Fiber optic splitters

Passive optical networks (PON) technology was available in the middle of 90s. Since the huge development of network, various standards have been established and matured. PON developed from the first ATM PON (APON) and then evolved in Broadband PON (BPON) which is compatible with APON. Later, arisen Ethernet PON (EPON) and Gigabit PON (GPON) bring great improvement in data transmission distance and bandwidth. This tutorial will introduce about GPON technology.GPON ComponentsGPON is defined by ITU-T recommendation series G.984. GPON represents an increase in bandwidth compared with APON and BPON. GPON can be applied in many areas. In fiber to the desktop (FTTD) application, GPON is distributed via single-mode, simplex optical fiber connectors, and passive optical splitter typically using angled polish connectors (APC) to provide precision terminations. There are four main components in this GPON system: the optical line terminal (OLT), the transmitting media (cabling and components), the fiber optical splitter, and the optical network terminal (ONT).OLTOLT is a device which serves as the service provider endpoint of a passive optical network. It is an active Ethernet aggregation device that is usually located in a data center or the main equipment room. An OLT converts the optical signals transmitting over fiber tothe electrical signals and presents them to a core Ethernet switch. The OLT replaces multiple layer 2 switches at distribution points. OLT distributing signal is connected with backbone cabling or horizontal cabling through optical splitters, which are connected to the optical network terminal at each work area outlet.Transmitting MediaGPON transmits signals through the passive, physical cabling infrastructure. The transmitting media include copper, fiber optic patch cords, enclosures, adapter panels, connectors, splitters and other materials. All these transmitting media components should be factored in the channel loss budget to get a better system performance.Fiber Optic SplitterFiber optic splitter, also known as beam splitter, is an integrated waveguide optical power distribution device. With this fiber optic splitter, multiple devices can be served from a single fiber. It’s one of the most important passive devices in the optical fiber network. It’s especially useful in GPON, EPON and FTTx, etc. PON typically connects a single fiber from an OLT to multiple ONUs. The connectivity between OLT and ONUs is achieved by using fiber optical splitters. The number of the outputs in the splitter determines the number of the splits. The split ratios often contain 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32 and 1:64. The insertion loss of a typical 1x32 optical splitter ranges from17 dB to 18 dB. Fiber optic splitter includes fused biconical taper (FBT) splitter and planar lightwave circuit (PLC) splitters.ONTONT, also called the modem, connects to the termination point (TP) with an optical fiber cable, and connects to your router via an LAN / Ethernet cable. It converts the opticalsignals to electrical signals to deliver to the end device. ONT always has multiple Ethernet ports for connection to IP services such as CPUs, phones, wireless access points, and other video components.GPON Loss BudgetPON is typically composed of OLT and ONUs and other optical transmission media such as fiber cables and connectors which have been pointed out before. Link loss can be caused by these components (cable, connectors, patch cords, splices, couplers, and splitters). Link loss is very important in designing optical access network. The link budget is shown as the following table. This budget covers all optical components between OLT and ONU.GPON Power BudgetThe transmitter’s power and receiver’s sensitivity are two parameters that influence the reach of the access network. How to calculate the power budget? The formula is “P=FCA*L+SL+Penalties”. P represents power budget. FCA is fiber cable cable attenuation in dB/m. L is the distance and SL is a splitter loss. Penalties stands for additional loss such as the splice and connectors. The following table shows the required power budget for different GPON configurations.ONUs L(km )Wavelength(nm)FCA(dB/m)SL(dB)Penalties(dB)RequiredPower Budget(dB)16 10 1310 0.4 14.5 2.5 2116 20 1550 0.3 14.5 2.5 2332 10 1310 0.4 17 2.5 23.532 20 1550 0.3 17 2.5 23.5Table2. The minimum power budget for different GPON configurationsNow let’s calculate the reach of a network system. Suppose that the power budget is about 23 dB. A single-mode fiber cable operating at the wavelength of 1550 nm is used. SL is 14 dB and there are two mechanical splices (0.5 dB/per splice) and two connectors (0.5 dB/per connector). So the maximum reach of the network can be calculated as (23-14-2*0.5-2*0.5)/0.3≈23km.ConclusionGPON is the most complex of all PONs. But it’s the best one of all PONs. GPON has the benefits of saving costs for moves and adds or other changes, low price per port on passive components, easy installation and low installation costs. So GPON gains the popularity in today’s diverse and ever-changing technology applications.。

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Modern Communication Optoelectronics Course Design - English Version, 5th EditionIntroductionModern communication has grown significantly over the years with advancements in technology. Communication technologies such as fiber optics, wireless communication, and infrared communication have made the world a global village. This course design is designed for students that are interested in modern communication optoelectronics that require a strong foundation in physics and mathematics.The m of this course is to provide students with a deep understanding of the principles of modern communication optoelectronics, and to enable them to apply these principles to real-world scenarios effectively. Students that complete this course will gn practical experience in designing, analyzing, and implementing modern communication systems.Course OutlineChapter 1 - Introduction•Background and development of modern communication optoelectronics•Principles and applications of optoelectronics Chapter 2 - Fundamentals of Optical Fibers and Waveguides•Optical fiber types and structures•Optical waveguides•Optical modes•Single-mode and multimode fibers•Fiber attenuation and dispersionChapter 3 - Light Sources and Detectors•Optical sources•LED, laser, and semiconductor lasers•Photoelectric detectors•Light detectors characteristics, sensitivity, and bandwidth Chapter 4 - Optical Transmitters and Receivers•Optical transmitters•Optical receivers•Signal-to-noise ratio•Data transmission systemChapter 5 - Optical Amplifiers and Components•Optical amplifiers•Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers•Optical splitters and couplersChapter 6 - Optical Communication Systems•Optical communication system components•Wavelength-division multiplexing•Optical code-division multiple access•Optical networksChapter 7 - Optical Fiber Sensing and Metrology•Fiber optic sensors•Intensity, phase, and polarization sensors•Distributed and quasi-distributed sensors•Fiber optic metrologyCourse Goals•Understand the principles and applications of modern communication optoelectronics•Design, analyze, and implement modern communication systems•Gn practical experience in the use of optical fibers and waveguides, light sources, and detectors, optical amplifiers andcommunication systems•Understand the latest developments in optical sensing and metrologyCourse FormatThis course will be delivered as a combination of lectures,practical assignments, and laboratory sessions. The lectures will cover the theoretical aspects of modern communication optoelectronics, and students will undertake practical assignments to apply the theory toreal-world scenarios.The laboratory sessions will provide students with hands-on experience of using optical fibers, waveguides, and other optoelectronic components. In these sessions, students will be required to design, build, and test communication systems and sensors.AssessmentThe course assessment will be made up of the following components:•Class attendance and participation: 10%•Assignments: 30%•Laboratory reports: 30%•Final exam: 30%ConclusionThis course provides students with a solid foundation in modern communication optoelectronics, and prepares them for a career in the field of communication engineering. With the growing importance of communication technologies, the demand for professionals with expertise in this field is increasing. This course equips students with the skills and knowledge to meet these demands and become successful communication engineers.。

i-pon技术原理英文回答：i-PON technology.i-PON (intelligent PON) is a next-generation PON (passive optical network) technology that offers higher bandwidth, lower latency, and greater flexibility than traditional PON architectures. i-PON is based on the principles of software-defined networking (SDN) and network virtualization, which allows for the creation ofvirtualized PON networks that can be tailored to the specific needs of individual customers.i-PON networks are typically deployed using a combination of active and passive optical components. Active components, such as optical line terminals (OLTs) and optical network units (ONUs), are responsible for the management and control of the network. Passive components, such as optical splitters and fiber optic cables, are usedto distribute optical signals to and from the OLTs and ONUs.i-PON networks are typically configured in a tree topology, with the OLT located at the root of the tree and the ONUs located at the leaves. The OLT is responsible for aggregating traffic from the ONUs and forwarding it to the core network. The ONUs are responsible for receivingtraffic from the OLT and distributing it to the end users.i-PON networks offer a number of advantages over traditional PON architectures, including:Higher bandwidth: i-PON networks can support datarates of up to 100 Gbps, which is significantly higher than the 10 Gbps data rates that are typically supported by traditional PON architectures.Lower latency: i-PON networks have lower latency than traditional PON architectures, which makes them ideal for applications such as online gaming and video streaming.Greater flexibility: i-PON networks can be tailored tothe specific needs of individual customers. For example, a customer could request a network that provides a dedicated bandwidth of 10 Gbps for a specific application.i-PON technology is still in its early stages of development, but it has the potential to revolutionize the way that PON networks are deployed and managed. i-PON networks are expected to play a major role in the development of 5G networks and other next-generation applications.中文回答：i-PON技术原理。