Managerial Perspectives on Risk and Risk TakingJames G. March and Zur ShapiraManagement Science, Vol. 33, No. 11 (Nov., 1987), pp. 1404-1418管理角度看风险和冒险摘要本文探讨了古典决策理论中定义的风险与实际管理者定义的风险之间的联系，同时在现有决策理论中定义的风险背景下，本文分析了近期研究中管理者的风险态度和风险处理方式。
通过对以往研究中对风险测量手段：均值（预期收益）和方差（风险）进行了一定修正后，本文发现管理者承担风险并爱好风险，并得出了实际管理中风险和冒险行为定义与经典理论中的定义的三点差异：一是管理者对未来发生结果的概率大小并不敏感；二是管理者决策深受他们的业绩目标影响；三是他们对冒险和赌博的理解是完全不一样的。
通过紧密联系其他学者研究成果和定义的差别，表明了传统理论中定义的风险在当今社会环境下并不能完美地解释个人和组织的决策。
关键词：决策制定风险管理1 决策制定中的风险因素经决策理论相关实证研究，证明了风险在决策制定中扮演着至关重要的角色（Allais 1953；Arrow 1965），在管理学中也凸显身影（peter & waterman 1982），在风险评估管理中意味着风险越大收益越大（crouch & Wilson 1982）。
但是在组织决策制定的实证调查研究中并没有明确地阐明风险和管理者承担的风险的定义（march 1981）,而且也没有重视决策制定中管理者的行为（Vlek and Stallen 1980，Schoemaker1980,1982;Slovic,Fischhoff and Lichtenstein 1982）。
因此，决策理论中的风险概念和管理者承担的风险概念存在一定的模糊性。
风险的定义在古典决策理论中，风险大部分时候被认为是不同可能性后果分布的差异性、他们的相似性和他们的主观价值大小。
关于创新和冒险的英语作文英文回答：Innovation and risk-taking are two sides of the same coin. One cannot have one without the other. Innovation is the process of creating something new, while risk-taking is the willingness to put oneself in a position where there is a chance of failure.Both innovation and risk-taking are essential for progress. Without innovation, we would never have new products, services, or ideas. Without risk-taking, we would never be able to achieve our full potential.Of course, there is a balance to be struck between innovation and risk-taking. Too much of either one can be dangerous. Too much innovation can lead to recklessness, while too much risk-taking can lead to disaster.The key is to find the right balance between the two.We need to be innovative enough to come up with new ideas, but we also need to be cautious enough to avoid unnecessary risks.When it comes to innovation, there are a few key things to keep in mind. First, it is important to be open to new ideas. Don't be afraid to think outside the box. Second, it is important to be willing to take risks. Not all new ideas will be successful, but you will never know unless you try. Third, it is important to be persistent. Innovation takes time and effort. Don't give up if you don't see results immediately.Risk-taking is also an important part of innovation. When you take risks, you are putting yourself in a position where there is a chance of failure. However, if you are not willing to take risks, you will never be able to achieve your full potential.Of course, there are some risks that are not worth taking. For example, it would be foolish to risk your life for something that is not important. However, there areother risks that are worth taking. For example, it might be worth taking a risk to start your own business or to pursue a new career.The key to successful risk-taking is to carefully weigh the risks and benefits. You need to make sure that the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks. You also need to make sure that you are prepared to deal with the consequences if things go wrong.Innovation and risk-taking are essential for progress. By embracing both of these concepts, we can achieve great things.中文回答：创新和冒险是一枚硬币的两面。
2020年高考英语七选五真题汇编(包含解析)The Science of Risk-TakingSometimes。
XXX unnecessary risk is worth it。
We weigh the risk and the reward and decide that the risk is worth taking。
Some people XXX that this may have to do with how our brains work.The reason why some of us take risks might have to do with early humans。
Risk-takers were better at hunting。
fighting。
and exploring。
As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one n to the next。
humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.However。
XXX airplanes。
Even 200,000 years ago。
too much risk-taking could get one killed。
A few daring individuals survived。
along with a few who preferred to stay in the cave。
Asa result。
humans developed a range of character types that still exists today。
So。
you may love car racing。
or you may hate it。
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