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A religious doctrine that advocates hard work, self-discipline, thrift, and sobriety, regards labour as one’s divine task, without the enjoyment of the fruit of the labour. The purpose is to purify the corrupted church as had been established by Jesus Chris himself.John cotton and William rogerRomanticismIs intellectual movement originating in Germany at the end of 18th century that gained strength in Western Europe after the Industrial Revolution, in the reaction to the social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, its scientific rationalization of nature. The romantic values revolved around the full spectrum of the human emotional side embracing its instincts and rejecting the conventions of the Age of Reason.Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.Transcendentalismas a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.2) they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 3）they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.Emerson 第一个提出idealism代表人物：Emerson，believed that man was a part of absolute good。
一．The Colonial Period （1607-1765）二．二. The Period of enlightenment and the Independence War (1765-1800) (一) Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林1，Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》2，The Autobiography《自传》（二）Thomas Paine 潘恩1，Common Sense《常识》(三) Thomas Jefferson 杰斐逊1，Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》（四）Alexander Hamilton汉密尔顿James Madison麦迪逊John Jay 杰伊1, The Federalist Papers《论联邦》（三人联作）(五）William Hill Brown 威廉.希尔.布朗1，The Power of Sympathy《同情的力量》三．The Romantic Period （1800-1865）（一）Washington Irving 欧文（Romanticism）1，The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》2，Rip Van Winkle 《瑞普.凡温.克尔》3，The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》（二）James Fenimore Cooper 库伯(Romanticism)1，The Leather-stocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》（三）William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特（Romanticism）first 1，To a Waterfowl 《致水鸟》2，The Yellow Violet 《黄色的堇香花》（四）Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生（Transcendentalism）1，The Dial 《日晷》2，Nature 《论自然》3，Self-Reliance 《伦自立》4，The American Scholar《论美国学者》（五）Henry David Thoreau 梭罗（Transcendentalism）1，Walden《沃尔登》2，On the Duty of Civil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》（六）Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 郎费罗1，The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之门》（七）John Greenleaf Whittier 惠蒂埃1，Snow-Bound《大雪封门》（八）Walt Whitman 惠特曼（Romanticism）1, Leaves of Grass《草叶集》（九）Emily Dickinson 狄金森1，The Poetry of Emily Dickinson《狄金森诗集》（十）Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑non-transcendentalism，Gothic novel 1，The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》2，The Scarlet Letter 《红字》3, The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》4，The Minister’s Black Veil 《教长的黑纱》5，Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》6，The Birthmark《胎记》7，Rappaccini’s Daughter 《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》（十一）Herman Melville 梅尔维尔1，Moby Dick 《白鲸》（十二）Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡romanticism，English Gothic 1，The Raven 《乌鸦》2，Ligeia《莉盖亚》3，The Fall of the House of User 《厄舍大厦的倒塌》4，William Wilson 《威廉.威尔逊》5, Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》6，The Purloined Letter 《被窃的信件》7，The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》8，The Poetic Principle《诗歌原理》9，The Cask of Amontillado 《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》（十三）Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人oppose slavery1，Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》四，The Realistic Period（1865-1918）南北战争-一战爆发（一）Sarah Orne Jewett朱厄特新英格兰local literature 乡土文学1，Deephaven and Other Stories《迪普黑文》2, The Country of Pointed Firs 《尖枞树之乡》（二）Joel Chandler Harris哈里斯southern local literature1，Uncle Remus：His Songs and Sayings《雷默斯大叔：他的歌和话》（三）Kate Chopin 肖邦southern local literature1,The Awakening 《觉醒》（四）Bret Harte哈特western local literature1,The Luck of Roaring Camp 《咆哮营的幸运儿》（五）William Dean Howells 豪威尔斯realism1，Criticism and Fiction 《批评与小说》2，The Rise of Silas Lapman 《赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹》（六）Mark Twain 马克吐温1，The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》2, The Innocents Abroad 《傻子国外旅行记》3，The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》4，The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索耶历险记》5，The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》6，Following the Equator 《赤道旅行记》7，The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》8，The Mysterious Stranger 《神秘的来客》（七）Henry James詹姆斯世态小说novel of manners1，The Portrait of a Lady 《一位女士的肖像》2，The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》3，The Ambassadors 《专使》4，The Golden Bowl《金碗》5，Jolly Corner 《快乐的一角》（八）Stephen Crane 克莱恩1，Maggie；A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦姬》2，The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》（九）Upton Sinclair 辛克莱muckrakers 黑幕揭发者1，The Jungle《屠场》（十）Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞1，Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》2，Jennie Gerhardt 《珍妮姑娘》3，An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》五，The Period of Modernism (1918-1945) 一战后（一）Carl Sandburg 桑德堡1，Chicago Poems 《芝加哥诗集》2，The People，Yes《人民，是的》（二）Hart Crane 克莱恩1，The Bridge 《桥》* 区别Stephen Crane 克莱恩1，Maggie；A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦姬》2，The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》（三）Ezra Pound 庞德imagism意象派1, Selwyn Mauberley 《休.赛尔温.毛伯利》2, The Cantos《诗章》（四）T.S.Eliot 艾略特1，The Waste Land 《荒原》（五）Wallace Stevens 斯蒂文斯1，The Man with the Blue Guitar《带蓝吉他的人》（六）William Carlos Williams 威廉斯imagism 1，Paterson 佩特森（七）Robert Frost 弗洛斯特1，A Boy’s Will 《少年的意志》2，West-Running Brook 《西去的溪流》3，A further Range 《又一片牧场》4，Mending Wall 《修墙》5，After Apple-Picking 《摘苹果之后》6，The Birches 《白桦树》（八）Edward Arlington Robinson 罗宾逊1，The Children of the Night 夜之子（九）Elmer Rice 赖斯1，The Adding Machine《加算器》（十)Clifford Odets 奥德兹1，Waiting for Lefty 《等待老左》（十一）Eugene O’Neill奥尼尔1, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》first opposing romanticism drama 2，Emperor Jones 《琼斯皇帝》expressionism3，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》realism+expressionism+symbolism4，The Great God Brown《大神布朗》symbolism5，Strange Interlude《奇异的插曲》stream of consciousness6，Desire Under the Elm《榆树下的欲望》7, The Iceman Cometh 《送冰的人来了》（十二）F.Scott Fitzgerald typical “lost generation”writer 1, The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》2，The Side of Paradise《人间天堂》3，Tender Is the Night 《夜色温柔》（十三）Gertrude Stein斯泰因1，Three Lives 《三个女人的一生》（十四）Edith Wharton华顿realism1，The House of Mirth《快乐之家》2，The Age of Innocence 《天真时代》3，The Barren Ground 《荒芜的土地》*区别T.S.Eliot 艾略特The Waste Land 《荒原》4，The Romantic Comedy Actors《浪漫主义喜剧演员》（十五）Willa Cather 薇拉，凯瑟1，Oh，Pioneers 《哦，拓荒者们》2，My Antonia 《我的安东尼亚》3，A lost Lady《一个沉沦的妇女》4，The Professor’s House《教授的住宅》5，Death Comes to the Archbishop 《死神迎接大主教》（十六）Sinclair Lewis 刘易斯first American Nobel Prize Winner 1，Main Street 《大街》2，Babbitt 《巴比特》（十七）Sherwood Anderson 安德森1，Winesburg，Ohio 《俄亥俄州瓦恩斯堡镇》2，The Egg 《鸡蛋》3，Death in the Woods 《林中之死》（十八）John Dos Passos 多斯.帕索斯1，Three Soldiers 《三个士兵》2，Manhattan Transfer 《曼哈顿中转站》3，U.A.S 《美国》三部曲：（1）The 42nd Parallel 《北纬四十二度》（2）1919 《一九一九年》（3）Big Money《赚大钱》（十九）Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特，海明威lost generation 1，The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》2，A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》3，For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》4，The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》（二十）John Steinbeck 斯坦贝克1，The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》2，Dubious Battle 《胜负未决的战斗》（二十一）William Faulkner 福克纳1，The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》2，Snopes Trilogy《斯诺普斯》三部曲（1）The Hamlet 《村子》（2）The Town 《小镇》（3）The Mansion 《大宅》3, Light in August 《八月之光》4，Absalom，Absalom！《押沙龙，押沙龙！》5，Go Down，Moses《去吧，摩西》（二十二）Malcolm Cowley考利1，Exile’s Return 《流放者归来》（二十三）Jean Toomer 图默1，Cane 《甘蔗》（二十四）Langston Hughes 休斯1，The Weary Blues《萎靡的布鲁斯》（二十五）Richard Wright 赖特1，Native Son《土生子》2，Uncle Tom’s Children《汤姆大叔的孩子们》* 区别：Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人1，Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》3，Black Boy：A Record of Children 自传《黑孩子》课文诗歌Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗1，I Shot an Arrow 《我射出一支箭》2，A Psalm of Life 《人生颂》Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡1，Sonnet --To Science《十四行诗致科学》2，To Helen--《致海伦》Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼1，One’s Self I Sing《我歌唱自我》2，O Captain!My Captain!《噢，船长！我的船长！》Emily Dickinson 埃米莉.狄金森1，To Make a Prairie 《要描绘一片草原……》2，Success Is Counted Sweetest 《最美妙的胜利感觉》3，Nobody！《我是无名之辈》。
Washington Irving《柑掌录》（即《见闻札记》[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent.1819-1820]）其中收录奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。
其中的散文《威斯敏斯特教堂》、短篇小说《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》等，都是脍炙人口至今不衰之作。
《睡谷的传说》（The legend of the Sleepy Hollow）Ichabod Crane 和Katrina V an Tassel《瑞普．凡．温克尔》（Rip V an Winkle）等32篇《纽约外史》(A History of New Y ork,1809)第一部重要作品美国第一部诙谐文学杰作《布雷斯布里奇田庄》（Brace bridge Hall,1822）《旅人述异》（即《旅客谈》[Tales of a Traveller,1824]）《哥伦布的生平和航行》即《哥伦布传》[The Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus,1828] 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》（V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus,1831）《攻克格拉纳达》（The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada,1829）《大食故宫余载》（即《阿尔罕伯拉》[Tales of the Alhambra,1832]）《阿斯托里亚》（Astoria,1836）《哥尔德斯密斯传》（The Life of Oliver Goldsmith,1840[revised1849]）《穆罕默德及其继承者》（Mahomet and His Successors,1850）《华盛顿传》（The Life of George Washington[5volumes],1855-1859）●James Fenimore CooperPrimary WorksFiction:Precaution,1820;The Spy,1821;The Pioneers, 1823;The Pilot, 1824;Lionel Lincoln,1824;The Last of the Mohicans, 1826;The Prairie, 1827;The Red Rover, 1828;The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish,1829;The Water Witch,1830;The Bravo,1831;The Heidenmauer,1832 ;The Headsman,1833;The Monikins,1835;Homeward Bound,1838;Home as Found,1838;Mercedes of Castile,1840;The Pathfinder, 1840;The Deerslayer, 1841;The Two Admirals,1842;The Wing-and-Wing,1842;Romance,1843;Ned Myers, 1843;Wyandotte, 1843;Afloat and Ashore,1844;Miles Wallingford: A Sequel to Afloat and Ashore,1844;Satanstoe,1845;The Chain Bearer,1845;The Redskins,1846;The Crater,1847;Jack Tier,1848;Oak Openings, 1849;The Sea Lions,1849;The Ways of the Hour,1850.Non-Fiction:Notions of the Americans: Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, 1828;Sketches of Switzerland,1836;Gleanings in Europe,1837;The American Democrat,1838;The History of the Navy of the United States of America,1839.New England T ranscendentalism and Emerson超验主义& 爱默生Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism.超验主义的特色First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.Oversoul is a unitary power of goodness，omnipresent and omnipotent，from which all things came and of which everyone was a part.Second, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society.Third, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of Nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Weakness1. The transcendentalist movement had a small membership and only lasted for a few years.2. The transcendentalism was never a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources.3. The failure of transcendentalism as a moral force in American life was its denial of its real spiritual origin.EmersonNature 《论自然》Laying out the problem that he will attempt to solve in the essay, Emerson states that our energy and excitement in creating something new has been lost because we try to understand the world around us by using only theories and histories about nature rather than personally observing it. One solution to this problem involves our casting off impersonal theories or descriptions that distance us from nature and ourselves; afterwards, we can reexamine theactual thing that we are a part of —namely, nature. Direct experience with nature is best because it provides better insight into the contemporary world than does the historian's teachings or the scientist's theories.Emerson's discarding traditional ways of viewing the world indicates the importance that progress will play in the essay. Note that the worm/man relationship in the 1849 epigraphic poem contains verbs — " striving" and "mounts" — that connote the idea of progress. But Emerson also draws attention to the backward steps we too readily think of as progressive. He characterizes these steps as groping "among the dry bones of the past," and he quickly moves from this notion of a stagnant death to one of a revitalized future in which original thoughts reign.In order to help us focus more clearly on nature, Emerson distinguishes nature from art. Art, he says, is natural objects or materials that we alter for our own purposes —for example, a statue or a picture. That said, however, this distinction is relatively inconsequential to Emerson.The introduction ends by defining nature as all that is external to ourselves — all that is "not me," including our own bodies.Theme :The search for truth and beauty and how theses two qualities are relatedThe Poet 《论诗人》The American Scholar 《美国学者》---America’s Declaration of Intellectual IndependenceRepresentative Men 《代表性人物》English Traits 《英国人的特性》The Conduct of Life 《论为人处事》Essays 《散文选》the art of the life 《生活的艺术》《论自助》(Self-Relianc e)、《论超灵》(The Over-Soul)、《论补偿》(Compensation)、《论爱》(Love)、《论友谊》(friendship) 《五月节及其他诗歌》May Day and Other Poems，1867●Nathaniel Hawthorne＊1828: Fanshawe 《范肖》＊1835:Y oung Goodman Brown 《小伙子布朗》＊1836:The Minister's Black V eil 《教长的黑纱》＊1837: Twice-Told Tales 《重讲一遍的故事》＊1844:Rappaccini's Daughter ）《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》＊1846: Mosses from an Old Manse《古宅青苔》＊1850: The Scarlet Letter 《红字》Content ：Noisy crowd→they thougt Hester should be punished for she broke the law of puritanism→she was thought as a baggage→Hester stood exposed on the public scaffold with a baby in her arms →there is a scarlet “A”on her breast.本书写的是一段婚外恋情中三个主要人物的命运。
Charlenekoo英国文学史：Beowulf:✧The national epic of the English people.✧Beowulf is the nephew of Hygelac, King of the Geats, a people in Jutland, Denmark.✧The most striking features: the use of alliteration头韵✧Other features are the use of metaphors and of understatements.隐喻/低调陈述Romance传奇故事:✧the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romanceThe Ballads:✧The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.Geoffrey Chaucer:✧The founder of English realism / founder of English poetry, born 1340.✧The father of English poetry / the father of English fiction✧The heroic couplet英雄双韵体✧The Canterbury Tales: prologue(前言)、20个完整的故事、还有四个故事残篇。
✧The Prologue provides a framework for the tales.(前言)✧He is the first great people who wrote on the English language.⏹文艺复兴时期：Thomas More:✧Utopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hyhloday, areturned voyage.—prose散文Christopher Marlowe:✧Three plays:Tamburlaine / The Jew of Malta / Doctor FaustusWilliam Shakespeare：✧One of the founders of Realism in English literature.✧Skilled in many poetic forms✧ A great master of the English language.✧154 sonnets and 2 long poems.✧10 historical plays作品分成三个时期:1st: 1590-1594✧The Comedy of Errors《错误的戏剧》✧The Two Gentlemen of Verona《维罗纳的二绅士》✧The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》✧Love ‘s Labor’s Lost《爱的徒劳》✧Romeo and Juliet(earliest great success in tragedy)2nd: 1595-1600 喜剧为主✧Midsummer Night’s Dream / The Merchant of Venice / As You Like It / Twelfth Night✧The Merry Wives of Windsor / Much Ado about Nothing✧ 5 historical plays / Sonnets3rd:1601-1607悲剧为主✧悲剧：Hamlet / Othello/ King Lear / Macbeth / Timon of Athens《雅典的泰门》Othello: shows that noble-minded people may be led astray by evil forces in a evil society and commit heinous mistakes if they cannot distinguish falsehood from truth, and evil from good. It is a tragedy of humanism / it is also a tragedy of the colored people in a society of racial prejudice.✧喜剧：Troilus and Cressida /All is Well That Ends Well《吉人天相》/ Measure for Measure《以牙还牙》✧ 2 Roman tragedies: Antony and Cleopatra / Coriolanus⏹17世纪文学：John Milton:✧ A master of the blank verse/ a great stylist.✧Lycidas《利西达斯》—elegy挽歌✧1665 Paradise Lost—long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse—main idea: a revolt against God’sauthority.✧1671 Paradise Regained—epic✧1671 Samson Agonistes—poetical drama.John Bunyan:✧The Pilgrim’s Process—religious allegory宗教寓言John Donne:✧The founder of Metaphysical School玄学派诗人的创始者✧The Flea《跳蚤》—求爱✧Holy Sonnets《圣十四行诗》✧Seeks out complex rhythms and strange images.George Herbert:✧The saint of the Metaphysical school.✧The Altar《祭坛》⏹18世纪文学：Daniel Defoe:✧The father of English and European novels英国小说之父✧Captain Singleton,1720 / Moll Flanders, 1722✧The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe --–one of the forerunners of the English realisticnovel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, typical of the English bourgeoisie of the 18th century.鲁滨逊代表了资产阶级，Defoe在书中没有怪责黑人奴隶制。
Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森爱德华兹The Freedom of the Will 意志的自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 原罪说辩The Nature of True VirtuePersonal Narrative 自述Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac 穷查理的年历The Autobiography 自传Hector St. John de Crevecoeur 赫克托圣约翰戴克里夫古尔Letters from an American Farmer 来自一个美国农夫的信Romanticism 浪漫主义（Stressing emotion rather than reason, stressing freedom andindividuality, idealism rather than materialism, about nature medieval legends and with supernatural elements）Early period 1770s-1830sWashington Irving 欧文History of New York 纽约外史The Sketch Book 见闻札记Rip Van Winkle里普凡温克尔conservative attitude to American RevolutionThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷传奇preference for the country over the cityThe Life of George Washington 华盛顿传James Fenimore Cooper 库柏The Spy 间谍Leatherstocking Tales 皮袜子五部曲主角Natty Bumppo：honest simple innocent generous ,representing brotherhood of man, nature and freedom主题modern civilization advancing on the wilderness and the contradiction between themLate period 1830s-1860sTranscendentalism 超验主义（emphasis on spirit/oversoul, on individuals, taking nature as the symbol of the spirit, brotherhood of man）Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生Nature 论自然Henry David Thoreau 梭罗A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 康科德和梅马里科河上的一角Civil Disobedience 非暴力反抗Walden; or Life in the Woods华尔腾或林中生活Emphasize the importance of self-reliance, solitude, contemplation, and closeness to nature ExcursionsThe Maine Woods 缅因森林Slavery in Massachusetts 马萨诸塞省的奴隶制A Plea for Captain John Brown 为约翰布朗请命Cape Cod 科德角Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑故事集：Twice-Told Tales 故事新编Moses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔小说: The Scarlet Letter 红字Hester Prynne 善良Roger Chillingworth 无情Arthur Dimmesdale 懦弱Narrative method, use of the supernatural, use of symbols, psychological analysis(心理分析)The House of Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子（the wrong-doing of one generation lives into the successive ones）The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇The Marble Faun 大理石神像（the wrong-doing of one generation lives into the successive ones）Young Goodman Brown 年轻的小伙子布朗（evil being the core of human life）The Minister’s Black Veil 教长的黑面纱（evil being the core of human life）Herman Melville 赫尔曼梅尔维尔Typee 泰比Omme 欧穆Mardi 玛地Redburn 莱德勃恩White Jacket 白外套Moby Dick 白鲸Theme: a universe of meaninglessness and futility, alienation, rejection and questWriting Techniques: Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, multiple points of view, symbolism Pierre 皮埃尔The Confidence-ManBilly Budd 比利巴德Clarel 克拉勃尔Walt Whitman 沃尔特惠特曼自由体Leaves of Grass 草叶集Song of Myself 自我之歌Whitman 最长的诗歌I Hear America Singing 我听见美国在歌唱I Sit and Look out 我坐而眺望the sorrow of the worldEmily Dickinson 艾米丽狄金森Her poems are short, based on a single image or symbol. She wrote about love, nature, morality, and immortality, success and failure.描写死亡与永生Because I Could not Stop for Death 因为我不能停下来等待死神I Hear a Fly Buzz--- When I Died 我死时听见苍蝇的嗡嗡声（对死亡的过程进行想象和描写）My Life Closed Twice Before its CloseThe soul SelectedEdgar Allan Poe 埃德加艾伦坡诗歌：The Raven 乌鸦Annable Lee 安娜贝尔.李The sleeper 睡梦人A dream within a dream 梦中梦Sonnet---To Science 十四行诗—致科学To Helen 致海伦The City in the Sea 海中的城市文学理论：The Philosophy of Composition 创作原理The Poetic Principle 诗歌原则（pure poem rhythm readable melancholy the death of a beautiful woman）Reviews of Hawthorne’s Twice-Told Tales 评霍桑的故事重述（totality brevity compression）小说：Gothic elements human psychology detective storiesTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 述异集The Black Cat 黑猫The Cask of Amontillado 一桶酒的故事The Masque of the Red Death 红色死亡假面舞会The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋得倒塌The Murders in the Rue Morgue 莫格街谋杀案The Gold Bug 甲壳虫The Purloined Letter 被窃的信件The Mystery of Marie Roget 玛丽罗杰谜案Realism现实主义Henry James 亨利詹姆斯connected the 19th and 20th, America and EuropeanLimited point of view有限视角Psychological analysis 心理分析Early Period 国际题材I nternational theme：American innocence Vs European sophisticationThe American 美国人Daisy Miller 泰西米勒The Europeans 欧洲人The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇的画像Middle Period 着重现实生活的某些侧面The Bostonians 波士顿人The Private LifeThe Death of a LionLate Period The Turn of the Screw 螺丝在拧紧What Maisie Know 梅西所知道的The Ambassadors 奉使记The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼The Golden Bowl 金碗The American Scene 美国见闻The Art of Fiction 小说的艺术William Dean Howells 豪威尔斯Criticism and Fiction 批评与散文Their Wedding JourneyA Foregone ConclusionA Modern Instance 现代婚姻The Rise of Silas Lapham 塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹A Hazard of New FortunesMark Twain 马克吐温Local colorism 地方主义色彩的文学The celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙（anyone can get rich in the gold rush）The Gilded Age 镀金时代The Adventure of Tom Sawyer 汤姆索耶历险记The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利费恩历险记The Prince and The Pauper 王子和贫儿Life on the Mississippi 密西西比河上A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州的美国人The Man That Corrupted Hadleybury 败坏了赫德莱堡的人The Mysterious StrangerAutobiography 自传Theme: Racism and Slavery Intellectual and Moral Education The Hypocrisy of Civilized Society Naturalism 自然主义Stephen Crane斯蒂芬克兰The Open Boat 海上扁舟The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 新娘来到黄田镇The Blue Hotel 蓝色旅馆Maggie：A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎玛奇（Environment is a tremendous thing for an human being to battle against）美国第一部自然主义的作品The Red Badge of Courage红色的英勇勋章（以战争为题材Henry Fleming）Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯Mc Teague 麦克提格The Octopus 章鱼（The manifesto of American naturalism）Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱赛Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹Jennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧The Genius 天才（an autobiographical work）“Trilogy of Desires”: The Financier 金融家The Titan 巨人The Stoic 斯尔葛The Bulwark 堡垒Jack London 杰克伦敦The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤White Fang 白牙The Sea WolfMartin Eden 马丁伊登autographical 追求上层生活最后只得到绝望和自杀的艺术形象象征美国梦的破灭O．Henry 欧亨利The Gift of the Magi 麦琪的礼物The Cop and the Anthem 警察与赞美诗Modernism 现代主义Imagism 意象主义Ezra Pound 庞德The Cantos诗章Theme: an attempt to impose order and meaningA Lume SpentoHugh Selwyn Mauberley 休塞尔温莫伯利艺术家的失望和失败明显的自传性质Theme：the quest and plight of an artist in an unresponsive worldMake it New 要革新Literary EssaysThe ABC of Reading 阅读入门Cathay 华夏In a Station of the Metro 在地铁站里Wallance Stevens 华莱士史蒂文斯Interaction of mind and world, imagination and realityHarmonium 风琴Ideas of Order 关于秩序的思想The Man with the Blue Guitar 携蓝色吉他的人Parts of a World 一个世界的某些部分Transport to Summer 转入夏季The Auroras of Autumn 秋天的晨曦Anecdote of the Jar 罐子轶事William Carlos Williams 威廉斯The Red Wheelbarrow 红色手推车（the beauty in daily life）Spring and All 春天及一切Paterson 佩特森the statement of his aestheticsWhite mule 白骡In the MoneyThe Build-upAutobiographyI Want to Write a Poem: The Autobiography of the works of a PoetSelected Essays 散文选T.S. Eliot 艾略特1948 Nobel PrizeThe Waste Land 荒原The Love Song of J.Alfred 普鲁弗洛克的情歌The Hollow Men 空心人Four Quarters 四个四重奏Ash Wednesday 圣灰节The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism 诗歌的用途和评论的用途Essays Ancient and Modern 古今文集Notes towards a Definition of CultureMurder in the Cathedral 大教堂凶杀案Robert Frost 弗罗斯特A Boy’s Will 少年的意志North of Boston 波士顿以北Mountain Interval 山间New Hampshire 新罕布什尔Collected poems 诗歌全集A Further Range 又一片牧场A Witness Tree 见证树The Road Not Taken 未选择的路Mending Wall 补墙Fire and Ice 火与冰Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 雪夜停在林边DesignAbout nature and New England landscape simple style Symbolism come from daily life of ordinary peopleCarl Sandbury 桑德堡为朴素的人民写朴素的诗与Whitman有相似之处The War YearsFog 雾ChicagoThe Harbor 港口e.e.cummingstheme: love and lust recur natureLost GenerationFitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德the spokesman of the Jazz AgeThis Side of Paradise 人间天堂The Beautiful and the Damned 漂亮冤家The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比Theme：Disillusionment of American Dream in the materialized AmericaSymbolism: Gatsby: the country history Daisy: American dream Tom: commercialization Nick: hope of the countryFirst-person point view dramatic narratorTender Is the Night 夜色温柔The Last Tycoon 最后的一个巨头Flappers and Philosophers 摩登女郎与哲学家Tales of the Jazz Age 爵士乐时代的故事All the Sad Young Men 一代悲哀的年轻人Tapes at Reveille 早晨的起床号Ernest Hemingway 海鸣威1954 Nobel PrizeIn Our Time 在我们的时代里Men without WomenWinner Take Nothing 胜者无所得Death in the Afternoon 午后之死Green Hills of Africa 非洲的青山The Fifth ColumnThe Sun Also Rises 太阳照常升起Deep illusion of the whole generation after WW1A Farewell to Arms 永别了，武器 a tragic story about war and loveFor Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣Spanish civil war a story about war and loveThe Old Man and the Sea 老人与海主人公：Santiago theme: the importance of life lies in the process of searching and resistance写作特色：Iceberg principle Code hero (Hemingway heroes) Emphasis on Emotion Colloquial style William Faulkner 福克纳1949年Nobel Prize南方的兴衰枯荣是他的创作主题故事类：The Unvanquished 不可征服的Go Down，Moses 去吧摩西the tragic dramaKnight’s Gambit 骑士的一招平行类: The Sound and the Fury 喧嚣与躁动As I Lay Dying 我弥留之际相对类：Light in August 八月之光The Wild PalmsRequiem for a Nun混合类：The HamletAbsalom，Absalom 沙押龙沙押龙Yoknapatawpha NovelsYoknapatawpha county is an imagined place based on Faulkner’s own hometownSartoris 沙特里斯A Rose for EmilyUnique narrative point of view Symbolic meaning of “rose”Gothic FeaturesTheme: Isolation Death The collision between the traditional with the modernSherwood Anderson 舍伍德埃德森A writer’s writer short storyWinesburg, Ohio 小城畸人Theme：life in death the pastoral failure of absolute truth rebellion against values dominating American culture Winesburg as a microcosm of the universalSinclair Lewis 辛克莱刘易斯The first Ameican to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930his novels present a devastating picture of middle-class American life in the 1920sMain Street 大街criticism of small-town AmericaBabbitt 巴比特 a satire on the conformity, hypocrisy, and ignorance endemic to the American middle class.1930s Literature of DepressionJohn Dos Passos 多斯帕索斯Theme：Fast development of industry, individuals of all classes lost out to the “machine”Trilogy of USA: The 42nd Parallel 北纬42度1919The Big Money 赚大钱Theme：Individual physical and spiritual welfare struggling against the crushing power of “machines”Newsreels 新闻片Biographies 人物肖像Camera Eye 摄影机眼District of Columbia 哥伦比亚特区三部曲Adventures of a Young Man 一个年轻人的冒险Number One 第一号The Grand Design 伟大的计划John Steinbeck 斯坦贝克1962 NPCup of Gold金杯The Pastures of Heaven 天堂的牧场Tortilla Flat 托蒂亚平地In Dubious Battle 胜负未决的战斗Of Mice and Men 鼠与人 a miserable story about two migrant workersTheme: the insignificant man in a manipulating worldThe Grapes of Wrath 愤怒的葡萄A social document of the Great DepressionThe migration of agricultural workers from Oklahoma to CaliforniaTheme: Criticism on injustice and exploitation the triumph of humanityWriting styles: the use of interchapters, the bible-dictated, symbolismEast of Eden 伊甸园以东Travels with Charley。
(1) Captain John Smith: the first American writer A Description of New England 《新英格兰叙事》(2) William Bradford 布拉德福德: Of Plymouth Plantation Records 《普利茅斯种植园史》(3) John Winthrop 温斯罗普: A Model of Christian Charity 《基督慈善的模式》(4) Anne Bradstreet(安妮·布拉德斯特里特):Contemplations《沉思录》In Reference to Her Children写给她的孩子Upon the Burning of Our House家居被焚之后The Flesh and the Spirit 灵魂与肉体To My Dear and Loving Husband 给我挚爱的丈夫An Weary Pilgrim疲倦的朝圣者The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》5) Edward Taylor 泰勒:poem ―Huswifery‖《家务》Upon a Spider Catching a Fly蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想6）Roger Williams:异教徒―The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience‖《血腥的迫害教义》（7）John Woolman(伍尔夫): Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes 《蓄奴的思索》 A Plea for the Poor《为穷人请愿》Journal《日记》: recording his spiritual experiences of inward communication with GodThomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence独立宣言(8) Thomas Paine(潘恩)：Common Sense 《常识》American Crisis《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人权论》, The Age of Reason《理性时代》(9)Philip Freneau （佛瑞诺）(1752-1832)the most important poet in the 18th century. He was entitled ―Father of American Poetry‖. He wrote lots of poems supporting American Revolution and human liberty. His poems presented Romantic spirits but his form was mainly influenced by Classicism. Most famous poems: ―The Indian Burying Ground‖《印第安人墓地》and ―The Wild Honey Suckle‖《野地里的忍冬》（10）Charles Brockden Brown Wieland the first American novel Major writers in the post- Revolutionary PeriodJonathan Edwards: religious idealism (理想的宗教信仰) (1) The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》(2) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》(3) The Nature of True Virtue《论真实德行的本原》Benjamin Franklin（1706—1790）levelheaded common sense(明智冷静的判断力) : Autobiography 自传The Romantic Period (1783—1861) The Sketches Book --- Leaves of Grass Poor Richard's Almanack 格言历书Washington Irving (华盛顿·欧文) History of New York from the beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty «纽约外史»The Sketch Book «见闻札记»―Rip Van Winkle‖瑞普凡温可尔―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖睡谷的传说A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada «攻克格拉纳达» The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus «哥伦布的生平和航行史» The Alhambra «阿尔罕伯拉»（he gathered material for these books in Spain）Life of Oliver Goldsmith «哥德斯密斯传»Life of Washington «华盛顿传»ames Fennimore Cooper (库珀) ―father of American novelists‖the creation of the west frontier and its heroes Precaution 《戒备》(1820) The Spy «间谍» ( 1821 ) T he Leatherstocking Tales, 《皮袜子故事集》the adventures of the American frontiers Including five novels: (1) The Deerslayer 《杀鹿者》( 1841 ) (2) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1826 )《最后的莫西干人》(3) The Pathfinder 《探路人》( 1840 ) (4) The Pioneers 《拓荒者》( 1823 ) (5) The Prairie 《大草原》( 1827 ) 3.Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生(1803—1882) 1) Nature «论自然»his first book expressing the main principles of Transcendentalism It is regarded as "America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence" 2) The American Scholar «论美国学者»3) The Divinity School Address «神学院致辞» 4) Poet «诗人»5) Self-Reliance 论自立4.Henry David Thoreau 梭罗(1817—1862)1) Civil Disobedience «论公民之不服从» 2) A Plea for John Brown «为约翰·布朗申辩» 3) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers «在康科德与梅里马克河上一周»4) Walden «沃尔登湖»a collection of nature essays ,a great Transcendentalist work, a book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be, full of ideas expressed to persuade his neighbors out of their complacency Walden瓦尔登湖5.Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)(1804—1864) Famous as the greatest writer living then in the US Twice-told Tales 《故事新编》Mosses from an Old Manse «古宅青苔»The Scarlet Letter «红字»The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《大理石雕像》Short stories: Young Goodman Brown《小伙子古德曼·布朗》The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》The Birthmark《胎记》Herman Melville 梅尔维尔(1819—1891) 1) Typee«泰皮»2) Omoo «欧穆»3) Mardi «玛地»4) Redburn«雷得本»5) White Jacket «白外衣»6) Pierre«皮埃尔» 7) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God) 8) Clarel《克拉莱尔》( a poem) Moby-Dick «白鲸»，«莫比•狄克»7.Walt Whitman 惠特曼Leaves of Grass 1855, first edition –harsh criticism; warm welcome from Emerson.；1871, 5th edition –receive recognition in England and America.；1881, 7th edition –a reputable publisher；1891-92, the ―deathbed edition‖―Song of Myself‖《自我之歌》―There Was a Child Went Forth‖《有个小孩走过来》―Crossing Brooklyn Ferry‖《过布鲁克林渡口》―Democratic Vistas‖《民主的前景》―Passage to India‖《向印度行进》―Proud Music of the Storm‖《骄傲的风暴之音乐》―Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking‖《走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮》―When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d‖《当紫丁香上次在庭院开放的时候》8. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)My life closed twice before its close I heard a fly buzz when I died Mine--by the Right of the White Election Wild Nights—Wild Nights Death is a Dialogue between I like to see it to lap the Miles I died for Beauty– but was scarce Because I could not stop for Death因为我不能停下来等待死神Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)He was the first author in American literature to make the neurotic the heroic figure. He is father of many things, one of which is psychoanalytic criticism, the other being the detective story(侦探小说). Tales: ―The Black Cat‖《黑猫》"The Cask of Amontillado" ―The Fall of the House of Usher‖《厄舍古屋的倒塌》―Ligeia‖《丽基娅》"The Masque of the Red Death《红色死亡假面舞会》"The Murders in the Rue Morgue"《莫格街谋杀案》"The Pit and the Pendulum" "The Purloined Letter" 《被窃的信件》"The Tell-Tale Heart" Poetry: "Annabel Lee" 《安娜贝尔·李》―Sonnet –To Science" 《十四行诗—致科学》"The City in the Sea" 《海中的城市》"The Raven"《乌鸦》―To Helen‖《致海伦》William Dean Howells The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹》A Chance Acquaintance 《偶然相遇》 A Modern Instance 《一个现代例证》Criticism and Fiction 《批评与小说》Henry James (1843—1916) a. 1865~1882: international theme: The American《美国人》Daisy Miller 《黛西米勒》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》b. 1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some plays: The novels and plays were poorly received but he got a better knowledge of literary techniques. c. 1895~1900: novels and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international theme The Turn of the Screw《螺丝在拧紧》What Maisie Knew《梅西所知道的》The Ambassadors 《奉使记》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》Theodore Dreiser Sister Carie嘉莉妹妹Jack London The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤O. Henry The Gift of the Magi麦琪的礼物Mark Twain (1835-1910) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer «汤姆·索耶历险记»The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn «哈克贝里费恩历险记»―The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County‖―卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙‖The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》written in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner Life on the Mississippi 《密西西比河上》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 《亚瑟王朝里的康涅狄格州美国佬》The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》The Mysterious Stranger 《神秘的陌生人》F.Scott Fitzgerald This Side of Paradisethe Jazz AgeThe Great Gatsby Tender is the Night。
