新标准大学英语3,4summarizing

Unit1 reading2 if you ask meThis is an informal and personalized account of an economic graduate who gets a job in a pub for a year and then has an opportunity to be successful (a lucky break). Since her family can’t support her to further study, she has to work. She has financial problems and feels lonely. She tells her troubles to Tony, a regular customer of the pub, who talks to some friends and gets her a loan to set up a business. With this help she has her master’s degree and her own company. however, unluckliy,Tony is disabled after an accident and needs the repayment of the loan to adapt his house for his disability. She pay back Tony’s help, and Tony thinks that investing in people gives the best return you can ever hope for. Unit2 reading1Reading is a life-changing activity. It helps us enter a new world and liberate us from the real world we come from; it stimulates our emotions and allows us enjoy and celebrate the variety and difference from books; it aids us to get out of confusion in a material world and to discover the real meaning of the life. Simply put, books are supremely influential in the way we live.Homerun book might be the answer for the book that everyone should read. It describes the first reading experience thatinduces such pleasure and satisfaction that you cannot put it down and it may range from the classics to the most recent. Everyone is looking for their own homerun books. And what is yours?Unit2 reading2Henry Miller depicts the struggle he made to obtain books when he was young, and then introduces the reason that makes a book live---that is, the enthusiastic recommendation of one reader to another. In his eyes, books are one of the few things men cherished deeply, but if you lend it to others, it makes friends for you. He continues to suggest that the vast majority of books repeat what others say, so read as little as possible. He then advices such a way to test his suggestion---that is, leave a book alone, but think as intensely as possible and if you decide to read, observe with what extraordinary acumen you read it and realize that very little of the books is really new to you.Unit3 reading1Between 1960 and 2010, there are two constant factors:the ubiquitous jeans and the rise and fall of hemlines for women’s skirts and dresses.Jeans were invented by Levi Strauss in the mid-19th century in America. But it soon became popular among young people. In late 1950s, it export to Europe and Asia. The most importantdevelopment in fashion in the1960s was the miniskirt invented by Mary, Quant.Hemlines were related to the economy. Whenever the economic outlook is unsettled, both men and women tend to wear more conservative clothes. And as the economy situation changed, time saw a number of different styles. Sometimes the hemline can even predicted a change in the mood of the stock market long before it actually happens. And it was proved in the economic crisis in 2008. During the whole period, fashion styles have ranged widely. But the constant factors over this period are denim and hemlines.Unit3 reading2Sea glass is popular among the jewellery collectors for several reasons. First, the creation of sea glass is a form of recycling , where nature compensates for man’s folly. Second, with human recycling rather than hurling it into the sea, sea glass becomes rarer than diamonds, its supply is in decline while its demand is on the rise. This leads to its boom in the market.Third, its eco-credentials lend sea glass further appeal, as gold extraction damages the environment and diamond industry has a poor human rights record. So the designers would like to put sea glass to use.Gina Cowen became a sea glass jeweller after her stints injournalism and music management in her 20s and 30s. While sea glass is disappearing, she is still on the hunt.Gina Cowen’s collection started in her walk along a shingle beach near Capetown, South Africa, where she was born. She has several hunting grounds, South Africa, Fiji, Majorca in Spain, and the UK. But her favourite one is Seaham Beach in the UK.Her designs were sold at Liberty, London, but mostly she sells her jewellery to private customers.With the decline of sea glass in supply, there has arisen problem of reviving old habits of dumping glass into the sea. Gina Cowen refuses to condone it and she even rejects the idea of polishing new glass to make it look old, as there is a story behind sea glass.So follow Cowen’s example and search for glowing pebbles before they vanish.Unit4 reading1Today, we are caught in the credit crunch because banks set traps which appeal to our vanity and greed and sometimes to our basic need for survival.The banks give a false sense of superiority to people with exclusive gold credit cards in hard. They target people who are prone to impulse-buying, and potentially bad credit risks, tempted to spend more than they have, and liable to fall behind withrepayments. They lure impoverished students with unrealistic interest rates.They charge people who go over the limit the exorbitant interest but omit to tell them the interest paid is not for the debt, but for the overspend of the overdraft. By attracting us with their endless publicity for loans of money, the banks earn money.So how to get ourselves out of the traps? Lay out all of your credit cards in a line, take a large pair of scissors and cut them into small pieces. Then the banks have no potential to tempt money away from you.Unit4 reading2What’s the key to Wedded bliss? Money matters. Marriage at its core is a financial union. To preserve their marital assets and their union, couples had better share similar outlooks on money matters or, at the very least, find some middle ground. Otherwise, money will be a huge factor in breaking up marriages.However, not everyone is lucky to get married to a financial twin. To become more compatible with their significant other and ultimately more prosperous, couples need follow these guidelines: talking and sharing goals; running a home like a business, that is, making a budget and keeping track of earnings, expenses and debts, making big financial decisions and setting goals together; beingsupportive of careers; enjoying, but within reason; using a mediator while having strong yet divergent opinions. Maintaining some financial independence; spending time and money together as a kind of investment in marriage.Unit5 reading1Researchers have found that men gossip as much as women and men spend much more time talking about themselves. However, men don’t admit they gossip, instead they define it as ‘’exchanging information’’.The reason why female gossip actually sounds like gossip is that there seem to be three principal factors involved. Firstly, the tone rule. Women adopt a tone which is high and quick, or sometimes a stage whisper, bue always highly animated, while men gossip in the same flat, unemotional manner as any other piece of information. Secondly, the detailed rule. For women, a detailed speculation about possible motives, causes and outcomes is crucial. However, men find all this detail boring, irrelevant and unmanly. Thirdly, the freedback rule. Female listeners are required to be at least as animated and enthusiastic as speakers. However, men who respond in such a manner would be considered inappropriately girly, or even disturbingly effeminate. For them, a suitable expletive is better to convey their surprise.Unit5 reading2Women constanly have to make choices about dress and appearance, and even the way they sign their names, which lead people to make judgments about them. A woman without a particular hair style is considered careless about how she looks and can be disqualified for many positions. Tight or revealing clothes send a message that the wearer wants to be attractive and that she is still available. Light make-up calls attention to the wearer as someone who tries to be attractive without being alluring. A woman who takes her husband’s surname announces to the world that she is married and also that she is traditional and may be less herself. However men do not have to make the same choices.Unit6 reading1Churchill believed that he was destined to lead his country. He fought as a soldier in World War 1 and led the country to victory in World War 2 . it seemed to ironic that a leader of such renowed as Churchill could not count on the loyalty of voters in 1945. However, in a democratic country, electors cannot be bullied, and he had to tolerate political defeat after military victory, and went once more to his country retreat, Chartwell.。

Unit1 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream LifeThe passage mainly talked about the dream life of the author with his family on a farm, where the author could write and live. The author viewed his life in the country as a self-reliant and satisfying one, but sometimes the good life would get very hard. On the first winter, the author was fond of every minute instead with his family, which they would never forget, while the follow spring brought two floods, which made them amazed. After quitting his job, the author’s income was reduced, but he and his family were able to manage to get by. Besides, he ran a farm and benefited more from it. A tolerance for solitude and a lot of energy had made it possible for the family to enjoy their life in the country. What’s more, they also had found the lifestyle that they preferred in this place.Unit 2 The Freedom GiversThe passage mainly talked about three persons, Josiah Henson, John Parker and Levi Coffin, who were the givers of freedom for black slaves in the American history. Besides, the author praised the exploits of civil-rights heroes who helped slaves travel the Underground Railroad to freedom by citing more examples. What’s more, it was high time to honor the heroes who helped liberate slaves by forging the Underground Railroad in the early civil-rights struggles in America. After winning his own freedom from slavery, John Parker helped other slaves to escape north to Canada and freedom. Supported by a strong religious conviction, the white man Levi Coffin risked himself to help many black slaves to escape. At last, by traveling the Underground Railroad, Josiah Henson reached his destination and became free.Unit 3 The Land of the LockThe passage mainly talked about the land of lock, which happened in American. When the author was young, it was the local custom for people to leave the front door at night but didn’t close it, and none of them carried keys. However, nowadays those days were over, and the era of leaving the front door on the latch has drawn to a close. What a great change was that no locking had been replaced by dead-bolt locks, security chains, electronic alarm systems and so on. Therefore, the lock became the new symbol of America. What’s more, a new atmosphere of fear and distrust had crept into every aspect of daily life. As a result, security devices, in varied forms, were put to use. In locking their fears out, they became prisoners of their own making.Unit 4 Was Einstein a Space AlienThe passage mainly talked about Albert Einstein, who was a young husband and father with a bushy hair. In order to support his young family, with a poor sleep, he had to work hard at the Patent Office so that he was very tired. For which, he felt all the pressure and responsibility. However, aiming to relax himself, he made astonishing achievements in physics and thus revolutionized the field with five papers about spare time, which were of great impact on all over the world. Because of his supper intelligence and the contribution to the society, the United Nations declared 2005 as his miracle year. What’s more, his discoveries were attributable to his imagination, questioning, disregard constantly for authority, powers of concentration, and interest in science. In fact, he was not a space alien, but just a common person.Unit 5 Three Thank-You LettersThe passage mainly talked about the author’s three special letters, by which he wanted to celebrate the true meaning of Thanksgiving. On Thanksgiving Day 1943, as a young coastguardsman at sea, he worked as a cook. While he was going to think about Thanksgiving, he came up with the idea of expressing his gratitude to people who had helped him before. Therefore, he wrote three thank-you letters to three persons, his father, the Rev. Nelson and his grandmother. At a mail call, he got three letters in reply, which drove him to think deeply. After he retired from the Coast Guard, he still never forgot these letters which gave him an insight into expressing appreciation for one’s efforts. Furthermore, he wished everyone to find the good and then praise it.Unit 6 The Last LeafThe passage mainly talked about the last leaf, which Johnsy gave a sight to after she got the pneumonia and lived in the hospital. She looked out the window and counted the leaves on an old ivy vine. Furthermore, she made up her mind to end her life when the last leaf fell. When she saw the last leaf still cling to the vine after two nights’ rain and wind, she decided not to give up her life. In fact, the last leaf, called a masterpiece by Behrman who risked his life painting it there the night that the last leaf fell, was actually painted onto the wall. However, because it looked so real that she could have never imagined that it was faked. In a deeper sense, it saved her life.unit 1 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream LifeIn America many people have a romantic idea of life in the countryside. Many living in towns dream of starting up their own farm, of living off the land. Few get round to putting their dreams into practice. This is perhaps just as well, as the life of a farmer is far from easy, as Jim Doherty discovered when he set out to combine being a writer with running a farm. Nevertheless, as he explains, he has no regrets and remains enthusiastic about his decision to change his way of life.在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。

Unit1 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream LifeThe passage mainly talked about the dream life of the author with his family on a farm, where the author could write and live. The author viewed his life in the country as a self-reliant and satisfying one, but sometimes the good life would get very hard. On the first winter, the author was fond of every minute instead with his family, which they would never forget, while the follow spring brought two floods, which made them amazed. After quitting his job, the author’s income was reduced, but he and his family were able to manage to get by. Besides, he ran a farm and benefited more from it. A tolerance for solitude and a lot of energy had made it possible for the family to enjoy their life in the country. What’s more, they also had found the lifestyle that they preferred in this place.Unit 2 The Freedom GiversThe passage mainly talked about three persons, Josiah Henson, John Parker and Levi Coffin, who were the givers of freedom for black slaves in the American history. Besides, the author praised the exploits of civil-rights heroes who helped slaves travel the Underground Railroad to freedom by citing more examples. What’s more, it was high time to honor the heroes who helped liberate slaves by forging the Underground Railroad in the early civil-rights struggles in America. After winning his own freedom from slavery, John Parker helped other slaves to escape north to Canada and freedom. Supported by a strong religious conviction, the white man Levi Coffin risked himself to help many black slaves to escape. At last, by traveling the Underground Railroad, Josiah Henson reached his destination and became free.Unit 3 The Land of the LockThe passage mainly talked about the land of lock, which happened in American. When the author was young, it was the local custom for people to leave the front door at night but didn’t close it, and none of them carried keys. However, nowadays those days were over, and the era of leaving the front door on the latch has drawn to a close. What a great change was that no locking had been replaced by dead-bolt locks, security chains, electronic alarm systems and so on. Therefore, the lock became the new symbol of America. What’s more, a new atmosphere of fear and distrust had crept into every aspect of daily life. As a result, security devices, in varied forms, were put to use. In locking their fears out, they became prisoners of their own making.Unit 4 Was Einstein a Space AlienThe passage mainly talked about Albert Einstein, who was a young husband and father with a bushy hair. In order to support his young family, with a poor sleep, he had to work hard at the Patent Office so that he was very tired. For which, he felt all the pressure and responsibility. However, aiming to relax himself, he made astonishing achievements in physics and thus revolutionized the field with five papers about spare time, which were of great impact on all over the world. Because of his supper intelligence and the contribution to the society, the United Nations declared 2005 as his miracle year. What’s more, his discoveries were attributable to his imagination, questioning, disregard constantly for authority, powers of concentration, and interest in science. In fact, he was not a space alien, but just a common person.Unit 5 Three Thank-You LettersThe passage mainly talked about the author’s three special letters, by which he wanted to celebrate the true meaning of Thanksgiving. On Thanksgiving Day 1943, as a young coastguardsman at sea, he worked as a cook. While he was going to think about Thanksgiving, he came up with the idea of expressing his gratitude to people who had helped him before. Therefore, he wrote three thank-you letters to three persons, his father, the Rev. Nelson and his grandmother. At a mail call, he got three letters in reply, which drove him to think deeply. After he retired from the Coast Guard, he still never forgot these letters which gave him an insight into expressing appreciation for one’s efforts. Furthermore, he wished everyone to find the good and then praise it.Unit 6 The Last LeafThe passage mainly talked about the last leaf, which Johnsy gave a sight to after she got the pneumonia and lived in the hospital. She looked out the window and counted the leaves on an old ivy vine. Furthermore, she made up her mind to end her life when the last leaf fell. When she saw the last leaf still cling to the vine after two nights’ rain and wind, she decided not to give up her life. In fact, the last leaf, called a masterpiece by Behrman who risked his life painting it there the night that the last leaf fell, was actually painted onto the wall. However, because it looked so real that she could have never imagined that it was faked. In a deeper sense, it saved her life.unit 1 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream LifeIn America many people have a romantic idea of life in the countryside. Many living in towns dream of starting up their own farm, of living off the land. Few get round to putting their dreams into practice. This is perhaps just as well, as the life of a farmer is far from easy, as Jim Doherty discovered when he set out to combine being a writer with running a farm. Nevertheless, as he explains, he has no regrets and remains enthusiastic about his decision to change his way of life.在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。

（2020年7月整理）新标准大学英语综合教程4口语考试Summary（精简版）.docSummarizingUnit 1Passage1:(不考)Passage2: “If you ask me”There is an economic graduate who gets a job in a pub for a year .She has financial problems and feels lonely. She tells her troubles to T ony, a regular customer of the pub, who talks to some friends and gets her a loan to set up a business. With this help she has and her own company. The situation, however, is reversed (颠倒); Tony is disabled after an accident. She pays back Tony’s help, and Tony thinks that investing in people gives the best return you can ever hope for.Unit 2Passage1: “Danger! Books may change your life”Reading is a life-changing activity. It aids us to get out of confusion in a material world and to discover the real meaning of the life. Simply put, books are supremely influential in the way we live.Homerun book might be the answer for the book that everyone should read. It describes the first reading experience. Everyone is looking for their own homerun books. And what is yours?Passage2: “They were alive and they spoke to me”Henry Miller depicts the struggle he made to obtain books when he was young, and then introduces the reason that makes a book live. In hiseyes, books are one of the few things men cherished deeply,but if you lend it to others, it makes friends for you. He continues to suggest that the vast majority of books repeat what others say, so read as little as possible.Unit 3Passage1: Fifty years of fashion”Between 1960 and 2010, fashion styles have ranged widely, there are two constant factors: the ubiquitous jeans and the rise and fall of hemlines.Jeans soon became popular among young people after being invented .Hemlines were related to the economy. Whenever the economic outlook is unsettled, both men and women tend to wear more conservative clothes. And as the economy situation changed, time saw a number of different styles.Passage2: “Eco-jewellery: sea glass”Sea glass is popular among the jewellery collectors for several reasons. First, the creation of sea glass is a form of recycling. Second, with human recycling rather than hurling it into the sea, sea glass becomes rarer than diamonds. Third, its eco-credentials lend sea glass further appeal.However, with the decline of sea glass in supply, there has arisenproblem of reviving old habits of dumping glass into the sea. Gina Cowen, a sea glass jeweler, refuses to condone it and she even rejects the idea of polishing new glass to make it look old.Unit4Passage1: “The credit card trap”Today, we are caught in the credit crunch because banks set traps which appeal to our vanity and greed and sometimes to our basic need for survival.The banks target people who are prone to impulse-buying, and potentially bad credit risks. Then the banks charge them more interest and earn more money.So, take a large pair of scissors and cut credit cards into small pieces. Then the banks have no potential to tempt money away from you. Passage2: “The key to wedded bliss? Money matters”What’s the key to wedded bliss? Money matters. Marriage at its core is a financial union. sTo become more compatible, couples need follow these guidelines: talking and sharing goals; running a home like a business, being supportive of careers; enjoying, but within reason; Using a mediator while having strong yet divergent opinions. Maintaining some financial independence, spending time and money together as a kind of investment in marriage.Unit5Pass age1: “Sex differences in English gossip rules”Researchers have found that men gossip as much as women. However, men don’t admit they gossip.The reason why female gossip actually sounds like gossip is that there seem to be three principal factors involved. First, Women adopt a tone which is always highly animated while men gossip in the same flat. Second, women are interested in details. Third, women pay more attention to the feedback than men Passage2: “Marked: women in the workplace”Women constantly have to make choices about dress and appearance, and even the way they sign their names, which lead people to make judgments about them.A woman who takes her husband’s surname announces to the world that she is married and also that she is traditional and may be less herself.However, men do not have to make the same choices.Unit6Passage1: “Winston Churchill”Winston Churchill was born in 1874 into one of Britain’s grandest families. He was bullied when he was young. His dream was to be ageneral, so he got into the RMAS. Then he became a soldier and a hero in Boer war. He through his leadership and example to encourage Britons to win the war.In 1945, when Britain won the war, Churchill lost the general election. But we will always remember that he saved Britain.Passage2:(不考)。

大学英语3 第二版summaryU1 Active reading（1)In the fall of our final year， our mood changed. The relaxed atmosphe re had disappeared, and the peer group pressure to work hard was strong. Meanwhile, at the back of everyone's mind was what we would do next af ter graduation. As for me， I wanted to travel， and I wanted to be a writ er。

I braced myself for some resistance to the idea from my father， wh o wanted me to go to law school, and follow his path through life.However, he supported what I wanted but he made me think about it b y watching the crabs. The cage was full of crabs. One of them was trying to escape, but each time it reached the top the other crabs pulled it back. I n the end it gave up lengthy struggle to escape and started to prevent othe r crabs from escaping。

By watching crabs, my father told me not to be p ulled back by others， and to get to know oneself better.U1 Active reading（2）Life is short. We never quite know when we become 1） coffin dwelle rs or 2) trampled ash in the rose garden of some local cemetery. So there’s no point in putting our dreams 3） on the back burner until 4) the right t ime arrives。

U1 1 Catching crabsIn the fall of our final year the relaxed atmosphere disappeared, and the pressure to work was strong. Meanwhile, we must consider what we would do after graduation. As for me, I wanted to travel and be a writer but my father wanted me to go to law school. He supported me but he called me to catch the crabs. By watching crabs my father told me to know himself better.在我们最后一年的秋天，轻松的气氛消失了，工作的压力很大.。

同时，我们必须考虑毕业后要做什么.。

至于我，我想旅行，成为一名作家，但我的父亲想让我去法学院。

他支持我，但他叫我去抓螃蟹。

通过看螃蟹我父亲告诉我要更好地了解自己。

U1 2 We are all dyingLife is short and we don't know whether we will be in coffin dwellers or become ash. So we shouldn't putt our dreams on the back burner. We should make the best of our short life and enrich our life. Therefore, when the reaper arrives, we’ve achieved so much that we wouldn't regret.生命是短暂的，我们不知道我们是否会在棺材或成为灰烬。

新标准⼤学英语三summary⼤英3 summaryUNIT 11.1 catching crabsIn the fall of our final year,our mood changed.Peer group pressure to work hard was strong. Meanwhile, the most important thing for us was what we would do next after graduation. My father wanted me to go to law school,but I wanted to travel,as well as to be a writer.So I have to brace myself for some resistance to his idea,.However,he supported but he made me think about it by watching the crabs.The cage was full of crabs. One of them was trying to escape,but each time it reached the top the other crabs pulled it back.In the end it gave up escaping and started to prevent other crabs from escaping.By watching crabs,my father told me not to be pulled back by others,and to get to know myself better.1.2We are all dyingLife is short.We never quite know when we become coffin dwellers or trampled ash in the rose garden of some local ceremony.So there’s no point in putting our dreams on the back burner until the right time arrives.Now is the time to do what we want to do. Make the best of our short stay . And if you don’t like your job, just turn to another one. Besides, there is no time like present . We should make best use of our time, so that when the reaper arrives,we’ve achieved much instead of regrets.UNIT 22.1supermanWhen the war began, the author was in the fifth grade in the Annie F. It was also the winter that she was a winner of the prize for drawing the best Civil Defense signs,lived by an airport. She thought her Uncle Frank bore resemblance to Superman.In her imagination,the airport was her Mecca and Jerusalem because of her flying dreams.Superman fulfilled her dream at the moment. David Stirling,a bookish boy,also worship Superman.During the recess at school,he and the author played Superman /doc/d9*******.htmlpared with their school-mates who played the routine games,they felt they were outlaws but had a sense of windy superiority.They also found a stand-in,Sheldon Fein, who later invented tortures.UNIT 33.1how we listenWe all listen to music according to our separate capacities. For the sake of clarify,we split up the process of listening to music into three hypothetical planes.Firstly,the sensuous plane.It is a kind of brainless but attractive state of mind engendered by the sound appeal of the music.The second plane is the expressive one.It is when we believe each piece of music has a theme,which mirrors a different world of feeling. Thirdly,the musical plane. It is very important for all of us to become more alive to music on its sheerly muscial plane. It is the ability to experience different musical elements,such as melodies,the rhythms,the harmonies,the tone colors etc.We usually listen to music on all three planes.3.2the mystery of Girl with a Pearl EarringThe painting Girl with a Pearl Earring is one of Du tch painter Johannes Vermeer’s masterworks.It shows a striking young woman wearing an exotic costume and a turban,peering over her shoulder straight out at the viewer. There were lots of mystery about this painting. As the nameimplies,it uses a pearl earring for a focal point.It has been referred to as the Mona Lisa of the north,because,like Leonardo da Vinci’s painting,it appears to be a simple likeness of a woman with an enigmatic smile,yet which contains levels of meanings and questions. And the painting has been the theme of a novel and a film.UNIT 44.1work in corporate AmericaIn today’s American jobs are not what they used to be.It is hard to visualize what work is in corporate America. When a father was asked about his job, he could answer in terms that a child could come to grips with.Nowadays,when the parent take his offspring to his place of business in glass buildings that are really hard to understand. What’s more, it’s safe bet that evengrown men have trouble visualizing what other men does in their jobs with his day. Therefore,it’s not difficult to imagine a poor child may answer”mulling over” after it beats me the mysteries of work,when his friends asks him of his father’s job.4.2our supposedly exciting times are really rather dullLiving in a world of unprecedented change,there are never been anything quite like it. However,we are just ignorant about deeper historical patterns, take globalization for example,from historical context point of view,the world is almost meaningless.We simply do not live in a age of great technological innovation for all our enthusiasm about internet and iPod.With staggering 90 percent of all web traffic is local,we are always be told the Internet has “opened up”the world.As the Chinese curse runs “May you live in interesting times”,it can bring chaos and anxiety in the in the wake. Even an Englishman born in 1865 would have seen changes the magnitude of which we can hardly imagine.UNIT 55.1dinner at Joanne’sJosh was meeting Jo Rogers, the senior. And he came to Joanne’s, a famous restaurant which there are always lots of famous people. When he arrives in the crowded and expensive restaurant, the head waiter makes him sit in the least comfortable place,even though a table has been booked for him and a “Ms Rogers”.When Ms Rogers arrives,the waiter realizes that she is a well-known Senator; and Ms Roger realizes that her friend has been treated badly because of the color of his skin.The waiter realizes his mistake too,and tries to make up for it,but it’s too l ate.5.2we theyThe writer uses stories about doing business to illustrate the differences between an individualist and a collectivist. They have different concepts of the role of personal relationships in business. The Swedes believe the business is done with a company while the Saudis think it should be done with a person they know and trust. Collectivist the individualist are different.In the most collectivist societies,the families are usually extended families while in the individualist societies,nuclear families are prevalent. People consider themselves as part of a group in the collectivist societies.In contrast, the individualist think of themselves as their personal identity. A practical and psychological dependence relationship develops between the person and the in-group in the collectivist societies. However, rarely do people depend on a group in the individualist societies.UNIT 66.1 Last man downThe text from Last Ma Down offers an eyewitness account of defining historical event of 9/11 attack from the perspective of Richard Picciotto, a firefighter. When the event happened, there wasn’t much time for him to think. The building was shocking and many people was in danger. He fumbled for some fix for the situation. He tried to calm down and to save other people. His story is that of a man, a hero,and a tragic event that inspired the nation. His recount isn’t one of death and destruction, buta celebration of life and it’s unpredictable nature. And the book he wrote became an immediate best-seller.6.2 Eleanor RooseveltThe passage offers a hero who contrasts with brave firefighters. This time she is a woman of power and previlege who still wanted to devote herself to the success she believed in.Living in a male-dominated world, Eleanor Roosevel t showed growing concern for women’s issues, along with those for labor issues,youth and civil rights issues.Eleanor created new First Lady profile. She held a press conference for the female only. She was a great supporter for FDR, her wheel-bound husband, whose career as the US president offered her opportunity to come into her own.After FDR’s departure, she still held public posts to use her power to her beliefs.Anna Eleanor Roosevelt never ran on a par with men, she set the place.7.1Even the most rational person can be convinced at times that there is a force out there making mishaps occur at the worst possible time. We all like to believe that Murphy’s Law is true. There is a very close connection between people’s perception of bad luck and interesting coincidences.A particular event may only be a misfortune because of the circumstances. When people are in bad luck, they are always glad to look for the examples prove the theory and ignore those which don’t. Besides, people always have selective memory where an unfair comparison is made between good and bad.。

Unit1 reading2 if you ask meThis is an informal and personalized account of an economic graduate who gets a job in a pub for a year and then has an opportunity to be successful (a lucky break). Since her family can’t support her to further study, she has to work. She has financial problems and feels lonely. She tells her troubles to Tony, a regular customer of the pub, who talks to some friends and gets her a loan to set up a business. With this help she has her master’s degree and her own company. however, unluckliy,Tony is disabled after an accident and needs the repayment of the loan to adapt his house for his disability. She pay back Tony’s help, and Tony thinks that investing in people gives the best return you can ever hope for. Unit2 reading1Reading is a life-changing activity. It helps us enter a new world and liberate us from the real world we come from; it stimulates our emotions and allows us enjoy and celebrate the variety and difference from books; it aids us to get out of confusion in a material world and to discover the real meaning of the life. Simply put, books are supremely influential in the way we live.Homerun book might be the answer for the book that everyone should read. It describes the first reading experience thatinduces such pleasure and satisfaction that you cannot put it down and it may range from the classics to the most recent. Everyone is looking for their own homerun books. And what is yours?Unit2 reading2Henry Miller depicts the struggle he made to obtain books when he was young, and then introduces the reason that makes a book live---that is, the enthusiastic recommendation of one reader to another. In his eyes, books are one of the few things men cherished deeply, but if you lend it to others, it makes friends for you. He continues to suggest that the vast majority of books repeat what others say, so read as little as possible. He then advices such a way to test his suggestion---that is, leave a book alone, but think as intensely as possible and if you decide to read, observe with what extraordinary acumen you read it and realize that very little of the books is really new to you.Unit3 reading1Between 1960 and 2010, there are two constant factors:the ubiquitous jeans and the rise and fall of hemlines for women’s skirts and dresses.Jeans were invented by Levi Strauss in the mid-19th century in America. But it soon became popular among young people. In late 1950s, it export to Europe and Asia. The most importantdevelopment in fashion in the1960s was the miniskirt invented by Mary, Quant.Hemlines were related to the economy. Whenever the economic outlook is unsettled, both men and women tend to wear more conservative clothes. And as the economy situation changed, time saw a number of different styles. Sometimes the hemline can even predicted a change in the mood of the stock market long before it actually happens. And it was proved in the economic crisis in 2008. During the whole period, fashion styles have ranged widely. But the constant factors over this period are denim and hemlines.Unit3 reading2Sea glass is popular among the jewellery collectors for several reasons. First, the creation of sea glass is a form of recycling , where nature compensates for man’s folly. Second, with human recycling rather than hurling it into the sea, sea glass becomes rarer than diamonds, its supply is in decline while its demand is on the rise. This leads to its boom in the market.Third, its eco-credentials lend sea glass further appeal, as gold extraction damages the environment and diamond industry has a poor human rights record. So the designers would like to put sea glass to use.Gina Cowen became a sea glass jeweller after her stints injournalism and music management in her 20s and 30s. While sea glass is disappearing, she is still on the hunt.Gina Cowen’s collection started in her walk along a shingle beach near Capetown, South Africa, where she was born. She has several hunting grounds, South Africa, Fiji, Majorca in Spain, and the UK. But her favourite one is Seaham Beach in the UK.Her designs were sold at Liberty, London, but mostly she sells her jewellery to private customers.With the decline of sea glass in supply, there has arisen problem of reviving old habits of dumping glass into the sea. Gina Cowen refuses to condone it and she even rejects the idea of polishing new glass to make it look old, as there is a story behind sea glass.So follow Cowen’s example and search for glowing pebbles before they vanish.Unit4 reading1Today, we are caught in the credit crunch because banks set traps which appeal to our vanity and greed and sometimes to our basic need for survival.The banks give a false sense of superiority to people with exclusive gold credit cards in hard. They target people who are prone to impulse-buying, and potentially bad credit risks, tempted to spend more than they have, and liable to fall behind withrepayments. They lure impoverished students with unrealistic interest rates.They charge people who go over the limit the exorbitant interest but omit to tell them the interest paid is not for the debt, but for the overspend of the overdraft. By attracting us with their endless publicity for loans of money, the banks earn money.So how to get ourselves out of the traps? Lay out all of your credit cards in a line, take a large pair of scissors and cut them into small pieces. Then the banks have no potential to tempt money away from you.Unit4 reading2What’s the key to Wedded bliss? Money matters. Marriage at its core is a financial union. To preserve their marital assets and their union, couples had better share similar outlooks on money matters or, at the very least, find some middle ground. Otherwise, money will be a huge factor in breaking up marriages.However, not everyone is lucky to get married to a financial twin. To become more compatible with their significant other and ultimately more prosperous, couples need follow these guidelines: talking and sharing goals; running a home like a business, that is, making a budget and keeping track of earnings, expenses and debts, making big financial decisions and setting goals together; beingsupportive of careers; enjoying, but within reason; using a mediator while having strong yet divergent opinions. Maintaining some financial independence; spending time and money together as a kind of investment in marriage.Unit5 reading1Researchers have found that men gossip as much as women and men spend much more time talking about themselves. However, men don’t admit they gossip, instead they define it as ‘’exchanging information’’.The reason why female gossip actually sounds like gossip is that there seem to be three principal factors involved. Firstly, the tone rule. Women adopt a tone which is high and quick, or sometimes a stage whisper, bue always highly animated, while men gossip in the same flat, unemotional manner as any other piece of information. Secondly, the detailed rule. For women, a detailed speculation about possible motives, causes and outcomes is crucial. However, men find all this detail boring, irrelevant and unmanly. Thirdly, the freedback rule. Female listeners are required to be at least as animated and enthusiastic as speakers. However, men who respond in such a manner would be considered inappropriately girly, or even disturbingly effeminate. For them, a suitable expletive is better to convey their surprise.Unit5 reading2Women constanly have to make choices about dress and appearance, and even the way they sign their names, which lead people to make judgments about them. A woman without a particular hair style is considered careless about how she looks and can be disqualified for many positions. Tight or revealing clothes send a message that the wearer wants to be attractive and that she is still available. Light make-up calls attention to the wearer as someone who tries to be attractive without being alluring. A woman who takes her husband’s surname announces to the world that she is married and also that she is traditional and may be less herself. However men do not have to make the same choices.Unit6 reading1Churchill believed that he was destined to lead his country. He fought as a soldier in World War 1 and led the country to victory in World War 2 . it seemed to ironic that a leader of such renowed as Churchill could not count on the loyalty of voters in 1945. However, in a democratic country, electors cannot be bullied, and he had to tolerate political defeat after military victory, and went once more to his country retreat, Chartwell.。

More than 650,000 students left university this summer and many have no idea about the way to get a job. Students Know they need to find a job,but dont konw how to find. The problem also plagued their parents,parents dont know how to help them.Some students didn't go to find a job because of enormous competitive pressure, low salary or a series of personal reasons. After a failure of applying a job，they start waching TV shows on the sofa rather than finding a job again.When their parents find this problem , they start to worry about their children's future.A psychologist give some advices to every parent about the problem. Firstly,the transition from university to a job is tough for parents and children,parents need to find the balance point between understanding children and not making their life too comfortable. Secondly,the main job for the parents is to be there because if they start advising them what to do, that is when the conflict starts. Thirdly, it's a good idea to get some jobs like bar work,shelf-stacking.All in all,this passage mainly tell us when we on the way to find a job,we need get off the sofa first.1.2This passage tell us a story about a girl overcame many difficulties and became successful in her field at last.First,the girl’s family can’t support her for university study.As a result,she packed up her belongings and went to London to get a job in order not to burden her family.Unfortunately, she was faced with many problems and she felt lonely.She told her problems to Tony.Tony give her a loan to start a business.With Tony’s help.she got her master degree and set up her own company.Many years later,Tony was disabled after an accident.She pays back Tony’s help and Tony thought investing in people gives the best return you can ever hope.2.1This passage mainly tell us the importance of reading. When we read a book we will enter a new world so that it may change our life.As soon as we are able to listen,books are supremely influential in the way we live.As we all know, reading books allows us to enjoy and celebrate this variety and difference in safety,and provides us with an opportunity to grow. And every book will have its own language and dialect,its own vocabulary and grammary. We may not always understand every word or sentence,but whether we're enchanted or whether we feel excluded,our emotions are nevertheless stimulated.So books can help us to discover the real meaning of our life, and they may change our life. Such is the power of reading.2.2This article is about the author’s views of reading books. The author is a writer and he likes reading books very much. He think that a book lives though the passionate recommendation of one reader to another. Nothing can throttle this basic impulse in the human being. And he also raises that we should read books as often as possible bacause a book lying idle on a shelf is wasted ammunition. He told us that when you are eager to read a book, leave it alone for a few days and ask yourself earnestly if it be absolutely necessary to read it. In the end, the author described a writer who readed a lot and meanwhile writtrn a lot.3.1The article is about the fashion tendency in the last 50 years. The author mainly introduced the development of jeans and the relationship of economy and hemiline. It was Levi Strauss who invited the jeans. At first, only miners wore jeans. In the mid-1960s and early 1970s, the hippie movement influenced the design of jeans. And jeans remained fashionable during the period of punk. Besides, the ahthor found that as the stock market rises, so do hemlines, and when it falls, so do they.3.2Sea glass is popular for several reasons. First, the creation of sea glass is a form of recycling. Second, sea glass becomes rarer than diamonds now. Third, its eco-credentials lend sea glass further appeal. So the designers would like to put sea glass to use.Gina Cowen became a sea glass jeweler. Her designs were sold at Liberty or to private customers.Though seaglass become rarer, Gina Cowen refuses to condone it and she even rejects to polish new glass to make it look old. So we'd better follow Cowen’s example and search for glowing pebbles before they vanish.4.1Today, we are caught in the credit crunch because banks set traps .The banks give a false sense of superiority to people with exclusive gold credit cards in hand. They target people who tempted to spend more than they have, students with unrealistic interest rates and people who go over the l imits the exorbitant interest but omit the interest. By this deceive means, the banks earn money. So in order not to be cheated, we should be cautious about credit cards provived by banks4.2Money matters is the key to wedded bliss.To preserve their marital assets and their union,couples had better share similar outlooks on money matters,or ,find some middle ground.To become more compatible with their significant other and ultimately more prosperous,couples need follow these guidelines:Talking and sharing goals;Running a home like a business;Using a mediator while having strong yet divergent opinions.5.1Researchers have found that men gossip as much as women,and men spend much time talking about themselves.But men don’t admit it,and they define it as “exchanging information”.The reason why female gossip sounds like gossip is that there three principal factors involved:The high and quick tone and sometimes likes a stage whisper,but always highly animated.A detailed speculation with possible motives,causes and outcomesAnimated and enthusiastic feedback rule.5.2Women constantly have to make choices about dress and appearance, and even the way they sign their names, which lead people to make judgments about them. A woman without a particular hair style is considered careless about how she looks and can be disqualified for many positions. What’s more,tight or revealing clothed send a message that the wearer wants to be attractive and that she is still available. Light make-up calls attention to the wearer who tries to be attractive without being alluring.A woman who takes her husband’s surname announces to the world that she is married and also that she is traditional and may be less herself. However, men do not have to make the same choices6.1W inston Churchill was born in 1874 into one of Britain’s grand est families. His parents are both cold and distant people. He was bullied when he was in Harrow. His dream was to be a general, so he got into the RMAS. Then he became a soldier and a hero in Boer war. In 1911, he lost his job and sanity because the failure of the Gallipoli in 1915.He recovered from his depression by his fashion and his wife’s support. When he returned England, he had already achieved many great things. He through his leadership and example to encourage Britons to win the war against the monstrous tyranny and defend what all we hold dear. He saved Britain.。