托福讲义4T

【关键字】托福托福强化班阅读讲义范琛Samuel100VSPStrategy /skills反衬凡塵Mortaldust10028 26 23 23Input vs outputOutputinput30考试报名：送一套OG 3Delta-Blue 4Delta-Red 6TPO 13InputOutput一、词汇题：1.题型概括:近义2.解题思路i.“生僻”词汇ii.熟词僻义iii.上下文理解5%Context3.备考提示数量词源词性i.背诵词汇的优先顺序a)通用的V & Adj,特别是已经学过的简单词汇的升级版(书面语b)常用的名词c)专有名词jargonii.背单词的方法:词根词缀iii. B. Delta p63-p66Vocabulary Builder4.例题OG 43-11,B.Delta 72-8, 73-9, 73-1, 74-3*, 75-8/9, 76-2, 79-,Dis-banded band dismissSophisticatedUniqueBan brandSophisticatedDis-band-edUniqueThis custom is unique to the southwestern aboriginal tribes.=only found inXXXXX (风俗) is unique to XXX Tribe.二、指代题1.题型概述i.基本原则:a)代词指名词b)代词通常指前（相邻句子）没有歧义：同一句相邻句子：两句话c)单复数一致代词指后When he returned to homeland, the ambassador embarked on anew course.主从句/主句+状语从句/状语在前，主句在后，则名词完整形式放主句中，代词放从句/状语中2.解题思路代入检查i.主语同指主1 xxxxxxxx. 主2（代词）xxxxx ii.上下文理解112-43.例题OG 42-5 62-9 71-5 92-2Delta 48-1/2 49-4 51-1 52-6三、插入题：1.题型概述2.解题思路i.代词（指代）黑体句句首：代词+名词→原文（重复/同义替换）黑体句首有This→段落最开头的方格必错ii.总分/隐含先后关系a)明显标记词(之后的名词) Both, also, again, another; a third, finalb)先抽象后具体●在抽象句子开头有结论性词语，则颠倒顺序Thus, in conclusion, consequently…c)A of B = B’s Ad)要比较先介绍A: xxx, B: xxx A>B三转折13ChaosSalonUltimate clue: Cohesion between ‘Repeated’ nouns3.例题OG: 43-12 52-12 63-12 84-11 107-11 114-12 指代73-11 95-11 121-11*Delta:143-7/9(先抽象后具体)144-10 (both) 145-3(AofB) 146-6(要比较先描述) 147-8(先整体后个体)486-39* ,514-38*,538-24,红Delta:36-2444-49 210-24四、句子改写（简化）1.题型概述Essential Infoi.主谓宾ii.逻辑关系条件/因果/转折/对比/比较级2.解题思路i.简单句筛选主’谓’提示：竖读选项排除具有相同错误的选项看上文：◆句首代词◆主语内涵不明◆呼应结构(also)ii.并列句筛选主谓宾小心：并列句原句前短后长，答案将对原句进行缩减，要把握句子重心And ;➢原句隐含关系在选项表面化分词→结果/原因/目的/伴随iii.复杂句抓住原句逻辑关系词筛选选项3.例题Delta:一124例题131-7 135-7；128-2* 129-4*（看上文）二126-7 128-1 130-6* （错项）130-5*（分词/隐含关系）三127例题131-8 133-3 135-10OG:一93-7二81-2*（句子重心的把握）三43-10 51-10 60-3 72-8*（whereas）106-10 112-6* 120-9 Respectively五、细节题纯粹细节Infer否定(先看选项，观察共性) EXCEPT NOT细节题重大出题点：i.相似性/差异性描述As …as比较级The same, similar, different, like/unlike关系/内容ii.否定信息/强调信息否定/最高级、绝对化表达、each /every,强调语气、强调句iii.逻辑关系改变转折iv.从结构看细节2.错项特征i.新概念ii.新逻辑（小心隐含）iii.绝对化表达only all 最高级never always（原文没有）3.例题OG 41-1*/2* 61-6* 81-1* 51-11 105-9**（逻辑关系转变）OG 43-9* 92-5* 42-7/8红Delta 213-26*蓝Delta449-10*六、修辞目的Why/in order to1.答案特征功能&对象（同义替换）2.解题思路i.例证关系：a)标记词such as, for example,e.g. –PrevailPrevailb)对称/相似结构描述同类现象，往前找答案ii.相似性/差异性：判断关系确定内容A VS B:为啥提到A: 为了B (互为目的)为啥提到A：为了告诉你B是XXX(= / 不= A)Delta:108-1 112-2 OG 92-3 60-3 iii.逻辑关系的另外一半A 细节与B细节用逻辑关系词相联，两者互为目的。

托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。

) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。

新东方托福阅读教师讲义托福阅读是很多人的心头大患，下面小编给大家整理的是新东方托福阅读教师讲义，希望对大家有帮助。

托福考试教师阅读讲义(一)1. 句子简化题The Great Red SpotOne distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案：C2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essentialinformation in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案：DPassage One (Question 1-2)CamouflageCamouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for Arctic animals.B. The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic tundra.C. In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.D. For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during summer and winter months.答案：A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B. The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the winter.C. It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray in the fall.D. The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons.答案：DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty,could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar.A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes –have been developed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strong adhesive.B. Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C. Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program todevelop the strongest adhesive of all.D. Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer microspheres.答案：A4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a colleague.B. One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes attached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.答案：B5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative products.B. Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.C. The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.D. After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not innovative enough.答案：C6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it further.B. The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous varieties to make it successful.C. The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as sales improved.D. It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and how many variation were possible.答案：D托福考试教师阅读讲义(二)Sand Dunes1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes, which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices, and match them to the critical information about the sand dunes to which they relate. THREE of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.amount ofsand··direction ofwinds··Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.参考答案：第一栏：(5)、(7)第二栏：(1)、(3)William Faulkner1 Author William Faulkner is today recognized as one of America's greatest writers on the basis of a body of novels that so convincingly portray the culture of the South in the years following the Civil War, with its citizens overcome by grief and defeat and trying to cling to old values while struggling to take their place in a changing world. The acclaim that today is Faulkner's, however, was slow in coming.2 Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, is novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.3 Beginning in 1946, Faulkner's career took an unexpected and dramatic turn as Faulkner came to be recognized as considerably more than a regional writer. The Portable Faulkner was published in that year by Viking Press; two years later he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Arts and Letters; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. Over the next decade, his work was recognized in various ways, including a National Book Award and two Pulitzer Prizes, and he became a novelist in residence at the University of Virginia. His success led to a degree of affluence that enabled him to take up the life of a southern gentleman, including horseback riding and fox hunting. Ironically, he died as a result of an accident related to these gentlemanly pursuits, succumbing as a result of injuries sufferedduring a fall from a horse.Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices, and match them to the phase of William Faulkner's career to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.Faulkner in the first phase of his career·Faulkner in the second phase of his career·Answer Choices (choose 6 to complete the chart):(1) Was considered one of America's greatest writers(2) Received a small amount of critical acclaim(3) Died as a result of a horseback-riding incident(4) Received numerous awards and acclaim(5) Was considered merely a regional writer(6) Wrote novels about various American regions(7) Made his living as a novelist(8) Made his living with writing other than novels参考答案：第一栏：(2)、(5)、(8)第二栏：(1)、(4)、(7)托福考试教师阅读讲义(三)修辞目的性题Xerography1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge inthe lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials(C) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.(C) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement(B) provide another example of conductivity(C) provide further detail information about toner(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?(A) It is an alternative to xerography.(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.(C) It is a second example of xerography.(D) It is a lesseffectivetype of xerography than is a photocopier.正确答案：D_A_C_C。

新托福听力基础班讲义新托福及听力的基本情况托福基础听力的主要内容：⏹新托福听力的基本情况⏹美语语音⏹托福特色场景词汇扩展⏹托福听力基本应试技巧⏹北美校园生活透视新托听力基本形式⏹新答题方式：隔间+电脑+耳机+笔记⏹ 2.答题程序：听读选不可跳跃旧托福：先读，后听，再选。

新托：1.耳机中出现所问题声音，画面上出现题干和相关场景图片。

2.听完整篇文章之前无法预读任何问题或选项。

只得先听，后读，再选。

考题依然延续机考托福的规则，不可看，不可逆，不可改。

⏹ 3.考察题型增多：单选多选图表是非排序⏹ 4.语音形式：美音为主流+国际口音⏹新托福基础听力基本范围北美大学真实课堂，教室内外的各种交流包括对话和讲座两种类型。

⏹共6篇，做题时间60-90分钟。

每篇在600字左右，时间为3-5分钟。

（注：托福基础课的任务之一即适应托福段子的长度）instructors’ office hours⏹对话人物：教授与学生；⏹对话地点：教师办公室；⏹对话内容可为学术讨论或有关询问课程等问题。

对话(2)service encounters 后勤服务⏹对话人物：学生与工作人员；⏹对话地点：校园某办公室；⏹对话内容：非学术的询问。

对话(3) student interactions⏹对话人物：学生甲乙；⏹对话地点：教室以外相遇；⏹对话内容：学术讨论；非学术讨论托福听力考试基本内容之讲座LECTURE内容:天文、地理、生物、历史等等也都是托福惯用的测试内容。

形式：有的是教授”独白“有的是教授演讲中夹杂学生提问、教授提问。

新托福听力新特点l．整个铲除了容易丢分的笔试小对话，没有过的的俚语俗语.举例：You bet. I am out of here.2. 允许考生记笔记。

因祸得福，既然要记笔记，语速自然放慢；特别是重听题，大概有2-3题，通常问Listen again and then answer the question “why does the professor say this？”4.新托福关键的难词和术语显示在屏幕上，使考生心里踏实不少。

托福口语强化班讲义托福强化口语补充资料Introduction of TOEFL What is TOEFL：TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) 托福考试TOEFL iBT Internet Based Test Procedures：Test Section Reading Listening Break Speaking Writing Task forms: Range of Questions 3/5 passages, 12-14 questions each 3/2 conversations, 5 questions each 6/4 lectures, 6 questions each 2 independent speaking tasks 4 integrated speaking tasks 1 integrated writing task 1 independent writing task Time Limit (Total:4 hours) 60/100 minutes 90/60 minutes 10 minutes 20 minutes 20 minutes 30 minutes Scaled Section Score (Total:120) 0-30 0-30 0-30 (raw points per question 0-4) 0-30 (raw points per question 0-5) ? ? ? ? ? ? 620’(5’30’’)15+45; 30+60; 20+60 S R-L-S L-S Topics cover: ? Personal Experience ? Campus Life ? Academic materials No. Name Preparation Speaking Content Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task6 Independent Task 15?? 45?? Open Q A OR B Integrated Task 30?? 60?? Campus issue & student?s attitude Term & example Integrated Task 20?? 60?? Problem & solutions Summary 1 口语单项评分Good 4 Fair 3 Limited 2 Weak 1 考试评分自我评估: 4分要求: ? ? ? ? ? ? Answer to question: the student answers the question thoroughly Comprehensibility: the student can be understood completely Organization: the student’s response is well organized and developed Fluency: the student’s speech is generally fluent Pronunciation: the student has generally good pronunciation Grammar: thestudent uses advanced grammatical structures with a high degree of accuracy ? V ocabulary: the student uses advanced vocabulary with a high degree of accuracy 2 Tips for preparation 学习与练习：课堂学习为主&课下练习为主教材与资料：hand out OG+TPO+机经工具：笔；词典；录音设备！！！*TPO做题法1. 按规定时间完成TPO, 一定要录音2. 反复按做题方法回答至流畅一定要录音3. 查看原文找出采分点4. 熟读采分点5. 参考原文再回答一遍6. 积累好词好句, 跟读背诵听力原文*强化听力练习: 1. 背口语词汇:意思/发音 2.听力原文跟读-按意群跟读(不看原文)-按意群复述-慢速shadow 3 Task 1Open Question Independent Task 问题分类：1.描述类2.选择类四大话题:PPOE People Place Object Event Sample Study Choose a place that you often go shoppingand explain why. Please include specific details in your explanation. Note Topic(T): Point1(P1): Point2(P2): Tips:Template Topic: Well, personally, I?d like to say sth. about…/I wanna sa y sth. about…which/who..(background info) And there are a couple of reasons to name. (optional) Point1:For starters/To begin with/Firstly/The first reasons is,... Point2:More importantly/Not to mention/Also/Plus/Another reason is, ... Conclusion: So, that?s why…(optional) *万能filler Actually there is a lot to say about…, but the points above are what I mainly want to cover. 4 Sample Answer __________________ sth. about YF shopping mall, which has been running for over two decades. And there are a couple of reasons to name. _______________, it has a perfectlocation, _____ it?s within a stone?s throw of my home, ____________, it?s just 5min walk, ___ I could go there anytimeI want. ____________, tons of decent things could be discovered there, _____ restaurants ____ karaokes, ____ clothing ____ electronic devices, _________the restaurants there, the foods they provide, ____ roasted chicken, tastes heavenly__________! ___________ I?m a big fan of going shopping in YF shopping mall. Practice: 1. Describe the person you admire the most? Please give specific details and examples in your explanation. 2. Describe a place that you like best in your city. Please state why you like it with specific examples and details. 3. Describe a celebration or moment, which has made a deep impression on you. Please explain the impressionand include specific examples and details in you explanation. 4.Describe a piece of clothing you have. Please state why you like it and include specific examples and details in your explanation. 词汇和选题5 描述类常用万用理：人物： 1. Common belief/hobby: We speak the same language that both of us… Sharing the same hobby, we both are fans of… 2. Character: What I learnt from him/her is the significance of… It?s him/her who showed me the significance of… 3. Skill Were it not for him/her, I wouldn\’t get the hang of… 4. Role model Sb is definitely the role model of being one of the most decent/successful…that I?ve ever seen. 地点：1. Location: It has a perfect location, since it?s within a stone?s throw of my home, which means I could visit there anytimeI want 2. Price:Reasonable/affordable prices are offered there, around XX% off, compared with other places? ones. Specifically…merely cost me… wh ile it?s priced at… OR:Things there are pretty cheap and cheerful since…only cost… but with top/first class quality.6 3. Service: I would say it?s a kind of place where people could enjoy all-around/impeccable/flawless service, judging from an awesome experience I had before that… 4. Diversity: Tons of/loads of choices/stuffcould be found/discovered in that place, from… to… especially … 5. Memory It?s a kind of place whichis filled with fond memories sinceit?s exactly where I came acros s/ I used to … 事件： 1. Importance of … Actually, my inner self was totally touched by it, making me come to realize the importance of …cuz …. It therefore inspired me to …OR:This experience really placed profound influence on me. You know, before it, I didn?t realize the importance of …, thanks to it… 2. Memory I have to say it?s an experience filled with fond memories cuz it?s exactly the first time when I … 物品：1. Price Being so cheap and cheerful, … only cost… but with top/first class qu ality OR: Compared with other places, it?s a really good deal. You know, as the price is reasonable that… only cost… 2. Multifunctional What impressed me most is its multifunctional feature, making it possible to serve any purposes, from… to… Especially… 3. Portable Being pretty portable as it?s light and only in a size like my palm, it enables me to take it to any places anytime while only/simply putting that in my clutch/pocket 4. Memory I have to say it?s sth filled with fond memories for itactually symbolizes/represents/stands for... 7 Task 2Preference (which do you prefer)/ Choice (do you agree or disagree) Independent Task Sample Study Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (/) Note: T: P1: P2: Tips:Template T: You know, as for me/ from my view, I agree with/ I?m in favor of/ I?m behind/ I support/ I?m in support of/ I back up the (former/latter) idea. P1: First, (2)Also, … C:So, that?s why… (optional) Sample Answer ____________________ dining out. ______it?s pretty convenient that I don?t have to spend so much time on buying materials, cooking, washing dishes, cleaning up the table, or things like that._________ I?ve been quite busy with my work these days ______ cooking for myself will then occupy loads of time. _______more food choices woulddefinitely be discovered when dinning out._________ different stuff are offered in various restaurants, _______ sushi, BBQ, pizzas,____rice noodles. ____________ the foods from those restaurants are way more finger-licking than home-made ones ______ they are made by professional chefs, knowing cooking from A to Z. ___, I guess that?s just why I chose to eat in restaurants.8 Practice: 1. Some students prefer to live alone. Others prefer to live with their roommates. Which do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.2. Some people prefer to work in the offices. Others would like to take the work at home. Which do you prefer and explainwhy. 3. Do you agree or disagree: Students should wear uniform in school? Please include specific details and examples in your opinion. 4. Some students prefer to choose universities located in big cities. Others would like to study in universities located in small towns. Please state your opinion and explain why. 选择类常用万能理 1. 便宜It?s cheap and economical. It can help me save a lot of money to buy books or to travel with my friend Egz. Specifically, it only costs______Yuan to_________. However, if I want to________, it will cost me at least_____Yuan. I hate squandering, so I think it is awesome. 2．省时It is convenient and I would be able to save tons of time. Specifically, it takes me only_____minutes to_______. However, if I?d like to______, I will spend at least_____hours. I think spending the time saved on reading books on history orchemistry/doing exercises is considered to be the better way for me to relax/obtain more knowledge. 3．交朋友I can make more friends in different background/from different cities/countries such as Japan, Canada and America/with the same interest. We could have pleasant conversation not only about the academic information such as history, biology and economics, but also about the international events. And I can also learn some useful interpersonal skills or personality such as honesty and persistence 4．好环境The amazing part is its picturesque view and enjoyable surroundings. Having a walk beside the lake and rockery, I can smell the fragrance of grass and the flowers and hear the cries of the birds and feel the bracing breeze on my face.5．减压I can totally relax in such a......environment. I?m fascinated tothe harmonious atmosphere which could make me refreshed and energetic. I can release my emotion, pressure and uneasiness through it, and have a temporary escape from the academic workload such as assignment and examination. 6．健康It?s good for my health. I can improve my speed, strength and flexibility. And I can also effectively lose 9。

!Practice one: TPO 4 lecture 2!⽣生词栏：Script:!Narrator!Listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.!!Professor!All right, so let me close today’s class with some thoughts to keep in mindwhile you are doing tonight’s assignment. You will be reading one of RalphWaldo Emerson’s best-known essays ‘Self-Reliance’ and comparing it withhis poems and other works. !!I think this essay has the potential to be quite meaningful for all of you asyoung people who probably wonder about things like truth and where yourlives are going - all sorts of profound questions. !!Knowing something about Emerson’s philosophies will help you when youread ‘Self-Reliance’. And basically, one of the main beliefs that he had wasabout truth. Not that it’s something that we can be taught, Emerson says it’sfound within ourselves. So this truth, the idea that it’s in each one of us, isone of the first points that you’ll see Emerson making in this essay. It’s a bitabstract but he’s very into…uh… into each person believing his or her ownthought, believing in yourself, the thought or conviction that’s true for you. !!But actually, he ties that in with a sort of ‘universal truth’ – something thateveryone knows but doesn’t realize they know. Most of us are in touch withourselves in a way, so we just aren’t capable of recognizing profound truth. Ittakes geniuses, people like, say, Shakespeare, who’re unique because whenthey have a glimpse of this truth, this universal truth, they pay attention to itand express it and don’t just dismiss it like most people do. !!So Emerson is really into each individual believing in and trusting him orherself. You’ll see that he writes about, well, first, conformity. He criticizesthat people of his time for abandoning their own minds and their own wills forthe sake of conformity and consistency. They try to fit in with the rest of theworld even though it’s at odds with their beliefs and their identities.Therefore, it’s best to be a non-conformist – to do your own thing, notworrying about what other people think. That’s an important point. He reallydrives this argument home throughout the essay. !TPO 4 lecture 2!!⽣生词栏：Script ：!!When you are reading, I want you to think about that and why that kind ofthought would be relevant to the readers of his time. Remember this is 1838,‘Self-Reliance’ was a novel idea at the time and the United State’s citizenswere less secure about themselves as individuals and as Americans. Thecountry as a whole was trying to define itself. Emerson wanted to give peoplesomething to really think about, help them find their own way and what itmeant to be who they were. So that’s something that I think is definitely asrelevant today as it was then, probably, um, especially among young adultslike yourselves, you know, uh, college being a time to sort of really think aboutwho you are and where you’re going. !!Now, we already said that Emerson really emphasizes non-conformity, right?,As a way to sort of not lose your own self and identity in the world, to haveyour own truth and not be afraid to listen to it. !!Well, he takes this a step further. Not conforming also means, uh, notconforming with yourself or your past. What does that mean? Well, if you’vealways been a certain way or done a certain thing, but it’s not working for youany more, or you’re not content, Emerson says that it’d be foolish to beconsistent even with our own past. “‘Focus on the future,” ’ he says, “That'swhat matters more. Inconsistency is good.” !!He talks about a ship’s voyage and this is one of the most famous bits of theessay - how the best voyage is made up of zigzag lines. Up close, it seems alittle all over the place, but from farther away, the true path shows and in theend it justifies all the turns along the way. So, don’t worry if you are not surewhere you’re headed or what your long-term goals are. Stay true to yourselfand it’ll make sense in the end. I mean, I can attest to that. Before I was aliterature professor, I was an accountant. Before that, I was a newspaperreporter. My life is taking some pretty interesting turns and here I am, veryhappy with my experiences and where they’ve brought me. If you rely onyourself and trust your own talents, your own interest, don’t worry, your pathwill make sense in the end. !!Practice Two: TPO 26 lecture 4!Script ：!Narrator!Listen to part of a lecture in an art conservation class.!!Professor!So far we have been talking all semester about restoring and preserving pieces of art，like ancient frescos，early oil paintings，etc．But although our field is called art conservation，it also involves…what?!Student!Um．．．preserving other types of cultural materials too!Professor!Very good．Not just art．Old artifacts are very valuable when they represent early technologies, all contain important historical information．In fact，let me give you an example．You’ve heard about the Greek scholar Archimedes，who lived more than 2，000 years ago，I am sure．Archimedes was a great mathematician．For example，he discovered the formula for the volume of a sphere．Not much of his work has Survived，but what has Survived is brilliant．And then in 1906，a Palimpsest of Archimedes’ writing was discovered．!Now, a palimpsest is a type of manuscript that contains writing that’s hidden because something else was written over it later．I’ll explain in a minute．This Archimedes palimpsest, as it’s now called，is by far the most important palimpsest anyone has ever seen．Because it contains the only known existing copy of Archimedes’treatise, called Method．Archimedes shows in it how maths can be applied to physics and physical reasoning back to maths problems, which is how he calculated the volume of the sphere，for example．This maybe commonplace today, but was revolutionary in his time．A few years ago, the palimpsest was sold at an auction for 2 million dollars．It could have ended up tucked away in a private collection，but fortunately, the collector who bought it has agreed to have experts restore every single word Archimedes wrote，so the contents can be shared with the world and studied．!But there are two main problems．What do you think the first one might be?! Jennifer?!!Student!Um…well，it sounds like it’s extremely old．So probably some pages are at the point of crumbling into dust?!Professor!True．And some are moldy, and some were eaten away at by bookworms．This thing’s really decayed．But on top of that，there’s another issue．And this is the reason why it’s a palimpsest．You see，the text apparently sat around in a library in Constantinople until 1229 A．D．But then a scribe erased，scraped away the writing as clean as he could in order to use the pages to write his own book on．Why would he!do that? Take a guess．!!TPO 26 lecture 4Script ：!!Student!Must have been a paper shortage?!Professor!Well? they used parchment to write on, but yes, there was a parchment shortage．!Student!So you are saying the parchment was basically recycled?!Professor!Correct．Then，even later on，in the twentieth century, a forger painted! ancient—looking pictures on several of the pages in order to make the book seem older and increase its value．So unfortunately, that’s quite a history．! Student!But professor Wilkens，if the scribe scraped away Archimedes’words and if these paintings covered the pages，how can the original work be recovered?! Professor!Ah, that’s why I am telling you the story．That’s our task as conservationists, isn’t it? To find a way．There were still faint traces of Archimedes’words on the pages．First，we tried to make the Archimedes’words stand out with a variety of technologies，using ultraviolet light．But that didn’t work on every page．But then，there was this new idea that came from a scientist studying spinach．!Student!Spinach?!Professor!Yes．Spinach．This physicist，Uwe Bergman，does research that involves studying iron in spinach．He was reading an article about problems with the palimpsest and it said that there is iron in the original Archimedes’ ink．So he came up with an idea to use the same method of looking at iron in spinach to view the iron on the palimpsest pages．And his idea worked．Bergman’s technique allows X—rays to pass through the forged paintings, pass through the scribe’s writing to hit the iron traces from the ink of the original Archimedes’ text and create an image just of the iron on the pages．The iron —based letters seem to just pop off the page．The original text and diagrams emerged，line by line．diagram after diagram. And that’s kind of typical of our field．There’s a lot of interdisciplinary work．People from several different fields might be!involved in working with a single art．!。

iBT-TOEFL 新托福阅读讲义（ Mark ）一、新托福阅读简介1、每篇文章700词；2、40道题左右；3、原始分45分左右、标准分30分；4、如果阅读部分是3篇文章，则时间为60分钟（时间限定为：第一篇必须在20分钟完成；第二、第三篇在剩下的40分钟完成；在限定的时间段内考生可返回检查、更改）；如果阅读部分是5篇文章，则时间为100分钟（其中的3篇为计分考题，时间限定60分钟，另外两篇为加试题，时间为40分钟。

）加试题一般为：第四篇"Mesopotamia & Egypt culture"；第五篇"Natural Selection of Darwin"5、阅读考试题型共分10种（另表详示）；6、文章选材一般为研究类、学术人文类以及科普类；一般文中会出现大量的专有名词。

7、每篇最后一题的评分：81）答案为3项，总分为2分：答对2项给1分，答对3项给2分；2）答案为5项，总分为3分：答对3项给1分，答对4项给2分，答对5项给3分。

三、新托福阅读方法论：1、狂背单词2、狂练题型3、狂做题目4、狂看机经四、考场经验：1. 关于考场:!建议考试之前一定要去踩下点, 不要怕耽误那几个小时的时间,如果因为当天找不到考场而影响自己正常发挥,那实在是一件得不偿失的事情! l* j+ ~9 `4 Q) f2.关于到场时间:. I0 v$ j* Y: o; G4 v: z建议提前一小时到场早去以防万一53.关于证件:& I9 W% J$ }4 _; h; y记住带上护照和身份证即可缺一不可，检查证件比想象的要严格g) T) ^* j4 x* q, R* ^- Y4.关于进场:*不要太早进否则写作会受做口语的人干扰，' E% i# o3 q# P& {' r. a也不要太晚进，否则听力会受做口语的人干扰，所以最好排中间进场因为对于抗干扰能利较弱的托友第一种干扰可能不可避免，但是第二种干扰却是可以避免的只要在听力时把声音调大些即可) C% @, N* L p L i2 f5. 关于阅读:没有看整篇文章的时间建议不要看全文直接看题&，还有要给每篇的最后一题流出充分时间思考不要在前面的小分题上浪费太多时间，对于词汇好的同学词汇题完全可以不看原文+ F; C" Q3 L7 z% j, |' ^3 v: K& V$ I4 ^9 g5篇阅读看完后有点精疲力竭所以平时要多锻炼身体阅读部分是最容易出现机器传输问题的如果你的机器出现卡机现象，* g8 f4 V# @! e# K# @1 Z; _( X一定要确认秒表是否还继续在走，如果在走一定要找老师，% @$ c# D. ~9 \如果没在走那你就没事偷着了吧，因为卡机的时间无形中增加了你的考试时间所以不要发慌好好利用卡机的时间继续阅读机器一会就好% L' c+ T4 Y) h3 b$ s6. 关于听力：比想象得要难许多，学术性很强所以不像旧托听不懂是没法蒙的，建议大家在平时注意名词的积累尤其是学科类的名词，) k) [- ^# \. w1 S平日一定要多锻炼记笔记的能力，(当然为了记笔记而去记笔记结果会很惨)& q, y$ B: L e+ c+ @5 y4 [7. 关于口语：告诉大家一大招: 3 z. u6 l4 C c _* K/ G* s! f利用好休息的时间上个洗手间喝点水吃点东西就马上回座位上乖乖地坐着吧，当然不是回去傻坐着而是要"窃"题7，因为在你之前的托友可能正在说口语你可以从他们的回答中知道考题，4 h3 R( M6 Q( @/ G& y所以你的准备时间不再是15/20秒了而是5分钟甚至更多，& e9 \4 ~& F9 N# a v( K. U当然平日多加练习口语才是提高口语的唯一途径。

TOEFL写作讲义（主讲：戴云）第一章总体介绍一、我的赏与罚封赏与晋升：普通教徒---罗汉---金刚---护法---菩萨---佛---高级佛---教主助理---副教主---常务副教主课堂可以获得最高功名为护法考试95及以上为菩萨，100分以上佛，105分以上高级佛，110分以上教主助理，115 分以上副教主，118分以上常务副教主，121分以上教主。

批评与惩戒：Curse---赠送白绫---开除出教二、托福写作圣经要多记笔记：1、可以保证focus on my lecture，不会absent-minded2、保证将来会有复习的clues写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚。

1、写作必须有观点2、要给出一个清楚的观点写作考试不基于考生的真实身份。

托福作文中所有的例子和细节可以是真的，也可以是假的。

写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平。

举例：建工厂不同意的理由有三：1、造成污染；2、交通堵塞；3、物价上涨写作考试不测试考生的真实想法。

作文不是写想写的，而是写好写的、能写的。

举例：父母是最好的老师，你同意吗？同意的理由：1、how to behave myself；2、value system；3、experience上述理由都不能证明该题目“后天的知识是老师教的，而不是父母教的”存在逻辑错误，将老师与父母并列起来，应该在老师前面加上修饰语“学校的”。

写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译。

举例：婀娜多姿：beautiful；妩媚动人：lovelyY ou are extremely smart. extremely means very托福考试30分钟最低要写300字，一般要求写400到500字写作内容和语言同等重要。

把内容表达清楚可以拿到高分clarity高于variety，variety高于complexityclarity is the priority观点的层次比观点的数目更重要。

逻辑错误比语法错误更严重。

2014年托福考试口语复习讲义（4）-托福考试2014年托福考试口语复习讲义提供给各位考生备考。

查看汇总：2014年托福考试口语复习讲义汇总时间(When)People like to eat junk food when/before/after they are happy, sad or worried.地点(Where)I prefer eating in Chinese restaurants where I can enjoy the Chinese way of life状态描述(What)It is a belief that …it is wonderful/terrible experience that…/for sb to…(learn more about myself, see the world in a new way, change the way people work, learn, behave)Food is life for sb to do sthChicken soup is a good cold remedy.Soccer is one of most important games in the worldNo one could work with greater intensity than Edison.It is hard to imagine what life today would be life withoutcomputers.A plays important/great part on (change the way people work, learn, behave, Communicate/the way of living/ the crime rate)数量/程度(How many/much)There are seismic changes in the way people communicate/talk/behave.There's been a tremendous improvement in (socially security) over the last a few years, due to A经过描述：The government began to think about introducing a new law.What we eat becomes a part of usThe government decides to introduce a new law to …话题的展开：科学/数字展开：(搬出科学家并举出百分比，数量，分数等说明事实的数字)A study in 2002 showed that…It has been found that…According to a group of specialists who carry out…About/more than/less than 40% of the restaurants in this city is local.解释展开：(就是把你说的第一句话，再进一步说清楚)如：Food is life.解释It gives people the nourishment we need to stay alive and be healthy.分例展开：(这些分例通常形成一个整集)如：people enjoy variety of sports in the USA(主题句)分例1in warm weather, people enjoy water sports….分例2When the first snow comes, people delight in freezing fun…分例3Americans also enjoy indoor sports whatever the weather…实例展开：(就是要举出具体的时间，地点，人物或具体的状态的例子)如：Internet changes the way people communicate with each other(主题句)实例I remember when I was a kid, I wrote people letters. Now it’s not the same, you know, just sitting home before my laptop and chat with people all over the world through the internet.。