(英语毕业论文)野性的回归--试析《野性的呼唤》中巴克的生存斗争

评的兴起要晚得多。

它作为一种文学和文化批评倾向，其思想端倪出现在20世纪70年代。

20世纪上半叶的生态伦理思想成为了生态批评最直接的精神资源，其中最主要的是史怀泽的“敬畏生命”伦理和利奥波德的“大地伦理”。

到20世纪90年代中期，伴随着对“现代性”及其带来的问题反省，生态批评在美国文学界初步形成，进而在其他各国迅速发展。

生态批评集中在对表达人与自然关系的作品中考察。

按照生态文学代表人物、美国哈佛大学的劳伦斯·布依尔在《生态批评暴动》一文中的说法，尽管在欧美发达国家对于和自然观念、荒野以及各种空间环境相关的文学文本与运动的批评性阅读已经持续了半个多世纪，但只是在近期，与环境相关的文学研究才一跃成为一场大规模的批评运动。

从文学的本性来看，“文学即是人学”，对于人与自然生态的关系，越来越成为一些作家的自觉。

有生态学家甚至疾呼：“生态问题是唯一值得我们为之奋斗的事情，因为没有地球，就没有人类一切。

”美国生态批评的倡议者彻丽尔·格罗特菲尔蒂(CheryllGlotfelty)也提出“生态批评是探讨文学与自然环境之关系的批评。

”通过对当代资本主义文明发展史研究，我们知道：以牺牲生态为代价发展起来的人类文明往往在劫难逃，最终必将受到大自然更为严重的惩罚。

美国后现代理论家大卫·格里芬指出：“现代性的持续危及我们星球上的每一个幸存者。

随着人们对现代世界观与现代社会中存在的军国主义、核主义和生态灾难的相互关系的认识和加深，这种意识极大地推动人们去考核查看后现代世界观的根据，去设想人与人、人类与自然界及整个宇宙之间关系的后现代方针。

”从文明发展的根本意义上看，回顾一百多年前美国作家梭罗(Thoreau)提出的“我们在哪生存?我们为什么而活?”这种基于存在本身的文化反思在环境危机的背景下更具有振聋发聩的号召力。

乔纳森·莱文也明确指出“我们社会文化的所有方面，共同决定了我们在这个世界上生存的独一无二的方式。

AbstractHave you ever heard some esthetical voice lingering around your ears from the very far away mountain which you are aspiring for? To Buck, this kind of voice is the most powerful strength which brought him to the wild he belongs to. As the leading character of Jack London’s masterpiece The Call of the Wild published in 1903 which helped him to be lasting famous in the world, Buck has experienced a legendary life just as London did. The intricate characters of the protagonist dog Buck is the dominating factor contribute to the novel perpetual. The rumbly path of Buck’s returning to the wild is a reflection of American social reality in the 20th century, and it is also a reappear of the gold rush age in American history. At the beginning of the thesis, an overall introduction to Buck’s story is expounded. It unfolded before our eyes how Buck’s character drive to maturity step by step as a consequence of the changing environment, including his graceful life as a pet dog of Judge Miller; his powerful leadership acting as a sled dog; his happy experience with john Thornton who saved his life and his returning to the wild after Thornton’s death. The second chapter summarizes Buck’s golden spirits reflected in the story such as his fighting spirit, appreciation to his benefactor and cunning and cruel leadership. In the third chapter, a summary of three reflections on Buck’s story is illustrated. They are: unyielding heroism , environmental determinism and praise for love and hope.Keywords: Buck, Jack London , wild, survival of the fittest摘要巴克是一只狗，也是杰克·伦敦的名著《野性的呼唤》里面的主人公，这部作品的出版奠定了杰克·伦敦在世界文坛的重要地位。

【标题】分析《野性的呼唤》中巴克回归自然的原因【作者】文程娟【关键词】回归；原因；冷酷；追求与向往【指导老师】吴学容【专业】英语【正文】I. IntroductionThe Call of the Wild, written by Jack London, was a very famous work in literature field. American writer, Jack London, was very good at describing things and society in the shoes of animals, that is, in personification. So does this work. In this novel, the story happened in the process of gold rush where people need be nefit themselves on the basis of other’s loss or sufferings. Dog protagonist, Buck, was living in this circumstance. He experienced both the warmth and the coldness of human society. Jack London used the style of personification to describe the nature of human and the world in dog’s eye which can full reveal the coldness and cruelty of the Capitalist Society. There are many reasons, both in subjective and objective that led the return of Buck to the wild. Many scholars in domestic have made some studies of this work which were meaningful. It not only can help us learn some society and literary knowledge but also understand this classic work clearly and deeply.Buck’s return to the wild was not caused by one reason but many. The subjective ones were the characteristics of Buck himself which were hidden in human warmth and revealed in the struggles to survive. The main objective reason was the fact of Struggle for Existence that no one can escape, and other reasons included the coldness and cruelty of human society and the call of the wild. Buck’s life in this cruel and cold circumstance decided that his return to the wild was not occasional but inevitable. However, the author, Jack London, also made some drama effects. The experiences of Buck in human society were not the only purpose for Jack London to write this story, but to criticize the darkness of the Capitalist Society and reflect his wish, that is, the desire of freedom and dream.There will be five main reasons analyzed in this essay, including the characteristics of Buck; the brutal principle of Struggle for Existence; people’ behaviors in the process of gold rush; the call of the wild and the drama effect made by Jack London.Ⅱ. Literature ReviewA. The Background of the author—Jack LondonJack London was a famous and productive American realistic writer who lived in 20th century with rich but hard experiences in all his life. He came from lower class with a suffering childhood and had a better understanding of the life of poor people. Because of his poor birth and background, Jack London tried many ways to get rid of the poor situation. Such as, went outside to do part-time job; to be sailor and joined the troop of gold rush. Unfortunately, these tries didn’t change the suffering situation. But he didn’t lose the interest in reading. Books companied him during all his hard life. Those hard experiences enriched his knowledge which made contribution to his later writing work. He began his writing career after his failure of gold rush in Alaska. His works were full of strength and strong revealing. The work, the Call of the Wild, was one of his most famous animal novels, in which the gold rush life filled with dangers and struggles of dogs in this special circumstance were deeply described.Jack London left more than 50 pieces of works in his 16 years’ writing career. After being well-known, he indulged in the pleasure of materials. At last, he committed suicide because of the emptiness and disappointment in his mental world.B. The Story of the Call of the WildThe story mainly talked about the process of dog protagonist, Buck’s return from human civilization to primitive wild living with the wolves. Buck was a very strong wolf dog with 140 pounds in weight. He could have lived a comfortable life in a Judge’s place. Unluckily, he was stolen to sell by Judge’s gardener. He was first sold to the Post Office then two French Canadian. These dogs were not only abused by brutal human, but also had to fight and kill with each other for survival. Because of the powerfulness both in physical and mind, Buck won the former leader to be the new leader in the sledding team after a serious fight. Buck had been sold several times in his life with human. Finally he was adopted by John Thornton just when he was beaten nearly to death. Buck recovered quickly under the careful treatment of John Thornton and they made friends with each other. Buck was extremely faithful to his new master. He had ever saved John Thornton twice from dangers. Unfortunately, John Thornton was killed in the process of gold rush. Buck was very angry and bit several Indians to death to take his master’s revenge. He had no affection for human society any more after the death of his master. Meanwhile, there was always a call in forest attracting him. Finally, he obeyed the call and returned to the wild living with wolves. However, he didn’t forget John Thornton but mourn for his master regularly.Ⅲ. The Subjective Reason of Buck’s Return—the Characteristics of Buck Buck had the characteristics of wolf all the time. His wild nature was only hidden in human’s society but not disappeared. When he lived in the sledding team and suffered disastrous experience, it’s no doubt that his wild nature will be revived one day, and lead his return to the wild at last. Buck’s birth made him has the characteristics of wolves. Buck was ahalf-breed whose father was a huge St. Bernard dog and mother a Scotch shepherd dog. Therefore, He grew up with a strong body of St. Bernard dog and cunning of shepherd dog. He learned to fight with cut; slash and quick wolf snap easily when he went hunting with his master in his earlier life, for this was also the manners of his ancestors. When chasing a snowshoe rabbit, he wanted to run the wild thing down and killed it with his teeth and fel t a sense of joy to kill. Buck’s instincts of wolf had never disappeared but been hidden by comfortable life in human society. The sledding life made his old instincts revived gradually. He was clever and cunning. The fight with Spitz, the leader dog of the team, was evidence. When he thought the time was not advantageous for him to beat Spitz down , he avoided conflicting with Spitz directly but thought of many ways against Spitz, such as interference between Spitz and culprits in the absence of his master; rebellion in secret. After the death of Spitz, he thought he would be the leader dog. When his master didn’t do what he thought of, he refused to sled in the condition that he must be in the leader position. His master had no method but obeyed him. Meanwhile, he adapted the environment quickly. For example, after experiencing the sorrow of being beaten by club, he realized that the struggle and revolt were in vain when meeting with club. So he would be a good dog in this situation. In the life of sledding, he even gave up the fastidious habits and ate disgust food to make himself strong after being aware of the true reality; he also learned how to find a comfortable place to sleep and how to steal food without being suspected and caught. In fact, all his nature was kept in his mind even though he lived with human. The life and experiences in the sledding team just created a condition for his nature’s revival.The call in Buck’s inner world was another factor of his wild revival and return. Although he loved John Thornton deeply, the primitive instincts still remained alive and active. He was faithful and devoted, but he still retained his wildness and wiliness for he was a thing of the wild. He would not steal John Thornton’s things but others without being suspected. The best thing Buck loved to do was to lie beside the fire. However, he would not think of the comfortable life in Judge’s place for it was far away from him and had no influence on him anymore. The most powerful thing was the memories of his heredity that could give things he had never seen before a seeming familiarity which in fact were the memories of his ancestors. And these memories were revived in his body in later days. Actually, he kept the nature in mind and desired returning to wild. But it was just the love for John Thornton that kept him in human society.Sometimes he did things without realization. Every time he heard the yelps in forest, he couldn’t help turning his back upon the fire and the beaten earth around it and plunging into the forest and ran and ran. He didn’t know where or why; nor did he wonder where or why. When he chased a snowshoe rabbit, he only wanted to kill it with his sharp teeth, but he still didn’tknow why he wanted to do it like this. Buck also had a patience of the wild, which was expressed when he hunted living food. Buck showed this patience when he clung to the flank of the herd. He didn’t kill the target one at once but shadow the group and separated it from their group for his power was not enough against a group. At last he pulled the great moose down after four days’ shadow and ate it in a primitive way full of wild joy. He did this in the ways of wolves and enjoyed the victory. All of these happened from Buck’s instincts even he himself didn’t realize i t.Ⅳ. The Objective Reasons of Buck’s Return to the WildExcept for the subjective reason of Buck’s return to the wild which was caused by Buck’s characteristics, there are also objective reasons, including the brutal principle of Struggle for Existence; the coldness of people’s behaviors in the process of gold rush; the call of the wild and the drama effect. All of them are helpful to the revival of Buck’s wild nature. They are very important leading the return of Buck to the wild.A. The Brutal Principle of Struggle for ExistenceNatural principles were disciplines that nobody can violate. When facing them, people can do nothing but obey them and do things regularly. The evolution of living creatures was also the product of natural principles.1. The Int roduction of Darwin’s Theory of Struggle for Existence and Natural SelectionDarwin was a very famous British biologist who wrote a book called the Origin of Species. In the book he proposed the principles of Struggle for Existence and Natural Selection.Struggle for Existence—According to Darwin, every species will have relations with its surroundings in the life process, and every life will compete and fight with others for existence, for the surroundings will influence its life and descendants. So the species must fight with the circumstance around him. 1Natural Selection—There always exists struggles among living things. The fittest will survive and the unfittest will be eliminated. The species inherits and evolutes in this way.2 This is so-called Natural Selection. The Darwin’s theory has made a great contribution to species’ evolution.2. The Cruel Survival Rules Which Leads the Revival of Buck’s Wild Nature Just like what Wang Changrong, a Chinese scholar, said in his work, the History of American Mo dern Novels, the determined factors of Buck’s moderate characteristics in human society and his return to the wild at the end are the environment and condition.3 Actually, Darwin’s theory of Struggle for Existence and Natural Selection were completely expressed in Buck’s life. His strong, cunning and treacherous nature was gradually showed in order to survive.Actually, Buck was also the product of natural principles. He lived and behaved with natural disciplines. Since he wanted to survive in the sledding team, he had to learn something cunning and treacherous to remain hisposition. In the process of being sold to be a sledding dog, Buck wanted to give these hated people a lesson to show his anger. Unfortunately, he got a lesson himself. He was beaten by a strong club seriously. The more excitedly he revolted, the heavily the club beat. This was a turning point of Buck’s awareness. He realized that this was a brutal world; a man with a club was a lawgiver, and a master to be obeyed. 4 So he learned to be a good dog to satisfy his master.The fate of Curly, one of Buck’s partners, who made advances to a husky dog in her friendly way but finally be tumbled and nibbled by a group of dogs let Buck knew that this was a world that the strong would exist but the weak be eliminated. The only way to survive in this world was to be strong and never be beaten down instead of enduring only.Therefore he tried his best to learn the rules to survive. He learned how to sleep comfortable in snowfield; how to fight and steal things without being caught. He even lost his fastidiousness about food to make himself stronger. Learning how to steal things symbolized the degeneration and collapse of Buck’s morality cultivated in human civilization society; for he knew that the morality in this serious circumstance was an obstacle, being stronger and cunning were the most important thing. He got this lesson by an experience that his food was stolen. In order to live in this sledding team, he must win Spitz to be the leader, or he would always be oppressed by Spitz. He waited his time with patience and avoided conflicting with Spitz directly. But he would think of many ways against Spitz. When the time was proper, he tried his best to kill Spitz and to be the leader dog. All of these m ade contributions to the revival of Buck’s primitive nature.B. The Behaviors of People in the Process of Gold RushAfter the death of John Thornton, Buck had no affection for human society and chose to return to the wild. The exterior reason was the attitude of human towards him. In the process of gold rush, people’s behaviors were so selfish, cold and cruel that Buck thought it’s not meaningful to remain there anymore. To some extent, people’s behaviors at that time were a direct reason causing the return of Buck.1. The Cruelty and Coldness of PeopleBy the end of 19th century, Capitalism in America had developed rapidly. Capital was controlled by some capitalists, which then caused monopoly capital. The society was divided into several classes and the contradiction was very serious among these classes. The labors struggled at the range of death. One of the serious effects of classes division was the collapse in moral. In such a society that money and position ranked the highest, people’s pursuit of both o f them was terrifying. They could do whatever evil thing to achieve their goals in order to survive which was no difference from that in primitive society. When the gold rush prevailed, many people joined this wealthy group. In order to get utmost benefits, people would not care about others. The human became more and more selfish and colder.2. Buck’s Sufferings in Human SocietyThe cruelty and coldness of human to the most extent led Buck’s decision between human society and the wild. First was the treac hery of the Judge’s gardener who sold Buck. He sold Buck just because he indulged in gambling and needed money. Then came the stout man with a red sweater. He was colder and more brutal. He was good at training dogs and didn’t fear any of them. He beat Buck nearly to death every time Buck revolted and taught Buck a lesson that he must obey the man with a club. Buck did learn a lesson of the coldness of human from his treatment. Last were the three green-hand masters who didn’t know how to manage a sledding team. They did treat these sledding dogs well at the beginning. But when the dog food was in shortage and the plan couldn’t go on as planned. They lost patience and always quarreled with each other. Then they reduced the food for dogs but required to run the same miles which always made these sledding dogs extremely tired not only because of little food but little rest. The dogs were tired to death one by one. They didn’t care about but bought other dogs. Under the management of these people, Buck also lost his earlier enthusiasm. He suffered the sorrow, too. All of his stiffness and gloss had gone out of his beautiful furry coat. The hair hung down, limp and draggled, or matted with dried blood where Hal’s club had bruised him. His muscles had wasted away to knotty strings, and the fresh pads had disappeared, so that each rib and every bone in his frame were outlined cleanly through the loose hide that was wrinkled in folds of emptiness. It was heartbreaking.5 When Buck fell down because of tire and couldn’t climb up, his master, Hal, exchanged his whip for a club to beat Buck brutally. Buck was full of despair. He even didn’t do any struggle but waited to die. At last he was saved by John Thornton, a very kind man. But the fate of other dogs was not as lucky as that of Buck. Hal gave up getting Buck back but forced other dogs to go on the miles. All of them fell into the ice hole and disappeared when the ice broken.Buck had no love for human during the life in human society except for John Thornton, who saved Buck from death and treated Buck not as domestic animal but his own child. Buck loved him very much and could do everything for him. After the death of John Thornton, Buck had no affection for human any more for he had experienced the cruelty and coldness in this society. He responded the call and returned to the wild.C. The Call of the WildThe call of the wild mainly refers to the call from the forest which was an exterior influence on Buck. It influenced Buck indirectly. During Buck’s life in the sledding team, he always heard the call. The call reminded Buck of some of his instincts which were inherited from his ancestors. Meanwhile, because of this call, Buck found the direction of his end-result after leaving the human society.The call from the wol ves in the forest was an outside reason of Buck’sreturn. The call was distinct and definite as never before—a long—drawn howl, like, yet unlike, any noise made by husky, deep in the forest the call was sounding and as often as he heard this call, mysteriously thrilling and luring.6 Every time he chased the call to the unbroken earth, the love for John Thornton would drive him back. But he still yearned for the call. The call had greatly influenced Buck day and night. Once a time, Buck met one wolf and made friends with it. Buck’s old memories were appeared in his mind. He followed the wolf who wanted to lead Buck to a place where they could run freely in the open yard with unpacked earth underfoot and wide sky overhead. Buck was wildly glad. But it was just the love of John Thornton made him turned back. Finally, John Thornton was dead. The last tie with human society was broken. Buck heard the yelps again, as the yelps grew closer and louder, Buck knew them as things heard in that other world which persisted in his memory. It sounded more luring and more compelling than ever before.7 At this time, Buck decided to obey the call.D. Drama Effects—Jack London’s Pursuit of Freedom and DreamJack London came from the lower class of Capitalist Society. He pitched his desire and wishes in the characters in his literature works, which was always a method used by most writers to express feelings. In this novel, Jack London described the society in dog’s eye vividly in personification. Buck’s desire and return to free dom were actually the expression of Jack London’s pursuit of freedom and dream. The world of these dogs is the world of Capitalist Society in which Jack London lived. The fight and struggle of dogs reflected the lives of poor people in this society. Jack London used Buck’s experiences and desire to show his own wishes.At the same time, Jack London engraved Buck as a dog full of faithfulness, enthusiasm and emotion. This can be seen from his life in Judge’s place and his faith to John Thornton. On the contrary, Jack London described the people in this society as cruel, cold and selfish. This formed a comparison between human and dogs which can give the reader a sense that even the dog was much friendlier than human beings. Meanwhile, it can give the Capitalist Society a warning that a deep reflection was needed.Ⅳ. ConclusionThe Call of the Wild described a dog’s survival and struggle in brutal circumstance in appearance. Actually it showed the hardness of people’s struggle to survive in a seriously competitive society. As Mao Xinde, a Chinese scholar, said in his work, the Outline of American Novels, Jack London used the writing style of satire and innuendo to expose the reality of American society at author’s time by stating the loss of morality and the se rious struggle among dogs. 8 Jack London didn’t talk about the story of a dog lived in human society and described his experiences purely, but reflected the society in an indirect way. Through analyzing the subjective and objective reasons of Buck’s return to the wild, we can easily understand the author’s purpose that is, stating the miserable life of the labors withthe experiences of dogs to reveal the darkness of the society and showing his good wishes for freedom.Notes1 方宗熙，《懂一点达尔文进化论》，北京：北京青年出版社，1977年，第53页。

学科分类号050201 湖南涉外经济学院本科学生毕业论文题目《荒野的呼唤》中巴克的多重性格分析Analysis of the Complicated Nature ofBuck in The Call of the Wild姓名学号学部外国语言文学学部专业、年级英语本科0602班指导教师二O一O年四月湖南涉外经济学院本科毕业论文诚信声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的本科毕业论文，是本人在指导老师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。

本科毕业论文作者签名：二○一○年四月二十七日一、湖南涉外经济学院本科毕业论文开题报告书二、湖南涉外经济学院本科毕业论文评审表80—89分记为良好，70—79分记为中等，60—69分记为及格，60分以下记为不及格。

80—89分记为良好，70—79分记为中等，60—69分记为及格，60分以下记为不及格。

三、湖南涉外经济学院本科毕业论文答辩记录表ContentsAbstract (1)Introduction (3)Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to The Call of the Wild and the Nature of Buck (8)1.1 A Brief Introduction to The Call of the Wild (8)1.2 Nature of Buck in Different Environments (10)1.2.1 Living in the Lap of Luxury (10)1.2.2 Facing Risks for the First Time (10)1.2.3 Working as a Sled Dog (11)1.2.4 Staying with Thornton (12)Chapter 2 Golden Spirit and Aspiration in Buck (13)2.1 Fighting Spirit (13)2.1.1 Facing the Dog Trainer (13)2.1.2 Winning the Leadership (14)2.1.3 Attacking Black Burton (15)2.1.4 Fighting in the Wild (15)2.2 Down-to-earth Spirit (16)2.2.1 Dragging Sled for Perrault (16)2.2.2 Being under Scotch Half-breed’s Control (17)2.3 Longing for New Life (18)2.3.1 Taking a Positive Attitude to the Life in the Warm Southland (18)2.3.2 Taking Delight in the Snow (19)2.3.3 Loving the Challenging World (19)2.3.4 Hearing Sounds Made by the Wild Life (19)2.3.4.1 Instinct Alive (20)2.3.4.2 Retained Wildness (20)2.3.5 Returning to the Wild after Thornton’s Death (21)Chapter 3 Embodiment of Human Nature in the Fiend Buck (23)3.1 The Nature of Buck as a Fierce Animal (23)3.1.1 Duplicity and Cunning (23)3.1.2 Dominions (24)3.2 Love and Loyalty to Thornton (24)3.2.1 Jumping off the Cliff (25)3.2.2 Saving the Life of Thornton (25)3.2.3 Helping Thornton Win the Bet (26)3.2.4 Taking Revenge on Yeehats (26)3.3 The Philosophy of Mencius (27)Conclusion (28)Bibliography (31)Acknowledgements (33)Analysis of the Complicated Nature of Buck inThe Call of the WildTang HaokunAbstractThe Call of the Wild is the masterpiece of Jack London who is one of the most renowned American writers. It was published in 1903. The complex character of the protagonist dog Buck is the main factor to cause the novel perpetual. The arduous paths Buck went through were a reflection of American social reality in the 20th century, and it reproduced the Klondike Gold Rush Age in American history. It’s a key point to study the writer’s viewpoints and the social background by a nalyzing Buck’s character. At the beginning this thesis introduces D arwin’s Law of Nature—survival of the fittest. Then it describes Buck’s aspiration for new life. Gentle dog Buck went to the wasteland which was far away from human civilization but he adapted to the challenging environment very soon. It unfolded before our eyes the brightness of individual and spectacular of life vividly and incisively. In response to the call of the wild, Buck got back to the forest full of mystery and venture without the slightest hesitation after Tom Thornton’s death. The third chapter expounds that Buck bears the nature of ferociousness and at the same time has a passion for sacrifice. We are convinced that it is incumbent upon the Fiend Buck to show responsibility, love and loyalty after obtaining human beings equal respect. This gives expression to Mencius ethical view that humans are born good.Key Words: Wildness; call; freedom; survival of the fittest中文摘要《荒野的呼唤》是美国著名作家杰克·伦敦于1903年发表的成名作。

Chapter One IntroductionJack London, whose real name is John Griffith London, was born on January 12, 1876. He was a child born out of wedlock, “the illegitimate son of W.H.Chaney, a talented and self-taught man who became an astrologer, and Flora Wellman, an eccentric woman from a wealthy Ohio family who was both a spiritualist and music teacher.”(吴,1900:111). London grew up in extreme poverty and had really rich life experiences which were rarely experienced by other writers in the world. “From earliest youth he supported himself with menial and dangerous jobs, experiencing profoundly the struggle for survival that most other writers and intellectuals knew only from observation or books.”(吴,1900:111) He began to work for life after he finished primary school and later became a head of punk with many skills. Then he worked in a cannery and as an oyster pirate, seaman, jute mill worker, and coal shoveler. After crossing much of the continent as a member of “Coxey’s Army”, he was jailed for thirty days for vagrancy. At this point he determined to educate himself in order to improve his own condition and that of others. Those specific life experiences provided abundant materials for London’s l ater works. In 1900, he produced his first stories The Son of Wolf which won him the nationwide reputation. Since then because of his unique style of works, his stories were loved by almost every one in the world.The Call of the Wild is one of the masterpieces of Jack London, which was combined with his experiences in the north when he was engaged in looking for gold. It is a story about a dog named Buck. Buck was a large dog given birth to by a St. Bernard dog and a collie mixed breed dog. He was wild, sensitive and with the heavy wolf identity in deep heart. He was diligent when he pulled the sled while he showed his fierceness and wit when he was fighting. Originally Buck had lived in a judge’s family and had enjoyed a comfortable life, but he was stolen by the judge’s gardener and sold to the post office. In the end, he was sent to Alaska to pull mail sled in cold area. Buck was once sold to two French Canadians and was treated badly by the crueland inexorable men. After a period of time, he had learned how to pull sleds and kept trekking day after day in the ice and snow. To acclimatize himself better to the new cruel conditions, he learned to steal to comfort his hungry and to quench his thirst by getting water from breaking the ice.And in order to compete for the leadership, dogs were fighting each other all the time, when someone even got killed. Buck was a natural leader and was physically superior. He was brave and witty and never remained in a subordinate position for a long period. So Buck finally beat the old leader Spits and became a new leader. He seemed to have a good managerial competence. By using incentives and penalties in appropriate situations, Buck managed the dog team orderly, because of which he made the trip processing smoothly. In Buck’s heart there were no longer compassion and mercy, only the simple principle embraced: to kill, or be killed; eat or be eaten.Buck had been exchanged several times by several owners. After he finally had been hurt greatly, John Thornton kept him and offered him intensive care which made him recover very fast and a sincere affection between Buck and John Thornton had engendered. Buck was very faithful to his benefactor, John Thornton. He twice risked his life to save John’s. Unfortunately, John was killed by Indians in the process of fossicking for gold. With unbridled rage, Buck killed several Indians, by which he avenged John. Eventually, he responded to the call of the wild in his deep heart, got into the forest, joined the wolf company, and lived a primitive animal life.The location in the novel London selected was in the north of Canada, the world of ice and snow in Alaska near the Arctic, where the environment was extremely dangerous. The wilderness where there was no peace, life and body were at risk all the time, made it an unavoidable reality that only the strong survived in such a physical environment. And in that situation, any efforts to survive were reasonable; gentle noble, and humility were all weak performance there. Therefore, Buck adapting quickly to the environment in the North was actually the hymn of natural selection and survival of the fittest. This article will focus on both the acquisition of ability and changes in thoughts of the hero Buck, while he experienced the changes of the environment, to elaborate the survival of the fittest ideas in The Call of the Wild.This article is divided into three chapters. An analysis of the Survival of the Fittest ideology in The Call of the Wild is to be given by an exploration into the changes of Buck's life environment, his thoughts and how his ability is acquired. Then Buck’s adaption to the changing environment is understood, which reflects the idea of the survival of the fittest. In a sense, the idea of survival of the fittest in the novel is closely related to the author Jack London’s personal experiences.Chapter Two An Analysis of the Survival of the FittestIdeology in the Call of the Wild2.1 Acquisition of Buck’s ability2.1.1 How to become a sledge dogIn Judge Miller’s house, Buck had never done anything coolies. But when he was a sledge dog, he had to work hard like an animal under the deterrence of stick and whip. At first he had no idea about what the sled was, but he learned how to pull the sled from the experienced dogs and his masters.“Francois was stern, demanding instant obedience, and by virtue of his whip receiving instant obedience; while Dave, who was an experienced wheeler, nipped Buck's hind quarters whenever he was in error. Spitz was the leader, likewise experienced, and while he could not always get at Buck, he growled sharp reproof now and again, or cunningly threw his weight in the traces to jerk Buck into the way he should go.”(London, 1994:16)After he was taught by his host and under the help of his colleague, he had learned how to master a sledge immediately. This was the essential skill for him to live. He observed constantly in the work and mastered how to work very soon in the practice. Labor made him developing quickly in the intelligence and the physical strength, Bothe his mind and body had experienced a lot. His muscles became to burliness; his toe had already become stronger and tougher; he also could endure all kind of the pain and suffering; “He knew enough to stop at ‘ho,’to go ahead at ‘mush,’to swing wide on the bends, and to keep clear of the wheeler when the loaded sled shot downhill at their heels.”（London，1994: 16）He had been accustomedto pulling sled day after day –started working before dawn, came to a halt till the setting sun. In the dog team, Buck did his best to be a sled dog and was diligent while doing things all of which were to adapt to the environment of dog team.2.1.2 How to survive in the northWhen Buck arrived in the snowy wilderness the first time, he did not know how to keep warm to sleep. He went to the m aster’s sleeping tents, and was driven out without any doubt, until “he went back to investigate. A whiff of warm air ascended to his nostrils, and there, curled up under the sn ow in a snug ball, laid Billee”. (London, 1994: 17-18) Buck observed the way Billee had slept in the ice, and then he confidently selected a spot, and with much fuss and waste effort proceeded to dig a hole for himself.Buck was a heavy eater. For this reason, while the food was provided with only one pound of dried salmon each day, Buck was hungry all the time. And plus the scramble for food by other dogs, Buck had to require a big dietary adjustment.“In the aspect of eating, he had get rid of the former kind of picky, choosy and refined dietary habits, and learned to eat fast. On one hand he avoided from physical pain depend on no snatching the food; on the other hand, he learned to steal the food to fill his belly. And his gastric juice could absorb the nutrient bit by bit, very clean, showed his superior ability to adapt. "(Chen, 2009: 66)He developed extremely acute visual, olfactory and auditory sense. And even when he was asleep, he could hear the faint sound, and distinguish whether it indicates the danger or safety. When snowflakes fell on the feet becoming hard ice, he could use the teeth to bite off the ice in the middle of the toes. If he was thirsty, and was just near the ice river, he would choose the thinner ice in the river, and then used his hard front foot to knock on the ice, drinking the water smoothly. The most incredible skill of Buck was that he could forecast the wind direction before the nightwhich made even Perrault and Francis (the master of the dog team) amazed. Buck kept learning skills and methods living in north, gradually, he fit the new way of living in the harsh environment in the north.2.1.3 How to fightFighting skills were essential outdoor survival skills. In the Call of the Wild, Buck's fighting skills are described vividly in the fight with Spitz for the position of the lead dog.Buck was a southern dog. In the eye of Spitz, the southern dogs were all weak. But, Buck was different:“Buck was t he exception. He alone endured and prospered, matching the husky in strength, savagery, and cunning. Then he was a masterful dog, and what made him dangerous was the fact that the club of the man in the red sweater had knocked all blind pluck and rashness out of his desire for mastery. He was preeminently cunning, and could bide his time with a patience that was nothing less than primitive.”(London, 1994: 30)Just because of this, Buck has been always regarded as a thorn in Spitz’s eyes, which led to the fight between the two dogs inevitable. In the activity of catching a rabbit, after Buck drove in upon Spitz while Spitz was just catching the rabbit, he knew the moment to fight with Spitz was coming. At the beginning of the fight:“In vain Buck strove to sink his teeth in the neck of the big white dog. Wherever his fangs struck for the softer flesh, they were countered by the fangs of Spitz. Fang clashed fang, and lips were cut and bleeding.”（London，1994: 35）But Buck could not penetrate his enemy's guard. Then he warmed up and enveloped Spitz in a whirlwind of rushes. Time and time again he tried for thesnow-white throat, where life bubbled near to the surface, and each time and every time Spitz slashed him and got away. Then Buck took to rushing, as though for the throat, when, suddenly drawing back his head and curving in from the side, he would drive his shoulder at the shoulder of Spitz, as a ram by which to overthrow him. But instead, Buck's shoulder was slashed down each time as Spitz leaped lightly away.It was to hard for Buck to fight with Spitz at the beginning, because Spitz is a veteran and Buck had not fit the way Spitz had fought. However, as the fight progressing, Buck finally came up to a strategy to deal with Spitz. “He fought by instinct, but he could fight by head as well.” (London，1994: 36）He rushed, as though attempting the old shoulder trick, but at the last instant swept low to the snow and in. His teeth closed on Spitz's left fore leg. There was a crunch of breaking bone, and the white dog faced him on three legs. Thrice he tried to knock him over, then repeated the trick and broke the right fore leg.With his front legs chewed off by Buck, Spitz was not able to fight any more. He could only howl. At this moment, it seemed to come into a similar scenario: two dogs were fighting, while a group of onlookers around them. It was just like the scene when Curly was murdered. But in this time, the victim was Spitz himself.“He saw the silent circle, with gleaming eyes, lolling tongues, and silvery breaths drifting upward, closing in upon him as he had seen similar circles close in upon beaten antagonists in the past. Only this time he was the one who was beaten.” (London, 1994:36)This battle ended with Buck’s victory. Since then, Buck became the lead dog. The fight between Buck and Spitz reflected the principle of the “survival of the fittest” in the primitive society. Especially in the last, the scene that Spitz was tear by a group of dogs, the rules of survival emerged vividly.2.2 A brief introduction of the survival of the fittest ideologyThe Call of the Wild is a story about the hero Buck who was sold to the dog dealer by the servant of his master during the Great Gold Rush in the U.S., which compelled him to fall into a strange, harsh living environment, while he was originally living a comfortable life. Since then, he did his best to fit the cruel environment he was thrown into and got back to nature and became the head of the wolves after the loss of his beloved master. Buck, the hero can be a very strong manifestation of the survival of the fittest ideology because of his survival by constant adaption to environmental changes.“The theory, ‘Survival of the fittest’, is the law of biological evolution which implies that plants or animals adapt to the environment to survive or to die—it is the biological survival rule of brutal biosphere.”(付, 2009: 85-87) That is to say the essence of survival of the fittest ideology is that only those who adapt to the environment can survive in the harsh conditions; on the contrary those who can not adapt to the environment will eventually be eliminated by nature. This theory highlights that in the changing environment only those who can fully adapt to the environment can survive. The hero of this work, Buck, in order to fit changes of the environment, gave up his proud self when he was living as a judge’s dog; obeyed “the law of the club and tooth”; he learned to break the ice to quench his thirst; Soon he honed his feet and learned to pull sleds, and also learned to dig in the snow to sleep. For the sake of filling his belly, he tried hard to keep his food away from other dogs. He changed himself, an elegant gourmet, to a ravenously devouring dog like other dogs. At the same time, driven by hunger, Buck would not attend to the virtues of “not take others staff” and learned to steal the food to eat by takin g advantages of the time when the owner was not prepared, and didn’t get realized by the owner. These behaviors show his ability to adapt and also reflect the survival of the fittest ideas.2.3 Changes of Buck’s li ving environmentA better understanding of the survival of the fittest ideology can be achieved by checking the living environment described in the story. In fact, Buck’s living environment encountered a sudden change in the novel.“Buck lived in Mr. Miller's big house in the sunny Santa Clara valley. There were large gardens and fields of fruit trees around the house, and a river nearby. In a big place like this, of course, there were many dogs. Buck was chief dog; he was born here and this was his place. He went swimming with Mr. Miller's sons, and walking with his daughters. He carried the grandchildren on his back, and he set at Mr. Miller’s feet in front of the fire in winter.”（London, 1994: 6）It seems clear that Buck used to be a pet living in a civilized society originally which was eleg ant, rich and full of order. Mr. Miller’s home in th e sunny Santa Clara Valley was a portrayal of such a civilized society. In this world, Buck is just a pet, rather than a beast. He had no need to work for his master, Mr. Miller; he does not have to protect home or nurse the master. He is only a playmate or a partner of the host. Living in such a civilized environment, Buck had no need to worry about food and had no struggle and no burden, not to speak of danger. The only things he had were the sun, the garden, the river and the fruit fields. He lived a carefree, laid-back rural life. However, Buck's rich life did not last long. In 1897 when someone in Krona Dyke in Canada found a gold mine, a large number of people rushed to this area to look for gold. And they needed a lot of strong dogs to pull sleds which led Buck’s comfortable and easy life to an end, and brought a calamitous life to him. From then on, Buck was suddenly pulled out of the center of civilization, and was throwed into the center of the primitive.The center of the primitive was not easy to handle.“One day was very like another, but Buck noticed that the weather was getting colder. One morning, the ship's engines stopped, and there was a feeling of excitement in the ship. Francis leashed the dogs and took them outside. At the firststep Buck's feet went into something soft and white. He jumped back in surprise. The soft, white thing was also falling through the air, and it fell onto him. He tried to smell it, and then caught some on his tongue. It bit like fire, and then disappeared.”（London, 1994: 6）This is the description of Buck’s first contact with snow and ice, which shows that Buck came from the sunny, warm South to the ice and snow, cold and desolate north. In other words, it can be said that he came from the civilized world and entered the primitive one. During the days of pulling sledges, Buck’s li ving environment became worse and worse. He and the other dogs of the team kept pulling sledge day after day. They started working when it was dawn and came to a halt till the setting sun. Everyday he ate only a little fish, then drilled down to the snow cave to sleep. He was always hungry, and later he filled his stomach by fast eating and stealing the host’s meat. He could only rel y on his feet to get the water by breaking the ice to quench his thirst. Sometimes, the dogs fell into great dangers, nearly drowned or froze to death. In addition, he not only had to beware of Spitz’s attack, which was the leader of the dog team, but also protected the owner’s goods from the wild dogs all the time.In the harsh environment, Buck was exchanged several times. Even though, he met a good host John Thornton, under whose careful nursing of Thornton Buck recovered very quickly, this happy living with Thornton did not last long. Thornton, as a human being, had to face the cruelty of the environment as the dogs did. He did not succeed. As a result, he was killed by local Indians in the process of the Gold Rush Driven. With the extreme anger, Buck killed some of the Indians. Backed into a corner, Buck joined the wolves and by virtue of his strength, he conquered the wolves, became a leader of wolves. With the grand development of story plot, Buck got away further from the civilized world. If he wed to be a loving partner to human being, at the end of the story, he became a beast that completely obeyed the rules of nature. This results from the sharp change of his living environment.Buck had suffered a lot. He got out of the comfortable living environment, into the cruel harsh environment, and eventually returned to the primitive forest. In thisprocess, Buck had to change his previous way of living to adapt to the poor living environment and to increase his living skills to survive. At the same time, he must change his thoughts in order to adapt to the vagaries of living environment. Only in this way could he survive in the cruel world.2.4 Changes of Buck’s thoughts2.4.1 The law of club“The law of club” is one of the rules that must be obeyed in the primitive world. It reveals that cruel is the essence of the primitive world and obeying the power is a must between animals and men in the wild world. Buck living in Mr. Miller’s home in the Santa Clara Valley, had no need to work for Mr. Miller. The only mission he had was to play with his hosts. Buck who lived in such a civilized environment had no worry about food, with no struggle, no burden, not to mention dangers. In the world of his life, he believed in human beings, because of which led him directly to be sold to the dog trader without any precautions by Manuel El, the gardener of Mr. Miller’s. When Buck had the idea he had been sold to a stranger, it was too late and he felt so humiliated. He made up his mind to revenge the men who tortured him. He cried, tussled, waited for the opportunity coming, so that he could show his power to the dog traders. Finally, the moment came, so that he rushed out of the cage, looking forward to venting out these days’ anger at one time.“Buck was truly a red-eyed devil, as he drew himself together for the spring, hair bristling, mouth foaming, a mad glitter in his blood-shot eyes. Straight at the man he launched his one hundred and forty pounds of fury, surcharged with the pent passion of two days and nights.”（London, 1994: 10）However, Buck was knocked to the ground every time, which he could neverhave in mind when he jumped on the man in red. Eventually, after he had been shot down for numerous times, Buck could not get up again.“After a parti cularly fierce blow, he crawled to his feet, too dazed to rush.” “Buck's senses came back to him, but not his strength. He lay where he had fallen, and from there he watched the man in the red sweater.” “He saw, once for all, that he stood no chance against a man with a club. He had learned the lesson, and in all his later life he never forgot it. That club was a revelation. It was his introduction to the reign of primitive law, and he met the introduction halfway”（London, 1994:11-12）After beat by the man in red, he realized that he would never confront to a man with club. The only thing he could do was to obey the law of club.This is the first lesson Buck had got in the primitive world, and the first time he had realized the cruelty of life. He knew he failed, but he was not down, because he understood “the law of the club”.2.4.2 The law of the toothIn recognition of the “the law of club”, Buck was sold to the mailman Perot, embarked on his trip to the icy north. At the same time, Buck had the second lesson of life –“the law of the tooth”.“The law of the tooth”is another rule that must be obeyed in the primitive world. It reveals that cruelty and power between dogs and men is also exist between dogs and dogs. One who owns the power become the leader, while one who was weak would be dead in the wild. Curly’s suffering revealed a truth to Buck that in the barren north, even among the dogs, friendship and coexistence were substituted by cruelty and violence. Animals that were incapable of self-defense would be brutally murdered. The principle of fairness just fit in the civil world. In the wilderness, the only principle was “the law of the tooth”. Rules of human society had no place to stand. “In this dangerous environment of the north, animals that follow theso-called civilization and morality are fool and will be killed quickly. And then the cruelty of life made him realize that the world was not fair. Who lost the battle, who lost his life. He learned the skills of various evil quickly by which he could achieve his aims by any means” (Lai, 2005:110). He began to steal food, which also marked the degradation and disintegration of his moral nature. His character corrupted more and more, and he could do any thing in order to gain his ends. He completely turned into a brutal, savage beast.“Living in the dog team, Buck did not want to be patient for a long time under another man’s domination. When he was beat by the man in red, he already realized the importance of power. Since then, he never forgot the desire to win the leadership of Spitz. After full deliberation and preparation, he killed Spitz in the battle, and finally captured the leader position” (Chen, 2009:71)2.4.3 The call of the wild“The law of club” and “the law of tooth” were the most important rules Buck had learned in the primitive world. He realized that only one who was strong enough to fit the cruel environment can survive and power must be obeyed in the primitive world. After Buck was sold to three entirely lay people on driving sled, he was almost killed when he met his benefactor, Thornton. Under the meticulous care of Thornton, Buck quickly refreshed himself, and established a solid friendship with Thornton. Meanwhile, Buck came to understand love for the first time. The time Buck spent with Thornton was so fabulous in his mind that Buck felt he had someone to rely on, and they both loved each other. However, after Thornton was killed by the local Indians in the process of gold rush, for which Buck killed several Indians to avenge. Buck was on his own once again. But he did not give up his life. In the call of the wild, he joined the company of wolves, and later became the leader of the wolves.In the process of getting out of the comfort of Mr. Millers’ home and returning to the barbaric primitive forest, Buck experiences the changes from enjoying thecomfortable life in the beginning to entering the harsh realities in which he understands “the law of the club and tooth”, and realizes the t ruth of “survival of the fittest”. Facing the harsh reality, he has to give up the idea of civil society, and takes all means to survive. After his benefactor’s death, he is being further separated from the civilized society and finally responds to the call of the wild, returning to the group of wolfs. To live in nature means living like a beast. In this process, Buck adapts himself to the changing environment and thinking for the sake of survival by accepting the thoughts of survival of the fittest. These changes in thinking exactly reflected the survival of the fittest ideology.As the environment changed, Buck, compared to the previous Judge Millers’ family dog, enhanced a lot in thoughts and abilities. He tried his best to live, and was gradually adapted to the cruel primitive world. His efforts during the process of adapting to the environment fully reflect the survival of the fittest ideas.Chapter Three ConclusionAmerican literature in the twentieth-century was explosive and complex. Jack London is one of the representatives in that period. He had brought a fresh wild blood to the American literature in the twentieth century. London was born in the bottom of the society, so he had experienced poverty from childhood and relied entirely on his own to become a famous writer. Therefore, he could realize the views of survival of the fittest in his deep heart which he expresses in his works.“His writing style was crazy and energetic, strong and crude. His works were mostly ‘the stor ies of the North’ in which he advocated the social principle of “the law of the jungle” and “survival of the fittest”." (Zhao, Cheng: 74-75)The first time Jack London had contacted with the thought of survival of the fittest was after he had finished Charles Darwi n’s Origin of Species. However, Jack London affected by the Darwin’s thoughts was largely implemented through Spencer's work. In the study, Darwin found that the process of evolution is a series of adaptation while Spencer applied the theory to society.“He said ‘For the natural selection or the result of the struggle, to survive is to keep a good race, which Mr. Darwin had said, I inclined to use a mechanical terminology to express what is ‘survival of the fittest’’.” (Li, 2004: 90-92)The Call of the Wild is the best work of Jack London to reflect the survival of the fittest idea. In the aspect of thoughts, the hero Buck had learned his first lesson in the primitive—“the law of the club” after the red man hit him with a club. The main feature of this principle is that the power is the truth by which the force is definitely natural. Only force could overcome the incompetence and brutality. The man in red with a club held the relationship of brutality between the men and the dogs, but Buckrealized that this kind of cruel rule also existed among dogs after he experienced the suffering of Curly. Brutality and violence had replaced amicable friendship and peaceful coexistence, in which animals that were incapable of self-defense would brutally murdered. The principle of fairness and justice only suit the civil society, while in the wilderness, the only principle is the “law of club and tooth”. There is no place for human civilization to live in such a brutal wild. In the aspect of abilities, he learned to steal food to fill his belly, to cut the ice by his feet to quench his thirst and learned how to fight like a wolf, how to sled, how to dig holes to sleep in the snow. In order to adapt to the environment changing, his visual, olfactory and auditory sense had extremely developed. The growth of his abilities provides a protection for him to adapt to the cruel environment better.However, in the deep heart, London makes a reflection of the real human life through Buck's life. He treats animals like human beings and human beings are just like animals, recognizing no essential difference between man and animal. London used “he” to refer to Buck, because of which the characters should not be perceived only as dogs but as emblems of human characters. In the human’s world, there are powerful people like Buck who master the world with both the qualities of constant hardworking and endless progressing; and some other good-natured, weak people like the Curly whose weakness would eventually lead them to a tragic end; and dedicated people like David and Sol-leks who never cared about things that have nothing to do with them; and also people like Billy and Joe who have totally opposite characters whether sophisticated as smooth or stubborn till the end, and the way they deal with things will be completely different. From these different features we can see, London did not reflected the realities by mechanical representation or imagining out of thin air, but had depicted these life-like dogs by highly summarizing and deep extracting following the objective law of life. And the characteristic and fate of the characters in his works are the true reflections of various people in real life.Therefore, the “survival of the fittest” ideology reflected in the Call of the Wild is also a reflection of the living rules in which people had to adapt the cruel environment to survive, or died because of inadaptation in the reality of 1890s’。

《美国丽人》中的伦理主题研究《麦田里的守望者》的当代启示从《红字》看十七世纪新英格兰清教主义风尚语用模糊及语用功能论初中英语教学中跨文化意识的培养论性别歧视论谭恩美《喜福会》中文化身份迷失与探寻(英语系经贸英语)浅析特许经营模式下受许人获得的优势－－以全聚德为例谈目的论视角下的商标翻译从《爱玛》中的言语反讽看乔拉的反讽理论从生态学角度解读《白鲸》浅析《德伯维尔家的苔丝》中造成苔丝悲剧的因素本我、自我、超我－－斯佳丽人物性格分析功能对等理论视域下的商标名称汉译试论《武林外传》与《老友记》中的中美文化差异试论英汉日常礼貌表达的异同浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森分析西方末世论在美国电影中的体现浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森中西方聚会文化差异比较研究从奥巴马演讲的不同译文看语域理论在翻译中的应用论《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》中三对人物关系及其象征意义《暮色》两中译本中文化缺省重构的对比研究A Study on English and Chinese Euphemisms from the Perspective of Cultural Difference 网络语言风格的性别差异《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读跨文化交际中的肢体语言目的论视角下公益广告的翻译从文体学角度浅析国际商务合同中的语言特点及翻译策略谈英汉文学作品中数字的模糊性及其翻译从生态视野解读狼图腾(日语系毕业论文)义务教育的发展—就择校问题进行的探讨论《看不见的人》的主人公的心理成长历程英汉白色词的文化象征意义及翻译新闻新词的文化内涵与翻译电影《死亡诗社》中的教育意义《无名的裘德》主人公人物形象浅析狄金森、席慕蓉爱情诗中隐喻现象对比研究耐克公司Ps营销策略对我国体育用品产业的启示中外教师教学体态语的意义差异研究论英语专业八级口语测试的内容效度中学英语教学活动的主要设计原则A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English论旅游英语的语言学特征试析《宠儿》中的象征手法从自然主义视角分析《嘉莉妹妹》语言艺术与目的性操纵的杂合——英文电影片名的翻译简析《黛西米勒》女主人公的悲剧《新成长的烦恼》影视字幕中文化负载词的英汉翻译策略《推销员之死》中美国梦破灭的主要原因The Influence of The New Policy of Export Tax Rebates用功能对等理论分析《经济学人》中的习语翻译论《兔子, 跑吧》中哈利的逃避主义英汉味觉词“酸甜苦辣”的比较分析从电影《喜宴》看中美婚姻观差异Color Words in Chinese and Western Literature论《傲慢与偏见》中简奥斯丁的女性意识成长与困惑——浅析托尼•莫瑞森《最蓝的眼睛》宗教在世界战争史中扮演的角色从英汉习语视角看中英文化差异《身着狮皮》中的话语、移民与身份英文电影字幕翻译的原则和技巧从校园官方网站角度对比研究中美校园文化比较约翰·邓恩与艾米丽·迪金森诗歌中奇思妙喻的艺术效果浅析《红字》中象征手法的运用《简爱》的女性主义解读《缅湖重游》之语义分析An Analysis of the Development and Future of Gothic Novel从中西思维差异角度看汉英翻译中的中式英语现象日常生活中隐喻的认知研究简析美国文学中的美国梦女性主义视野下林黛玉与简爱的比较研究《榆树下的欲望》之农场意象－－基于生态女性主义的分析文化差异对中西方商务谈判的影响The Developments of Marriage View over Three Periods in the West 对《儿子与情人》中的自然环境描写的研究从《少年派的奇幻漂流记》论人性与兽性英语体育新闻标题的特点及翻译对策任务型教学法在高中英语阅读中的使用初探Major Barriers in Listening Comprehension of College Students跨国企业广告语在中国本土化体现的文化价值观差异换位思考在商务信函中坏消息的运用及建议附带学习和有意识学习对英语词汇习得效果的比较研究论高中英语文化教学电影《功夫熊猫》中美文化融合现象分析浅析《飘》中女主人公斯佳丽的女性意识文学翻译中的对等从空间语言的角度分析中美隐私观念的差异试析《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义色彩广告英语的翻译论《爱玛》中的反讽The Analysis of the Narrative Style in Toni Morrison’s Beloved《珍珠》中的生态思想Women in the Roaring Twenties– A Comparative Study of Female Characters in The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises野性的回归－－试析《野性的呼唤》中巴克的生存斗争《欲望号街车》女主人公悲剧性命运的女性主义解读小学英语课堂互动式教学研究初中英语词汇教学从弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫的《夜与日》看女性同性爱主题的写作模式跨文化交际中的移情及其能力的培养从中西方政治文化差异看中美关系《天使与魔鬼》中科学与宗教关系的分析从“老人与海”译本比较研究看理解在翻译中的重要性浅析《墓园挽歌》中意象的变化试析狄更斯小说《大卫科波菲尔》中大卫的性格发展The Analysis of Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Animal Idioms论华兹华斯的自然观《呼啸山庄》和它的四个版本电影的比较研究初中英语词汇教学中对策研究A Study on the Effective Ways to Improve Memory Efficiency in Consecutive Interpreting纳博科夫小说《洛丽塔》的爱情讽刺对《呼啸山庄》里所反映的人性的解读弗朗西斯培根论说文风格传译策略研究美国梦和中国梦的内涵对比研究《秀拉》中女主人公秀拉的女权主义解读英语中的性别歧视埃德加·爱伦·坡和蒲松龄恐怖小说的比较On the Differences of Rules for Eye Contact Between the East and the West论肢体语言在中国英语课堂教学中的合理应用论《荆棘鸟》中的女性意识英汉职业委婉语中“礼貌原则”之对比分析论《哈利波特》系列小说中的哥特元素英语阅读有效教学活动设计研究英汉动物词汇的文化内涵对比及其翻译从《一间自己的房间》分析弗吉尼亚伍尔夫的女性主义思想场独立和场依存对不同主题阅读材料的影响研究英语广告双关语的语用功能浅析哈代的悲观主义哲学对徐志摩诗歌创作之影响A Comparison of the English Color Terms中国英语在中国文化输出中的作用看《一间自己的屋子》中弗吉尼亚伍尔夫的女性主义思想人力资源管理浅谈《红字》中女权主义意识探析关联理论视角下《生活大爆炸》中言语幽默的汉译浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中的叙事艺术中美价值观的比较－－以《老友记》为例文化全球化语境下中英婚姻习俗的对比研究严歌苓小说《少女小渔》里中国移民的文化身份构建《傲慢与偏见》中的灰姑娘情节论《简爱》中伯莎梅森的疯癫《飞屋环游记》的人物设置特色分析合作原则在电影《暮光之城》人物心理分析中的应用德国功能目的论指导下广告口号的汉译从目的论角度比较研究《彼得潘》两个中文译本Research on the Expression of the Speaker’s Intention in English and Ch inese Conversation 朗读在中学英语教学中的作用从主位述位的角度阐述英语口语的连贯性《简爱》中的女性主义意识初探浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森个人主义与集体主义——中美文化碰撞背后的价值观差异研究简奥斯汀的婚姻观－－-根据分析她的著作《傲慢与偏见》论《傲慢与偏见》中的妇女地位问题英语政治新闻中委婉语的形式及语用功能研究论《纯真年代》的女性意识英汉谚语的文化对比及翻译The Elementary Stage Translation Teaching Design for Undergraduate English Majors从许渊冲“三美论”评析《声声慢》三个译本高中英语课堂教学中的口语教学The Gothic Elements in Edgar Allan Poe’s Works《法国中尉的女人》中对维多利亚时代的批判《哈姆雷特》中不言而喻的隐喻魅力(开题报告+论文+文献综述)从《野性的呼唤》看杰克伦敦自然主义观论修辞格在英语广告中的运用从《穿靴子的猫》看美国动画电影中的英雄主义国际商务英语合同翻译策略研究论关联理论在商业广告翻译中的运用《红字》中的丁梅斯代尔和齐灵渥斯谁更“恶”？从违反合作原则看电影语言的会话含义——以《最后的武士》为例论惠特曼的战争诗歌分析《嘉莉妹妹》中赫斯渥的人物形象高级英语课堂中教师角色研究《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读《荆棘鸟》中的三位女性形象——追寻荆棘的女人Oscar Wilde’s Aestheticism on The Picture of Dorian Gray中美篮球背后的青年文化Euphemism in English advertisements功能对等视角下的汉语数字成语英译策略研究动物词在中英文化中的喻义及其翻译英汉习语渊源对比及其常用分析方法《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿成长悲剧的成因分析以及对当今青少年的启迪哥特电影的黑暗之美-市场与文化的交接英汉基本颜色词的文化内涵对比研究浅析爱德华·摩根·福斯特《霍华德庄园》中的语言特色英汉语言与文化差异对广告翻译的影响美国电影中的英雄主义解析论高中生英语阅读技能的培养《哈利波特》中斯内普的人物分析从福斯特《天使不敢涉足的地方》看英国转型期中产阶级价值观浅析英汉基本颜色词之文化内涵－－以“白”与“黑”为例从文化负载词褒贬意义看中西文化差异商务英语翻译中的隐喻研究析《远大前程》主人公性格之路社会语言学视角下女性语言的特点从世纪后服饰发展比较中西文化差异荒岛主义在《蝇王》中的映射米兰•昆德拉《生命中不能承受之轻》的哲学体现从《汤姆索亚历险记》中分析马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法目的论与英文电影片名的翻译英汉日常礼貌用语在跨文化交际中的语用差异。

编号：郑州大学升达经贸管理学院外语系2012届本科毕业论文An Analysis of Buck in “The Call of the Wild”《野性的呼唤》中对巴克的分析论文作者姓名：作者学号：所在学院：所学专业:导师姓名：论文完成时间：An Analysis of Buck in “The Call of the Wild”《野性的呼唤》中对巴克的分析Panpan ZhangForeign Languages DepartmentShengda UniversityApril 22,2012郑重声明本人的学位论文是在导师指导下独立撰写完成的，学位论文没有剽窃，抄袭等违法学术道德、学术规范的侵权行为，否则本人愿意承担由此产生的一切法律责任和法律后果，特此郑重声明。

学位论文作者：年月日AcknowledgementIn order to complete this thesis, I get a lot of help from my teachers. First of all, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my academic supervisor, professor Xue Xiaoxia. Her valuable suggestions help me finish my thesis successfully. I benefit from her knowledge and understanding of language and literature. Meanwhile, I am indebted to her warm-hearted support and encouragement from the bottom of my heart. Her valuable comments made me grasp the issues involved in my thesis and helped me steer my work in the right direction.I also express my many thanks to the teachers who have instructed me during my graduate study. They are Lecturer Zhang Lijuan, Zhang Huasong, Fu Yaohui, Wang Jin, Zhang Yanbo and other teachers. Luckily, I have had the opportunity to study under their supervision.The erudition of the teachers greatly attracts me and has made me learn a lot of knowledge in literature. My supervisor taught me a lot in the fields of linguistics, translation, and pedagogy. I am grateful to the respectable professors who will kindly choose to review my thesis.AbstractJack London is one of the outstanding writers in 20th century. He is renowned both in modern American literature and even the world literature. “The Call of the Wild” is one of the masterpieces of the great American writer Jack London, and it has always been my favorite novel. “The Call of the Wild” is one of the most famous works which is about a dog and a wolf in world literature. It tells us a story that a dog (Buck) was doted on human then sold to traders as a shepherd dog. And then he becomes a leading dog. Finally he is assimilated to be a wolf in the call of the wolves. One of the characteristics of London’s novels lies in their themes, especially focusing on the fight between the human and the nature and his expression of his respect for human’s strong will in these fights. During the modeling of the Buck image, the writer put the Buck’s human nature into wild nature. While its wild nature is embodied in the human nature, and the human nature and the wild nature were both existed in Buck. Eventually, the wild nature overcame the human nature, and Buck metamorphosed from a dog into a wolf. The writer revealed the essence of the intriguing against each other and cruel scrambling in human beings in that real society by met-aphorizing the ruin of the wild world “human nature”and recrudescence of the “wild nature”. This essay discusses the author’s viewpoints and philosophy of his life by analyzing Buck’s character changing. In this essay, it will mainly analyze the complicate characters of Buck and show why the novel has always been popular. Key words: Buck; Jack London; wolf-changing; survival of the fittest; human nature; wild nature摘要杰克·伦敦是20世纪初美国极富盛名的作家，在现在美国文坛和世界文坛都享有崇高地位。

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浅谈涉外英语合同的特征及翻译技巧121 从弗洛伊德的精神分析法分析《麦田里的守望者》霍尔顿•考尔菲德的成长122 从传统消费观念看中美文化差异123 从文化角度看中美家庭教育的差异124 中西方婚礼礼服颜色的对比研究125 A Comparison of the English Color Terms126 英汉广告翻译中的文化差异127 The Importance of the Tran slators’Overall Qualities In Translation128 对《秀拉》中死亡事件的探究129 《隐形人》中格里芬的心理剖析130 A comparison of values of money between Scarlett and Gatsby131 以《最后一片叶子》为例论欧亨利的创作风格132 从成长小说角度解读《马丁•伊登》133 课堂管理对高中英语课堂互动的影响134 从巴斯奈特文化翻译观谈汉语新词的英译135 《苏菲的选择》中的人性分析136 《推销员之死》中男主人公悲剧命运分析137 译者主体性视角下《桃花源记》的翻译策略研究138 功能翻译理论关照下的英汉商标翻译139 从奈达功能对等理论谈李继宏译《追风筝的人》140 中西饮食文化中的差异141 《我，机器人》中苏珊•卡尔文的女性角色分析142 浅析初中生英语写作问题及对策143 从目的论的角度浅析美国电影字幕翻译144 从语用角度谈英汉称赞语及其回应策略145 A Comparison of the English Color Terms146 从文化负载词褒贬意义看中西文化差异147 中外大学校训翻译分析148 《蝇王》的现代性启示：人性的自赎149 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的反叛和自我救赎150 从语用学角度分析简•奥斯丁的《爱玛》中的会话含义151 家庭对汉尼拔和维托科利昂的性格特征影响分析152 水文化对中西方文化影响的比较研究153 试论《围城》中四字成语的英译154 试论英汉日常礼貌表达的异同155 情感因素对外语教学的影响156 论马克•吐温的种族观－－以《哈克贝利•芬历险记》为例157 从语用学角度分析美剧《绝望主妇》中的委婉语158 礼貌原则在商贸信函中的应用159 技术性贸易壁垒对中国外贸行业的影响—以CR法案为例160 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《祝福》两个英译本翻译中文化缺失现象的对比研究192 中英语言中动物词汇的文化含义对比193 从宴客角度探究中西方文化理念的差异194 中学英语语法教学的重要性及可行的方法195 中西方跨文化交际中非语言行为的文化差异196 导入艺术在培养初中生英语学习兴趣中的运用197 新闻英语模糊语的语用功能分析198 论《好人难寻》中的哥特特征199 游戏教学法在初中英语课堂教学中的应用200 英汉“骨”与“血”的隐喻研究。