下载文档原格式
1. 热量和热力学能有什么区别？有什么联系？答：热量和热力学能是有明显区别的两个概念：热量指的是热力系通过界面与外界进行的热能交换量，是与热力过程有关的过程量。
热力系经历不同的过程与外界交换的热量是不同的；而热力学能指的是热力系内部大量微观粒子本身所具有的能量的总合，是与热力过程无关而与热力系所处的热力状态有关的状态量。
简言之，热量是热能的传输量，热力学能是能量？的储存量。
二者的联系可由热力学第一定律表达式d d q u p v δ=+ 看出；热量的传输除了可能引起做功或者消耗功外还会引起热力学能的变化。
2. 如果将能量方程写为 d d q u p v δ=+或d d q h v p δ=-那么它们的适用范围如何？答：二式均适用于任意工质组成的闭口系所进行的无摩擦的内部平衡过程。
因为 uh p v=-，()du d h pv dh pdv vdp =-=-- 对闭口系将 du 代入第一式得 q dh pdv vdp pdv δ=--+ 即 q dh vdp δ=-。
3. 能量方程 δq u p v =+d d （变大） 与焓的微分式 ()d d d h u pv =+（变大） 很相像，为什么热量 q 不是状态参数，而焓 h 是状态参数？答：尽管能量方程 qdu pdv δ=+ 与焓的微分式 ()d d d h u pv =+（变大）似乎相象，但两者的数学本质不同，前者不是全微分的形式，而后者是全微分的形式。
是否状态参数的数学检验就是，看该参数的循环积分是否为零。
对焓的微分式来说，其循环积分：()dh du d pv =+⎰⎰⎰因为0du =⎰，()0d pv =⎰所以0dh =⎰，因此焓是状态参数。
而对于能量方程来说，其循环积分：q du pdv δ=+⎰⎰⎰虽然： 0du =⎰ 但是： 0pdv ≠⎰ 所以： 0q δ≠⎰ 因此热量q 不是状态参数。
4. 用隔板将绝热刚性容器分成A 、B 两部分（图2-13），A 部分装有1 kg 气体，B 部分为高度真空。
第1章 温度习题答案一、 选择题 1. D 2. B二、填空题1. Pa 31008.9⨯ K 4.90 C 08.182-三、计算题1. 解：漏掉的氢气的质量kg T Vp T V p R M m m m 32.0)(22211121=-=-=∆第2章 气体分子动理论答案一、选择题1. B解：两种气体开始时p 、V 、T 均相同，所以摩尔数也相同。
现在等容加热 V C MQ μ=△T ，R C R C V V 25,232H He ==由题意 μM Q =HeR 23⋅△T ＝ 6 J 所以 R M Q 252H ⋅=μ△T ＝(J)1063535H =⨯=e Q 。
2. C 解：由,)(,)(,He 222O 1112R MT V p R M T V p R MT pV ⋅=⋅==μμμ,,2121T T p p ==又 所以,21)()21He O 2==V V MM μμ（ 根据内能公式,2RT i M E ⋅=μ得二者内能之比为65352121=⋅=E E 3. B解：一个分子的平均平动动能为,23kT w =容器中气体分子的平均平动动能总和为3210410523232323-⨯⨯⨯⨯===⋅==pV RT M kT N Mw N W A μμ ＝3(J)。
4. C解：由RpVC E RT MpV T C ME VV ===得 ,μμ， 可见只有当V 不变时，E ~ p 才成正比。
5. D解：因为)(d v f NN =d v ，所以)(21212v f N mv v v ⋅⋅⎰d ⎰=21221v v mv v d N 表示在1v ~2v 速率间隔内的分子平动动能之和。
6. D 解：由,2,2122v n d z nd ππλ==体积不变时n 不变，而v ∝T ， 所以, 当T 增大时，λ不变而z 增大。
二、填空题1. 27.8×10-3 kg ⋅mol -1 解：由RT MpV μ=可得摩尔质量为523mol10013.1100.130031.8103.11⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯====--p RT pV MRT M ρμ )m o l (k g 108.2713--⋅⨯=2. 1.28×10-7K 。
第1章和第2章重点思考题和习题解答第1章 基本概念思考题1. 平衡状态与稳定状态有何区别？热力学中为什么要引入平衡态的概念？答：平衡状态是在不受外界影响的条件下，系统的状态参数不随时间而变化的状态。
而稳定状态则是不论有无外界影响，系统的状态参数不随时间而变化的状态。
可见平衡必稳定，而稳定未必平衡。
热力学中引入平衡态的概念，是为了能对系统的宏观性质用状态参数来进行描述。
4. 准平衡过程与可逆过程有何区别？答：无耗散的准平衡过程才是可逆过程，所以可逆过程一定是准平衡过程，而准平衡过程不一定是可逆过程。
5. 不可逆过程是无法回复到初态的过程，这种说法是否正确？答：不正确。
不可逆过程是指不论用任何曲折复杂的方法都不能在外界不遗留任何变化的情况下使系统回复到初态，并不是不能回复到初态。
习题1-3 某容器被一刚性壁分为两部分，在容器不同部位装有3块压力表，如图1－9所示。
压力表B 上的读数为1.75 bar ，表A 的读数为1.10 bar ，如果大气压力计读数为0.97 bar ，试确定表C 的读数及两部分容器内气体的绝对压力。
解： bar p p p a b 07.210.197.01=+=+=bar p p p b 32.075.107.212=−=−= < 0.97 barC b p p p +=2bar p p p b C 65.032.097.032.02−=−−=−=1-4 如图1－10所示一圆筒形容器，其直径为450 mm ，表A 的读数为360 kPa ， 表B 的读数为170 kPa ，大气压力为100 mmHg ，试求，⑴ 真空室及1、2两室的绝对压力；⑵ 表C 的读数；⑶ 圆筒顶面所受的作用力。
解： kPa H p p p b 0g mm 0100100＝＝－＝＝汞柱真空室−kPa p p p a 36036001=+=+=真空室kPa p p p B 19017036012=−=−=kPa p p p c 1901902==−=真空室N A p p F b 0.21190.45π41133.3100)(2=××××=−=真空室 1-7一热力系发生状态变化，压力随体积的变化关系为=3.1pV 常数，若热力系初态为 6001=p kPa ，3.01=V m 3，问当系统体积膨胀至 5.02=V m 3 时，对外作功为多少？ 解：改过程系统对外作的功为∫∫=−−===−−0.50.33.013.023.1111.33.115.03.02585.)(0.3V W 1kJ V V V p dV V p pdV （积分公式：x dx µ=∫11x µµ++） 1-9 某气缸中气体由0.1 m 3膨胀至0.3 m 3，若气体的压力及容积按MPa 和m 3计算，则膨胀过程中气体的压力和体积的函数关系为04.024.0+=V p ，试求，气体所作的膨胀功。
第 二 章 热力学第一定律一、思考题1. 判断下列说法是否正确，并简述判断的依据（1）状态给定后，状态函数就有定值，状态函数固定后，状态也就固定了。
答：是对的。
因为状态函数是状态的单值函数。
（2）状态改变后，状态函数一定都改变。
答：是错的。
因为只要有一个状态函数变了，状态也就变了，但并不是所有的状态函数都得变。
（3）因为ΔU=Q V ，ΔH=Q p ，所以Q V ，Q p 是特定条件下的状态函数? 这种说法对吗？答：是错的。
∆U ，∆H 本身不是状态函数，仅是状态函数的变量，只有在特定条件下与Q V ，Q p 的数值相等，所以Q V ，Q p 不是状态函数。
（4）根据热力学第一定律，因为能量不会无中生有，所以一个系统如要对外做功，必须从外界吸收热量。
答：是错的。
根据热力学第一定律U Q W ∆=+，它不仅说明热力学能（ΔU ）、热（Q ）和功（W ）之间可以转化，有表述了它们转化是的定量关系，即能量守恒定律。
所以功的转化形式不仅有热，也可转化为热力学能系。
（5）在等压下，用机械搅拌某绝热容器中的液体，是液体的温度上升，这时ΔH=Q p =0答：是错的。
这虽然是一个等压过程，而此过程存在机械功，即W f ≠0，所以ΔH≠Q p 。
（6）某一化学反应在烧杯中进行，热效应为Q 1，焓变为ΔH 1。
如将化学反应安排成反应相同的可逆电池，使化学反应和电池反应的始态和终态形同，这时热效应为Q 2，焓变为ΔH 2，则ΔH 1=ΔH 2。
答：是对的。
Q 是非状态函数，由于经过的途径不同，则Q 值不同，焓（H ）是状态函数，只要始终态相同，不考虑所经过的过程，则两焓变值∆H 1和∆H 2相等。
2 . 回答下列问题，并说明原因（1）可逆热机的效率最高，在其它条件相同的前提下，用可逆热机去牵引货车，能否使火车的速度加快？ 答？不能。
热机效率hQ W -=η是指从高温热源所吸收的热最大的转换成对环境所做的功。
但可逆热机循环一周是一个缓慢的过程，所需时间是无限长。
第一章 热力学第一定律一、选择题1-A; 2-C; 3-A; 4-D; 5-B; 6-D; 7-A; 8-D; 9-A; 10-D; 11-B; 12-B; 13- A; 14-C; 15-C; 16-B; 17-C;1．下述说法中，哪一种正确（a ）(A)热容C 不是状态函数； (B)热容C 与途径无关；(C)恒压热容C p 不是状态函数；(D)恒容热容C V 不是状态函数。
2．对于内能是体系状态的单值函数概念，错误理解是（c ）(A) 体系处于一定的状态，具有一定的内能；(B) 对应于某一状态，内能只能有一数值不能有两个以上的数值；(C) 状态发生变化，内能也一定跟着变化；(D) 对应于一个内能值，可以有多个状态。
3．某高压容器中盛有可能的气体是O 2 ,Ar, CO 2, NH 3中的一种，在298K 时由5dm3绝热可逆膨胀到6dm3，温度降低21K ，则容器中的气体（ a ）(A) O 2 (B) Ar (C) CO 2 (D) NH 34．戊烷的标准摩尔燃烧焓为-3520kJ·mol -1，CO 2(g)和H 2O(l)标准摩尔生成焓分别为-395 kJ·mol -1和-286 kJ·mol -1，则戊烷的标准摩尔生成焓为（ d ）(A) 2839 kJ·mol -1 (B) -2839 kJ·mol -1 (C) 171 kJ·mol -1 (D) -171 kJ·mol -15．已知反应)()(21)(222g O H g O g H =+的标准摩尔反应焓为)(T H m r θ∆，下列说法中不正确的是（ b ）。
(A).)(T H m r θ∆是H 2O(g)的标准摩尔生成焓 (B). )(T H m r θ∆是H 2O(g)的标准摩尔燃烧焓 (C). )(T H m r θ∆是负值 (D). )(T H m r θ∆与反应的θm r U ∆数值相等 6．在指定的条件下与物质数量无关的一组物理量是（ d ）(A) T , P, n (B) U m , C p, C V(C) ΔH, ΔU, Δξ (D) V m , ΔH f,m (B), ΔH c,m (B)7．实际气体的节流膨胀过程中，下列那一组的描述是正确的（ a ）(A) Q=0 ΔH=0 ΔP< 0 ΔT≠0 (B) Q=0 ΔH<0 ΔP> 0 ΔT>0(C) Q>0 ΔH=0 ΔP< 0 ΔT<0 (D) Q<0 ΔH=0 ΔP< 0 ΔT≠08．已知反应 H 2(g) + 1/2O 2(g) →H 2O(l)的热效应为ΔH ，下面说法中不正确的是（ d ）(A) ΔH 是H 2O(l)的生成热 (B) ΔH 是H 2(g)的燃烧热(C) ΔH 与反应 的ΔU 的数量不等 (D) ΔH 与ΔH θ数值相等9．为判断某气体能否液化，需考察在该条件下的（ a ）(A) μJ-T> 0 (B) μJ-T< 0 (C) μJ-T = 0 (D) 不必考虑μJ-T的数值10．某气体的状态方程为PV=RT+bP(b>0)，1mol该气体经等温等压压缩后其内能变化为（d ）(A) ΔU>0 (B) ΔU <0 (C) ΔU =0 (D) 该过程本身不能实现11．均相纯物质在相同温度下C V > C P的情况是（ b ）(A) (∂P/∂T)V<0 (B) (∂V/∂T)P<0(C) (∂P/∂V)T<0 (D) 不可能出现C V>C P12．理想气体从相同始态分别经绝热可逆膨胀和绝热不可逆膨胀到达相同的压力，则其终态的温度，体积和体系的焓变必定是（ b ）(A) T可逆> T不可逆, V可逆> V不可逆, ΔH可逆>ΔH不可逆(B) T可逆< T不可逆, V可逆< V不可逆, ΔH可逆<ΔH不可逆(C) T可逆< T不可逆, V可逆> V不可逆, ΔH可逆<ΔH不可逆(D) T可逆< T不可逆, V可逆< V不可逆, ΔH可逆>ΔH不可逆13．1mol、373K、1atm下的水经下列两个不同过程达到373K、1atm下的水汽：(1)等温可逆蒸发，(2)真空蒸发。
The problems of the first law1. a lead bullet is fired at a frigid surface. At what speed must it travel to melt on impact, if its initial temperature is 25℃ and heating of the rigid surface of the rigid surface is neglected? The melting point of lead is 327℃. The molar heat of fusion of the lead is 4.8kJ/mol. The molar heat capacity C P of lead may be taken as 29.3J/(mol K) (1.1)Solution: )/(5.112.20721]108.4)25327(3.29[2121)(2322s m V v n n WQ nMv mv W H T C n Q Q Q absorb melting p melt increase absorb ==⨯+-⨯===∆+∆=+=2. what is the average power production in watts of a person who burns 2500 kcal of food in a day? Estimate the average additional powder production of 75Kg man who is climbing a mountain at eh rate of 20 m/min (1.2)Solution )/(24560208.975)/(12160602410467000//)(104670001868.4102500sin 3S J t h mg P S J t Q t W P J Q gincrea Burning Burning =⨯⨯=∆==⨯⨯====⨯⨯=3 One cubic decimeter (1 dm 3) of water is broken into droplets having a diameter of onemicrometer (1 um) at 20℃. (1.3)(a) what is the total area of the droplets?(b) Calculate the minimum work required to produce the droplets. Assume that the dropletsare rest (have zero velocity)Water have a surface tension of 72.75 dyn/cm at 20℃ (NOTES: the term surface energy (ene/cm 2) is also used for surface tension dyn/cm)Solution)(25.218)106103(1075.72)(103)101(4)101(34)101(232523263631J S W m nS S Single total =⨯-⨯⨯⨯=∆=⨯=⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯==-+----σππ4.Gaseous helium is to be used to quench a hot piece of metal. The helium is in storage in an insulated tank with a volume of 50 L and a temperature of 25℃, the pressure is 10 atm. Assume that helium is an ideal gas.(a) when the valve is opened and the gas escapes into the quench chamber (pressure=1 atm),what will be the temperature of the first gas to hit the specimen?(b) As the helium flows, the pressure in the tank drops. What will be the temperature of thehelium entering the quench chamber when the pressure in the tank has fallen to 1 atm? (1.4)Solution: )(180118298)(1185.229810101325501010101325)5500(1)()(118)101(298)()(0334.0/00K T T T K RR nC W T b K T P PT T Adiabatic a p C R P=-=∆-==⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯-⨯==∆=⨯==--5 An evacuated (P=0), insulted tank is surrounded by a very large volume (assume infinite volume) of an ideal gas at a temperature T 0. The valve on the tank is opened and the surrounding gas is allowed to flow quickly into the tank until the pressure inside the tank is equals the pressure outside. Assume that no heat flow takes place. What is the final tempeture of the gas in the tank? The heat capacity of the gas, C p and C v each may be assumed to be constant over the temperature rang spanned by the experiment. You answer may be left in terms of C p and C vhint: one way to approach the problem is to define the system as the gas ends up in the tank. (1.5)solution 0/000/00)()(T P P T T P PT T Adiabatic PPC R C R ≈-==6. Calculate the heat of reaction of methane with oxygen at 298K, assuming that the products of reaction are CO 2 and CH 4 (gas)[This heat of reaction is also called the low calorific power of methane] convert the answer into unites of Btu/1000 SCF of methane. SCF means standard cubic feet, taken at 298 and 1atmNOTE: this value is a good approximation for the low calorific powder of natural gas (1.6)DA TA:)()()(224g O H g CO g CH FOR80.5705.9489.17]/[0298---∙∆mol g Kcal Hsolution)1000/(9.2610252103048.01101076.191)/(76.191)89.1780.57205.94()2(22333332982982224422SCF Btu mol g Kcal H H H H H OH CO O CH CH O H CO =⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯=∙=∆+⨯---=∆-∆+∆-=∆+=+-7. Methane is delivered at 298 K to a glass factory, which operates a melting furnace at 1600 K. The fuel is mixed with a quantity of air, also at 298 K, which is 10% in excess of the amount theoretically needed for complete combustion (air is approximately 21% O 2 and 79% N 2) (1.7)(a) Assuming complete combustion, what is the composition of the flue gas (the gasfollowing combustion)?(b) What is the temperature of the gas, assuming no heat loss?(c) The furnace processes 2000kg of glass hourly, and its heat losses to the surroundingsaverage 400000 kJ/h. calculate the fuel consumption at STP (in m 3/h) assuming that for gas H 1600-H 298=1200KJ/KG(d) A heat exchanger is installed to transfer some of the sensible heat of the flue gas to thecombustion air. Calculate the decrease in fuel consumption if the combustion air is heated to 800KDA TA STP means T=298K, P=1atm22224O N O H CO CH for 2.82.89.117.1316)/(C mol cal C P ∙Solution)(210448.1125.9100076.191298)/(25.9)]87.012.72(2.843.179.1171.87.13[01.0)(%87.0%%12.72%%43.17%2%%71.8)11.1(221791.1231%22)(0,,222222224K T T T C mol cal X C C b O N CO O H CO O H CO O CH a i i p p p =⨯⨯+=∆+=∙=+⨯+⨯+⨯=======-⨯+⨯⨯+=+=+∑)/(1644)0224.011868.448.11)8001600(48.1125.9189570(102800000)/(189570)298800)](48.1187.8)48.1125.9[(100076.191)()/(87.848.11/]211002.22.816[)()/(3214)0224.011868.448.11)2981600(48.1125.9100076.191(102800000)/(280000040000020001200)(33min ,,,,298,,33min h m V mol g cal dTn C n C H H C mol cal X C C d h m V h KJ P C gConsu i i r p i i p p i i p r p g Consu =⨯⨯-⨯-⨯=∙=-⨯-⨯-⨯=--∆=∆∙=⨯⨯+===⨯⨯-⨯-⨯⨯==+⨯=⎰∑∑∑8.In an investigation of the thermodynamic properties of a-manganese, the following heat contents were determined: H 700-H 298=12113 J/(g atom) H 1000-H 298=22803 J/(g atom)Find a suitable equation for H T -H 298 and also for C P as a function of temperature in the form (a+bT) Assume that no structure transformation takes place in the given tempeture rang. (1.8)Solution )298(0055.0)298(62.35011.062.35011.062.3522803)2981000(2)2981000(12113)298700(2)298700(]2[2229822222982---=∆-=-===-+-=-+-+=+==∆⎰⎰T T H TC b a ba ba T baT bTdT a dT C H TP T P9.A fuel gas containing 40% CO, 10% CO 2, and the rest N 2 (by volume) is burnt completely with air in a furnace. The incoming and ongoing temperatures of the gases in the furnace are 773K and 1250K,respectively. Calculate (a) the maximum flame temperature and (b) heat supplied to the furnace per cu. ft of exhaust gas (1.9)molJ Hmol J H CO f CO f /393296/1104580,298,0,298,2-=∆-=∆)/(10184.403.29)/(1067.11010.492.19)/(1037.81020.935.44)/(1042.01097.345.283,253,253,253,222molK J T C molK J T T C molK J T T C molK J T T C N P O P CO P CO P -------⨯+=⨯-⨯+=⨯-⨯+=⨯-⨯+=Solution?0)499.0321.018.1()1067.01019.277.28(28.282831067.01038.477.289.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)()/(1019.01058.528.33722.0278.0)/(1067.01038.477.281.065.005.02.0)()/(282838110458393296%2.72%8.27%10%65%5%20)4/(1122298127332981523733253253298,,,,298,253,,,,,253,,,,,,,0,298,0,298,298,22222222222222==+--⨯+⨯++⨯=⨯-⨯++⨯⨯-⨯+-⨯=--∆=∆⨯-⨯+=+==⨯-⨯+=+++===-=∆-∆=∆========+-----------⎰⎰⎰∑∑⎰∑∑∑∑T T T T T T T dT T T dTT T dT n C n C n H H molK J T T C C n C C molK J T T C C C C n C C a mol J n Hn H H N CO production O N CO CO reation then O N air mole need fuel mole when CO O CO T TT i i r p i i p p i i N P CO P i i p p r p O P N P CO P CO P i i p p r p i pf i rf idTT T Q dT T T Q b T T T T T T T dT T T dTT T dT n C n C n H H T TT i i r p i i p p i i 9.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.02828389.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)(0)499.0321.018.1()1067.01019.277.28(28.282831067.01038.477.289.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)(253125029812502982531250298125029829812125029815231250253253298,,,,298,⨯⨯-⨯++⨯-=⨯⨯-⨯++⨯-===+--⨯+⨯++⨯=⨯-⨯++⨯⨯-⨯+-⨯=--∆=∆-----------⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰∑∑⎰10. (a) for the reaction 2221CO O CO →+,what is the enthalpy of reaction (0H ∆) at 298 K ?(b) a fuel gas, with composition 50% CO, 50% N 2 is burned using the stoichiometric amount of air. What is the composition of the flue gas?(c) If the fuel gas and the air enter there burner at 298 K, what is the highest temperaturethe flame may attain (adiabatic flame temperature)? DA TA :standard heats of formation f H ∆ at 298 K (1.10))/(393000)/(1100002mol J CO mol J CO -=-=Heat capacities [J/(mol K)] to be used for this problem N 2=33, O 2=33, CO=34, CO 2=57 Solution)(21100)298)(39889.0(222.02830000)/(3975.03325.057)/(33111.034222.033666.033)(%,75%%,251.111002.22%%1.11%%,6.66%%,2.222.0/25.015.0%)()/(283000393000110000)(,0,,,,,,22220,298,0,298,0K T T dT C n H H K mol J X C C K mol J X C C C N CO product O N CO fuel b mol J n H n H H a P p p i P r i P r i P p i P p i P f i r f ==-⨯-⨯=-∆=∆∙=⨯+⨯==∙=⨯+⨯+⨯====-====+==+-=∆-∆=∆⎰∑∑∑∑11.a particular blast furnace gas has the following composition by (volume): N 2=60%, H 2=4, CO=12%, CO 2=24%(a) if the gas at 298K is burned with the stochiometric amount of dry air at 298 K, what is the composition of the flue gas? What is the adiabatic flame temperature? (b) repeat the calculation for 30% excess combustion air at 298K(C)what is the adiabatic flame temperature when the blast furnace gas is preheated to 700K (the dry air is at 298K)(d) suppose the combustion air is not dry ( has partial pressure of water 15 mm Hg and a total pressure of 760 mm Hg) how will the flame temperature be affected? DA TA(k J/mol) （1.11）2CO CO FOR513.393523.110)/(--∆m o lkJ H f 2222,)(O N g O H CO CO FOR34505733]/[K mol J C P ∙Solution)(1052)(75438286370])295.03450(241604[026.0])335.03457(110523393513[079.0])([%8.66%%,8.6%%,6.2%%,8.15%%,9.72.0/83.110012%)()(1122)(82538313430])295.03450(241604[029.0])335.03457(110523393513[086.0])([%7.65%%,7.5%%,9.2%%,1.17%%,6.82.0/810012%2121)(,,,,,,,02222,,,,,,,0222222222K T K T T n C T T X C dT n C n C H x H N O H CO CO b K T K T T n C T T X C dT n C n C H x H N O H CO CO OH O H CO O CO a i i r P ii P i i r P i i p P i i i i r P ii P i i r P i i p P i i ===∆=∆-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=+--∆=∆=====⨯+====∆=∆-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=+--∆=∆=====+=→+→+∑∑∑⎰∑∑∑∑∑⎰∑∑)(1419),(11213842594034286.0)402(2.39714.0])295.03450(241604[029.0])335.03457(110523393513[086.0)3(K T K T T T T T H ===∆=∆⨯--∆⨯-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=∆12．A bath of molten copper is super cooled to 5℃ below its true melting point. Nucleation of solid copper then takes place, and the solidification proceeds under adiabatic conditions. What percentage of the bath solidifies?DATA: Heat of fusion for copper is 3100 cal/mol at 1803℃(the melting point of copper) C P,L =7.5(cal/mol ℃), C P,S =5.41+(1.5*10-3T )(cal/mol ℃) （1.12） Solution)/(310355.75.0)17981803(105.1541.5310002231798,1798,17981803,18031798,1803,mol cal H H dT C dT C HL S SL L P S P LS =⨯-⨯-⨯+⨯+==+++-⎰⎰13．Cuprous oxide (Cu 2O) is being reduced by hydrogen in a furnace at 1000K, (a)write the chemical reaction for the reduced one mole of Cu 2O(b)how much heat is release or absorbed per mole reacted? Given the quantity of heat and state whether heat is evolved (exothermic reaction) or absorbed (endothermic reaction) DATA: heat of formation of 1000K in cal/mol Cu 2O=-41900 H 2O=-59210 （1.13） solution)/(173104190059210222mol cal H OH Cu H O Cu =-=∆+=+,exothermic reaction14. (a) what is the enthalpy of pure, liquid aluminum at 1000K?(b) an electric resistance furnace is used to melt pure aluminum at the rate of 100kg/h. the furnace is fed with solid aluminum at 298K. The liquid aluminum leaves the furnace at 1000K. what is the minimum electric powder rating (kW) of furnace.DATA : For aluminum : atomic weight=27g/mol, C p,s =26(J/molK), C p,L =29(J/molK), Melting point=932K, Heat of fusion=10700J/mol (1.14)Solution )(28.0)(7.2793600110002727184)/(2718410700)9321000(29)298932(261000932,932298,1000,kW W P mol J H dT C dT C H SLL P S P l ==⨯⨯==+-⨯+-⨯=++=⎰⎰15 A waste material (dross from the melting of aluminum) is found to contain 1 wt% metallic aluminum. The rest may be assumed to aluminum oxide. The aluminum is finely divided and dispersed in the aluminum oxide; that is the two material are thermally connected.If the waster material is stored at 298K. what is the maximum temperature to which it may rise if all the metallic aluminum is oxidized by air/ the entire mass may be assumed to rise to the same temperature. Data : atomic weight Al=27g/mol, O=16g/mol, C p,s,Al =26(J/molK), C p,s,Al2O3=104J/mol, heat formation of Al 2O 3=-1676000J/mol(1.15)Solution;)(600)(3021041029927275.116122711676000K T K T T ==∆∆⨯⨯++⨯⨯=⨯⨯16 Metals exhibit some interesting properties when they are rapidly solidified from the liquid state. An apparatus for the rapid solidification of copper is cooled by water. In the apparatus, liquid copper at its melting point (1356K) is sprayed on a cooling surface, where it solidified and cools to 400K. The copper is supplied to the apparatus at the rate of one kilogram per minute. Cooling water is available at 20℃, and is not allowed to raise above 80℃. What is the minimum flow rate of water in the apparatus, in cubic meters per minute? DATA; for water: C p =4.184J/g k, Density=1g/cm 3; for copper: molecular weight=63.54g/mol C p =7cal/mol k, heat of fusion=3120 cal/mol (1.16)Solution:min)/(10573.2)2080(1min /min54.631000)]4001356(73120[min /33m V VQ Q Water Copper -⨯=-=⨯⨯-⨯+=17 water flowing through an insulated pipe at the rate of 5L/min is to be heated from 20℃ to 60℃ b an electrical resistance heater. Calculate the minimum power rating of the resistance heater in watts. Specify the system and basis for you calculation. DATA; For water C p =4.184J/g k, Density=1g/cm 3 (1.17) Solution: )(139476010005)2060(184.4W W =⨯⨯-⨯=18 The heat of evaporation of water at 100℃ and 1 atm is 2261J/mol (a) what percentage of that energy is used as work done by the vapor?(b)if the density of water vapor at 100℃ and 1 atm is 0.597kg/m 3 what is the internal energy change for the evaporation of water? (1.18)Solution: )/(375971822613101%6.71822613101%)/(31010224.0273373101325mol J Q W U mol J V P =⨯+-=+=∆=⨯==⨯⨯=∆19 water is the minimum amount of steam (at 100℃ and 1 atm pressure) required to melt a kilogram of ice (at 0℃)? Use data for problem 1.20 (1.19) Solution )(125,3341000)10018.42261(g m m =⨯=⨯+20 in certain parts of the world pressurized water from beneath the surface of the earth is available as a source of thermal energy. To make steam, the geothermal water at 180℃ is passed through a flash evaporator that operates at 1atm pressure. Two streams come out of the evaporator, liquid water and water vapor. How much water vapor is formed per kilogram of geothermal water? Is the process reversible? Assume that water is incompressible. The vapor pressure of water at 180℃ is 1.0021 Mpa( about 10 atm) Data: C P,L =4.18J/(g k), C P,v =2.00J/(g k), △H V =2261J/g, △H m =334 J/g (1.20) Solution:leirreversib g x x x )(138),1000(8018.4)8018.48022261(=-⨯⨯=⨯-⨯+The problems of the second law1 The solar energy flux is about 4J cm 2/min. in no focusing collector the surface temperature can reach a value of about 900℃. If we operate a heat engine using the collector as the heat source and a low temperature reservoir at 25℃, calculate the area of collector needed if the heat engine is to produce 1 horse power. Assume the engine operates at maximum efficiency. (2.1)Solution )(664.0)(74660104273900)25900(24m S W tWP StQ T T T W H H L H ===⨯⨯+-=-=2 A refrigerator is operated by 0.25 hp motor. If the interior of the box is to be maintained at -20℃ ganister a maximum exterior temperature of 35℃, what the maximum heat leak (in watts) into the box that can be tolerated if the motor runs continuously? Assume the coefficient of performance is 75% of the value for a reversible engine. (2.2)Solution:)(114474625.02035202733475.0%75W P P T T T P Q T T T W L LLLH HHLH =⨯⨯+-⨯=-=-=3 suppose an electrical motor supplies the work to operate a Carnot refrigerator. The interior of the refrigerator is at 0℃. Liquid water is taken in at 0℃ and converted to ice at 0℃. To convert 1 g of ice to 1 g liquid. △H=334J/g is required. If the temperature outside the box is 20℃, what mass of ice can be produced in one minute by a 0.25 hp motor runningcontinuously? Assume that the refrigerator is perfectly insulated and that the efficiencies involved have their largest possible value. (2.3)Solution: )(4576033474625.020273g m M m P P T T T P L LLLH ===⨯⨯=-=4 under 1 atm pressure, helium boils at 4.126K. The heat of vaporization is 84 J/mol what size motor (in hp) is needed to run a refrigerator that must condense 2 mol of gaseous helium at 4.126k to liquid at the same temperature in one minute? Assume that the ambient temperature is 300K and that the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is 50% of the maximum possible. (2.4)Solution: )(52.0)(393'60284216.4216.4300'5.0%50hp W P P T T T P P Q T T T W L L L H LLLH ==⨯⨯-=-==-= 5 if a fossil fuel power plant operating between 540 and 50℃ provides the electrical powerto run a heat pump that works between 25 and 5℃, what is the amount of heat pumped into the house per unit amount of heat extracted from the power plant boiler. (a) assume that the efficiencies are equal to the theoretical maximum values(b) assume the power plant efficiency is 70% of maximum and that coefficient ofperformance of the heat pump is 10% of maximum(c) if a furnace can use 80% of the energy in fossil foe to heat the house would it be moreeconomical in terms of overall fissile fuel consumption to use a heat pump or a furnace ? do the calculations for cases a and b (2.5)solution:1,2,2,1,212,2,2,2,21,1,1,1,198.82527352527354050540)(H H H H H H L H H H L H P P P P P P P T T T P P T T T P a =+-=+-=-=-=.,)(6286.0)(1,2,not is b ok is a c P P b H H =6 calculate △U and △S when 0.5 mole of liquid water at 273 K is mixed with 0.5 mol of liquid water at 373 K and the system is allowed to reach equilibrium in an adiabaticenclosure. Assume that C p is 77J /(mol K) from 273K to 373K (2.6) Solution:)/(933.0)273323ln(5.0)373323ln(5.0)ln()ln()(02211K J C C T T C n T T C n S J U P P E P E P =+=+=∆=∆ 7 A modern coal burning power plant operates with a steam out let from the boiler at 540℃and a condensate temperature of 30℃.(a) what is the maximum electrical work that can be produced by the plant per joule of heatprovided to the boiler?(b) How many metric tons (1000kg) of coal per hour is required if the plant out put is to be500MW (megawatts). Assume the maximum efficiency for the plant. The heat of combustion of coal is 29.0 MJ/k g(c) Electricity is used to heat a home at 25℃ when the out door temperature is 10℃ bypassing a current through resistors. What is the maximum amount of heat that can be added to the home per kilowatt-hour of electrical energy supplied? (2.7)Solution:)(3.69)(6937136005000.29)()(89.013054030540)(ton kg m T T T mb J Q T T T W a LH LH H L H ==⨯=-=+-=-=)(9.191102525273)(J Q Q T T T W c H HHLH =-+=-=8 an electrical resistor is immersed in water at the boiling temperature of water (100℃) the electrical energy input into the resistor is at the rate of one kilowatt(a) calculate the rate of evaporation of the water in grams per second if the water containeris insulated that is no heat is allowed to flow to or from the water except for that provided by the resistor(b) at what rate could water could be evaporated if electrical energy were supplied at therate of 1 kw to a heat pump operating between 25 and 100℃data for water enthalpy of evaporation is 40000 J/mol at 100℃; molecular weight is 18g/mol; density is 1g/cm 3 (2.8)solution:)(23.2,2510027310010004000018)()(45.0,10004000018)(g m m b g m ma =-+===9 some aluminum parts are being quenched (cooled rapidly ) from 480℃ to -20℃ byimmersing them in a brine , which is maintained at -20℃ by a refrigerator. The aluminum is being fed into the brine at a rate of one kilogram per minute. The refrigerator operates in an environment at 30℃; that is the refrigerator may reject heat at 30℃. what is them minuspower rating in kilowatts, of motor required to operate the refrigerator? Data for aluminum heat capacity is 28J/mol K; Molecular weight 27g/mol (2.9)Solution:)(5.102)(102474202732030)20480(28271000kW W P P T T T P P L L L L H W L ==---=-=--⨯=10 an electric power generating plant has a rated output of 100MW. The boiler of the plantoperates at 300℃. The condenser operates at 40℃(a) at what rate (joules per hour) must heat be supplied to the boiler?(b) The condenser is cooled by water, which may under go a temperature rise of no morethan 10℃. What volume of cooling water in cubic meters per hour, is require to operate the plant?(c) The boiler tempeture is to be raised to 540℃,but the condensed temperature and electricoutput will remain the same. Will the cooling water requirement be increased, decreased, or remain the same?Data heat capacity 4.184, density 1g/cm 3 (2.10)Solution: )(109.7)(102.21040300273300)(1188J t P Q W P T T T P a H H L H H H ⨯==⨯=-+=-=)(1003.1184.41010)(103.4)(34611m V Q V J Q b L L ⨯==⨯⨯⨯⨯=noW P T T T P c L H H H )(10626.11040540273540)(88⨯=-+=-=11 (a) Heat engines convert heat that is available at different temperature to work. Theyhave been several proposals to generate electricity y using a heat engine that operate on the temperature differences available at different depths in the oceans. Assume that surface water is at 20℃, that water at a great depth is at 4℃, and that both may be considered to be infinite in extent. How many joules of electrical energy may be generated for each joule of energy absorbed from surface water? (b) the hydroelectric generation of electricity use the drop height of water as the energy source. in a particular region the level of river drops from 100m above sea level to 70m above the sea level . what fraction of the potential energy change between those two levels may be converted into electrical energy? how much electrical energy ,in kilowatt-hours, may be generated per cubic meter of water that undergoes such a drop? (2.11)Solution:)/(1006.136001000)()(055.0127320420)(6h kW hmg P b J Q T T T W a H H L H ⨯=⨯∆==+-=-=12 a sports facility has both an ice rink and a swimming pool. to keep the ice frozen during the summer requires the removal form the rink of 105 KJ of thermal energy per hour. It has been suggested that this task be performed by a thermodynamic machine, which would be use the swimming pool as the high temperature reservoir. The ice in the rink is to be maintain at a temperature of –15℃, and the swimming pool operates at 20℃, (a) what is the theoretical minimum power, in kilowatts, required to run the machine? (b) how much heat , in joule per hour , would be supplied t the pool by this machine? (2.12)Solution:)(1014.1101527320273)()(77.33600/10152731520)(555kJ Q b kW P T T T P a H L L L H ⨯=-+==-+=-=13solution:)/(81.6810ln 314.877.45277.6282.4)/(152940)()/(67.4977.45277.6282.4)()/(152940)(22)(2molK cal S mol cal H d molK cal S c mol cal H b AlNN Al a -=+-⨯-⨯=∆=∆-=-⨯-⨯=∆=∆=+14solution:)/(2257412000)27340273ln 184.4273336263273ln1.2()(40,010,K J dT T C T H dT T C m S WATER P m mICE P =+++=+∆+=∆⎰⎰- 15)(70428)(2896100077773002J W J Q T T T W L L L H ==-=-=16)(4.3719))2.4300(314.85.13.83(3002.4300)(7.58663.832.42.4300J Q T T T W J Q T T T W H H L H L L L H =-⨯+-=-==-=-=17yesd Q c K J PPnR S b J pdV n W Q OU T a )(0)()/(1.1910ln 314.81ln )()(570410ln 298314.810)(0==⨯⨯==∆=⨯⨯=-=-==∆=∆⎰18)(122233527302033560500g m m m T T T L L H =-=-=⨯教材各章习题参考答案 (魏)3.2 ΔG = -108.9 J/mol; ΔS = -21.42 J/(mol.K)3.6 (a ) 22.09/(.)S J mol K ∆=；(b) At 0︒C, ∆G =0; (c) ∆H = 5841.9 J;(d) ∆S =21.39J /(mol.K)，∆G = 109.38 J/mol4.1 (a ) 2898.28J/mol; ( b ) No; ( c ) 345 J/mol; ( d ) 14939 atm; ( e )4921 J/mol4.2 ( a ) 272.8K; ( b ) Pa P 610345⨯≈∆ ; ( c ) 249.46K 4.3 1202K4.4 P=5.73⨯10-6 atm 4.5 0.16P4.7 08.10430685ln +-=TP 4.8 ( a ) 1180K; ( b ) 695.3K; ( c ) 114.4kJ/mol; ( d ) 7123 J/mol; ( e )4.2J/mol4.9 In the initial state: 4.06 mol %; in the final state:5.3 mol% 4.10 ( a )348 kJ; ( b ) 2.3×10-3Pa ;( c ) “ solution not possible ”; (d ) “solution not possible ”5.1 atm p H 0005.0= 5.2、atmp o 1221007.1-⨯=If the error in enthalpy is 500cal, the uncertainty in the pressure calculated is 28.6%, and if the error in enthalpy is -500cal, the uncertainty is -22.1%5.3、(a) T =462K; (b) T = 420K5.4 (a) atm P O 2621014.1-⨯=, (b) P O2 =2.28⨯10-10 atm., (c) The equilibriumoxygen pressure remains the same when the total pressure increases, which means a higher purity level of N 2 .5.5 (a) 略； (b) Pa atm P H 8.181013056.1800019.0)('2=⨯==; (c) 21.5L Ar isneeded to be bubbled into the melt.5.6（a ）l n K a1/T, 10-31/K=∆-=∆o o G kJ H 1000;50- 66.6kJ(b) Ja = 3 < Ka, the reaction will proceed from left to right, and theatmosphere will not oxidize Ni. 5.7 略5.8. (a) P SiO = 8.1⨯10-8 (atm) (b) ∆H o = 639500J; ∆So =334.9J/K (c ) PO2 =10-30 atm 5.9 5.10．J H o72250=∆，the reaction is an endothermic one.5.11. (a),166528J H o =∆ the reaction is an endothermic one.; (b) At 1168K, the equilibrium pressure of CO2 equals one atmosphere.)(106.08)(atm Pg u -⨯=5.12 (a) 略 ， (b) Mg CO P P =; (c) T = 2037 K 5.13 (a) 略； (b) 13109.2⨯=K ; (c) ppm 186.0 5.14 (a) 略； (b) kJ H 52.267=∆; (c) K T 1592= 5.15 (a) )(106.13atm -⨯≈; (b) )(1028.210)(2atm P g O H -⨯=5.16 (a) 97.9=K ; (b) atm x 14.4=; (c) if the temperature is increased, the fraction of water reacted will increase since the equilibria constant increases with increasing temperature.6.2 （a ）1.287V;(b) When the water impure, the voltage will go higher; (c) 1.219V 6.4 (a) 145.3kJ;(b) The maximum work that could be derived is 702.36kJ; (c) In this case, the maximum work that could be derived is696.56kJ.6.5 (a) -6252J/mol; (b) 370.0)(=II Cd a ; (c) )(42.3mmHg P Cd =; 6.67.87⨯10-4 V 6.7 (a))(22g Cl Mg MgCl +=(b) Pa P Cl 21'1086.82-⨯=;(c) 2.485V6.8 (a) Pa P O 11'2105.5-⨯=;(b) Anode: e Ni Ni 2+→Cathode: -→+2222/1O e O ;(c) 0.757V; (d) 0.261V6.10 (a) )(509.3V E o=;(b) 0.074kJ;(c) 4.1⨯106J;(d) Yes. In this case, the open circuit voltage is 3.648V;(e) In this case, to keep the temperature constant, 3.92⨯106J heatshould be removed from the battery per hour. 6.11(a) TG CO Al C O Al o 26.3211008.12/322/36232-⨯=+=+Δ(b) The minimum voltage at which the electrolysis may be carriedout at 1250K is 1.172V .7.1 0.117 atm 7.5 ( a ) ,82.5 2.5 2.5B A BA BB T PV V V x x x x x ⎛⎫∂=+=--⎪∂⎝⎭ ,102.5 2.5 2.5A B A A B A T PV V V x x x x x ⎛⎫∂=+=-- ⎪∂⎝⎭( b) B A M x x V 5.2=7.7 2)1(736.0ln Sn Sn x --=γ7.8 The maximum solubility of MgF2 in liquid MgCl at 900︒C is 19。
材料热力学习题1、阐述焓H 、内能U 、自由能F 以及吉布斯自由能G 之间的关系，并推导麦克斯韦方程之一：T P PST V )()(∂∂-=∂∂。
答： H=U+PV F=U-TS G=H-TS U=Q+W dU=δQ+δWdS=δQ/T, δW=-PdV dU=TdS-PdVdH=dU+PdV+VdP=TdS+VdP dG=VdP-SdTdG 是全微分，因此有：TP P TP ST V ，PT G T P G ，T V P G T P T G P S T G P T P G )()()()()()(2222∂∂-=∂∂∂∂∂=∂∂∂∂∂=∂∂∂∂=∂∂∂∂∂-=∂∂∂∂=∂∂∂因此有又而2、论述： 试绘出由吉布斯自由能—成分曲线建立匀晶相图的过程示意图，并加以说明。
（假设两固相具有相同的晶体结构）。
由吉布斯自由能曲线建立匀晶相图如上所示，在高温T 1时，对于所有成分，液相的自由能都是最低；在温度T 2时，α和L 两相的自由能曲线有公切线，切点成分为x1和x2，由温度T 2线和两个切点成分在相图上可以确定一个液相线点和一个固相线点。
根据不同温度下自由能成分曲线，可以确定多个液相线点和固相线点，这些点连接起来就成为了液相线和固相线。
在低温T 3，固相α的自由能总是比液相L 的低，因此意味着此时相图上进入了固相区间。
3、论述：通过吉布斯自由能成分曲线阐述脱溶分解中由母相析出第二相的过程。
第二相析出：从过饱和固溶体α中(x0)析出另一种结构的β相(xβ)，母相的浓度变为xα. 即：α→β+ α1α→β+ α1 的相变驱动力ΔGm的计算为ΔGm=Gm(D)-Gm(C)，即图b中的CD段。
图b中EF是指在母相中出现较大为xβ的成分起伏时，由母相α析出第二相的驱动力。
4、根据Boltzman方程S=kLnW，计算高熵合金FeCoNiCuCrAl和FeCoNiCuCrAlTi0.1（即FeCoNiCuCrAl各为1mol，Ti为0.1mol）的摩尔组态熵。
