四．名词解释：
1)Parole话语：it refers to the realization of langue in actual use;it is the concrete
use of the conventions;it refers to the naturally occuring language events;it varies from person to person and from situation to situation.
2)Applied linguistics应用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often be
applied to the solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability.
The study of such applications is known as applied linguistics.
3)Reference（所指）语义：It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,
physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4)Illocutionary act言外行为：the act of expressing the speaker’s intention,it is the
act preformed in saying something.
5)Regional dialect地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in the
same geographical region.it has been found that regional dialect boundaries ofen coincide with geographical barries such as mountains,rivers or swamps.
6)LAD(Language Acquisition Device)语言习得机制：it was described as an
imaginary "black box" existing somewhere in the human brain.
7)CA（Contrastive Analysis）对比分析：starting with describing comparable
features of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter.
The distinction was made between positive transfer and negative transfer.
①Positive transfer----facilitate target language learning.②Negative
transfer----interfere or hinder target language learningIt is believed that differences between the native language and the target language would pose difficulties in second/foreign language learning and teaching
8)Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：it is the study of two related areas：language
disorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.
9)Predication analysis述谓结构分析：proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech.
In his framework of analysis, the basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. This applies to all forms of a sentence, including statements,imperative and interrogative forms. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.
10)Cross-cultural communication(intercultural communication)跨文化交流：it
is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
11)Cross-association互相联想：in English we sometimes may come across words
which are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is often referred as cross-association.
12)CPH（Critical Period Hypothesis）临界期假说：a specific and limited time
