《法律英语》知识点归纳

法律英语常用词汇汇总Legal English Vocabulary CompilationIntroduction:In the field of law, having a strong grasp of legal English vocabulary is crucial. It provides a foundation for effective communication, allowing lawyers, judges, and legal professionals to articulate their ideas accurately and precisely. This article aims to provide a comprehensive compilation of commonly used legal terms in English. By familiarizing yourself with these terms, you will enhance your understanding of legal documents, contracts, and discussions.1. Contractual Terms:- Offer: A proposal made by one party to another, indicating a willingness to enter into a legally binding agreement.- Acceptance: The expression of agreement to the terms outlined in an offer, creating a legally enforceable contract.- Consideration: Something of value exchanged between parties to a contract, usually money or a promise to perform specific actions.- Breach: A violation of the terms of a contract, resulting in a legal dispute between the parties involved.- Termination: The act of ending or canceling a contract, either through mutual agreement or due to a breach.2. Criminal Law Terms:- Defendant: An individual who has been accused of committing a crime and is on trial for that offense.- Prosecution: The party responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial, aiming to prove the guilt of the accused.- Evidence: Facts or information presented in court to establish the truth or falsehood of an alleged fact.- Verdict: The decision made by a judge or jury at the conclusion of a criminal trial, determining the guilt or innocence of the defendant.- Sentencing: The process of determining the appropriate punishment for a convicted individual.3. Civil Law Terms:- Plaintiff: The party initiating a lawsuit, seeking a resolution or compensation for harm or damages suffered.- Defendant: The party against whom a lawsuit is filed, required to defend themselves against the allegations made.- Litigation: The process of resolving disputes or disagreements through the court system.- Damages: Monetary compensation awarded to a plaintiff in a civil case to compensate for losses or injuries suffered.- Injunction: A court order requiring a person or entity to refrain from certain activities or to perform specific actions.4. Intellectual Property Terms:- Copyright: Legal protection provided to original creative works, such as books, music, art, or software, preventing unauthorized copying or use.- Trademark: A symbol or phrase used to identify and distinguish goods or services from those of others, protected by law against unauthorized use.- Patent: A government-granted right that allows inventors to exclude others from making, using, or selling their invention for a limited time.- Trade Secret: Confidential and valuable business information, such as formulas, techniques, or customer lists, protected from disclosure or unauthorized use.5. Corporate Law Terms:- Incorporation: The process of forming a legal entity, such as a company or corporation, separate from its owners.- Shareholder: An individual or entity that owns shares or stock in a corporation, representing ownership and potentially receiving dividends.- Merger: The combination of two or more companies into a single entity, often for reasons of efficiency or expansion.- Acquisition: The purchase of a controlling interest in a company by another, resulting in one entity gaining control over the other.- Board of Directors: A group of elected or appointed individuals responsible for overseeing the management and direction of a company.Conclusion:A solid understanding of legal English vocabulary is indispensable for anyone involved in the legal field. By familiarizing yourself with the terms outlined in this article, you will be better equipped to navigate legal documents, contracts, and discussions. Remember, language is a powerful tool, and precision in legal matters is of utmost importance. Continuously expanding your legal English vocabulary will undoubtedly contribute to your professional growth and effectiveness in your legal career.。

法律英语知识点归纳法律英语是指在法律领域中使用的英语语言和术语。

对于从事国际商法、国际仲裁、国际贸易等方面的工作人员来说，掌握法律英语是非常重要的。

本文将详细介绍一些常用的法律英语知识点。

一、法律体系及法律原则1. Common Law（普通法）：源于英国的法律制度，以判例为基础，注重司法判决的先例。

2. Civil Law（民法）：法律体系以法典为基础，强调通过法典和条例规范法律事务。

3. Statute（法令）：由立法机关制定通过的具有法律效力的规定。

4. Case Law（判例法）：法院对特定案件的判决和裁决形成的先例，对类似案件具有法律约束力。

5. Precedent（先例）：判决或裁决后的法律准则，被认为可以指导类似案件的判决。

6. Hierarchy of Laws（法律等级）：指不同法律的优先级别，一般按照宪法、法令、法律、法规、命令、条例等顺序排列。

二、合同法1. Contract（合同）：双方达成的协议，包括权利和义务。

2. Offer（提议）：要约，表明愿意与他人达成协议。

3. Acceptance（接受）：对提议的同意。

4. Consideration（对价）：作为一方履行合同义务的回报。

5. Breach of Contract（违约）：未能按照合同约定履行义务。

6. Force Majeure（不可抗力）：无法预见或控制的事件，免除违约责任。

7. Jurisdiction（管辖权）：法院对案件有管辖权的能力。

8. Damages（赔偿金）：违约方需支付给另一方的经济损失补偿。

9. Termination（终止）：合同约定的条件下，解除合同关系。

三、知识产权法1. Intellectual Property（知识产权）：由创造性思维产生的无形资产。

2. Copyright（版权）：保护个人作品的权益。

3. Patent（专利）：保护新发明的独特性和可产业化的权益。

4. Trademark（商标）：区分商品来源的标志。

法律英语常用词汇一、法律英语常用词汇Otherwise1.in this Act,unless the context otherwise requires,........除非（本法案上下文）文义另有所措2.any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise....任何人通过威胁、说服或者其他手段3.No contract shall be revoked otherwise than除非有....，合同不能撤销Provided that1.Provided that there is a breach by the seller, the buyer shall be entitled to a damage of US$400. 如果＝if卖方违约，卖方应向买方给付400美元的损害赔偿。

2.for the purpose of paragraph(4)only, the term "beneficial owner" means......., provided that ... 仅就第四段而言，“受益所有人”是指...，但是=but...For the purpose(s) of1. For the purpose of protecting the rights of the seller,...为了保护卖方的权利2. For the purpose of Article 3, Party A may send the notification to Party B for approval.为履行第三条，甲方可以向乙方寄送通知以核准3.For the purposes of this contract, "China" means ...就本合同而言，中国的意思是...NotwithstandingNotwithstanding any practice to the contrary, .....尽管实践中存在相反做法，....Where1.Where a defendant is fined and the same is not paid, thecourt may order an auction of certain property凡是被告被罚款，而没有给付罚金，法院可拍卖被告的某些财产2.In any of the following cases, damage shall be awared where:(a)....(b)....不译（省略）有下列情形之一的，可授予损害赔偿金Subject toSubject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner,and shall be subject to such conditions as described in Art.3在符合本节规定的条件下，....受到第三条中规定条件的约束（制约，限制）Without prejudice to1.Without prejudice to section 24, the following shall be treated as properly executed.在不影响第24节规定的情况下，在不违反第24节规定的情况下，2.without prejudice to your own discretions, I hereby authorizeyou to take the following actions,... 在不损害、影响贵方的自由裁量权的情况下，本方在此授权贵方采取以下行动......In respect of =with respect toThe licensor shall conduct all legal proceedings in respect of any infrigement of the licensed trademark.授权人必须对一切授权商标的侵权行为采取所有的司法程序“就...而言”，“对于”Save/except as provided...Save as is provided in this Act, ....除非本法另有规定二、法律英语背景知识Source of law 法律渊源●Constitution●StatuteAct: single statute单行法Code:comprehensive statute法典Bill:legislative proposal法案，立法草案●Case Law法院必须执行制定法，制定法可以改变甚至废除普通法规则但是解释法律时就是指定法律，任何制定法必须合宪●Administrative regulation 行政立法Court system-three tiered三层法院系统●Trial court初审法院诉讼第一站，陪审团、法院审理，决定法律问题和事实问题●Appellate court上诉法院只审查法律问题，而不审查事实问题判决结果Affirm维持原判Reverse 撤销原判Remand 发回重审（上诉法院将案件发还给初审法院，要求初审法院按其指示对案件进行有限制的重审或完全重新审理或采取其他进一步措施）Jurisdiction 管辖权●一个法院对一个案子进行审理并作出判决的权利●Original .../Appellate ...●Federal Jurisdiction联邦管辖权联邦法，宪法，海商法诉美国联邦政府或其官员；诉大使或者外国代表；一州诉另一州或者另一州的公民，另一州的政府诉外国政府一州国民诉另一州国民或其政府联邦法院系统●District Court联邦地区法院一州范围内，●Circuit Courts of Appeals联邦巡回上诉法院中间上诉法院●Supreme Court最高法院大部分是上诉审，仅对如下案件有一审审判权：美国一个州诉其他州，涉及大使或其他官员------Writ of certiorari联邦最高法院签发给下级法院要求其将某一案件的诉讼记录移交给其审查的一种特别令状，是它选择复审案件的工具------Certificate 法院签发给另一法院的说明在本法院中发生的事项或所采取的措施的书面通知Authority法律根据Type of authority Mandatory persuasive Primary 有管辖权(jurisdiction)时没有管辖权时Secondary 除非被立法采纳，从来不是通常是Primary Authority●Case reporter判例汇编商业(west group);官方（美国联邦法院系统、州法院系统）CitationA v. B, 327 N.W. 2d 457, 460 ( wis. 1980)当事人姓名判例汇编卷号法院判例汇编的缩写版次起始页终止页pinpoint citation 作成年份●Statute,code,bill●Administrative regulations,ConsititutionSecondary resource●Legal encyclopedias●Legal periodicals●American Law Reports●Restatements●Uniform Law and Model ActsStare decisis先例拘束力原则●To preserve the harmony and stability●Like case, like treatment●垂直型先例拘束力原则，水平性先例拘束力原则●Distinguish:下级法院基于一些虚拟的不同点，注重于两者的区别，而不适用先例●......他州先例可能被选择适用，但是并非先例拘束力原则的表现，因为他州先例没有拘束力●一致意见(concurring opinion)一般是其后相类似案例的先例，但是，同意意见(concurringopinion)不是先例，因为虽然同意多数法官作出的判决，但对判决依据提出了不同理由Procedures诉讼程序●Complaint诉状原告提出，说明诉讼理由，对事实作出肯定性陈述●Demurrer/Motion to dismiss被告主张在法律上不足以支持原告的诉讼请求，提出抗辩，即便事实是真的●Motion for smmary judgment当事人对案件的主要事实不存在真正的争议或案件仅涉及法律问题时，动议要求法院不经过审理而及早解决案件的一种方式。

法律英语专业词汇汇总一、律师部分案件受理费 court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case案由 cause of action案子 case包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人 appellee被诉人 respondent; defendant本案律师 councel pro hac vice本地律师 local counsel毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate辩护词 defense; pleadings辩护律师 defense lawyer辩护要点 point of defense辩护意见 submission财产租赁 property tenancy裁定书 order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定）裁决书 award（用于仲裁）裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条 source legal provisions产权转让 conveyancing出差 go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造 further study abroad出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion出示的证据 exhibit出庭 appear in court传票 summons; subpoena答辩状 answer; reply代理词 representation代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁 agency for arbitration代写文书 drafting of legal instruments待决案件 pending case当事人陈述 statement of the parties第三人 third party吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license调查笔录 investigative record调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation调解书 mediation二审案件 case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件 send e-mail法律顾问 legal consultants法律意见书 legal opinions法律援助 legal aid法律咨询 legal counseling法庭 division; tribunal法学博士学位 LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会 law society法学课程 legal courses法学硕士学位 LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系 faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位 LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院 law school法院公告 court announcement反诉状 counterclaim房地产律师 real estate lawyer; real property lawyer 非合伙律师 associate lawyer非诉讼业务 non-litigation practice高级合伙人 senior partner高级律师 senior lawyer各类协议和合同 agreements and contracts公安局 Public Security Bureau公司上市 company listing公诉案件 public-prosecuting case公证书 notarial certificate国办律师事务所 state-run law office国际贸易 international trade国际诉讼 international litigation国内诉讼 domestic litigation合伙律师 partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所 law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改 contract review, drafting and revision会见当事人 interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect兼职律师 part-time lawyer监狱 prison; jail鉴定结论 expert conclusion缴纳会费 membership dues举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi决定书 decision勘验笔录 record of request看守所 detention house抗诉书 protest控告人 accuser; complainant跨国诉讼 transnational litigation劳动争议 labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会 arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场 reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人 interested party; party in interest律管处处长 director of lawyer control department律师 lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒 lawyer discipline律师法 Lawyer Law律师费 lawyer fee律师函 lawyer's letter律师见证 lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书 lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗 lawyer's docile; file律师刊物 lawyer's journal律师联系电话 contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所 law office; law firm律师收费 billing by lawyer律师网站 lawyer website律师协会 National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员 member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长 secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会章程 Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室 lawyer's office律师执业证 lawyer license律师助理 assistant lawyer律师资格考试 bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证 lawyer qualification certificate民事案件 civil case民事调解 civil mediation民事诉讼 civil litigation派出所 local police station; police substation判决 judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证 circumstantial evidence企业章程 articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组 corporate restructure起诉状 information; indictment取消律师资格 disbar全国律师代表大会 National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院 People's Court人民检察院 People's Procuratorate认定事实 determine facts上诉案件 case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人 appellant上诉状 petition for appeal涉外律师 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters 申请复议 administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会 application for admission to Law Association 申请人 petitioner; claimant申诉案件 appeal case申诉人（仲裁） claimant; plaintiff申诉书 appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师 apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证 certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据 audio-visual reference material适用法律 apply law to facts受害人 victim书证 documentary evidence司法部 Ministry of Justice司法建议书 judicial advise司法局 Judicial Bureau司法局副局长 deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长 director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试 uniform judicial exam送达 service of process诉讼 litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人 litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务 litigation practice诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim 推销法律服务 promote/market legal service外国律师事务所 foreign law office委托代理合同 authorized representation contract委托代理人 agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书 power of attorney物证 material evidence嫌疑人 criminal suspect项目融资 project financing项目谈判 project negotiating刑事案件 criminal case刑事诉讼 criminal litigation行政诉讼 administrative litigation休庭 adjourn the court; recess宣判 pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书 affidavit业务进修 attendance in advanced studies一审案件 case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流 communicate with foreign law firms原告 plaintiff证券律师 securities lawyer证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录 execution record执业登记 registration for practice执业范围 scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请 practice application执业证年检 annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁 arbitration仲裁案件 arbitration case仲裁机构 arbitration agency专门律师 specialized lawyer专职律师 professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章 write legal thesis资信调查 credit standing investigation自诉案件 private prosecuting case二、诉讼法律案件 case案件发回 remand/rimit a case (to a low court)案件名称 title of a case案卷材料 materials in the case案情陈述书 statement of case案外人 person other than involved in the case案值 total value involved in the case败诉方 losing party办案人员 personnel handling a case保全措施申请书 application for protective measures 报案 report a case (to security authorities)被告 defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述 final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩 rejoinder被害人 victim被害人的诉讼代理人 victim's agent ad litem被上诉人 respondent; the appellee被申请人 respondent被申请执行人 party against whom execution is filed被执行人 person subject to enforcement本诉 principal action必要共同诉讼人 party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖 jurisdiction by accord辩护 defense辩护律师 defense attorney/lawyer辩护人 defender辩护证据 exculpatory evidence; defense evidence辩论阶段 stage of court debate驳回反诉 dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回请求 deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判 reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling驳回诉讼 dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书 notice of dismissal驳回自诉 dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书 ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充答辩 supplementary answer补充判决 supplementary judgement补充侦查 supplementary investigation不公开审理 trial in camera不立案决定书 written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书 written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉 nol pros不予受理起诉通知书 notice of dismissal of accusation by the court 财产保全申请书 application for attachment; application for property preservation裁定 order; determination (指最终裁定)裁定管辖 jurisdiction by order裁定书 order; ruling裁决书 award采信的证据 admitted evidence查封 seal up撤回上诉 withdraw appeal撤诉 withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案 revoke a case placed on file撤销原判，发回重审 rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据 exhibit除权判决 invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)传唤 summon; call传闻证据 hearsay答辩 answer; reply答辩陈述书 statement of defence答辩状 answer; reply大法官 associate justices; justice大检察官 deputy chief procurator代理控告 agency for accusation代理申诉 agency for appeal代理审判员 acting judge代为申请取保候审 agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼 accusatory procedure当事人陈述 statement of the parties当庭宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖 territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院 inter-mediate People's Procuratorate第三人 third party调查笔录 record of investigation定期宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date 定罪证据 incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结 freeze督促程序 procedure of supervision and urge独任庭 sole-judge bench独任仲裁员 sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施 compulsory measures against impairment ofcivil action对席判决 judgement inter parties二审 trial of second instance二审案件 case of trial of second insurance 罚款 impose a fine法定证据 statutory legal evidence法定证据制度 system of legal evidence法官 judges法警 bailiff; court police法律文书 legal instruments/papers法律援助 legal aid法律咨询 legal consulting法庭辩论 court debate法庭调查 court investigation法庭审理笔录 court record法庭审理方式 mode of court trial法庭庭长 chief judge of a tribunal法院 court法院公告 court announcement反诉 counterclaim反诉答辩状 answer with counterclaim反诉状 counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告 defendant of collateral civil action复查 reexamination; recheck复验 reinspect高级法官 senior judge高级检察官 senior procurator高级人民法院 Higher People's Court告诉案件 case of complaint告诉才处理的案件 case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭 complaint and petition division工读学校 work-study school for delinquent children公安部 Ministry of Public Security公安分局 public security sub-bureau公安厅 public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government 公开审理 trial in public公开审判制度 open trial system公示催告程序 procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件 public-prosecuting case公诉词 statement of public prosecution公证机关 public notary office共同管辖 concurrent jurisdiction管辖 jurisdiction国际司法协助 international judicial assistance海事法院 maritime court合议庭 collegial panel合议庭评议笔录 record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解 composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份 check identity of litigious parties恢复执行 resumption of execution回避 withdrawal混合式诉讼 mixed action基层人民法院 basic People's Court羁押期限 term in custody级别管辖 subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels 监视居住 living at home under surveillance监狱 prison检察官 procurator检察权 prosecutorial power检察委员会 procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院 procuratorate检察院派出机构 outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序 summary procedure鉴定结论 expert conclusion经济审判庭 economic tribunal径行判决 direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice 纠问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings拘传 summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所 detention house举报 information/report of an offence举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi决定书 decision军事法院 military procuratorate开庭审理 open a court session开庭通知 notice of court session勘验笔录 record of inquest看守所 detention house可执行财产 executable property控告式诉讼 accusatory proceedings控诉证据 incriminating evidence控诉职能 accusation function扣押 distrain on; attachment扣押物 distress/distraint宽限期 period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书 petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场 reform-through-labor farm劳教所 reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序 procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence累积证据 cumulative evidence立案报告 place a case on file立案管辖 functional jurisdiction立案决定书 written decision of case-filing立案侦查 report of placing a case on file利害关系人 interested party临时裁决书 interim award律师见证书 lawyer's written attestation; lawyer's written authentication律师事务所 law office; law firm律师提前介入 prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分 exemption from criminal penalty民事案件 civil case民事审判庭 civil tribunal民事诉讼 civil action民事诉讼法 Civil Procedural Law扭送 seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭 detached tribunal派出所 police station判决 judgement; determination判决书 judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)旁证 circumstantial evidence陪审员 juror批准逮捕 approval of arrest破案 clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产 bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序 general/ordinary procedure普通管辖 general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序 procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation起诉 filing of a lawsuit起诉 sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状 indictment; information区县检察院 grassroots People's Procuratorate取保候审 the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving 缺席判决 default judgement人民调解委员会 People's Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件 cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerningdetermination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉 appeal上诉人 appellant上诉状 petition for appeal少管所 juvenile prison社会治安综合治理 comprehensive treatment of social security涉外案件 cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼 foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼 foreign criminal proceedings申请人 applicant; petitioner申请书 petition; application for arbitration申请执行人 execution applicant申诉人宣誓书 claimant's affidavit of authenticity申诉书 appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度 system of divinity evidence神示制度 ordeal system审查案件 case review审查并决定逮捕 examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段 stage of review and prosecution审理通知书 notice of hearing审判长 presiding judge审判长宣布开庭 presiding judge announce court in session审判管辖 adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审判监督程序 procedure for trial supervision审判委员会 judicial committee审判员 judge审问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定 legally effective judgement/order胜诉方 winning party省市自治区检察院 higher People's Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告 declaration of disappearance and death实（质）体证据 substantial evidence实物证据 tangible evidence实在证据 real evidence示意证据 demonstrative evidence视听证据 audio-visual evidence收容所 collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官 chief justice首席检察官 chief procurator受害人的近亲属 victim's immediate family受理 acceptance受理刑事案件审批表 registration form of acceptance of criminal case 受送达人 the addressee书记员 court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律 court clerk reads court rules书证 documentary evidence司法部 Ministry of Justice司法机关 judicial organizatons司法警察 judicial police司法局 judicial bureau司法厅 judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助 judicial assistance死缓的复核 judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序 procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权 competence for judicial review of death sentence送达 service of process送达传票 service of summons/subpoena送达诉状 service of bill of complaint搜查 search诉 sue; suit; action; lawsuit诉前财产保全 property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼 litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全 attachment诉讼参加人 litigious participants诉讼代理人 agent ad litem诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序 special procedures提起公诉 institute a public prosecution铁路法院 railway court铁路检察院 railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序 procedure of court trial通缉 wanted for arrest投案 appearance退回补充侦查 return of a case for supplementary investigation 委托辩护 entrusted defense未成年人法庭 juvenile court无行政职务的法官 associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭 refuse to appear in court without due cause 无罪判决 acquittal, finding of " not guilty "物证 material evidence先予执行申请书 application for advanced execution先予执行 advanced execution刑事案件 criminal case刑事拘留 criminal detention刑事强制拘留 criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭 criminal tribunal刑事诉讼 criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法 Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状 self-incriminating criminal complaint行政案件 administrative case行政审判庭 administrative tribunal行政诉讼 administrative proceedings行政诉讼法 Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件 cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death宣判笔录 record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件 cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人 inquire/question a witness训诫 reprimand讯问笔录 record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人 interrogate criminal suspect言词证据 verbal evidence要求传唤证人申请书 application for subpoena一裁终局 arbitration award shall be final and binding一审 trial of first instance一审案件 case of trial of first instance应诉通知书 notice of respondence to action有罪判决 sentence; finding of "guilty"予审 preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告 plaintiff院长 court president阅卷笔录 record of file review (by lawyers)再审案件 case of retrial再审申请书 petition for retrial责令具结悔过 order to sign a statement of repentance债权人会议 creditors' meeting侦查阶段 investigation stage侦查终结 conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见 consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant证据 evidence证据保全 preserve evidence证据保全申请书 application for evidence preservation证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit支付令 payment order/warrant知识产权庭 intellectual property tribunal执行程序 procedure execution执行逮捕 execution of arrest执行和解 conciliation of execution执行回转 recovery of execution执行庭 executive tribunal执行异议 objection to execution执行员 executor执行中止 discontinuance of execution执行终结 conclusion of execution指定辩护 appointed defense指定仲裁员声明 statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院 intermediate People's Court中途退庭 retreat during court session without permission 仲裁 arbitration仲裁被诉人 respondent; defendant仲裁裁决 award仲裁申请书 arbitration仲裁申诉人 claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭 arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会 arbitration committee仲裁协议 arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration 仲裁员 arbitrator主诉检察官 principal procurator助理检察官 assistant procurator助理审判员 assistant judge专门法院 special court专门管辖 specific jurisdiction专属管辖 exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任 investigate for criminal responsibility自首 confession to justice自诉案件 private-prosecuting case自行辩护 self-defense自由心证制度 doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件 self-investigating case最高人民法院 the Supreme People's Court最高人民检察院 the Supreme People's Procuratorate最后裁决书 final award三、民事法律法律渊源 source of law制定法 statute判例法 case law; precedent普通法 common law特别法 special law固有法 native law; indigenous law继受法 adopted law实体法 substantial law程序法 procedural law原则法 fundamental law例外法 exception law司法解释 judicial interpretation习惯法 customary law公序良俗 public order and moral自然法 natural law罗马法 Roman Law私法 private law公法 public law市民法 jus civile万民法 jus gentium民法法系 civil law system英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system普通法 common law大陆法 continental law罗马法系 Roman law system英吉利法 English law衡平法 equity; law of equity日尔曼法 Germantic law教会法 ecclesiastical law寺院法 canon law伊斯兰法 Islamic law民法法律规范 norm of civil law授权规范 authorization norm禁止规范 forbidding norm义务性规范 obligatory norm命令性规范 commanding norm民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality自愿原则 principle of free will公平原则 principle of justice等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith行为 act作为 act不作为 omission合法行为 lawful act违法行为 unlawful act民事权利权利能力 civil right绝对权 absolute right相对权 relative right优先权 right of priority先买权 preemption原权 antecedent right救济权 right of relief支配权 right of dominion请求权 right of claim物上请求权 right of claim for real thing形成权 right of formation撤销权 right of claiming cancellation否认权 right of claiming cancellation解除权 right of renouncement代位权 subrogated right选择权 right of choice承认权 right of admission终止权 right of termination抗辩权 right of defense一时性抗辩权 momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权 permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权 unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权 defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权 tested right期待权 expectant right专属权 exclusive right非专属权 non-exclusive right人身权利 personal right人权 human right人格权 right of personality生命健康权 right of life and health 姓名权 right of name名称权 right of name肖像权 right of portraiture自由权 right of freedom名誉权 right reputation隐私权 right of privacy私生活秘密权 right of privacy贞操权 virginity right身份权 right of status亲权 parental power; parental right 亲属权 right of relative探视权 visitation right配偶权 right of spouse荣誉权 right of honor权利的保护 protection of right公力救济 public protection私力救济 self-protection权利本位 standard of right社会本位 standard of society无责任行为 irresponsible right正当防卫 justifiable right; ligitimate defence防卫行为 act of defence自为行为 self-conducting act紧急避险 act of rescue; necessity自助行为 act of self-help不可抗力 force majeure意外事件 accident行为能力 capacity for act意思能力 capacity of will民事行为 civil act意思表示 declaration of intention意思表示一致 meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力 perfect capacity for act限制行为能力 restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人 quasi-interdicted person保佐 protection自治产人 minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力 incapacity for act禁治产人 interdicted person自然人 natural person公民 citizen住所 domicile居所 residence经常居住地 frequently dwelling place户籍 census register监护 guardianship个体工商户 individual business农村承包经营户 leaseholding rural household合伙 partnership合伙人 partner合伙协议 partnership agreement合伙财产 property of partnership合伙债务 debt of partnership入伙 join partnership退伙 withdrawal from partnership合伙企业 partnership business establishment个人合伙 partnership法人合伙 partnership of legal person特别合伙 special partnership普通合伙 general partnership有限合伙 limited partnership民事合伙 civil partnership隐名合伙 sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业 private enterprise; proprietorship法人 legal person企业法人 legal body of enterprise企业集团 group of enterprise关联企业 affiliate enterprise个人独资企业 individual business establishment国有独资企业 solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业 Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人 legal body of mass organization财团法人 legal body of financial group联营 joint venture法人型联营 association of legal persons合伙型联营 coordinated management in partnership协作型联营 cooperation-type coordinated management合作社 cooperative民事法律行为 civil legal act单方民事法律行为 unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为 bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为 joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为 civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为 civil legal act without consideration; civil legal actwithout award实践性民事法律行为 practical civil legal act诺成性民事法律行为 consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为 formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为 informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为 causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为 noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为 principal civil legal act从民事法律行为 accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为 conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为 civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为 civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为 civil legal act after death准民事法律行为 quasi-civil legal act无效行为 ineffective act可撤销民事行为 revocable civil act违法行为 illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为 tort欺诈 fraud胁迫 duress乘人之危 taking advantage of others' precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的 legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通 malicious collaboration重大误解 gross misunderstanding显失公平 obvious unjust误传 misrepresentation代理 agency本人 principal被代理人 principal受托人 trustee代理人 agent本代理人 original agent法定代理人 statutory agent; legal agent 委托代理人 agent by mandate指定代理人 designated agent复代理人 subagent再代理人 subagent转代理人 subagent代理权 right of agency授权行为 act of authorization授权委托书 power of attorney代理行为 act of agency委托代理 agency by mandate本代理 original agency复代理 subagency次代理 subagency有权代理 authorized agency表见代理 agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理 agency by lawyer普通代理 general agency全权代理 general agency全权代理委托书 general power of attorney共同代理 joint agency独家代理 sole agency居间 brokerage居间人 broker行纪 commission; broker house信托 trust时效 time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止 suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断 interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长 extension of limitation取得时效 acquisitive prescription时效终止 lapse of time; termination of prescription 期日 date期间 term涉外民事关系 civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范 rule of conflict准据法 applicable law; governing law反致 renvoi; remission转致 transmission识别 identification公共秩序保留 reserve of public order法律规避 evasion of law国籍 nationality国有化 nationalization法律责任 legal liability民事责任 civil liability/responsibility行政责任 administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任 criminal liability/responsibility违约责任 liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任 limited liability无限责任 unlimited liability按份责任 shared/several liability连带责任 joint and several liability过失责任 liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任 fault liability; liability for fault单独过错 sole fault共同过错 joint fault混合过错 mixed fault被害人过错 victim's fault第三人过错 third party's fault推定过错 presumptive fault恶意 bad faith; malice故意 deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失 negligence重大过失 gross negligence疏忽大意的过失 careless and inadvertent negligence 过于自信的过失 negligence with undue assumption损害事实 facts of damage有形损失 tangible damage/loss无形损失 intangible damage/loss财产损失 property damage/loss人身损失 personal damage/loss精神损失 spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式 methods of bearing civil liability 停止侵害 cease the infringing act排除妨碍 exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle 消除危险 elimination of danger返还财产 restitution of property恢复原状 restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失 compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金 payment of liquidated damage消除影响 eliminate ill effects恢复名誉 rehabilitate one's reputation赔礼道歉 extend a formal apology物权 jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度 real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则 the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义 principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则 principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法 jus rerem物 property生产资料 raw material for production生活资料 means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物 res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物 limited merchantable thing禁止流通物 res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产 asset固定资产 fixed asset流动资产 current asset; floating asset动产 movables; chattel不动产 immovable; real estate特定物 res certae; a certain thing种类物 genus; indefinite thing可分物 res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物 res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物 res capitalis; a principal thing从物 res accessoria; an accessory thing原物 original thing孳息 fruits天然孳息 natural fruits法定孳息 legal fruits无主物 bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods 遗失物 lost property漂流物 drifting object埋藏物 fortuna; hidden property货币 currency证券 securities债券 bond物权分类 classification of right in rem/real right 自物权 jus in re propria; right of full ownership 所有权 dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证 document of title; title of ownership。

Part One Basis of Legal English公证人：notary专门名词；术语：terminology故意的；蓄意的：deliberate责任：obligation对等的，互惠的：reciprocal分期付款：instalment上述的；前述的：aforesaid不当：inappropriate审理委员会；特别法庭：tribunal否认：negative诉讼：litigation赔偿；补偿：compensation提起（申请等）；提起（诉讼等）；把……登记备案：file质询（书）：interrogatories否定：denial小册子：booklet常设的；永久的：permanent调解、调停：mediation法官；裁判官；法官席：bench一致的：unanimous强制的；不得上诉的：peremptory财产保全；查封；扣押：attachment赔偿金：damages泄露：divulge举证责任：theburdenofproof宪法的：constitutional入侵：invasion租约：lease成文法：statute样式条款：boilerplate clause无效的：null and void其他以外：inter alia= among others：abatement将……遗赠：bequeath起源：provenance扣押：seizure本金：the principal sum规定，条款：provision 立遗嘱者：testator承租人：tenant等同；同价物：equivalent终止：termination开端：commencement制定：formulation恐吓，威胁：intimidate议会，国会：parliament不可撤销的：irrevocable拆分；分立：split传唤；传讯：summon诉讼当事人：litigant辩解；申诉；事实陈述：allegation伪证；伪证罪：perjury庭外采证：deposition控告（某人）犯罪：impeach（法庭上证人的）证词：testimony仲裁：arbitration无陪审团员的审判：bench trail（陪审团的）裁决，判决，结论：verdict批捕令；搜查令：warrant留置权，扣押权：lien欺诈，误导：deceive侵权：infringement诉讼案件：lawsuit控告：prefer动产：chattel执行者：executor诉状：pleading公司面纱：corporate veil全部，所有的人：all and sundry保释：bailment宣告无效：annul报酬：emolument扣押财物：distress拘押：hold合适和恰当：fit and proper争议，纠纷或索赔：dispute ，controversy or claim承诺, 同意和契约：promise ，agree and 储蓄：deposits covenant原告：plaintiff被告：defendant承认：admission回避：forcause交叉盘问：cross examination诉由不成立：no cause清偿保证书：satisfaction发回重审：relitiganteback宣誓过的：sworn法典注释：annotated code法律顾问：barrister汇票：bill of exchange引证：citation or cite编成法典：codify最高上诉法院：courtoflastresort法庭书记官：courtreporter法律汇编：digest（写在判决书前面的）摘要：headnote 名义上的当事人：nominal party律师助手：paralegal州长：sheriff遵循先例：staredecisis摘要：synonym法令：wirt悬而未决的陪审团：hung jury拉丁语：Bona fide = good faith 善意Ex parte =from one side 片面的In r e =in the matter of 关于，对于Percapita=by l eads 人均对价：consideration汇票：draft票据：instrument 诉状：complaint代表自己，自辩：pro se（withoutanattorney ）和解协议：settlement协商；法律顾问：counsel专家证人：expertwitness无效审判：mistrial推翻：overturn自由心证：power of discretionary先行本：advancesheet法警：bailiff受益人：beneficiary最佳证据：bestevidence传讯者：citator法令：decree记录法庭：court of record授权立法：delegatedlegislation备审案件目录表：docket对答案有诱导性的提问：leadingquestion初审管辖：original jurisdiction被告：respondent单行本：slip law（判决书的）判决理由/说明：syllabus正式起诉书：true bill传票：subpoena习惯法：commonlawDe novo =anew 重新；更始Habeas corpus =you should have the body人身保护令Non obstance verdioto =notwithstanding the verdict 否定裁决Per curiam =by the court 引用法官判词相对人：counterpart兑现：honor请求：motionChapter Two American Legal Regime美国联邦上诉法院：United States Court of =巡回上诉法院：Federal Circuit AppealsfortheFederalCircuit最高法院：Supreme Court中级上诉法院：intermediateCourts美国案例选编：American Law Reports 上诉法院：Court of Appeals高级法院上诉庭：Appellate Division ，Supreme Court法律百科全书：Corpus Juris Secundum任命：nominate等级制度；统治集团：hierarchy地方法官，治安官：magistrate遗嘱检验法庭：probate court仲裁人：arbiter无效；废弃：nullification疏忽，过失；粗心大意：negligence渊源；根源：source合理的：equitable证词，证据：testimony挑选陪审团的过程：voir dire强制的；不得上诉的：peremptory审议：deliberation审判官似的；调查官似的；爱打听的：inquisitorial对抗性的，敌对的：adversarial审理委员会；特别法庭：tribunal送还，还押；发回重审：remade抵押；抵押品；质权：pledge成文法；制定法：statuarylaw判例，先例：precedentAdj. 适当的Vt. 占用，侵吞：appropriate传票；引证：citation控告，起诉：prosecution证人证言：affidavit全体陪审员：panel大陪审团：grand jury分配，分布：distribution过错相抵：contributory negligence专利池：patent pool纠问式：inquisitorial system of justice诉讼文件移送命令：certiorari驳回：dismiss暂停：stay异议：dissent抗辩制度：adversarial system公平的：impartial公告，宣告：announcement处理：dispose 任期：tenure司法权，管辖权；管辖范围：jurisdiction 转让（法律权利或义务）：assign少年法庭：juvenile court对（指诉讼，比赛中等）；相对：versus 执行，施行，实施（法律等）；免除：dispense 支持者；建议者；提出认证遗嘱者；提出证据的人：proponent立法机关；立法机构；立法部；（特指）州会议：legislature挑选陪审团成员：impanel陪审员名单：array自由裁量权：discretion当事人；诉讼委托人：client偏一方的：partisanVt.仲裁，裁判N.裁判，仲裁人：umpire上诉的，受理上诉的：appellate前提：premise发誓：swear依照法令的；法定的：statuary制定（法律）；颁布：enactAdj. 立法的，有立法权的N.立法权；立法机构：legislative竞合：concurrence概要，大纲：synopsis复审：review再审：rehear参议院：Senate僵局：deadlock有效：valid篡改：tamper证据规则：evidentiary r ules纠错法院：CourtofErrors撤销：vacate中止：order发回重审：remand特权：privilege主张，用户：advocacy自认犯罪：self-incrimination有说服力的法律依据：persuasive authority 廉正：integrity苏格拉底问法：socraticmethod 法律术语：legalese附录：appendix出庭律师：attorney of record 顾问：consultant法官的附带意见：dictum委托书：engagement letter出口许可证：export license许可证协议：license agreement公证人：notary public公民投票权：referendum法定时效：statuteoflimitation分区条例：zoning ordinanceChapter Three Constitutional Law司法权：judicial power合法化，正当性：legitimacy海事管辖权：maritime jurisdiction 全权：plenary power终身任期：life tenure 民事诉讼：civilprocedure法律联合会：legal fraternity公司章程：article o f i ncorporation计费工时：billable hour标准：criterion网域名称：domain name当庭提出证据：exhibit合营企业：jointventure贷款申请：loan application专利申请书：patentapplication股东，股票持有人：shareholder可撤销的合同：voidablecontract合法的：legitimate海事法，海商法：admiralty按照，根据：pursuant to/in pursuance of 阐明：set forth被授予、赋予（权利）：be vested with原始（初审）管辖权：original（trial ）jurisdiction 上诉管辖权：appellate jurisdiction自动生效：self-executing 共同管辖权，并存管辖权：concurrentjurisdiction参考司法性（或审判）解释：advisory opinions 做出裁判、裁决：rendition做出裁判裁决，判处：render 串通诉讼：collusive suits 模拟诉讼：mootcases成熟原则：ripeness doctrine确认判决，宣告是判决：declaratoryjudgment 诉由，诉讼资格：standing可归因于：be attributable to裁决，裁定：ruling不适用联邦管辖权（以避免和州管辖权的冲突）：abstain待决的，未决的：pendingV. 阻却、禁止N. 阻碍、阻却因素；法律界：bar立法权：legislative power默示的权利：impliedpower 可救济性：redressability规避（原则）：abstention以……作为前提/条件：bepremisedon禁止、命令、指示：enjoin豁免权：immunity明确列举的权力：enumerated power辅助/附属权利：auxiliary/ancillary power必要与适当条款：necessary and proper clause 实施、实行：carryintoexecution人头税：capitation公共基金开支权：spending power 国会调查权：investigatory power 剥夺……（权利）：depriveof/abridgeof 直接税，对财产征收的税：direct taxes 贸易权：commercepower弹劾：impeachment铸币：coinmoney立法权的委托/授予：delegation of legislative 三权分立原则：the separation of power power doctrine促进、助长、推动：in furtherance of公共职权：public functions剥夺公民权法案：bills of attainder程序性的正当程序：procedural due process 平等保护：equal protection个人财产：personal belongings任意的、武断的：arbitrary 申请……：petitionof有溯及力的，溯及既往的：retroactive事后的、有溯及力的、溯及既往的：ex post facto实质性正当程序：substantivedueprocess裁决、判决：adjudication法定权利：entitlement在下、从下：infra严格审查（标准）：strict scrutiny（maximum 中登记审查（标准）：intermediatescrutiny scrutiny ）合理依据、最低审查（标准）：rational basis （minimal scrutiny ）不合理分类：suspect classification受制于、以……为条件：be subject to 为……量身定做：betailoredto商业条款：Commerce Clause歧视性待遇：disparate treatment纠正歧视行动：affirmativeaction 引发、触发：trigger监禁、禁闭：incarceration主要因素：predominant factor授权条款：enabling provision必要的国家利益：compelling state interest 准嫌疑犯分类：quasi-suspect classification 不正当关系：illicit relationships确认生父诉讼、亲子鉴定诉讼：paternitysuits 基本权利：fundamentalrights避孕药物、避孕工具：contraception 撤销、使无效：revoke流产，堕胎：abortion实施：implement原因：causation修正案：amendment支持：upheld违反：infringe损害：impair区别对待：discriminatory application 反驳：rebuttal牵连：entanglement授权，命令：mandate司法审查：judicial review当代的，同时代的：contemporary 行政部门：executive branch使无效：invalidate详尽的，彻底的：exhaustive 包括、包含：encompass财政部：The Treasury Department全体出席的：plenary严格的必要性：strict n ecessity确权之诉：quiet title action驱逐出境：deport代表：delegate有特权的：prerogative非惩罚性：non-punitive避孕：contraceptives据说，据称：allegedly十足信用法案：full faith and credit问题的可讨论性，未决状态：mootness 多元管辖权：diversity jurisdiction批准，认可：ratification取缔诽谤：outlaw slander授予，给予：conferpromise 允诺acceptance 承诺a meeting of minds 意见一致executed contracts 已履行合同specialty contract 书面盖印合同parol contract 非要式合同simplecontract 简单合同offer 要约contracts u nder s eal 盖印合同contracts i n w riting 书面合同contracts e videnced i n w riting 有书面证明的合同口头合同oral contractsunqualified 无条件的conditional a ssent 有条件的同意standing offer 持续要约return performance 相应允诺letter 书信Mail-box Rule 投邮主义the promisee 被允诺人公共职责public duty accordandsatisfaction 和解与清偿允诺禁反言原则doctrine of promissory estoppelexpress terms 明示条款exemptionclauses 免责条款warranty 担保repudiate 拒绝履行certainty 确定性terms i mplied in f act 事实上的默示customary implied terms 惯例性的条款the repugancy rule 矛盾解释规则part4agreement b etween t he p arties 当事人之间的协议mutual a ssent 当事人之间的协议executory contracts 待履行合同valid 有效的void 无效的voidable 可撤销的unenforceable 不能强制执行revocation 撤回rejectionbytheofferee 受要约人拒绝counter-offer 反要约lapse of time 期限届满incapacity 无行为能力failureof a condition subject to which the offerwasmade 要约条件未能满足performance 履行the mirror i mage rule 镜像原则telegram 电报consideration 对价past c onsideration i s n o c onsideration 过去的对价不是对价the principle of mutuality 相关性原则衡平禁反言原则doctrine of equitableestoppelimplied t erms 默示条款condition 条件rescind 废除theconceptoftotalintegration 合同完整性的概念terms implied i n law 法律上的默示the contra proerentem 不利于提供者规则the f our c orners r ule 四角规则the C ontrol o f E xemption C lauses A ct 管制免责条款条例minor 未成年人persons of u nsound mind 精神病人mistake 错误duress 胁迫illegality 非法性operative mistakes 关键性错误warning notices 警告性通知capacitytocontract 缔约能力a person under the influence of drink 醉酒的人corporations 公司misrepresentation 虚假陈述undue influence 不当影响validity 效力liable to be set aside 衡平法上被撤销commonoridenticalmistakes 相同之错误non-identicalmistake 不相同之错误nonestfactum 非我所签契约fraudulentmisrepresentation 欺诈性的虚假陈述affirm 确认duresstogoods 对货物的胁迫actual undue influence 实际不当影响inequality of b argaining power 谈判能力的不对等illegal contract strictly so called 严格意义上的非法合同illegal a s f ormed 成立违法intended b eneficiaries 有益受害人discharged 解决tender of performance 交付履行impossibility 履行不能occurrence of c ondition subsequent 后续条件的发生cancellation 合同的取消substituted contract 替代合同lapse 终止（或失效）breachofcontract 违约damages 损害赔偿quantum meruit 按合理价格支付injunction 禁令corporatelaw 公司法new wordsand expressionsnominalized 使转变为名词abstain 抑制，弃权destitute 使丧失usage 惯例contingency 意外事故，偶发事件telex 电传detriment 损害，伤害undertaking 承诺charter 包租，租用lumber 木材furnish 提供appellee 被上诉人rescind 废除reputable 值得尊重的mutual mistakes 双方错误unilateral mistake 单方错误null and void 无效innocent or n eglient misrepresentation 无过错或过失性的虚假陈述duresstoaperson 对人的胁迫economic duress 经济胁迫persumed undue influence 假设不当影响unconscionability 显示公平制度operationoflaw 依法定得解除illegal c ontract traditionally s o c alled 传统的非法合同illegal a s p erformed 履行违法incidental beneficiaries 附带受益人performance 履行frustration 合同落空履约具有不现实性impracticability rescission 合同的废除novation 合同的更新release 弃权书account stated 明细账supervening illegality 继起违法anticipatorybreach 预期违约action for an agreed sum 商定金额之诉specific performance 实际履行alternative d ispute r esolution 替代性纠纷解决机制inducememt 诱因，诱导solemnity 庄严perpetrator 做坏事者，犯罪者revocation 撤销，撤回dispatch 发出facsimile 传真forbearance 忍耐，克制，不作为accure 发生，产生vessel 船舶freight 运费aver 提出demurrer 异议，抗辩repudiate 拒不履行shack 棚屋，简陋的小屋emasculate 阉割，削弱demolish 摧毁，推翻，驳倒shear(shore,shorn) 切断，剥夺perjury 伪证（罪）officious 爱管闲事的indemnity 赔偿（金）subrogation 代位（求偿权）vitiate （使）消弱，（使）无效reef 礁，暗礁ab initio 自始，从开始时rescission 废除pecuniary 金钱的rogue 无赖，流氓uberrimae fidei [ 拉]最大诚信convent 女修道院devotee 皈依者consummate 完成infirmity 虚假ex turpi causa non oritur actio [ 拉]非法或不道德行为不能取得诉因quantum valebant [ 拉]支付合理价格原则solus 单独的effectuate 实行，完成revoke 撤销；取消concurrent 同时发生的exculpatory 辩解的，辨明无罪的expectation interest 期待利益restitution interest 返还利益maxim 格言subterfuge 托词，借口overt 明显的，公开的a Mareva injunction 玛瑞瓦禁令Textinternational business transactions 国际商业活动；国际经济交往contract 合同，有法律约束力的承诺或协议restatement 再声明，重述duty 义务; 职责，责任deed 地契，土地证seal 密封文档，密封（证明真实有效）formation 成立manifestation 表现形式collateral 附属的absurdity 荒谬的rote 死记硬背，生搬硬套supersede 废除，废弃efficacy 功效onus 义务，负担dissipate 挥霍salvage 救援，营救tender 招标status quo 现状puff 吹嘘restitutio i n i ntegrum[ 拉]恢复原状avoidance 废止，无效coercive 强制的；强迫的ward 被监护人the balance o f probabilities 可能性较高者lopsided 不平等的defraud 诈取，骗取quantum meruit [ 拉]（无合同规定时）支付合理报酬；应得额；合理金额oust 剥夺，驱逐covenant 协议，协定supervening 接着发生encompass 围绕；包含coronation 加冕礼remotedamages 间接损失relianceinterest 信赖利益liquidateddamages 约定损害赔偿金permeate 弥漫，遍布evasion 规避，遁词slack off 松懈；懈怠warranty 保修单，担保securities law 证券法franchise 特许经营Convention on the International Sales ofGoods(CISG) 联合国国际货物销售合同公约binding 有约束力的stipulation 契约，约定，协定evidenced in writing 有书面证明的mutual a ssent 相互同意bound 有义务的advertisementsofrewards 悬赏广告lapseofoffer 要约失效English law 英国法Blackacre 黑地，黑田（辩论中的假设名字，与whiteacre 相对）writ of error 纠错令Chancery Courts 大法官法庭，大法庭Chancellor 首席法官，大法官conditional a ssent 附条件同意order c onfirmation 确认订单auction 拍卖revocation 撤回option 期权，选择权contingency 意外事故，偶发事件standing offer 持续要约decree 判决，裁定refinance 再融资unqualified 没有附加的条件的return promise 反允诺terms and conditions 条款及细则general conditions o f sale 销售的一般条件；买UNIDROIT PICC 国际统一私法协会国际商卖共同条件；一般销售条件事合同通则Mail-Box Rule 邮箱规则detriment 损害，伤害promisor 做出承诺者，契约者，要约人executed 已执行的full settlement of a debt 全额清偿promissory 承诺的，约定的Privy Court 枢密院法庭the principle 本人，被代理人，委托人；保证人；财产，信托财产qualification 条件，资格consideration 对价promisee 受约人executory 待执行的accordandsatisfaction 和解与清偿the principle of mutuality 交互性原则suspensory 中止的resume 恢复Doctrine of E quitable Estoppel 衡平禁反言原则charter party 租船合同frustrate t he m ain p urpose o f t he c ontract 主要目的受阻volition 自愿选择total integration 一体化；完全整合genesis 起源；开端officiousbystander 好事的旁观者the inserter 起草者the onus o f proof 举证责任guaranteesofminors ’ contracts 未成年人保证责任unsound mind/ mental-imcapacity 心智不全nonestfactum 否认立约the P arol E vidence R ule 口头证言规则absurdity 荒谬，不合理supersededdocuments 替代文件negligence 过失；疏忽indemnity 赔偿（金）Age of M ajority Act 成人年龄法guarantee 被保人subrogation 代位清偿fiduciary 基于信托的，受托人，被信托人inducement 引诱，诱导actionablemisrepresentation 可诉的虚假陈述restitutio i n i ntegrum 恢复原状Uberrimae Fidei 最大诚信原则，坦率诚实prospectus 说明书，简介，募股章程contemplation 深思熟虑，沉思vendor 卖方，卖主mutual rescission 相互解约frustrating events 受阻事项a final balance 最后应付余额，最后结余；最后平衡the Utmost Good Faith 最大善意原则undue influence 不当影响self-induced 自己导致的，自己诱导的operation o f l aw(OOL) 法律的实施（效果）unilateralrescission 单方废止；债权人得单方解除契约original transactions 原始交易commercial impracticability 商业不现实性StatuteofLimitations 诉讼时效supervening illegality 继起违法coronation 加冕礼remotenessofdamage 损害的间隔性unliquidated d amages 未经算定损害赔偿；未清算的损失；未确定损害赔偿额specific performance 照规定严格执行goodfaith 善意；真诚expressrepudiation 明示的履行拒绝interlocutory ( 判决等)在诉讼期间宣告的prohibitory 禁止的pending trial 候审期间，未决事项Choice of F orum Clause 选择法院条款Choice of L aw Clause 适用法律选择条款arbitration a greement 仲裁协议exercisecontested 有争议的boilerplate 样板文件；公式化，陈词滥调prevail 占优势optioncontract 期权合同leverage 杠杆作用，举债经营unconscionability 显失公平;显失公平原则impossible of performance 履行不能frustration o f p urpose 合同目的落空Forcr M ajeure C lauses 不可抗力条款foreseeability 可预见性,预见性extravagant 奢侈的；挥霍的claimant 原告，索赔者constant supervision 持续监督good f aith p erformance 合同履行中的诚信原则；善意履行perpetual 不间断的；持续的mandatory 强制的；法定的Municiple Courts 市法院Forum Selection Clause 法院管辖之条款commercial a rbitration 商事仲裁arbitration clauses 仲裁条款recital 一系列事件等的详述Caveat Emptor 货物出门概不退换，买主须自行当心（货物的品质）；买主当心merchandise 货物Statute of Fraudes 反欺诈法unjust enrichment 不正当得利third-party beneficiary 受益第三方forfeiture 没收，丧失illusory promise 虚幻允诺omission 疏忽，懈怠，做某事失败in pais 无法律手续或书据Unit Five故意侵权intentionaltorts威吓assault侵害地产或动产trespasstoLand/Chattels •detrimental r eliance有害依赖；不利之信赖material b reach 重大违约，实质性违约rescind 废除；撤销UniformCommercialCode(UCC) 美国统一商法典quasi-contract 准契约；准合同殴打battery非法监禁false imprisonment侵占他人动产conversion故意精神伤害Intentional infliction of 抗辩事由defenses emotional d istress特权privilege正当防卫self-defense责任duty实际损失或伤害actual loss or damage 比较过失comparativenegligence明示自冒风险express assumption of risk 暗示自冒风险implied assumption of risk 中介原因interveningcause 原告同意consent紧急避险necessity不履行责任breach原告过失contributory negligence自冒风险assumption of risk免责条款exculpatoryclause后果的预见性foreseeabilityofconsequences 连带责任joint and several liability补偿indemnity土地所有人possessor占有人occupier土地侵权人trespasser侵权儿童trespassing children被邀请人invitee不当行为/不当履行misfeasance替代责任vicarious liability侵犯隐私privacytorts侵扰他人私生活intrusion不正当竞争competitive torts倾销dumpingLiability for negligence 过失责任Remedies 损害赔偿Defamation 诽谤Misrepresentation 虚假表述Trespass 非法侵入Product liability 产品责任Damages 赔偿金Punitive d amages 惩罚性赔偿金Discrete 分离的Thestatuteoflimitations 诉讼时效Tavern 客栈Hatchet 短柄小斧；言归于好Integrity 完整Prima facie case 表面上证据确凿的案件Impediment 妨碍Quare clausum fregit 缘何侵入私地令Intermeddle 干涉Dispossess 剥夺Misfeasance 错误行为Agrarian 土地的，农村的Public nuisance 公共公害Omission 疏忽；懈怠Entrant 参加者Satisfaction 清偿Negligentmisrepresentation 过失的虚假表述Sedition 煽动Loathsome 令人讨厌的Duty o f c are 注意义务Incompatible 矛盾的Disparagement 轻视Revelation 披露分担contribution所有权人owner自然危险情况natural hazards被许可人licensee诱惑性公海原则attractive nuisance doctrine 商业被邀请人businessinvitee懈怠不作为/不作为nonfeasance低于成本销售salesbelowcost盗用他人肖像权appropriation扭曲他人形象public disclosure of private life 虚假宣传falseadvertising雇主负责制respondent superiorCivil liability 民事责任Invasionofprivacy 侵犯隐私Fraud 欺诈Conversion 侵犯他人财产Trespass to land/chattels 侵犯他人土地/财产Restitution 返还原物，赔偿金Compensatory damages 补偿性伤害赔偿金Special damages 特定损害赔偿金Affinity 亲切关系Causation 因果关系Cause in fact 事实上的原因Proximate cause 最近原因Malice 恶意Blackout 灯火管制；暂时失去知觉Res Ipsa Loquitur 让事实说话Foreseeability 预见性Tort-feasor 侵权行为人Misconduct 行为不当Non-feasance 不行为Nuisance 妨害行为Private n uisance 私人妨害Contributory negligence 混合过失Confinement 拘禁Indemnity 补偿Malpractice 玩忽职守Libel 书面诽谤Consortium 配偶的地位和权利Venereal 性交的Unchastity 放荡Falselight 扭曲他爱人形象Deceive 欺诈Competitive torts 侵权竞合 Premises 房地产Palm off 哄骗Wherewithal 为做某事而需要的钱 Legal c ause 法定原因，近因 Assailant 攻击者 Defect 瑕 疵Accrue 利息等的自然增值；诉讼的发生 Awritoftrespass侵害令状Confinement 监禁 Deliberation 深思熟虑Trespass de bonis asportate 带走他人动产 Dispossess 剥夺占有 Blackout 失去知觉 Res ipsa Loquitur 不言自明Per c uriam 全庭审Bystander旁观者Impliedwarranty默示担保Entrant 新工作者 ;进入者 Liable 有责任的 Recreationalpremises 娱乐场所 Caveat emptor 顾客留心（一经出售概不负责）Statutesofrepose除斥期间Charitable immunity慈善事业免责Vicarious liability 替代责任Restatement (second) of torts 民事侵权行为重述 （ 第 二 版 ） Prosser 普罗塞（美国杰出法官）part 8双重主义： dualsovereignty 犯罪意图： mensrea联邦和州监狱： prison 或 penitentiary无罪推定： presumption of innocence正当程序： dueprocess 自证其罪： self-incrimination悬而未决的陪审团： hung jury 不抗辩： no contest/nolo contendere 双重危境： double jeopardyIdiosyncratic 独特的 Pass off 冒充 Recoup 重获 Disclose 告 知 Supersede 取代 Warranty 担保；保单 Willful and wanton 放任的Vicarious liability 雇主责任，替代别人的责任 Intent 主观 Volition 意愿 Malice 预谋 Vandal 蓄意破坏者 Proximate cause 近因 Calculus of risk 风险预测计算 But-for causation 若非因果关系 Joint and s everal liability共同连带责任The impact rule 影响规则 Premises liability 场所责任 Nuisance 妨 害Dangerous instrumentality doctrine危险工具Criminal assailants刑事攻击者Caveat lessee 警告承租人Misdiagnosis 错误的诊断 Municipal immunity 市场免责Defamation诽谤Prima facie cause of action诉讼的初步原因Reasonably p rudent p erson合理谨慎的人商业条款： Commerce Clause 夜晚破门入户企图犯重罪： burglary 联邦刑事诉讼法规： Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure排除合理怀疑： proof beyond reasonable doubt隐私权： rightofprivacy以第五条修正案作为辩护理 由P ：lead the Fifth失审：mistrial认罪协商： pleabargainingAcquitted 无罪actusreus ：犯罪行为Allege ：声称Bail：保释bill of attainder ：未经审批直接判有罪Burglary ：闯入他人室内并实施其他犯罪Causation ：犯罪行为和结果之间的因果联系Circumstantial e vidence 旁证Confession：认罪Conspiracy ：共谋Culpable ：有罪的Diplomatic immunity ：外交豁免Entrapment ：诱捕Expostfacto ：溯及既往的First degree murder ：一级谋杀Indictment 刑事起诉状Involuntary manslaughter 因放任或过失在实施其他犯罪行为时造成他人死亡Knock and announce rule 警察搜查时的程序要求Larceny 盗窃Misdemeanor 轻罪Mitigatingcircumstances 罪行减轻情节Motive 犯罪动机Openingstatement 开庭陈述Parole 有条件释放，假释Peremptory challenge 无须理由要求陪审员回避Petty offence 轻微违法行为Police interrogation 警察讯问Probation 缓刑Provocation 挑衅，激怒Reasonable d oubt 合理怀疑Seizure 没收Sheriff 法警，警长Subpoena 传讯，强制传唤Treason 叛国罪Extradition 引渡Federalcriminalstatutes 联邦刑事法规Fictitious=fraudulent 欺骗性的；虚构的County jail 郡的看守所Conviction 定罪Accused ：被告Aforethought：预谋的Asphyxia ：窒息Bigamy 重婚罪Briber y：行贿罪capital p unishment ：死刑challenge for cause ：在陪审员资格审查中因法定原因要求陪审员回避Coercion ：强制Consent ：赞成，同意Corpus delicti ：犯罪事实Detention ：拘留Embezzle ：贪污Euthanasia ：安乐死Felony：重罪Habeas corpus 人身保护令Intoxication 中毒，喝醉Justifiable homicide 有正当理由杀人（如执行死刑）Knowingly 故意的犯罪心理MirandaWarning 米兰达警告Mistrial 因程序问题而导致的无效审判Money laundering 洗钱Obstruction of justice 妨碍司法公证Pardon 赦免Penal c ode 刑法典Perpetrator 犯罪者Plea b argaining 辩诉交易Presumption of innocence 无罪推定Prosecute 提起公诉Public defender 公设辩护律师Searchwarrant 搜查令Sentence 刑事判决，量刑Statutoryrape 法定强奸罪Summons 传票传唤Preponderance of t he evidence 优势证据原则Falsify 伪造Imprisonment 监禁Community service 社区义工Bail bondsmen 保释担保人Corrections officers 狱警Dismiss the charge 撤销指控Wrongfuldeath 错误致死More-than-ordinary=recklessness=criminal negligence 轻率Misperceives reality 对现实认识错误Drug paraphernalia 毒品相关设备Man-endangering 危害到人Strict liability law 严格责任法律Proportionality principle 比例原则Fine 罚金Warrantless arrest 无证逮捕Information 检察院起诉书Excessive bail 过高的保释Judge-made doctrine 法官造法原则MirandaWarnings 米兰达警告Wiretapping statute 窃听法Detention 拘留Grand Jury Appearance 陪审团出席Hot Pursuit 越境追捕Custody 保管；监护Preliminary hearing 预审听证Suppression hearings 听证会Juror opposition 陪审员的反对Right to counsel 获得律师辩护的权利guilty plea 有罪答辩potential penalty 潜在的惩罚paroleterm 假释期限plea bargaining 认罪协商，辩诉交易prosecutorial vindictiveness 报复性起诉hearsay 传闻证据，道听途说harsher sentence 更严厉的判决reconviction 再判决；重新判决atypical and s ignificant hardship 非典型及重大困境，异常而重大的困苦felony murder 谋杀重罪sanity requirement 理智的需求mentalretardation 智力缺陷，精神发育迟缓first appeal 第二审；第一次上诉retroactivity 溯及既往probation 缓刑penologicalinterests 刑罚学利益medical malpractice 医疗事故；医疗纠纷；医Speedy jury trial 快速陪审团Incarcerate （被)监禁Careless/negligent 过失、疏忽大意Unintentional conduct 无意识行为Mistake of law 对法律认识错误Malicious behavior 邪恶行为Culprit 犯罪嫌疑人Gravity 严重性Infraction 侵害Arson 纵火Self-defense 自卫Infamous crime 不名誉罪Exclusive r ule 排除规则Fruit of the p oisonous tree 毒树之果Causal chain 因果关系Parole revocation 假释撤销Station House Detention 派出所拘留DeadlyForce 致命暴力Evanescentevidence 容易消失的证据Waiver 豁免；弃权Stand trial 提起诉讼Burdenofproof 举证责任Inconsistentverdict 不一致的判决Confront w itness 与证人对质plea agreemen 认罪协议tdefense c ounsel 辩护律师fatal 致命的；毁灭性的disproportionate 不成比例的，比例失调的confirmation 证明; 确认resentence 重新判决de novo 重新, 更始jury sentencing 陪审团的判决proportionality 比例原则，（行动、处罚等的）相称原则，恰当性lethalforce 致命武器insane 精神失常的recidivist statutes 累犯法frivolous 轻率的parole 假释imprisonment 关押，监禁contraband 走私，走私品unbiased 公正的；不偏不倚的；无偏见的疗过失double jeopardy 一事不再理原则juvenile proceedings 未成年人诉讼程序sentence enhancer 强化判决collateral estoppel 间接禁反言quasi-criminal 准刑事案；准刑事性；准刑事犯罪prostitute 妓女duly 及时的，适时的balance 差额；结余pertinent 有关的warrant 批捕令，搜查令MIMIC 模仿grandjurytestimony 大陪审团作证trespassory 非法盗窃exclusionary 排斥（性）的；排除在外的exercisestatutory law 成文法，制定法slander 口头诽谤invasion 侵略；侵入homicide 杀人行为maladjusted 失调的；不能适应环境的deus ex machina 解围的人或事件supervision 监督;管理firearm 火器，尤指手枪或步枪conversion 财产转换，兑换bribe 贿赂，行贿duress 强迫，胁迫，威胁false pretenses 欺诈，诈骗amicus curiae 法庭之友skips bail 跳过保释acquit 判决无罪，宣告无罪，开释nullification 无效;废弃mandatory 强制的，义务的contraband 走私attorneygeneral 首席检察官，司法部长grand jury 大陪审团burden 责任，义务prison i nmates 牢犯empanel 选任（陪审员）commencement 开端，开始separate sovereign 独立主权forfeiture 没收；丧失innocent owner 无辜所有主，无过错所有人exigent 紧急的；迫切的accusatory 控告的，控诉的suppress 禁止，使止住handcuff 上手铐prima f acie c ase 表面上证据确凿的案件wingspan 翼幅；翼展Criminal Procedure L aw (CPL) 刑事诉讼法defraud 欺诈magistrate 地方法官，治安官the Rosario doctrine 罗萨里奥学说、理论preponderance 优势；多数battery 殴打罪libel（书面）诽谤extortion 强取；敲诈；勒索malum in se 不法, 不法行为responsiblecorporateofficer 公司管理负责人员forgery 伪造，伪造的文书、签名等misappropriation 侵吞，挪用，滥用;私吞wirefraud 网络诈骗，电信诈骗espionage 侦察;间谍活动assault 突袭，侵犯（人身），威胁kidnapping 绑架searchwarrant 搜查证white collar crime 白领犯罪double-jeopardy 一事不再理原则conspiracy 阴谋，同谋，串谋，共谋closing statements 结束的控词nolocontendere 无罪申诉（刑事诉讼中，被告不认罪但又放弃申辩）prerequisite 先决条件，前提borne by 由……。

法律英语L1 Introduction法律英语-期末评分细则Assessment Percentages:•10% Attendance & Participation•15% Law Forum•15% Writing: Weekly Case Reports•10% Monthly Quizzes•50% Final Exam法律英语学习内容A case report consists of:•Title of the case•Facts•Legal issue (more than one ; legal issues ≠disputes of parties)----Legal issue is the point or points of law addressed by the case.---- Through Comparing the claims of opposite parties and the key argument is usually the legal issue of the case,which is presented to judge to make decision.•Reasoning = relevant rules -- the application of those rules -- the conclusion the court reached•HoldingL2–Conflict of laws1．In the international business transaction, such as, in an international sales contract, the parties from different countries areinvolved, and the contracting place may be different from the place of performance. If there arises dispute, what matters must the parties concern with?----Which country’s law will apply to the contract?----Where will the case be heard?2．To know what law applies to a contract, court will resort to conflict of law rules.( conflict of law is the area of law of each legal system which regulates how to deal with cases involving a foreign factor.)But application of conflict of law rules may bring about uncertainty and lack of predictability over how the case will be resolved, thus increase the risk of an international sale.3．To avoid uncertainty and unpredictability of conflict of law, many international contracts designate the parties’ cho ice of law which is to apply in case of dispute. That is, according to the rule of autonomy of the (party’s) will, the parties agree upo n which law will govern a contract and make a choice of law clause in their contract.4．the CISGL3 - History and Development of the CISGHow to deal with contract disputes in international transactions?----Where should the case be heard?----Which law should be the applicable law of the case?1. Autonomy of parties’ willWhen contract parties specify the choice of law and choice of forum, courts in most countries will require the parties to honor their contractual commitment.2. Conflicts of law3. The CISG✷About the CISG (p110 chapter4)1. Which organization drafted the CISG, UNIDROIT or UNCITRAL?2. W hat’s the main difference between the CISG and the other codes made by the UN?3. How did the CISG become the U.S. law?.✷T or F statements1. T --Treaties prevail over state statutes in the U.S..2. T -- The CISG prevails over the UCC.CISG (federal law)UCC (state statutes)PART ISPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS(适用范围和准则)Chapter ISPHERE OF APPLICATIONArticle 1(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States:(a) when the States are Contracting States; or(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.(2) The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract.(3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken intoconsideration in determining the application of this Convention.✷There are three conditions if The CISG is applicable:a -the commercial sale of goods;b- between two parties whose places of business are in different countries c-the places of business are located in countries that have ratified the convention.（How to decide “place of business”?）Article 2This Convention does not apply to sales:(a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use;(b) by auction;(c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law;(d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money;(e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft;(f) of electricity.✷What sales are excluded from the CISG? And why? L4 –ContractPart1. A General Introduction to Contract⏹definition of a contractA contract is an agreement between competent parties based on the genuine assent of the parties, which is supportedby consideration and made for a lawful objective and in the form required by law, if any.⏹The basic requirements of a valid contract1. Agreement/genuine assent (a meeting of minds)2. Valid consideration----mutual promise3. Formation (offer + acceptance = contract)4. Capacity of parties to make a contract5. The legality of purpose or object of contract6. The form of contract must conform to the legal requirementsA valid contract should include all these essential elements and meet all these requirements.⏹Classification of contractWritten or oral contractsBilateral or unilateral contractsExpress or implied contractsExecuted or executory contractsValid, void, voidable contracts(P98—P104 Fundamentals of Business Law)According to their enforceability and validity, contracts can be classified into the following ones:1 _ Valid contracts __ has the necessary contractual elements, which is enforceable and has legal binding force.2 _ void contracts __ is not a contract at all. It has no legal effect. No parties should be bound by it.3 _ voidable contracts __ is a valid contract except that one party is entitled to rescind it.⏹Typical contract provisionsDuties and obligationsRepresentations and warrantiesTermination clausesRemedy clausesArbitration clausesPart2. Validity and Formation of International Sales Contracts (I)I. What does the CISG governII. Enforcement of illegal contractIII. The writing requirementIV. Problems of interpretationThe substantive study of the CISG( uniform code for the international contract of sale of goods)the CISG—balance : common law & civil lawI. What does the CISG govern? What is the CISG not concerned with? (Art. 4 ,5 & 11)⏹Only govern(1) Formation(2) Rights and obligations of the buyer and seller(3)The form of contract⏹Not govern(1) Validity(2) The property of the goods sold(3) Liability for death or personal injury caused by goods(4) Legal capacity of parties…II. Enforcement of illegal contractsContracts with illegal purposes have no legal effects. Such contracts are void and unenforceable.( Tarbert Trading, LTD. v. Cometals, Inc)III. The writing requirement (the form of the contract)1.The UCC (the 2003 proposed amendaments)2.The CISG3.Foreign Economic Contract Law of China (1985)4. New contract law of China (1999)Iv. Problems of Interpretation⏹Some general guiding principles of interpretation of contract:1. Plain English principle (the literal rule)2. The principle of four corners3. Types of writing --Handwritten words>Typed words>Printed words4. Standard form contractSuch contract is construed against the party who drafts it, otherwise exclusion clauses are construed against the party inserted them into the contract.5. Contracts affecting public interestsSuch contracts shall be construed in favor of the public.6. When one interpreter renders the contract valid and the other renders it invalid, the court usually adopt the one whichrenders the contract valid.7. Parol evidence rule(1) A. Where the parties have entered into a written sales contract that is intended to the final expression of the parties’agreement, the written agreement may not be contradicted by any prior agreement or contemporaneous oral agreement.( Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures, and there is a discrepancy between the two,the sum denoted by the words is the amount payable.)B. Function of parol evidence:A. To clarify an ambiguityB. To prove additional terms of the agreement(2) Whether the CISG adopts the parol evidence rule?----No. Under the CISG in deciding the intend of the parties, all related circumstances may be considered. (Art. 8CISG)Whether the CISG allows to use parol evidence?----Yes. Under the CISG courts have wide leeway in using parol evidence in deciding the intend of the parties toa contract.8. In common law countries the courts often look to the past dealings of the parties and to trade usages for guidance ininterpreting contracts or filling the gaps.The CISG closely resembles the way trade usages are handled under American law. (Art.9 CISG)课堂Case analysis: Snow v. WinnFacts: A landlord sued his tenant in order to terminate the tenant’s lease. The landlord claimed the tenant hadbreached the lease agreement by using the premises for a convenience grocery store in violation of the“purpose clause” of the agreement. This clause stated that the tenant would use the premises for a gasolineservice station, car wash, and “associated activities”. The landlord alleged he had an oral understanding withthe tenant that the premises would not be used as a convenience store.Legal issue:Whether this oral testimony is admissible under the parol evidence?Reasoning:(1)The parol evidence rule states that…..(2) A.In this case, the parol evidence rule prohibits oral testimony about an integrated, written instrument.B. Furthermore, even if the phrase “associated activities” may be viewed as an ambiguity. Here the oraltestimony would be admissible to explain the meaning of such words.C. There was sufficient support for the court’s conclusion that retail gasoline operations are commonlyassociated with convenience store facilities and that parties intended to have good items sold on the premises.Decision: The court held this testimony was inadmissible.L5-8 Formation of ContractOffer + Acceptance = ContractPart1. OfferI.DefinitionsII. Basic elementsIII. Some problems about offerI.DefinitionsThe Common Law definition：An offer is a promise or commitment to perform or refrain from（制止）performing some specified act in the future.An offer must involve a definite promise by the offeror that he will bind himself if the exact terms specified by him are accepted.An offer may be made either to a particular person or to the public at large.The Chinese Law definition：An offer is a proposal with a view to entering into a contract with other parties. The proposal shall comply with the following stipulations:(1) Its contents shall be detailed and definite;(2) It indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptanceII. Basic elements = What are the basic elements to make an effective offer? P1161. Indicates or describes the goods;2. Expressly or implicitly specifies the quantity;3. Expressly or implicitly specifies the price for the goods.III. Some problems p1171. Public offerCan an offer addressed to the public (ads)?Different countries treat “public offer” differently:Germany— advertisements addressed to the public in general are mere invitations to deal.要约邀请the United States & China— do recognize specific advertisement that describe the goods、quantity、price my beconsidered an offerCISG— an advertisement or circular is not an offer unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal.2. Open price termIf the proposal is not definite enough, such as, no definite price terms, can it be taken as an offer? Yes, it can.(How to deal with “open price terms” in different legal systems?)CISG—look to the trade or to the market price of comparable goods to make its own determination of price, and all its other provisions will remain in effect. Art.553. Firm offersHow does the UCC define firm offer?–not be revoked if it is made in a signed writing or record that gives assurance that it will remain open for astated period of time , not to exceed three months.How does the CISG define firm offer-- firm offer are valid even if they are not in writing. Moreover, an offer may not be revoked if the offeree reasonably relies on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.4. To withdraw an offer(1)How to withdraw the offer legally?(2)Whether an irrevocable offer can be withdrawn? Yes. Though irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawalreaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer. ( Art.15)5. To revoke an offer(1) Suppose an offer has reached the offeree, but the offeror still wants to cancel it. How should he do?The revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance. (Art.16)(2) Under what circumstances can an offer not be revoked?a. if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; orb. if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted inreliance on the offer.6. To terminate an offerAn offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror. -- Article 17True or False statements1．An offer becomes effective when the offeror dispatches it towards offeree.F- an offer become effective when reaches the offeree2．Before the offer reaches the offeree, it can be revoked by the offeror at will.F- two kind of exceptions –(Art.16)a b.3．An irrevocable offer cannot be withdrawn.F - Though irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the sametime as the offer. (Art.15)4. Even if an offer is irrevocable, it may be withdrawn.. T5. After an of fer reaches the offeree, it’s unlikely to make it invalid. FPart2. Acceptance⏹DefinitionAcceptance is a voluntary act (either words or conduct) by the offeree that shows assent (agreement) to the terms of an offer. The acceptance must be unequivocal(不含糊) and must be communicated to the offeror.⏹How to make a valid acceptance?Article 18(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itselfamount to acceptance.(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of assent reaches the offeror. An acceptance is not effective if theindication of assent does not reach the offeror within the time he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time, due account being taken of the circumstances of the transaction, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must beaccepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offereemay indicate assent by performing an act, such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in thepreceding paragraph.True or FalseA makes an offer to B.1. B is not interest ed, but B’s friend, C, accepts the offer. Then a contract is concluded.F --Who can accept? ----I. the person to whom the offer is made. II. His agents2. Offeree says, “I accept the offer, but I wish I could have gotten a better price.” So there is an effective acceptance. F–虚拟语气表过去希望，但已不可能实现3. The offeree says, “I accept the offer, but only if I can pay on ninety days’ credit. Then this is a valid acceptance.F – It is a counter offer4. The offeree replies, “I accept; please send written contract.” This should be take n as an acceptance. ?5. The offeree replies, “I accept if you send a written contract.” This should be taken as an acceptance.？6．It is reasonable for the offeror to state, “By your silence and inaction you will be deemed to have accepted this offer.”-- Silence can never be an acceptance.(Silence can be an acceptance(1)when the parties have made such agreements(2)or (2) when the offeree has had prior dealings with the offeror.)CISG⏹D efinitionArticle 18．A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance.⏹T hree basic elements to make a valid acceptance(1) Offeree (2) through a statement or other conduct (3) indication of assent to the offer⏹When the acceptance becomes effective?1. Under the common law, the acceptance becomes effective as soon as it is dispatched by the offeree, and then acontract is formed. ----the mailbox rule2. Under the civil law, the acceptance becomes effective when it reaches the offeror, and then a contract is concluded.----the rule of receipt of the letter of acceptance3. As to this point, CISG follows an approach somewhat different from the common law but similar to the civil law.----Article 18⏹CISG tries to compromise on two legal systemsCISG mainly adopts the approach of civil law, but it does absorb some elements of mailbox rule. – Art.16 / 18Art.18 An acceptance is effective when it reaches the offeror . ----receipt of acceptanceOne point which should be stressed is that offeree’s dispatch of an acceptance cuts off the offeror’s right to revoke the offer ----dispatch of acceptance⏹Whether a late acceptance is effective?1. There are two kinds of late acceptance.(1)The offeree makes an acceptance beyond the time limit for acceptance.That is, it is late when the offeree dispatches the acceptance.It is impossible for such acceptance to become effective except that without delay the offeror informs itseffectiveness.(2) The offeree dispatches the acceptance within the time limit for acceptance but the acceptance reaches theofferor beyond the time limit.That is, it is not late when the offeree dispatches the acceptance, and if its transmission had been normal, itwould have reached the offeror in due time.2. Such late acceptance is generally effective as an acceptance unless without delay the offeror informs the offereethat he considers his offer as having lapsed. ---- Art.21⏹Whether an acceptance can be withdrawn or revoked?CISG tries to achieve a balance in protecting the interests of two contracting parties.On one hand, CISG protects the interests of the offeror, who is entitled to withdraw or revoke the offer;On the other hand, CISG protects the interests of the offeree, who is also entitled to withdraw the acceptance.An offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance.The offeree’s dispatch of acceptances cuts off the offeror’s right to revoke the offer.⏹Whether a reply to an offer containing additional or different terms constitutes an acceptance?Material alteration: price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party’s liability to the other or the settlement of disputesCase analysis:A computer printer distributor in Argentina receives an offer by mail from Epson, a U.S. company, in reply toan inquiry. The offer arrives in Argentina on June 2. On June 12, the Argentinean company sends its acceptance by mail. On June 8, Epson sends a revocation of its offer that was received on June 13 in Argentina. The acceptance from Argentina arrives in the United States on June 17. Did a valid contract arise? When was the offer valid? When was the acceptance valid? When was the revocation valid? Decide the case under the common law and under the CISG.⏹Legal principles:1．An offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance.2．The offeree’s dispatch of acceptance cuts off the offeror’s right to revoke the offer.1. Mirror Image RuleThe rule requires that an offeree respond to an offer with an acceptance that is definite and unconditional, and that matches the terms of the offer exactly and unequivocally不含糊的.Most common-law and civil-law countries follow the mirror image rule. Under these laws, it is unlikely for an acceptance containing different or additional terms to become effective. Such acceptance is usually considered a counteroffer and thusa rejection of the original offer.2. The Battle of the FormsAs the mirror image rule requires that an acceptance be unconditional, both parties, buyer and seller, have to negotiate back and forth through standard business forms. The mirror image rule is the source of the battle of the forms.offer counteroffer counteroffer …The “last shot” principle:The form sent last in time will prevail others as the contract.3. Modification to Mirror Image RuleA. Modification under UCCB. Modification under the CISG----Art. 19C. Modification under China’s contract law---- Art.30, 31A -- Modification under UCCA. In the United States the mirror image rule has been changed by statute (the UCC) to deal with modern businesspractices.-- UCC 2-207(1) A written confirmation with additional or different terms operates as an acceptance unless…(It breaks the mirror image rule.)(2) Between merchants, an acceptance by a confirmation that contains new terms will produce a contract and newterms become a part of contract unless:The buyer (the offeror) expressly limits…The new terms materially alter…The buyer notifies the seller of an objection to the new termsB. How to deal with the additional or different terms(1)To become a part of the contractThe contract is concluded between merchants, containing those additional or different terms which only reflects minor differences (related to usual and customary usage in trade).(2) Not to become a part of the contractThe contract would arise without the new terms if the new terms reflect major differences( material alteration---- that is not commonly accepted in the trade and that would result in surprise hardship).B -- Modification under the CISG----Art. 191. The CISG compromises between the mirror image rule set out by the common and civil law and the UCC. Under theCISG:(1) the acceptance containing the new terms that do not materially alter the terms of the offer becomes a part of thecontract.---- close to the UCC(2) The purported acceptance containing the new terms that do materially alter the terms of the offer wouldconstitute a rejection of the offer and a counteroffer.---- close to the mirror image rule2. Unlike the UCC, the CISG goes further to define “material alteration” :T h e k e y e l e m e n t s t h a t w i l l m a t e r i a l l y a l t e r a c o n t r a c t: price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, placeand time of delivery, extent of one party’s liability to the other or the settlement of disputesC -- China’s contract law---- Art.30, 31第三十条承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。

法律英语教程宋雷知识点第一步：了解法律英语的重要性法律是一门严谨的学科，其使用的语言也需要具备准确性和精确性。

法律英语作为法律专业人士必备的技能之一，是在处理国际法律事务和跨国商务中不可或缺的能力。

掌握法律英语可以帮助我们更好地理解法律文件和条款，与国际伙伴进行有效沟通，并在法律实务中取得成功。

第二步：学习法律英语的基础知识在学习法律英语之前，我们应该先了解一些基本的法律英语术语和常用词汇。

例如，法律文件中常用的词汇如“合同”(contract)、“协议”(agreement)、“法律责任”(legal liability)等，都是我们在学习过程中需要掌握的内容。

此外，掌握法律英语的语法和句型结构也是非常重要的。

第三步：熟悉法律文件的阅读和理解法律文件通常包含复杂的词汇和句子结构，因此，我们需要学会如何正确地阅读和理解这些文件。

在阅读法律文件时，我们应该注意文档的结构和组织方式，并仔细理解每个词汇和句子的含义。

此外，了解常见的法律术语和惯用语可以帮助我们更好地理解文件的内容。

第四步：学习法律英语的写作技巧法律文件通常需要使用正式、明确和具体的语言来表达观点和意图。

因此，在学习法律英语的写作技巧时，我们应该注重语法和词汇的正确使用，避免使用模糊和含糊不清的表达方式。

此外，学习如何撰写法律文件的结构和格式也是非常重要的。

第五步：提高听力和口语技巧在法律实务中，良好的听力和口语技巧对于与他人进行有效沟通至关重要。

因此，我们应该通过听取法律英语的讲座、辩论和讨论等活动来提高我们的听力技巧。

同时，通过参与角色扮演和模拟法庭等活动，我们可以提高我们的口语表达能力。

第六步：了解不同国家的法律体系学习法律英语还需要了解不同国家的法律体系。

不同的国家有不同的法律体系和法律术语，因此我们需要学习和了解这些差异。

比如，英美法系和大陆法系在法律体系和用词上存在很大的差别，我们需要学会正确使用各自的法律术语和表达方式。

第七步：实践法律英语技能最后，我们应该通过实践来巩固和提高我们的法律英语技能。

常用术语总结一、基本概念及用法债权人：obligee债务人：obligor一方：one party对方\相对人：the other party；善意相对人：the other party in good faith债权:creditor’s right； right to performance; right债务/义务: obligation标的物：subject matter责任：liability要约：offer;承诺：acceptance;要约邀请：invitation to offer;要约人:offeror受要约人:offeree收件人：recipient代理人：agent被代理人/本人：principle行为人:person performing （such) act代理权：agency authority应当:shall可以：may不能：may not不正当：improperly有权做. . 。

：may； is entitled to do履行义务：perform obligation， render performance订立合同：enter into a contract； conclude a contract; form a contract带来损失：cause loss to . 。

损害利益：harm somebody’s interest赔偿损失：indemnify the other party for its loss由某人承担费用：expenses shall be borne by sb。

承担损害赔偿责任：be liable for damages各自承担相应的责任:bear their respective liabilities accordingly要求承担违约责任:hold . 。

. liable for breach of contract享有权利、承担义务:assume right and obligation二、各个条文中的术语合同订立采取。

Unit 1 A第一段1. jurisdiction 管辖区，管辖权2. legal family 法系3. civil law 大陆法系4. common law 普通法系，英美法系第四段1. legislation 立法2. case 案例3. the court of Chancery 衡平法院4. equity 衡平法5. petition 诉请（v.），申诉(n.)6. discretionary 自由裁量的第五段1. entrusted territories 托管领地2. impose 实施第六段1. arbitrator 仲裁员2. apply 适用第七段1.Privy Council 枢密院(英国)第八段1. the Twelve Tables 十二铜表法2. citizen 市民第九段1. canon law 教会法2. Corpus Juris Civilis 民法大全3. Justinian Code 查士丁尼法典第十一段1. receive 继受2. private law 私法P.121. civil code 民法典2. codification 法典化第十六段1. interpretation 解释（judicial interpretation 司法解释）2. law doctrine 法律教义课后填空题中的单词1. draft 起草2. inalienable 不可剥夺的3. precedent 先例4. arbitration 仲裁5.binding 约束力6.redress 救济7.grievance 伸冤8.the idea of legislative supremacy 立法的最高权威原则（立法至上原则）9.legitimate 合法的Unit 1 B第一段1. Empower 授权2. Political entity 政治实体3. decide controversies 判决争议4. Obligation 义务，债务5. tribunal 法庭6. Damage 损害赔偿7. breach of contract 违约8. Advocate 辩护人，律师第二段1. unpredictability 不可预测性2. Adjudication 裁决第五段1. normative 规范的2. Precedent 先例3. routine 程式，惯例4. Curb on抑制5. adherence to 坚持，遵守6. Arbitrariness 专制第六段1. Abandonment of an outworn legal doctrine 摒弃过时的法律原则第七段1. Stare decisis遵循先例第八段1. Full-fledged precedent 充分有效的判例Binding precedent 有约束力的判例Persuasive precedent 有劝导力的判例（没有法律约束力）2. Territorial limitation 区域限制第九段1. identical 相同的第十段1.Trial courts 初审法院intermediate appellate courts 中级上诉法院Court of last resort 终审法院第十一段1. Rres judicata一案不再审2. Stare decisis先例约束3. Reversal 撤销overruling 推翻，否决第十二段:1.Plaintiff 原告defendant 被告第十八段1. render the decision 判决2. Holding 裁定3. dictum 意见（法官的附带意见）第十九段1. Persuasive authority 说服效力课后习题：1. Lessor 出租人lessee/tenant 租客，承租人Unit 2 A第一段1.nomenclature 系统命名法，命名court nomenclature 法院名称2.hierarchical 等级制度的hierarchical structure 层级结构3.court of last resort 终审法院第二段1.trial court ( the court in the first instance )初审法院2.court of inferior jurisdiction 有限管辖权的法院3.justice of the peace court 治安官法院4.municipal court 市政法院第三段1.court of general jurisdiction 一般管辖权的法院第四段1.superior court 高级法院2.district court 地区法院3.circuit court 巡回法院4.court of common pleas 普通诉讼法院5.justice 大法官judge 法官第五段1.appellate court （Court of Appeals ）上诉法院2.supreme judicial court 最高审判法院3.supreme court of appeals 最高上诉法院4.tribunal 法庭5.merits 案件事实6.substantive law 实体法第六段1.day in court 出庭应诉，出庭答辩2.matter of grace 法外开恩，恩典3.existing statutes 现行成文法4.docket 诉讼事件表，案件排期表第七段1.discretion 自由裁量权2.screen out 筛选strain out 过滤第八段1.federal court 联邦法院2.interpretation 解释权3.enforcement 实施权第九段1．intermediate appellate court ( called the Court of Appeals )中级上诉法院2．Claims Court 索赔法院3．Tax Court 税务法院第十三段1.entertain 受理2.provision 条款3.diversity of citizenship 公民身份多样性第十四段1.venue 审判地（从数个有管辖权的法院中选出来的那个审判法院）forum 有管辖权的法院2.file a suit 提起诉讼（指民事起诉）第十五段1.actions at law 普通法诉讼2.cases in equity 衡平法案件3.promulgate 颁布，公布第十六段1.judicial circuit 巡回审判地区2.Court of Claims 索赔法院3.Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 海关与专利上诉法院第十七段1.en banc 全体法官听审2.summon 传召，传唤3.litigation 诉讼litigant 诉讼当事人第十八段1.petition 诉请，申诉2.writ 令状3.certiorari 调卷令4.discretion 自由裁量权第十九段1. umpire 裁判员Unit 3 B第一段1. The Supreme Court 最高法院2. Interpret the constitution 解释宪法3. Judicial review 司法审查4. Render decisions 做出判决第二段1. State legislature 州立法机关2. Federal administrative agency 联邦行政机构第三段1. Constitutional review 宪法审查2. Partisan politics 党派政治3. Justice of the peace 治安法官4. Vest 授予5. Ordain 任命6. Provision 规定7. Designate 指定指派8. Hierarchy 等级9. Jurisdiction 管辖权10.Hear 审理11.Provision 款12.Precedence 先例13.Consensus 一致同意14.Intrigue 阴谋15.Consolidate 巩固第四段1.Sectary of state 国务卿2.Affixing the seal 盖国玺3.Senate 参议院4.Inadvertence 不注意5.Inaugurate 开始任职6.Withhold 撤回第五段1. A writ of mandamus 执行令状第六段1. The executive branch 行政部门2. Dilemma 两难3. Acquiesce 默许第七段1. Ministerial detail内阁主张第八段1. Original jurisdiction 初审管辖权2. The judiciary act 司法法3. Tour de force 精心杰作4. Grant 授予5. Relief 救济6. Cede 放弃第九段1. V oid 无效2. Mandamus 执行令3. A government of limited powers 有限政府第十一段1. Judicial duty 司法责任第十二段1. Syllogism 三段论第十三段1. Logical rigor 逻辑严密性第十四段1. Criminal proceeding 刑诉2. Thwart 阻碍，反对3. Rescind 解除4. the supremacy clause 最高条款第十五段1. Tenure 任期第十六段1. Futility 徒劳无果而终2. Desegregate 废除种族隔离第十七段1. Executive privilege 行政特权课后1. Separation of powers 三权分立2. Administrative regulation行政规章3. Statutory instrument法定文书4. Veto否决5. Interpretation字面解释6. Construction上下文解释7. Federalism联邦制8. Statute法（特指）9. Act 法（泛指）10.Writ 文书11.Certiorari 移送命令调卷令12.Servitude 服役13.Bill 法案14.Administrative regulation 行政法规（美国的用法）15.Statutory instrument 法定文件（英国的行政法规用词）Unit 4 A第一段1. omission 疏忽，懈怠，不作为（negligence）2. Removal from public office 开除公职3. Disqualification from holding public office 剥夺政治权利4. Probation 缓刑5. Restitution 返还原物，恢复原状（monetary restitution 金钱赔偿）第二段1. Press charges、bring charges、bring a suit 、file a suit 提起诉讼第三段1. State prosecutor 州检察官2. Process the claim （claim=charge\suit）提起诉讼第五段1. Execution 执行死刑（capital punishment 死刑）（以下为老师上课补充）3. Punitive damages 惩罚性损害赔偿4. Exemplary damages 惩罚性损害赔偿5. Award 裁定损害赔偿金的判决（相当于sentence or make a judgment）第六段1. Assault 企图伤害罪2. Battery 殴击罪（assault and battery 殴击罪）第七段1. Apprehension 逮捕2. Miranda warnings 米兰达警告3. Probable cause 合理的根据第八段1. Felony 重罪2. Misdemeanor 轻罪3. Infraction 一般违法（相当于violation）第九段1. Transgression 违法2. Corroborative evidence 加强证据，实证证据，佐证3. Complaint 自诉起诉书4. Issuance of an arrest warrant 签发逮捕令第十段1. Involuntary manslaughter 非预谋故意杀人，过失杀人第十一段1. Motives 犯罪动机1. Intent 犯罪意图第十二段1. Strict liability 严格责任2. Acquittal 宣告无罪第十四段1. A first degree murder 一级谋杀2. Imbecile 低能者第十五段1. Mens rea 犯意2. Actus reus犯罪行为3. Causation 因果关系第十六段1. The grossly negligent behavior 重大过失行为第十七段Hold-up 抢劫课后练习单词1. Infamous crime 不名誉犯罪2. Infamy 声名狼藉3. Ineligible 不适铬4. Commence 开始（commencement 毕业典礼）5. Search or seizure 搜查或扣押6. Criminal sanction 刑事制裁7. Psychological pressure 心理压力8. Requisite 必备的，必不可少的9. Model Panel Code 模范刑法典Unit 5 B第一段1. Pretrial steps 审前程序第二段1. The bill of information 检察官公诉书2. Complaint 起诉书（针对misdemeanor）3. Law enforcement 执法，法律实施4. The subject matter 诉讼标的5. Magistrate 地方执法官6. Be bound over 具结(bound over for trail法官接受公诉书后，被告会受审)7. Misdemeanor 轻罪第三段1. The grand jury process 大陪审团程序2. Appearance 出庭3. Refute 驳斥4. Put on a defense 提出抗辩第四段1. The arrest 逮捕2. Take a suspect into custody 拘捕嫌疑犯3. Charge 指控4. Official arrest warrant 正式逮捕令5. Probable cause 合理根据第五段1. Booking 登记备案2. Inventory search 物品清查3. Contraband 违禁品4. Preliminary investigation 初步调查5. Seizure 扣押第六段1. The decision to prosecute （检察官）公诉决定第七段1. The initial appearance 首次出庭2. Constitutional rights and guarantees 宪法权利和保证3. Bail 保释金4. Nominal bail fee 名义担保费5. Released on one’s own recognizance 自我保释第八段1. Merit of the case 案件事实1. A guilty plea 有罪答辩第九段1. The preliminary hearing 预审程序2. A grand jury hearing 大陪审团听证3. Reasonable doubt 合理怀疑4. Burden of proof 举证责任5. Safeguard for the rights 权利保障6. Cross-examine 交叉询问7. Favorable evidence 有利证据第十段1. Adjudicate 判决2. Formal indictment 正式的起诉书（大陪审团起诉书）第十一段1. The arraignment 传讯2. Not guilty by reason of insanity 因精神病而无罪3. Nolo contendere(no contest) 既不辩护也不认罪4. File all relevant pretrial motions 提交所有相关的审前动议第十三段1. Waive 放弃2. Bench trial 法官审判3. A plea bargain 辩诉交易，认罪协议第十四段1. Voir dire 陪审团资格审查2. Peremptory challenge 绝对回避（无因回避，但有人数限制）3. The challenge for cause 相对回避（有因回避，没有人数限制）第十五段1. Opening statement 开场陈述2. Mistrial 无效审判第十六段1. Acquit 无罪释放2. Bad faith 恶意3. Reversible error 可撤销判决的错误第十七段1. The prosecutor’s case 控方举证2. Presumption of innocence 无罪推定3. Tangible evident 有形证据（物证）第十八段1. Motion for directed verdict 指示裁决动议第十九段1. The defendant’s pr esentation 被告辩护2. Testimonial 证人证言3. Take the stand and testify 站到证人席作证4. Self incrimination 自证其罪5. Rebuttal （检察官对被告方证据）驳斥6. Surrebuttal (rejoinder) （被告方对公诉方驳斥）反驳斥7. Rebut 反驳第二十段1. Closing argument 结案陈辞2. Summation 总结3. Extol the virtues of one’s claim 肯定己方诉求真实性第二十一段1. Discrepancy 不一致，矛盾2. Claim for conviction 有罪主张第二十二段1. Refute 反驳2. Discredit witness 质疑证人3. Discredit the case 质疑案子本身（质疑控方举证不足以起诉）第二十三段1. Jury instruction 陪审团指示2. Charge the jury 陪审团指示3. Submit 提交4. Standard jury instruction forms 标准陪审团指示模板第二十四段1. The jury deliberation 陪审团评议2. Venireman 陪审员3. Private conference chamber 秘密会议室4. Stenographer 速记员5. Acquiescence 缄默6. Apathy 冷漠（对裁决漠不关心）7. The toss of a coin 掷硬币第二十五段1. Unanimous 一致同意的2. Acquittal 无罪3. Conviction 有罪4. Double jeopardy 双重追诉第二十六段1. The verdict 裁决，裁定2. Involuntary manslaughter 过失杀人3. Hung jury （因陪审团不能达成一致裁定而造成的）无效审判第二十七段1. Sentence 判刑2. The state statute 州成文法律3. Suspension 停职4. Probation 缓刑5. Jail term 监禁刑6. Fine 罚金7. Disqualification to hold public office 开除公职8. Capital punishment 死刑第二十八段1. The appeal 上诉2. Significant procedural error 重大程序错误（可以构成reversible error）3. Harmless error 无害错误（对判决结果无影响的程序错误）4. Procedural deficiency 程序错误后面表格词汇1. Preponderance of evidence 优势证据2. Prima facie case初步案件3. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑的证据后面练习题词汇1. Overzealous 过分热心的2. Dual sovereignty 双重主权（区别于double jeopardy）Unit 6 B第一段wsuit 诉讼2.substantive law/ procedural law 实体法/程序法3.will 遗嘱(make a last will stick 使遗嘱生效)4.formality 手续(what formalities arenecessary to make a last will stick)5.issue stock 发行股票6.lease or deed of land 土地租赁或转让契约(lease租赁, leasor出租人, lessee承租人, leasehold 通过租赁而占有)第二段1.have standing to do 有资格(whether aparticular person has standing to bring aparticular suit)2.afford the remedy 给予救济3.court–made juctice 法庭正义4.good procedures 正当程序(the roadto.court–made juctice is paved with goodprocedures)第四段1.the pleading stage 起诉阶段2.client 当事人3.ascertain 确认，查明4.be prone to (=incline to) 倾向于第五段1.emotion distress 精神损害2.personal injury 人身伤害3.property damage 财产损失第六段1.can be proved in court 在法庭上可被证实2.state a claim 诉讼请求3.allege (claim/allege/ascertain) 主张4.renege 食言，反悔5.breach of contract 合同违约, 违反合同约定(state a claim for breach of contract合同违约之诉)6.norm 规范7. a true account 如实报道8.file bankruptcy 申请破产9.invation of privacy 侵犯隐私第七段1.the amount of money 标的额2.residence 住所3.subject matter jurisdiction 事务管辖权，事项管辖权，对事管辖权4.personal jurisdiction 属人管辖权，对人管辖权5.the person sued = defendant 被告6.render the judgment (render = give) 作出判决第八段1.service of process 送达程序(serviceof process on the defendant 向被告送达程序)2.initiate the lawsuilt 启动诉讼，提起诉讼3.summons 传票(serve a summons送达传票)plaint 起诉状(serve a complaint送达起诉状)5.Civil Procedure 民事诉讼程序第九段1.pleading 主张(the comlaint is thepleading in which the plaintiff states thefacts)2.cause of action 诉讼理由，诉因，诉由(constitute a cause of action 构成诉讼理由)第十一段1.interval 期间(a proper interval)2.default judgment 缺席判决(enter adefault judgment)3.collect 执行(collect against yourclient's property)第十二段1.motion 动议2.motion to dismiss 申请撤销3.demurrer抗辩4.recover 赔偿(permit X to recoveragainst F on those facts)第十三段1.answer 答辩(serve/file an answer 作出答辩)2.general denial 全部否认(qualified/specific denial)3.issue 争议，问题第十四段1.affirmative defense 积极抗辩(serve/file an affirnative defense)2. a plea by way of confession andavoidance 自认其罪又持异议的抗辩3.statute of limitations 诉讼时效第十五段1.grant/deny a motion 允许/否决动议(motion granted/denied 被允许/否决的动议)2.replead 二次申诉第十六段1.controvert 否定, 反对, 对…持异议2.negligent/negligence 过失3.impair 损害第十八段1.bench trial 法官审判(jury trial 陪审团审判)第二十段1.opening statement 开庭陈述(closingstatement/argument 结案陈辞)第二十一段1.direct/cross examination 直接/交叉提问2.inadmissible 不可采信的(admit,admission, admissible, inadmissible)3.except不同意(defendant will "except"to the rulling and so preserve her right)第二十三段1.testimony 证人证词(direct testimonyand cross-examination of witnesses)2.exceptions 保留意见(objections to theevidence and exceptions to the court'rulling)第二十四段1.burden of proof 举证责任2.assert 主张，坚称第二十五段2.sum up 结案陈词(=closingstatement/argument)第二十六段1.charge to the jury对陪审团的指示(jury instructions)2.the instruction stage (instruction = charge)指示阶段3.applicable 可适用的4.find 确认，认定(if you the jury findthat the defendant sent the postcards)5.bring in a verdict 作出裁决6. a reasonable person “理性人”（具有一般智商的普通人）7.impair 妨碍(his emotional distresswould impair his ability to drive)第二十七段1.draft 草案，草稿2.submit 提交(submit the draftinstructions to the judge)3.record objections 记录反对意见4.erroneous 错误的(an erroneousstatement of the law)第二十八段1.in substance 实质上2.tort action 侵权第二十九段1.retire for deliberation 退席评议2.general verdict 一般裁决，概括裁决第三十段1.terminology and practice 理论与实践第三十一段1.judgment notwithstanding the verdict(judgment non obstante verdicto)(judgment n.o.v) (j.n.o.v) (grantjudgment n.o.v ) 不顾陪审团裁决的判决, 直接审判(法官认为案件事实清楚不需交付陪审团而直接作出的判决)2.judgment as a matter of law(JMOL)直接审判(联邦法院的叫法)3.jury finding 陪审团裁定第三十二段1.set aside 推翻(=overrule) (set aside theverdict = disregard the verdict2.grant a new trial 重新审判3.sufficiency of the evidence 证据充分性4.time-honored 历久弥新5. a minimum amount of evidence 基本证据6.scintilla 一点点，微乎其微第三十三段1.move for 提出申请(move for a newtrial)2.rule in 认定(rule in evidence)3.misconduct 行为不当4.excessive damages 过高赔偿金第三十四段1.award the verdict 作出裁决2.notice 告知，申请(notice of appeal)第三十五段1.execution of the judgment 执行判决2.writ 权利(=right) (the plaintiff obtainsa writ from the court directing the sheriffto seize property of the defendant)3.seize/seizure 扣押(seize the property) 第三十六段1.debtor 债务人pliance 遵从，服从第三十八段1.retry 重审2.the case on its merits案件实质，案件相关事实3.scrutiny 审查(=review)4.the transcript of the testimony 庭审笔录5.exhibits 证物6.briefs 上诉意见第三十九段1.circulate 传阅(the draft opinion will becirculated for initialing)2.initial 草签(本意"首字母"，即草签只签名字首字母)3.concurring opinions附随意见4.dissenting opinions 不同意见第四十段1.rule 裁定，裁决(trial judges can avoideroror in every rulling in a complicatedcase)2.the leisure of hindsight 后见之明(hindsight 后见；foresight 前见)3.warrant 确保，保证(v.) (Should all sucherrors warrant reversal by the apprellatecourt ?)4.cure 纠正(the errors are "cured" bysubsequent events)5.prejudicial损坏性的(prejudice 损害；with/without prejudice 在有/无损害前提下；dismissal with/without prejudice永久性驳回起诉/非永久性驳回起诉,可补正之撤销诉讼)课后练习题词汇1.in rem jurisdiction 对物管辖权/ inpersonam jurisdiction (= personaljurisdiction) 对人管辖权, 属人权2.juvenile 青少年/ minor 未成年(juvenile delinquency青少年越轨行为) 3.deposition 口头质询/ interrogatory 书面质询(都属于discovery证据发掘阶段)4.nonresident 非本州居民5.have certain minimum contacts with 最低限度联系(long-arm jurisdiction 长臂管辖权/ long-arm statute 长臂法) 6.probative matter 提供证明的事项，有证明力的内容7.adversary/inquisitorial trial 对抗式庭审/纠问式审判8.special/general verdict 特别裁决/一般裁决9.bench/jury trial 法官审判/陪审团审判10.court clerk 法庭书记员11.concurrent 竞合12.probate 遗嘱检验13.executrix (female administrator) 女执行人Unit8A第一段1.civil wrongs 民事不法行为2.tortious act 侵权行为3.act 作为4.omission不作为5.personal interest人身利益6.property interest财产利益7.intent 故意8.negligence过失9.inadvertence疏忽，不小心（没有尽到注意义务）10.mistake误解错误第二段1.liability责任义务2.tort liability 侵权责任3.contract liability合同责任4.damages赔偿金5.remedies救济第三段1.intentional torts 故意侵权2.negligent torts过失侵权3.state of mind 主观心态4.circumstantial evidence间接证据环境证据（行为时的客观情况）第四段1.personal torts 人身侵权2.property torts财产侵权3.assault威胁 a threatened or attemptedphysical attack by someone who appears to be able to cause bodily harm if not stopped4.battery攻击an assault in which theassailant makes physical contact5.false imprisonment非法拘禁6.trespass to land 非法侵入土地7.trespass to chattels非法侵入动产yperson 法外之人第六段1.confinement监禁拘禁2.false imprisonment 非法拘禁第八段mitment order拘禁令第九段1. alcoholism酒精中毒2 .detention拘留扣留第十段1.the right to exclusive possession of theland对土地的排他性占有权第十一段1.prima facie case初步证明的案件第十四段1.expire 到期期满第十五段1.standard of care注意标准2.reasonable person standard理性人标准3.duty of care注意义务4.assumption of the risk自担风险第十八段1.proximate cause最近原因2.public policy argument 公序良俗论辩理由第十九段1.foreseeability可预见性2.actionable可起诉的第二十段1.intervening causes介入因素第二十一段1.contributory negligence共同过失parative negligence比较过失3.recovery救济赔偿金第二十二段1. automobile accidents交通事故第二十三段1. pure comparative negligence 纯比例比较过失2. partial comparative negligence部分比较过失第二十五段1.unreasonable conduct不当行为2.voluntary consent自愿同意第二十六段1.strict liability严格责任2.liability without fault无过错责任3.abnormally dangerous activities高度危险活动第二十七段1.privity of contract合同关系第二十八段1.defamation诽谤2.slander口头诽谤3.libel书面诽谤Unit 8B ——侯润颖第一段1. Contend 主张2. Compensatory and punitive damages 补偿性和惩罚性赔偿金第二段1. Cause of action 诉讼理由第五段1. Recuperate 休养2. Skin grafts 皮肤移植第六段1. Out-of-pocket 自掏腰包第七段1. Summary dismissal 驳回起诉的动议2. Proximate cause 近因原则;直接原因第十段1. Find for 作有利于...的判决第十一段1. Runaway 坐视不理2. Undisclosed amount 未公开的赔偿数额第十三段1. A defective product 缺陷产品2. Scrutiny 推敲课后题II (P138)1. Infringe legal right 侵犯权利2. Nondisclosure 保密3. Referee 裁判员4. The court below 一审法院5. Joint tortfeasor 共同侵犯人6. Intentional tort 故意侵权7. Make an example out of 惩罚8. Exemplary damages 惩罚性赔偿金9. Exemplary behavior 值得仿效的行为10. Privity 共同利益关系，此处指合同关系11. Transaction 交易12. Prima facie case 初步证明的案件13. Chattels 动产14. Freehold land 自由保有地产15. A chattel real 属地动产16. Chattels personal 属人动产17. Omission 不作为18. Commission 作为19. Reasonable person 理性人Unit 8 B第一段1. Contend 主张2. Compensatory and punitive damages 补偿性和惩罚性赔偿金第二段1. Cause of action 诉讼理由第五段1. Recuperate 休养2. Skin grafts 皮肤移植第六段1. Out-of-pocket 自掏腰包第七段1. Summary dismissal 驳回起诉的动议2. Proximate cause 近因原则;直接原因第十段1. Find for 作有利于...的判决第十一段1. Runaway 坐视不理2. Undisclosed amount 未公开的赔偿数额第十三段1. A defective product 缺陷产品2. Scrutiny 推敲课后题II (P138)1. Infringe legal right 侵犯权利2. Nondisclosure 保密3. Referee 裁判员4. The court below 一审法院5. Joint tortfeasor 共同侵犯人6. Intentional tort 故意侵权7. Make an example out of 惩罚8. Exemplary damages 惩罚性赔偿金9. Exemplary behavior 值得仿效的行为10. Privity 共同利益关系，此处指合同关系11. Transaction 交易12. Prima facie case 初步证明的案件13. Chattels 动产14. Freehold land 自由保有地产15. A chattel real 属地动产16. Chattels personal 属人动产17. Omission 不作为18. Commission 作为19. Reasonable person 理性人Unit 9 A第一段1.offer n.要约2.acceptance n.承诺3.promise n.允诺4.capacity n.主体资格5.mutual assent 当事人合意6.consideration n. 对价7.statute n. 制定法第二段1.fraud n. 欺诈2.the Statute of Frauds 反欺诈法3.threshold n. 入门；门槛第三段1.the Uniform Commercial Code（UCC ）《统一商法典》2personal property 动产3.lease n.( 不动产)租赁；租约；租赁合同4.letter of credit信用证第四段the Restatement of Contracts 合同法重述第五段1.express contracts 明示合同2.implied contracts 默示合同3.void contracts 无效合同4.voidable contracts 可撤销合同5..quasi contracts准合同，契约6..enforceable contracts可强制执行合同7. unenforceable contracts 不可强制执行合同8. a legal remedy 法律救济第六段1. Oxymoron n. 矛盾修辞法第八段1. artificial person法人2. minor n.未成年人3. majority n. 成熟；法定年龄第十一段1. counteroffer n.反要约课后练习题1.A legal detriment 损害，对权利的放弃2.An implied in law contract 法律上所默许的契约，暗指合同3.No capacity to contract 没有订立合同的能力，指无民事行为能力人4.Mutuality of agreement 合意5.Mutuality of obligation 权利义务相对性6.Unjust enrichment 不当得利7.Full consent=consensus 一致，合意Unit 9 B第一段1. plain meaning 一般意思，普遍含义（ordinary meaning）2. deceptively 欺诈地，迷惑地第三段1. be given more weight than 优于第四段1. breach of contract=repudiation 到期违约anticipatory breach 预期违约2. stipulate 规定3. real estate 房地产第五段1. projected loss of profits 预期利益损失2. aggrieved party 受损害方3. specific performance 实际履行4. commodity 商品，货物第六段1. mutual mistake 共同过失2. something material 实质事项，重要事项3. duress 胁迫4. threat of force 武力威胁5. undue influence 不正当影响第七段1.unconscionability=extreme unfairness 显失公平2. fine print 极小的字体，难懂的条文3. jargon 行话，术语4. misrepresentation 虚假陈述5. justifiable breach 正当违约6. enter a contract 订立合同7. impossibility 履行不能（uncontrollable circumstance）8. frustration 合同目的落空课后题1. inducement 诱因，刺激物3. false pretense 诈骗defraud 欺骗，诈骗5. undertaking 同意，许诺offeror 要约人10.undue influence 不正当压力negate 否定，否认。

WhyWhatToolsHowAdditional advice & course descriptionArrangement of the textbookHomeWhat to learn?To learn and refine your own English（扎实的基本功，法律语言句式复杂，长句多）Acquire the language of lawAcquire knowledge of the basic legal conceptsSome features of legal languagecommon words with special meaningOld and Middle English wordsLatin words and phrasesFrench wordsUse of argotLong sentenceWORDS LEGAL MEANINGaction 诉讼Consideration补偿/对价/约因Counterpart副本executed签名使契据生效Hand签字Instrument文件eg. Legal instrument: legal document(1) common words with special meaningWORDS LEGAL MEANINGLetters 许可证Party 诉讼方、合同缔结方、当事人Prayer诉讼请求Presents本文件this legal documentSaid上述的mentioned beforeEg. the said witness 该证人Serve送达Specialty盖印合同sealed contractProvide for 规定Remedy补救办法(2) Old and Middle English wordsIf any of the terms or provisions of this Contract shall be declared illegal or unenforceable by any court of competent jurisdiction, then the parties hereto agree to do all things and cooperate in all ways open to them to obtain substantially the same result or as much thereof as may be possible, including the amendment or alteration of these presents若主管法庭宣布本合同任何条款或规定非法或无效，双方同意将尽最大努力采取一切可行措施，包括修改或更换合同，以取得大体相同或尽可能多的效益here words: hereafter（此后、将来）, hereby（籍此）, herein（此中、此处）, hereinafter（在下文）, hereof, hereto there words: thereby, thereof（因此）, therein（在那里）, thereon, thereto, theretofore, thereupon, therewith aforesaid如前所述said (used as an adjective)Such上述的forthwith立刻thence从那时起, thenceforth从那时起/其后Where words: whereby（由是、因此）, whereof（关于它）witness (used in the sense of testimony by signature, oath, etc. as “In witness whereof, I have set my hand, ...”签字盖章,特此为证witnesseth鉴于(meaning to provide formal evidence of something, the Old English present indicative, third person singular verb form.)(3) Latin words and phrasesalias别名, 化名Alibi不在犯罪现场的证明/不在犯罪现场一种辩护形式bona fide善意/真诚的versus(4) French wordsAction 诉讼Agreement 协议Appeal 上诉arrestarson 纵火assault 袭击attorneys 律师battery 殴打罪bill 法案、议案claim 索取Condition 条款contractevidence 契约法、合同法execution 执行guarantee担保物/抵押品infant未成年人judgesjudgment 审判jurors 陪审员justice(5) Use of argotThe language of the law, sometimes even a particular word, has a dual aspect. Lawyers use language that is intended to speak to lawyers and laymen, as in contracts, jury instructions, notices, and even laws. Lawyers also use language that is intended to speak primarily to each other, as in pleadings, opinions, argument and in the day-to-day negotiation and discussion that is the lawyer's life. In this aspect, a portion of the language of the law is ARGOT, a 'professional language'. E.g.:alleged有嫌疑的casecause of action 原告的起诉原由damages 损害赔偿due care 应有注意inferior court 下级法院issue of fact关于事实的争论点issue of law关于引用法律的争论点pursuant to stipulationreversed and remanded发回重审superior court 高级法院Any person who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, while having dealings of any kind with any other public body, offers any advantage to any public servant employed by that public body, shall be guilty of an offence. 任何人与其它公共机构进行任何事务往来时,无合法权限或合理理由而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提供任何利益﹐即属犯罪。