspect of Chinese culture( )A、Chinese foodB、Spring FestivelC、Chinese medicineD、Football正确答案： D 我的答案：D得分：分4Culture is the beliefs, ( ) and way-of-life of a community or society.A、traditionsB、habitsC、customsD、costumes正确答案： C 我的答案：C得分：分5Chinese culture is better than American culture.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×Topography of the USA已完成成绩：分6( ) and Hawaii are seperated from American mainland.A、ColoradoB、IndianaC、AlabamaD、Alaska正确答案： D 我的答案：D得分：分7The two significant mountain ranges of American are ( ) and Appalachian Mountains.A、Rocky MountainsB、Andes MountainsC、Alps MountainsD、Atlas Mountains正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分8Which is the largest states by population( )A、TexasB、New YorkC、CaliforniaD、Florida正确答案： C 我的答案：C得分：分9Boston is on the West Coast of America.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×Three icons of America已完成成绩：分10Why is Yellowstone National Park important( )A、Because it is the first national park in the world.B、Because it is in America.C、Because it is the biggest national park in America.D、Because it is the first national park in America.正确答案： A 我的答案：D得分：分11Washington, Jefferson, () and Lincoln's faces are made on the Mount Rushmore.( )A、MadisonB、RooseveltC、KennedyD、Adams正确答案： B 我的答案：C得分：分12Which country provided the Statue of Liberty to America( )A、The United KingdomB、CanadaC、AustraliaD、France正确答案： D 我的答案：DComparison of the USA and China已完成成绩：分13Which is not the major environment issues of America( )A、Air pollutionB、Water shortageC、Loss of agricultural landD、desertification正确答案： C 我的答案：C得分：分14Which one is wrong, about the geography of America and China( )A、China has more railways than America.B、America has two neighbour countries, Canada and Mexico.C、Both America and China's climates vary greatly.D、America's land is less than China's, but water in America is more than China.正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分15The most fresh water used in China is in ( ).A、DomesticB、IndustryC、LivestockD、Agriculture正确答案： D 我的答案：D得分：分16In 2013, the population of China is about ( ) more than that of America.A、3 timesB、4 timesC、5 timesD、6 times正确答案： B 我的答案：C得分：分17The total area of China is bigger than America.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×得分：分18America's population growth rate is lower than China's.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×Comparison of the USA and China 2已完成成绩：分19The first three ethnic groups in the USA are ( ).A、White, Hispanic and BlackB、White, Black and HispanicC、White, Black and AsianD、White, Asian and Black正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分20In China, the life expectancy is ( ) years.A、70B、72C、75D、79正确答案： C 我的答案：C得分：分211 kilogram is ( ) pounds.A、B、C、D、正确答案： D 我的答案：D得分：分22All the countries in the world adopt the metric system, except ( ), Myanmar and Liberia.A、the UKB、the USAC、FranceD、Japan正确答案： B 我的答案：C得分：分23Everyone in America and China can read and write.( )正确答案：×我的答案：√24Which country is the second largest economy in the world( )A、ChinaB、JapanC、South KoreaD、Germany正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分25Which one of following is not an American company( )A、GoogleB、CocaColaC、FacebookD、Airbus正确答案： D 我的答案：D得分：分26Per capita means a person.( )正确答案：√我的答案：√Comparison of the USA and China已完成成绩：分27According to the 2013 statistics, which one of the following is wrong( )A、The smallest part in the economic structure of developed countries is agriculture.B、The biggest part of GDP composition in America is Services.C、In 2013, GDP growth rate in America is higher than that in China.D、In 2013, America's inflation rate is lower than China's.正确答案： C 我的答案：B得分：分28Which one is right about the labour force in America and China( )A、Most of American labour force are in services.B、Both America and China have the least labour force in agriculture.C、Most Chinese labour force are in agriculture.D、American labour force is more than Chinese.正确答案： A 我的答案：B得分：分29( ) is most used for the electricity production in the USA and China.A、WaterB、NuclearC、WindD、Coal正确答案： D 我的答案：B得分：分30The UAS and ( ) is the major export markets of China.A、CanadaB、MexicoC、JapanD、South Korea正确答案： C 我的答案：C得分：分31Both American and Chinese governments have significant direct involvement in theeconomy.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×得分：分32Now services in China grows very fast.( )正确答案：√我的答案：×得分：分33The poverty lines in America and China are the same.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×Agriculture in the USA已完成成绩：分34( ), Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma and California have the most farms in the USA.A、ArizonaB、MarylandC、TexasD、Nevada正确答案： C 我的答案：C得分：分35Which one is wrong about the American agriculture( )A、Large family farms are much more productive.B、In 2000, farm jobs are very few in America.C、Most income of farm households is from non-farm sources.D、In America, all farmers have jobs in cities.正确答案： D 我的答案：B得分：分36In 2012, the top 5 agricultural commodities of America are ( ), cattle, soybeans, dairy products and chickens for meat.A、CornB、PotatoC、TomatoD、Cotton正确答案： A 我的答案：D得分：分3796% of the farmers are black people.( )正确答案：×我的答案：√得分：分38In 2008, most of American agriculture imports were from China.( )正确答案：×我的答案：√Global Financial Crisis已完成成绩：分39Recession is ( ) of negative GDP growth.A、1 quarterB、2 quartersC、3 quartersD、4 quarters正确答案： D 我的答案：B得分：分40The GFC Recession started in ( ).A、the USAB、the UKC、JapanD、France正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分41The cause of the GFC Recession in 2007 was ( ).A、Stock bubble burstB、Property bubble burstC、Dotcom bubble burstD、Asset price bubble burst正确答案： B 我的答案：D得分：分42Which one of following is wrong about the GFC Recession ( )A、Banks stopped lending.B、Companies cut jobs.C、Stock market crashed.D、People got more job opportunity.正确答案： D 我的答案：B得分：分43China was not affected much by the GFC Recession.( )正确答案：√我的答案：×A Hero and a Villain已完成成绩：分44Bernie Madoff's clients lost about ( ) billion dollars.A、10B、20C、30D、40正确答案： A 我的答案：B得分：分45The New York magzine called Bernie Madoff ( ).A、VillainB、HeroC、MonsterD、Saviour正确答案： C 我的答案：B得分：分46Warren Buffett was born in a rich family.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×Discovery of the 'New World'已完成成绩：分47The main European power was Spain, France, ( ) and Great Britain.A、ItalyB、PortugalC、RussiaD、Germany正确答案： B 我的答案：A得分：分48Christopher Columbus was the first person to cross the ( ) Ocean.A、PacificB、IndianC、ArcticD、Atlantic正确答案： D 我的答案：B得分：分49Christopher Columbus did 5 voyages between 1492 and 1503.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×得分：分British Colonies已完成成绩：分50The Britain founded ( ) colonies along the East Coast in America.A、11B、12C、13D、14正确答案： C 我的答案：B得分：分51The first fight between local people and British soldiers was at ( ).A、Washington .B、New YorkC、BostonD、Lexington and Concord正确答案： D 我的答案：C得分：分52John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Thomas Jefferson and ( ) wrote The Declaration of Independence.A、Benjamin FranklinB、Abraham LincolnC、George WashingtonD、Paul Revere正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分53British people migrated to America with the ship called Mayflower in 1620.( )正确答案：√我的答案：×得分：分54The Declaration of Independence was made in 1775.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×American War of independence已完成成绩：分55The war of Independence was between ( ).A、America and FranceB、America and HollandC、America and SpainD、America and Britain正确答案： D 我的答案：D得分：分56In 1778, ( ) signed Treaty of Alliance with America.A、SpainB、HollandC、FranceD、Britain正确答案： C 我的答案：D得分：分57Britain won the Battle of Yorktown.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×Building the New Nation已完成成绩：分58The first constitution, Article of Confederation was made in ( ).A、1778B、1779C、1780D、1781正确答案： D 我的答案：D得分：分59The first president of Amercia was ( ).A、George WashingtonB、Abraham LincolnC、Benjamin FranklinD、Thomas Jefferson正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分60Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of ( ) of America.A、StateB、LawC、TreasuryD、War正确答案： C 我的答案：B得分：分61There were ( ) Chief Justice in the Supreme Court.A、1B、3C、8D、9正确答案： A 我的答案：B得分：分62Thomas Paine was born in France.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×A Hero, Traitor and Genius已完成成绩：分63George Washington declared ( )A、Thanksgiving DayB、ChristmasC、HalloweenD、New Year's Day正确答案： A 我的答案：B得分：分64Which one is right about George Washington( )A、He was graduated from college.B、He had three children.C、He had no experience in military action.D、He was revered as the "Father of the United States".正确答案： D 我的答案：B得分：分65Which one is wrong about Benjamin Franklin( )A、He was also a Doctor.B、He loved reading.C、He started the first public library in Philadelphia.D、He was 81 when he went to the Constitutional Convention.正确答案： A 我的答案：C得分：分66Which document was not signed by Benjamin Franklin( )A、The Declaration of IndependenceB、Treaty with FranceC、Peace TreatyD、Article of Confederation正确答案： D 我的答案：A得分：分67During the War of Independence, Benedict Arnold sold military secrets to France.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×得分：分68Benjamin Franklin was born in a rich family and well educated.（）正确答案：×我的答案：×Timeline of Major Events (1800-1899)已完成成绩：分69The first railway was built in ( ).A、1827B、1828C、1829D、1830正确答案： B 我的答案：D得分：分70The war with Mexico was started in ( ).A、1846B、1847C、1848D、1849正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分71The first telephone line was built in 1877.( )正确答案：√我的答案：×Territorial Expansion已完成成绩：分72America purchased Louisiana Territory with ( ) million dollars from France.A、2B、5C、10D、15正确答案： D 我的答案：A得分：分73The USA purchased Florida from ( ).A、SpainB、the UKC、FranceD、Italy正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分74Texas was the ( ) state of America.A、26thB、27thC、28thD、29th正确答案： C 我的答案：A得分：分75Which one is wrong about Hawaii( )A、It is in the Atlantic Ocean.B、There are 8 main islands.C、It is the 50th states of America.D、America took over Hawaii government from the local king.正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分76Before America purchased it,Alaska was belong to Mexico.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×得分：分77The largest city in Alaska is Anchorage, which is also the capital city.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×The American Civil War已完成成绩：分78The Civil War started in ( ).A、1861B、1862C、1863D、1864正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分79Which was wrong about the Civil War( )A、America was kept as one country.B、Slavery was abolished.C、After the Battle of Gettysburg, the North started to win.D、The South was strong in "hard power".正确答案： D 我的答案：A得分：分80Which one of following is wrong about Abraham Lincoln( )A、He was the 16th president of America.B、He was killed in 1865 when the Civil War was just finished.C、He was a businessman and then became politician.D、He was born in a poor farm family.正确答案： C 我的答案：B得分：分81In the Civil War, the North was weak, and the South was strong.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×得分：分82Modern weapons were used in the Civil War.( )正确答案：√我的答案：×得分：分83In the Civil War, the North lost more people than the South.( )正确答案：√我的答案：×84Which one is wrong about the American political system( )A、The government is small.B、Leaders are educated.C、There are many traditions.D、The society is classless.正确答案： C 我的答案：A得分：分85Which one is wrong about Thomas Edison( )A、He was educated in school.B、His first job is telegraph operator.C、He had many patents.D、He invented electric light bulb.正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分86Which one is wrong about John D. Rockefeller( ).A、General Electric is one of his companies.B、At first, he worked as a bookkeeper.C、When he was 20, he started his own company.D、He donated all his money to the Rockefeller Foundation.正确答案： D 我的答案：A得分：分87Because the northern America is cold, James Naismith invented basketball which is a goodsport for winter.( )正确答案：√我的答案：×Timeline of Major Events (1900-2014)已完成成绩：分88The first long distance telephone was built in ( ).A、1915B、1916C、1917D、1918正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分89In ( ), the first humans walked on the moon.A、1967B、1968C、1969正确答案： C 我的答案：A得分：分90President Nixon visited China in ( ).A、1971B、1972C、1973D、1974正确答案： B 我的答案：AThe Panama Canal已完成成绩：分91The Panama Canal was built by a ( ) consortium.A、AmericaB、ItalyC、BritainD、France正确答案： D 我的答案：A得分：分92Why did the French consortium gave up to build the canal( )A、Because it was too expensive.B、Because many people died.C、Because the topography in Panama was difficult to build a canal.D、Because the American government decided to buld it by themselves.正确答案： C 我的答案：D得分：分93The aim to build the Panama Canal was to connect America and Panama.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×The Great Depression已完成成绩：分94The Great Depression started in ( ).A、1929B、1932D、1939正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分95Which one is wrong about the Great Depression( )A、The Great Depression started with the crash of the New York stock market.B、More than 9000 banks closed down.C、It took a short time for the New York Stock to recover.D、Many people became homeless because of the Great Depression.正确答案： C 我的答案：D得分：分96Which one is not the results of the Great Depression( )A、GDP went down.B、Income fell.C、Unemployment rate increased.D、Farmers had no food to eat.正确答案： D 我的答案：A得分：分97Which one is wrong about Franklin Delano Roosevelt( )A、He was also known as FDR.B、He give American people confidence during the Great Depression.C、He was elected as president for 3 times.D、He started many government programs to provide work to people.正确答案： C 我的答案：B得分：分98The Great Depression only happened in America.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×The Cold War已完成成绩：分99Why did the Cold War avoid direct conflict( )A、Because the Second World War was just finished.B、Because the USSR was too weak to fight.C、Because both sides of the Cold War had nuclear weapons.D、Because some countries stop the war.正确答案： C 我的答案：C得分：分100The Cold War began in ( ).A、1945B、1946C、1947D、1948正确答案： D 我的答案：C得分：分101Which was not the reason why the West against Communism( )A、The communist countries only has one political system.B、The economy in communist countries is state-owned.C、The communist countries are against religion.D、The communist countries have nuclear weapons.正确答案： D 我的答案：C得分：分102Berlin Wall was ended in ( ).A、1989B、1988C、1987D、1986正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分103Which statement of following is wrong( )A、There were many cold conflicts in the cold war, such as weapon competition and spying.B、Germany reunited in 1990.C、The USSR was dissolved in 1990.D、After the USSR dissovled, 15 new countries were created.正确答案： C 我的答案：A得分：分104The Cold War continued for only a few years.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×得分：分105Because many West Germans fled to the East, the West Germany government built theBerlin Wall.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×106Which one is wrong about 9/11( )A、About 3000 people were killed.B、It happened in 2002.C、The World Trade Centre and Pentagon were attacked.D、It was the first attack on mainland USA since 1812.正确答案： B 我的答案：B得分：分107The terrorists Hijacked ( ) planes.A、4B、5C、6D、7正确答案： A 我的答案：A得分：分108Only the north tower of the World Trade Centre was attacked.( )正确答案：×我的答案：×。

英美文化与国家概况课后答案英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ?2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again. Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century.3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain.3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspendedfor the duration of the war.6. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?6. Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.7. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.7. Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".8. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?8. The problem lay in the "commitment to peaceful methods" aspect of the possible talks. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide range of representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink—a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.9. What is the oldest institution of government?9. The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (rule by the king).10. What is the name of the charter of liberty and political rights granted by King John in 1215?10. It was a gang of feudal barons and the Church which opposed some of King John's (1199—1216) policies. This opposition was so powerful that the king finally granted them a charter of liberty and political rights, still known by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.11. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works?11. Shakespeare is the most important figure at that time. He excels in each kind. The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest. His history plays, based on English history, include Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V. Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra are tragedies on classical themes.12. What do we call the group of important Parliamentarians?12. The House of Commons.13. Which party forms the government and who becomes Prime Minister?13. The party that wins most votes in general election and the leader of this winning party would become Prime Minister.16. Who can stand for election as an MP?16. Anyone who is eligible vote to can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.17. What are the three major parties? Which party is the party that spent most time in power?17. There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so. The Conservative Party spent most time in power19. When was the British economy dominant in the world?19. By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world's manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton.20. By what time was the UK overtaken by other countries, such as the US and Germany? 20. But even by 1900 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.21. Which country does it refer to as "the Jewel in the Crown"? When did it gain its independence?21. India, popularly known as "The Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.22. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author?22. This has a number of consequences for British society, mainly positive, though with some indirect negative effects. On the positive side such immigrant groups bring their culture with them, which increases the variety and interest within British culture: for example, the UK, which used to have a bad reputation for food, now has a cuisine as varied as any, with Indian and Chinese restaurants in every community, as well as many other varieties in bigger cities. This variety in restaurant food has resulted in more experimentation at home, so that shops now carry a much wider variety of goods to supply the demand, and there are many TV programmes and books devoted to all kinds of different cooking. The negative side of things lies largely in the attitude of some of their white neighbours.23. What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK?23. While there is a growing ethnic minority middle-class, and many individual success stories, by most measures the immigrant population is worse-off economically speaking than the white population as a whole. Individuals from ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed; and they are under-represented in politics too, though there are now a number of black and Asian MPs. But there are also a number of small political parties in the UK with overtly racist policies.24. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today? 24. With the Norman Conquest in 1066 Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066—1485), and the language of the royal court became French. So literature of that period was written in French or Latin. But one work from these times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400). He was the first court poet to write inEnglish.25. When was the term "parliament" first used officially?25. The word "parliament" comes from the verb "to parley", that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money. 26. The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so?26. On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.27. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?27. British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. In other developed countries like Japan and the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the "lower classes" are also regular readers.28. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?28. While officially speaking the British press is "free" from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.29. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems? 29. The British Broadcasting Corporation - more familiarly known as the BBC or even "the Beeb" - is Britain's main public service broadcaster The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set.31. What is Modernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples? 31. Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the nineteenth century forms discussed above, which can be thought of as assuming understanding between writer and reader, resulting in the simple communication of an agreed version of the "world". This approach to writing is known as "Realism." Instead, Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, therefore, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action….32. What is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?32. Postmodernists can be thought of as abandoning that search. Meaning does not exist outside of the human head, likewise it does not exist inside a book, waiting to be discovered, instead it is made in the process of reading a book, or of making sense of the world….33. How has the Christian church influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text.33. Tennis was invented in Britain and it owes its origins, literally, to the Church. Church recordsindicate that by the mid-fifteenth century, people were making a game of bouncing a ball off the side of their local churches or cathedrals, first using the hand, and later a racquet. This was called "tenys". Such antics sometimes offended the clergy who complained that the dignity and tranquility of the church was shattered by such games, but they also illustrate how central the church was to community life.34. What is the origin of football?34. There are legends that suggest that games like football and rugby actually derived from the "sport" of ancient warriors celebrating victory by kicking around the decapitated head of an enemy. There is a similar grisly tale told about origins of bowling: it is said that in ancient times, Scottish warriors rolled the skulls of their enemies along the grass for sport.35. How is the violence of "football hooligans" related to the British history of football?35. Today, violence is still associated with football. "Football hooligans", supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up. Some football fans paint their faces and sing or chant football songs and it is not too difficult to imagine their warrior-ancestors.36. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values?36. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of "fair play" which characterised British government. Sir Ian Bancroft, a high level civil servant in the 1980s, remembered that when he began his career in Whitehall, one day his government minister was so angry that he threw the telephone at him. Sir Ian said he knew exactly how to respond: "having played cricket I was able to catch it and hand it back to him politely."37. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday? How do the British celebrate this holiday?37. Yes. Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.38. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday? 38. One of Britain's most impressive and colourful festivals happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen's Birthday is officially celebrated by "trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace in London.39. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?39. The English do not celebrate their famous writers or battles or patron saints, although they have all these things. However, one truly English holiday is Bonfire Night—sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night—celebrated in the early autumn.40. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?40. Another festival which comes from the 17th century battles between Catholics and Protestants is the Protestant celebration of their victory at the Battle of the Boyne (12 July) in 1690. Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.41. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated inScotland?41. While most British people welcome the coming of the New Year with parties, in Scotland, New Year's Eve called Hogmanay (31 December)—is the major winter celebration, and overshadows Christmas (called Yule in Scotland) which is a very quiet affair. How Hogmanay is celebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practised custom is "first footing". There is a superstitious belief that the first person to cross the threshold of a household in the New Year can bring luck and prosperity: the appearance of a young, preferably dark haired and handsome man, is considered particularly lucky. First footers often bring a bottle of spirits, alcohol, a lump of coal or a peat as a gift and are given a "dram of whisky" as their reward.42. Which are the two most important and famous universities in Britain?42. Cambridge University and Oxford University.43. What is the goal of education in the U.K.?43. The goal of British education is to socialize children.44. Is the British education system run by the state or the private sector?44. The British education system run by the state.45. Where do British universities receive their funds besides students tuition?45. In the UK, the amount of funding each university receives is based on its size, the number of students it teaches, and the research it conducts. So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham.46. Why does the author say that "the way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society"?46. For individual members of any society the home they live in is of great importance in their lives. The way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society—its standard of living, its social and familial structure, the distribution of wealth in a society—both in terms of geography and social hierarchy—and even something about that society's values and dreams.47. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?47. There are, broadly speaking, four main types of home. The first kind are "flats" (or apartments), of varying size, often in modern multi-storey purpose-built buildings, though sometimes made by sub-dividing big old houses. Flats are often publicly owned. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row; the fourth one is “detached.”48. How are people in the UK divided into different classes?48. The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc.49. Is the class system similar with the United States?49. What is distinctive about the British class-system, and which marks it as different from the American or Chinese social structure, is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.50. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality?50. Two world wars had seriously influenced its empire position. The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. In 1946, Jordan, in the Middle East, was granted independence. The following year, India and Pakistan followed suit. In 1948, Burma and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were granted independence and left the Commonwealth as well, refusing to recognise the Britishmonarch as the head of their new states. Throughout the next few decades, the process of decolonisation continued as other territories and possessions received their independence or were returned to their rightful rulers.51. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?51. The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.52. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?52. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.53. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?53. The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today, Britain's participation in the European Union, as it is now called, remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European Union(EU) is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty (that is, its control over national decision-making) to a European government.54. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?54. Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.55. What are some of the general characteristics of Australia in terms of land, people and culture?55. Australia is the world's smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. Its development represents a triumph over remoteness and a harsh landscap e…56. Discuss the climate in Australia. What are some of the major differences between Australia and China in terms of the climate?56. Australia is the driest inhabited continent and its rainfall varies extremely geographically and seasonally. Mean annual rainfall is 465mm. Rainfall varies from less than 150mm over the centre of the continent to more than 2m in parts of the tropics and western Tasmania. The average annual surface runoff, about 440km3, represents 12 per cent of total rainfall. Evaporation accounts for most of the rest.57. What are the six states of Australia? What are some of the major similarities or differences in terms of population, early settlement and economy in the six states?57. Australia has six states: New South Wales (NSW), Victoria, Queensland, South Australia (SA), Western Australia (WA) and Tasmania. It also has three internal territories-the Northern Territory (NT), the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Jervis Bay Territory-and seven external territories.58. Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?58. Broadly, the Australian federation has a three-tier system of government: the Australian Parliament (the legislature) and Government, responsible for all matters of national interest; six state governments and their legislatures, complementing the activities of the national government (plus the Australian Capital territory and the Northern Territory, which are similar to the states and largely self-governing); and about 900 local government bodies at the city, town, municipal and shire level.59. Discuss the Australian education system. What are some of the features in the system that are specifically Australian?59. Each state and territory of Australia has its own primary and secondary education system. Standards, however, are high and reasonably uniform. Within each state and territory system there are two main types of school-government and nongovernment schools. In government schools, attended by about two thirds of children, tuition is free. About three-quarters of the non-government schools are Catholic. Most non-government schools charge fees.60. What are some of the distinct features of New Zealand's geography? Find out similarities and differences in terms of geography between New Zealand and Australia.60. Situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean, New Zealand is a large, long group of islands, 1600 kilometres from north to south. There are two main landmasses, the North Island and the South Island, separated by Cook Strait. The third largest island, Stewart Island, is south of the South Island, and there are many smaller islands, including uninhabited isolated islands hundreds of kilometres offshore. Its nearest large neighbour-Australia—is almost 2 000 km away.61. What are some of the similarities between New Zealand and Britain in the government system?61. New Zealand's constitution is made up of parliamentary statutes (laws), judicial rulings (court decisions) and administrative practices. New Zealand has no written constitution. The Constitution Act 1986 defines the relationship between the legislative (Parliament), executive (Government departments and agencies) and judicial (the courts) roles of government.New Zealand is an independent state, governed by a democratically elected parliament. The Head of State is the British monarch Queen Elizabeth II in her capacity as Queen of New Zealand, represented by a Governor-General. The Governor-General's agreement is required for an Act of Parliament to become law.62. How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?62. With the fast development of commerce and trade, the bourgeoisie became increasingly powerful in politics as well as in economy. They wanted to share power with feudal lords and in some countries such as England they wanted to have more power from the king so that they could have free development. The English Revolution was the result of this growth of capitalism.63. What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?。

Unit 2Vocabulary:A.uncovered, concurred, accompanies, frustrated, stereotype, switching, dismissed, distracted,adapted, assume, probe, subordinateB.BADB ADACCloze:Viewed, almost, even, lower, means, reality, become, like, grow, proving, status, afford, faced, necessarily, disciplined, longer, own, schedule, taking, until1 那是在弗吉尼亚郊区一个住所的客厅里，我正在一次小型聚会上发言——这是一次女性的聚会，但也邀请了男性参加。

整晚，一位男士表现得极为健谈，他不断地发表自己的看法，讲述奇闻轶事。

而他的妻子却安静地坐在他身旁的沙发上。

聚会接近尾声时，我说，一些妻子经常抱怨丈夫不与她们交谈，这位男士立刻表示同意。

他指着妻子说：“在家里爱说话的是她。

”于是满屋子哄堂大笑，这位男士一脸茫然和委屈。

“这是真的，”他解释说，“我下班回家后总是无话可说，如果她不说话，我们会整晚沉默。

”2 这段小插曲反映了一种具有讽刺意味的现象，即美国的男性尽管在公共场合比女性健谈，在家里却比女性说话少。

而正是这一现象使婚姻受到严重威胁。

3 社会学家凯瑟琳·凯尔·里兹曼在她的新作《离婚谈》中说，她采访过的大多数女性将离婚的原因归咎于缺乏交谈，但只有少数男性将此当作离婚的理由。

4 在我本人的研究中，女性对丈夫的抱怨大多不是集中在一些实际的不平等现象，例如为了跟随丈夫的事业而放弃了发展自己事业的机会，或者她们所承担的日常生活琐事远远超过她们份内的部分。

她们的抱怨总是集中在交流问题上，如“他不听我说话”，“他不和我说话”。

各位同学：问答题第2题What are the elements and functions of British government? Discuss the role of each element and explain chiefly.这道题去掉.改为学习手册英国文化第一章的问答题Why is it not easy to talk about a typical Englishman? State the reasons from the historical points of view.It’s not easy to talk about a typical Englishman, because, from the historical point of view, the English are descended from so many different peoples who all came and settled in England at some time or other.The Celts came from central and north-western Europe between 700 and 200 BC. Then the Romans invaded England in 55 BC. The Celtic-Roman culture had been well-established when the Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes came. From AD 450 to 600 they gradually took control of most of the country, became Christians and settled down as farmers and came to be the basis of modern English race.Next, came the invasion of the Viking Danes from Scandinavia. They too settled, intermarried and fused with the local population.In AD 1066, William of Normandy invaded England from France. The French-speaking conquerors intermarried with the ruling Saxon families. At that time, French influence grew so strong that many aspects of England’s social and cultural life became totally French.After England became a Protestant country in the 16th century, it became a refuge for other Protestants from Catholic States who were being persecuted for their faith.Over the centuries, many other refugees suffering from political and religious persecution have found a home in England and their specific skills, as well as their languages, have enriched the English economy and culture. Great migrations also occurred in this century until the Commonwealth Immigrants Acts came into effect in 1962.英国文化课后题答案Unit one1.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the NorthernIreland2.55BC3. inventive, hard-working , serious-minded andcautious with money4.love of music and poetry, a great feeling for the music ofwords5.10,0006. Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, Dylan Thomas ,Gwyn Thomas, Jonathan Swift , Oscar Wilde6.Angles, Saxons , JutesIII. DDBABUnit Two1.The Crusades2. Columbus , Vasco d a·Gama2.Hundred Years’ War3.Parliament, the king 5. Charles Darwin7.the great slump 7. the League of Nations, the New UnitedNations OrganizationIII. BDACDUnit Three1.AD 587 10662. latin, Germanic3. Norman French4.Anglo-saxon, Latin, French5. Middle, Modern5.AD 1500 7. BBC annoucersIII. DACCUnit Four1.Elizabeth the Second2. On her majesty’s service3.the Most Noble Order of the Garter4.the head of the Church of England5.Acts of Parliament, the prerogative of the Crown, Coventions of the Constitution, common law, Parliamentary Privilege6. 5, 6357.the Crown, the House of Lords, the House of Commons8. the Queen in Parliament 9. the final appeal court in civil cases and criminal cases except criminal cases in Scotland10. make laws, to control and criticize the executive government, control the raising and spending of money11. the Lord Chancellor 12. The Prime Minister13. the Queen in Parliament, cabinet, the House of Commons, ParliamentIII. BCADCAUnit five1.coal, water power2. the Second World War , the Bank ofEngland, coal, civil aviation 3. Labour 4. a nation of shopkeepers 5. the discovery and exploitation of oil and gas in the North SeaIII. ADDAAUnit Six1.the Anglo-Saxon, epic of Beowulf, 6th2.P114 4段3.P114 6段4. Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton6.Thomas More , Utopia 6. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, The Taming of the Shrew, A Mid Summer Nights’Dream, As you like it, Richard II, Richard III, Henry IV parts I and II7.Essays 8. Paradise Lost , Paradise Regained, SamsonAgonistes 9. Pilgrim’s Progress 10. Jonathan Swift11. London and the Vanity of Human Wishes 12. Robert Burns 13.Robinson Crusoe 14. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats 15. Jane Auston, Charlotte Bronte ,Emily Bronte16. Robert Louis Stevenson, Lewis Carroll, William Makepeace Thackeray, David Copperfield, Pockwich Papers, George Eliot, Oscar Wilde, the Return of the Native, Tess of the D’urbervilles 17. James Joyce , Ulysses, George Bernard ShawIII. DACAA DAADDUnit Seven1.Roman Catholic Church, Protestant Church2.the Old Testament , the New Testament3.the Queen , the Archbishop of Canterbury4.God, Jesus, Holy Spirit5.presbyterian6.the Pope in Rome7.the Methodist Church, Congregational Church, the BaptistChurch, the Presbyterian, Quakers8.humbler of lifeunit 81.ill-bred2.modesty, conceit3.a sense of humor4.sportsmanshipunit 91.5, 152.Christmas, Easter, summer3.the selective, the comprehensive4.Eton, Harrow, Rugby5.freedom6.Oxford, Cambridge7.Glasgow Aberdeen8.London University9.Leeds, Lancaster10.e xclusiveness11.A CDDUnit 101.the insurance fund2.the first3.P188 第二段倒数第六行4.14 Regions ，a university medical school, 72 areas5.has made its weekly contributions to the fund6.5, 19 monthsIII. CABA美国文化Unit 41.Irving and Cooper2.Poe , The Fall of the House of Usher3.a small town 20 miles northwest of Boston ,Ralph WaldoEmerson, Henry David Thoreau ,Nathaniel Hawthorne4.Nature, The American Scholar, Self-Reliance5.Walden6.Scarlet Letter7.Melville8.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Life on the Mississippi,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn9.Theodore Dreiser10.T he Great Gatesby , a man at the end of his youth ,striving torecapture a beautiful dream he once believed in11.D os Passos12.T he Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom13.The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom theBell Tolls14.John Steinbeck, Ralph Ellison15.E ugene O’Neill Long Day’s Journey into Night III. CADBD BCCA D BC。

英国概况III. Explain the following terms.1. the Hardian's Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastinasIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Domesdav BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgment Day.6. the Great CharterKing John's reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king's powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years' WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lostalmost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred 'Yfears' War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king's power became supreme. Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloodv MarvHenry VIH's daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname "Bloody Mary". Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of Charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RiahtsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15. Whias and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tbries were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tbries and became the Liberal Party. The Tbries were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AaribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it's equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designs to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the ODDOsitionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition, with its own leader and "shadow cabinet". The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private ("privy”) advice on the governmentof the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. Common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the iuryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take uuuils without reference to abilitv and provide a wide-ranaina secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school uouulation in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are long-established and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys' public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls' famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.1. What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain? ------- I n 55 BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.2. Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward's death? ------- It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.3. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest? ------- The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter? ---------- T he Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land;(3) the church should possess all its rights and privileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.5. What do you know about the English Renaissance? ---------- Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe; (3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.6. Why did the Restoration take place?------- When Oliver Cormwell died in 1658 and was succeeded byhis son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660, and to resolve the crisis, it asked the late king's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.7. How did the "Glorious Revolution" break out? What was the significance of it? ------ In 1685 CharlesII died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It's the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.8. What is your comment on land enclosures in England? ----- Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of even owning his own land. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.9. How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed? ----------- The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It's characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as John Ray's flying shuttle, James Hargreaves' spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright's water frame and Samuel Cropton's mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transportation ran parallel with production. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world"; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.10. What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People's Charter? What's your comment on them? ------ The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that happened in Englandfrom 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men's Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the People's Charter) in 1838, which had six points: (1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3) equal electoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June. Support for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed. It failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical.11. How did the Labour Party come into being? ------ As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of the Labour Party. The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.12. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain? ------ A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty's Government ------------------- a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.13. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government? ------ T he sovereign is the symbol of thewhole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the "supreme governor" of the established church of England.14. What are the main functions of Parliament? ---------The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.15. Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates' courts?----- A Magistrates' court tries summary offences and "either way" offences. It is open to the public and the media and usually consists of three unpaid "lay” magistrates. A magistrates' court sits without a jury. The criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt; every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defense. No accused person has to answer the questions of the police before trials; he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to cross-examination in court.16. What does the civil courts system do? ------- The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction: (1) actions founded upon contract and tort; (2) trust and mortgages cases; (3) actions for the recovery of land; (4) cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants; (5) admiralty cases and patent cases; and (7) divorce cases and other family matters.17. What is meant by the term 1'welfare state" in Britain? -------------- The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities. The system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.18. What is the most important established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown andlinked with the State? ------ The most important established Church in Britain is the Church of England. It is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that church and, as "Defender of the Faith", must promise on his or her accession to uphold it. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of Lords, in which the two archbishops (of Canterbury and \fc)rk), the bishops of London,Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops have seats19. What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities? --------------- The Open University is non-residential university which is "open" to all to become students. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and other member countries of the EU. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It was a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes. For some courses, there are residential schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with part-time tutors and counselors, and with fellow students.30. What are some of the characteristics of American education? ------- (1) Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. (2) Public educations is free and compulsory.(3) Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. (4)Education is a function of the states, not the federal government.What are geographic features of Britain?Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It's separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands, and the east and south east are mostly lowlands.What are the features of British climate?Britain has a maritime climate. Winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.The climate in Britain is mainly influenced by three features.1. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and coolingoff relatively and slowly they bring warm air in winter and cool air in summer.2. The prevailing winds blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter and keepingthe temperature moderate.3. The North Atlantic Ocean Drift, which is a warm drift, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warmsthem.What measures did Henry II take to centralize power?1. He forced foreign mercenaries to leave England.2. He abolished the annual land tax.3. He took steps to reform the law courts and divided the country into six circuits to increase the power of the King's Court.4. He also planned to reform the church courts, which had the exclusive right of justice over the whole body of the educated men throughout the country.What contributions did Elizabeth I do to Britain?1. Religion compromise. She carried out the religious reform and broke religious ties.2. She successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers.3. She granted charters to English merchants.4. In her reign, the Spanish Armada was destroyed.5. She carried out a foreign policy to prevent England from involving in major European conflicts. It was to this period of time that the English Empire owed its foundation.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.The results of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605:The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged.How did the Civil War break out?It was very reluctantly that the Parliament concluded that the only way it could impress its views on such a king would be to defeat him in a battle, and then impose legal conditions upon him before allowing him to reign again. This idea was important until 1645. On August 22,1642 in a field near Nottingham King Charles raised his standard beneath a glowering sky, and bade all his supporters to join him. Thus the First Civil War began. TheCivil War (also called Revolutionary War or the English Bourgeois Revolution, or the Puritan Revolution) broke out in 1642. The Left Wing of Parliament was composed of free farmers, tradesmen, and artisans of the country towns. They made up the most revolutionary section and were generally known as Roundheads because their hair was cut close to the skin. The English Bourgeois Revolution in its upsurge was also called the Puritan Revolution. The king's support mainly came from the West and the North of England. The king's supporters were generally known as the Cavaliers or Royalists.Cromwell was a country gentleman and Member of the Parliament. He organized a compact army of well disciplined soldiers which became known as the New Model Army. These soldiers were mostly devout Protestants.★King Charles ----Cromwell★The King's men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, because the King's opponents were mainly Puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic.Consequences of The Civil WarsBecause of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began in 1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious (Puritan) ideology while the Crown's traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.The RestorationWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.The Glorious Revolution of 1688In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.How did the "Glorious Revolution" break out? What was the significance of it?——When Charles II died in 1685, he was succeeded by his brother, James II. James II was a Catholic and hoped to be able to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But English in 1688 could not tolerate a Catholic as King. The English politicians appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, James' Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James' daughter, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in November 1688. On their acceptance of the Bill of Rights (1689), William and Mary were crowned jointly in Westminster Abbey. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tbries in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.The Tbries were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tbries were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:(1) Favorable geographical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those。

1. What is the full name of the U.K.?----United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?----They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?----The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English.4. Why did English become more important after Black Death?----The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.1. Who are the British People?----The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes who brought with them the English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from many former Commonwealth countries from every part of the world. Britain is a country of mixed cultures, and the Britain people are also composed of people from different ethic and culture backgrounds.2. What is Standard English?----Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct Britain English. It is alsothe norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.1. What are the two components of the British Parliament?----the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2. What were some of Queen Victoria's major achievement?---- Q ueen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass.3. What were the two camps in Europe in World War 1?----The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the Russia Empire, the Britain Empire, Italy and the United States.4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War 2?----Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?----The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial country increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, itcaused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?----Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, British had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World War 1, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain's colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.1. What are the three functions of the House of Commons?----to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, and to influence future government policy.2. Why is the Conservative Party sometimes called the "Right"?----Because the Conservative Party is supported by landowners and businessmen, who are often from the middle and upper-middle class. 3. What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats have in Britain?----The Liberal Democrats is perceived as "middle" between the Conservative and the Labor Party. It is comparatively flexible andpragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social. It emphasizes the need for a change in Britain's constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.4. Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election?----Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in Parliament. Therefore, it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.1. What do British electoral campaigns usually involve during the process of a general election?----The electoral campaigns usually involve advertising in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning and leaflets. The main parties are given short periods of time on national television to present their policies to the public. Apart from the parties' own publicity, newspapers and TV programs spend a lot of time discussing the campaign, interviewing politicians, and predicting the results.2. What is the Commonwealth of Nations?----The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.1. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher's reform in the early 1980s? ----Its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. In 1982, the unemployment rate reached the level of the Great Depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain's agriculture?----British's agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engaged in agricultural activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country's labor force, it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain's beef industry in the mid-1990s?----British's beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.4. What are some of the popular tourist attraction in Britain?----The popular tourist attractions in English include: the Dorset and the East Devon Coast, the Lake District, Stonehenge, Windsor Castle, university towns of Oxford and Cambridge, Tower of London, St. Paul's Cathedral and so on.1. What were the major causes of Britain's relative economic decline in the postwar period?----British's economy experienced a relative decline in the postwar period for several reasons. First, British suffered a great losses in the two World Wars and had gone heavily into debt to finance the war. Second, the era of the British Empire was over. India and other British colonies, which provided raw material and large market for British goods, gained their independence. Third, British was forced to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s.Fourth, British had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN Security Council. Finally, British failed to invest in industry after World War 2 whereas its competitors like Germany and Japan caught up with British buy investing in the most modern equipment and means of production.2. Why do developed nations like Britain encourage the development of the service industry?----The service industry has played an increasingly important role in economy in the development countries. On the other hand ,it requires a large group of people working in it so that abundant employment opportunities are provided. On the other hand, the service industry causes little pollution.1. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?----The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university, whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2. What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?----British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britain universities enjoy complete academic freedom?----British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because theycan appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4. How do students in the Open University receive their education?----The students follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, video, and a network of study centers.5. What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?----The media plays an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public's opinion, determine people's moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.1. What are the general feature of Britain's independent schools?----British's independent schools require fees from students. Although the National Curriculum is optional in the independent system, most independent schools teach what the curriculum demands. Independent schools get their funding through tuition fees as well as government assistance. Since they are generally better-funded than most state schools, they can recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities. However, high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll.2. The "quality press" and the "tabloids" in Britain?----Among the 10 daily published national newspapers in British, about half of them are regarded as the "quality press" since they carry in-depth articles of particular political and social importance, and reviews and feature articles about "high culture", and they are generally read by well-educated people. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are good cases in point of the quality press. The "tabloids", with color photos and striking headlines, usually cover scandals and gossip aboutcelebrities in politics, sports and entertainment. A typical example is The News of the World.Chapter 81. How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the south also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation’s population.2. Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.1．Why is the United States regarded as a”melting pot”and a ”salad bowl” ?The United States is not merely a nation, but a nation of nations. The immigrants came in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America is described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups are assimilate into American culture. Recently, America has been called a "salad bowl" in that people of difference races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously, but at the same time keep their distinct culture and customs.2．What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open and tolerant toward different cultures. People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each other. Society should create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated. At the same time the immigrants should keep their own language, customs and religion, contributing to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter 91. Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.2. What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency?a) brought the Vietnam war to a closeb)reestablishing U.S. relations with chinac) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3. What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?Reagan’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as to reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of business.1. What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’s more, the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2. What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?During the two World Wars, America remained neutral in the early stage. However, Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries. Therefore, they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth. When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies, America greatly strengthened its power and became a powerful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 101. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25 years old and a U.S. citizen for no less than seven years.3. What are the major powers of the supreme court?a) to interpret lawsb) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;c) to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national laws d) may declare a law unconstitutionale) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional4. What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.1. How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and votea President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President an soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns. And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.2. What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War. He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war. He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened. The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala, but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia. In addition, Eisenhower used U.S. power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam, which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.Chapter 111. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew . a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.1. How did the U.S constitution lay the groundwork for American’s economic development ?The U.S. Constitution, as an economic charter, established that the entire nation was a unified or "common" market. There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce. It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post office and roads, and fix rules governing patents and copyrights. The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property", a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20thcentury.2. Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.The government has always played an active and important role in America’s economic development. In the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history. President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis. Besides, he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless. At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffered arecession. The Reagan administration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit, cutting taxes and raising interest rates. Both policies mentioned above helped to set the country’s economic development on its right course, In all, the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people. It has prevented flagrant abuses of the system, dampened the effects of inflation and stimulated economic growth.Chapter 121. How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records;b) recommendations from their high school teachers;c) the impression they make during interviews at the university;d) their scores on the SAT.2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3. What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.1. What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible .The second ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control . The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known .2. How does America carry out multicultural education?American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures. Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success. Struggle for equality are vividly depicted, and past racism is bluntly acknowledged. Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.感谢下载!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。

英美文化课后答案1Lecture 1 GeographyTell whether each of the following statement is true or false.1-10: TTTFF/FTFTT11-20: FTFFF/TFFFTFill in the blanks with the correct information.1. the North Sea, the English Channel2. Great Britain, Ireland3. the highland zone, the lowland zone4. the Republic of Ireland5. London6. Buckingham Palace7. the Royal Standard8. Edinburgh9. the British Isles 10. Scotch whiskey 11. fourth 12. Canada, Mexico 13. Pacific Ocean 14. the Appalachian Mountains, the Rocky Mountains 15. cold, mild 16. Christopher Columbus, George Washington 17. Wall Street 18. San Francisco 19. the Oscars 20. Walk of Fame 21. English Channel 22. North Sea, Atlantic Ocean 23. cooler, rainfall, sunlight 24. Highlands 25. 11.8 26. 58.4, 239 27. Anglo-Saxons, Celts 28. English, Gaelic, Welsh 29. established 30. free, Baptist, the United Reformed Church, Methodists, Quaker 31. Reformation 32. Christians 33. Sabbath 34. metric, monetary 35. Canada; Mexico; Russia 36. 1783 37. Russia; Canada; China 38. north-central; four 39. tropical; volcanic islands 40. “Father of Waters”; “Old Man River”, the Rockies; the Gulf of Mexico 41. the Mississippi River; the Columbia River 42. the Great Lakes, lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan, Canada 43. the west, the USA, Mexico, Canada 44. hurricanesChoose the correct answer on the basis of what is stted in the text.1-10: BDBDC/ADCAA 11-20: ABDBA/CCBAB 21-30: ABDDA/BCCDA 31-40: CADAA/BCBABExplain the following terms.1.The British IslesThe British Isles is the name of some islands in Western Europe, separated from the European continent by the North Sea, the Strait of Dover and the English Channel. Among the islands, Great Britain and Ireland are the two main ones. The country of the U.K. mainly consists of these two islands.2.LondonLondon is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the world’s ninth largest city. As one of the world's most important business, financial and cultural centers, it carries a lot of influence in aspect of politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts. The city is also a major tourist destination for both domestic and overseas visitors.3.Edinburgh FestivalEdinburg h is well known for the annual Edinburgh Festival, the world’s largest arts festival. Established in 1947, it takes place in the city during three weeks every August alongside severalother arts and cultural festivals, collectively known as the Edinburgh Festival.4. New York CityThe city of New York, the largest city in the United States, is known for its status as a financial, cultural, transportation, and manufacturing center. The city consists of five boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. Among American cities, New York is unique for its 24-hour mass transit, so the city is sometimes referred to as "The City that Never Sleeps". New York City is the most populous city in the United States, and it is unique for the density and diversity of its population.5. White HouseThe White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. It was built between 1792 and 1800 in the late Georgian style and has been the executive residence of every U.S. President since John Adams, the 2nd president of the U.S.6.HollywoodHollywood is a district in Los Angeles, California. Because it is well known as the historical center of movie studios and stars, the word "Hollywood" is often used as a symbol for the American film and television industry. Many historic Hollywood theaters are used as venues to premiere major theatrical releases and host the Academy Awards. Hollywood is a popular destination for nightlife and tourism and home to the Walk of Fame.7. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is that part of the British Isles ruled over by the Queen. It consists of Scotland, Wales and England, and also the Northern part of Ireland. The full title of the United Kingdom is therefore “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”.8. The highland zoneThe highland zone is an area of high hills and mountains in the north and west. And the highest elevations in the Britain Isles are in the highland zone. The highland zone is cooler than the lowland zone, and receives more rainfall and less sunlight.9. The lowland zoneThe lowland zone in the south and east of Britain consists mostly of rolling plains with a gentle, undulating surface and extensive areas of almost-level ground. It receives less rain and more sunshine than the highland zone and much of the soil in the zone is fertile. Most of Britain’s population lives densely packed into the lowland zone, which covers most of England. The metropolis of London and most of Britain’s large cities are located in the lowland zone.10. The Pennine ChainThe Pennine Chain is the backbone of England. It is a massive upland area extending 260km north to south, starting at the Cheviot Hills on England’s border with Scotland and ending in the Midlands of central England. It is made up of several broad, rolling, windswept moorlandsseparated by deep river valleys. Many of England’s major industrial areas lie on the flanks of the Pennie Chain, where there are many coalfields.11. ThamesThe Thames is the second longest river in Britain. It is 338km long, and flows eastward out of the Cotswold Hills and weaves through the metropolis of London. The Thames provides water to the city of London and is used to carry commercial freight.12. The Church of EnglandIt is the established church of the English nation, with the king or queen as the head of the Church and being crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury in Westminster.13. Free ChurchesThey are Protestant churches outside the Church of England, including Baptists, the United Reformed Church, Quakers and Methodists. They suffered religious and political persecution in the 17th century, and were excluded from many offices and places, until the early 19th century. They were once called “dissenters” and “non-conformists”, now they are called members of Free Churches.14. EasterIt is a Christian festival, kept on the first Sunday after the first full moon of the vernal equinox, commemorating Christ’s resurrection. Parents usually color hard-boiled eggs before Easter. Late Saturday night or early Sunday morning the eggs are hidden, and the children have an Easter egg. Little children believe the Easter rabbit comes and leaves the eggs for them.15. Westminster AbbeyIt is an ancient church where kings and queens are crowned and where, particularly in Poets’Corner, many famous men and women are buried.16. ReformationIt began as a political movement as much as a religious one: when the Pope would not let Henry VIII divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, Henry declared himself head of the English Church and dissolved the monasteries. Protestantism, of a Calvinist type, was introduced under Edward VI, Mary I brought a catholic reaction, but with Elizabeth I the Church of England was established on a moderate protestant basis.。