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Unit_2_Communica...Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based Language teaching Aims of the unit:1. how is language learned in classrooms different from language used in real life?2. What is communicative competence?3. What are the implications of CLT to teaching and learning?4. What are the main features of communicative activities?5. What is Task-based Language Teaching?6. How is Task-based Language Teaching different from PPP?7. Are there imitations of CLT and TBL?I. Language use in real life vs. traditional pedagogyTask 1.Generally speaking language use in real life differs from traditional language teaching pedagogy in the following aspects: In real lifeIn traditional pedagogyHow is Lang. used /taught?1.Perform certain com- municative functions2. Use all four skills1.Focus on forms rather than functions2 Focus on one or two skillsWhat parts of lang. are used/ taughtLanguage is used in a certain contextIsolate language from its contextII. What is communicative competence?1. The goal of CLTThe goal of CLT is to develop students’ communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.Task 2:“Why don’t you close the door?”—a real question, a command or a complaint?Task 4:Discuss the possible meaning and function each may have.l Flight CA 937 is now landing.l The train is leaving in ten minutes.l She is always complaining whenever you talk to her.l He is making progress slowlyFrom the above tasks we can see that one language form may express a number of communicative functions and one communicative function can also be expressed by a variety of language forms.2. Five main components of communicative competence.Hedge discusses five main components of communicative competence: linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence and fluency.(1) Linguis tic compe tence: “is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning”(Hedge, 2000)(2) Pragmatic competence: is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context.(3) Discourse competence: refers to one’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understandthem.(Canale and Swain, 1980)(4) Strategic competence: similar to communicationstrategies. It refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.(5) Fluency: one’s ability to “link units of speck together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue hesitation”(Hedge)3. Language competence and communicative competence(1) Chomsky’s theory: competence simply mea ns knowledge of the language system: grammatical knowledge in other words(2) Hymes’s theory: “there are “rules of use without which the rules of grammar would be useless”. Besides grammatical rules, language use is governed by rules of use, which ensure that the desired or intended functions are performed and the language used is appropriate to the context.(3) Communicative competence: according to Hymes, communicative competence means people should know “what to sa y to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situation”, which includes four aspects: . grammatically acceptable. understandable. social norms. actually use4. Implications for teaching and learningTask 5:Communicative competenceImplications for language teaching(Teachers need to help learners)Linguistic competencel Achieve accuracy in the grammatical forms of the languages; l Pronounce the forms accurately;l Use stress, rhythm and intonation to express meaning;l Build a range of vocabulary;l Learn the script and spelling rules.l Achieve accuracy in syntax and word formation.Pragmatic competencel Learn the relationship between grammatical forms and functions;l Use stress and intonation to express attitude and emotion;l Learn the scale of formality;l Understand and use emotive tone;l Use the pragmatic rules of language.l Select language forms appropriate to topic, listener or setting, etc.Discourse competencel Take longer turns, use discourse markers and open and close conversations;l Appreciate and be able to produce contextualized written texts in a variety of genres;l Be able to use cohesive devices in reading and writing texts;l Be able to cope with authentic texts.Strategic competencel To take risks in using the language;l To use a range of communicative strategies;l To learn the language needed to engage in some of these strategies.Fluencyl Deal with the information gap of real discourse;l Process language and respond appropriately with a degree of ease;l Be able to respond with reasonable speed i n “real time”.III. Principles of Communicative Language Teaching1. Principles of CLT:l Communicative principle: Activities that involve real communication promote learning.l Task principle: Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning.l Meaningfulness principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process.2. Features of CLTl authentic and creativel meaning rather than forml relevant to the needsl task-based teachingl functional approach3. The implementation of language skills(1) In listening and speaking, students should have the chance to listen to and produce what is meaningful, authentic, unpredictable, and reactive if ever possible.(2) In reading. Since communicative courses focus on meaning rather than on form, the reading skill is redefined to focus on the purpose ofreading.(3) In writing, students should make the writing more meaningful and authentic, that is to practice writing to express their own feelings or describe their own experience.4. Communicative activities.(1) MMC system. Mechanic drills, meaningful drills and communicative drills. / Functional communicative activities, and Asocial interaction activities,(P. 22)(2) Six criteria for evaluating communicative classroomactivities:i. communicative purposeii. communicative desireiii. content, not formiv. variety of languagev. no teacher interventionvi. no materials controlIV. Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT)1. Definition of a task:l [a task] is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward. Thus, examples of tasks include painting afence, dressing a child, filling out a form, buying a pair of shoes, making an airline reservation, borrowing a library book, takin g a driving test, typing a letter…In other words, by “task” is meant the hundred and one things people do in everyday life, at work, at play, and in between. (Long 1985)l …a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on meaning rather than form.(Nunan 1989)l Tasks are activities where the target language is used by the leaner for a communicative purpose (goal) in order to achieve an outcome.(Wills 1996)l A task is essentially goal-oriented; it requires the group, or pair, to achieve an objective that is usually expressed by an observable result, such as brief notes or lists, rearrangement of jumbled items, a drawing, a spoken summary. This result should be stainable only by interaction between participants: so within the definition of the task you often find instructions such a s“reach a consensus” or “find out everyone’s opinions”. (Ur 1996)2. Four components of a task:l A purpose: making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task.l A context: the task can be real, simulated or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues, such as the location, the participants and other important factors.l A process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating.l A product: there will be some form of outcome, either visible (a written plan, a play, a letter. etc.) or invisible (enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.)3. Exercises, exercise-task and tasksl Exercises: focus on individual language itemsl Tasks: Purposeful and contextualized communicationl Exercise-task: halfway between tasks and exercises.Task 10.Activity 1: This activity has all the characteristics of a task.l The workplan specifies what the two participants in the task are supposed to do.l The primary focus is on meaning.l Student A has to talk about the dangerous moment and student B is free to ask questions to clarify. The language use is similar to a natural communicative event.l The outcome of this task is the completion of a picture by student B.Activity 2: This activity is an exercise-task.l This is an example of a cue-card activity. It has some of thefeatures of a task. For example, it requires participants to interact orally and the participants are free to choose the linguistics resources.l However, the primary focus is on form because the meanings are predetermined. Also, there isn’t a clear communicative outcome.l The outcome is the performance of the activity. Therefore, the purpose of this activity is to practice language.Activity 3: This is obviously an exercise.l They primary focus is on form—the use of “any and “some” in questions and replies learners simply need to substitute items.l The language use is by no means like the real-world communication.Activity 4: This is an exercise-task.l Telling a story from pictures where every student can see what is happening in each picture is not a task.l It is simply a language practice activity—what communicative purpose is there?l If there were two sets of pictures, and one group prepared a story based on their set of pictures and told it to a group who then had to arrange that set of pictures in the right order, this would create a communicative purpose, and therefore a need to listen. The latter would be a good task—initially with the teacher telling the story and the learners at tables arranging the pictures.4. PPP and Task-based Language Teaching(1) PPP teaching model: Presentation, Practice, Production(2) The difference between PPP and TBLT(see Figure 2.2 and 2.3 on P. 31 & 32)Figure 2.2 TBLFigure 2.3 PPPl The way students use and experience language in TBL, is radically different from PPP.l TBL can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focuses activities. PPP is different in this aspect. (P.32)5. How to design tasks?(1) Question that should be considered before design tasks. l What is the objective of the taskl What is the content of the task?l How is the task to be carried out?l In what situation is the task to be carried out?(2) The steps in designing tasks.Sept 1: Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilities. Step 2: Brainstorm possible tasks.Step 3: Evaluate the listStep 4: Choose the language items.Step 5: Preparing materials。
高职《英语教学论》课程标准一、课程说明《英语教学论》课程标准课程编码：承担单位：制定：制定日期：审核：审核日期：批准：批准日期：1、课程性质：本门课程是职业学院英语教育专业的一门专业必修课。
2、课程任务：主要针对小学英语教学岗位开设，主要任务是培养学生在小学英语教学岗位的教育教学能力，要求学生掌握英语语言教学中使用的方法和技巧，并了解其理论依据；提高学生对语言教学原则、教学规律的理解，并且引导学生将这些原则应用于教学中，使其能够胜任未来的小学英语教学工作。
3、课程衔接：在课程设置上，前导课程有基础英语、教育学、心理学，后续课程有英语教学实训、教学实习。
二、学习目标通过本门课程的学习，学生应熟练掌握英语教学的基本理论和基本方法，并能针对小学英语课堂教学实际，将英语教学理论与小学教学实践相结合，从而培养学生对小学英语教学实践的认识、思考、判断、分析、设计和研究能力。
具体目标分述如下：1、知识和技能目标：（1）了解语言与语言学习的基本概念；（2）理解英语教学的主要理论；（3）掌握英语教学设计的一般方法；（4）掌握英语课堂教学过程与教学效果的评价方法。
2、能力目标：（1）能够正确描述教学目标、重点与难点，分析教学内容，并能根据学生特点和教学条件设计有效的英语教学活动；（2）积极开展英语课堂教学微技能整合，探索英语教学的有效途径；（3）能利用所学技能进行教学设计；（4）能利用所学方法与技巧进行英语教学演示。
3、思想政治素养目标：（1）能够认识到教学能力是英语教师专业素质的必要组成部分；（2）能够认识到科学教学方法的有效应用对于优化教学过程，培养创新型人才的重要作用；（3）具有不断学习新知识和探索新理论以完善自身素质结构的意识与态度。
三、课程设计本课程以职业能力目标为载体，根据小学英语教学岗位工作任务要求，确定学习目标及学习任务内容；本课程采取行动导向项目教学教学模式，以学生为主体、以培养学生课堂教学能力为导向组织教学考核。
Unit 1 Language and Language Learning 语言和语言学习1.Views on language 有关语言的观点Different views on language generate different teaching methodologies. P2不同的语言观产生不同的教学方法..Three different views of language: 三种不同观点的语言:1. Structural view: language as a system made up of various subsystems: the sound system phonology; the discrete units of meaning morphology; the system of combining units of meaning for communication syntax p3a finite number of such structural items 有限数量的这种结构性产品结构语言理论:语言作为一个系统由各种子系统:音响系统语音;离散单元的意义形态;对通信相结合的系统单位的意义语法2. Functional view: Language is not only a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. 功能观:语言不仅是一种语言系统;但也做事情的一种方式..3. Interactional view: language as a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people. p3交互语言理论:语言作为一种交际工具来建立和维护人们之间的社会关系..2. Views on language learning and learning in general 语言学习两类理论：Process-oriented theories and Condition-oriented theories1. Behaviourist theory: p5 行为主义学习理论面向流程理论和条件理论behavioural psychologist Skinner; 行为心理学家斯金纳Watson and Raynor’s theory of conditioning; stimulus; response; and reinforcement;the audio-lingual method; the language is learned by constant repetition and reinforcement of the teacher 沃森和雷诺的调节理论;刺激响应;和强化;听说教学法;语言是不断的重复和强化学习的老师2. Cognitive theory: students are asked to think rather than simply repeat; p5Noam Chomsky; 乔姆斯基认知学习理论:要求学生想而不是简单的重复;language is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system; there are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced. 有数量有限的语法规则系统和知识的这些可以生成无限的句子语言是一个复杂的基于规则的系统语言习得和一个大的部分是这个系统乔姆斯基认知语言学 Transformational-Generative T-G Grammer 转换生成语法(3). Constructivist theory:P6 Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already know; 建构主义学习理论:学习是一个过程;学习者建构意义基于自己的经历和已经知道什么;applicable to learning in general; 适用于一般学习 John Dewey 杜威teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities; 教学应构建基于学习者已经知道和学习者参与学习活动to foster inventive; creative; critical learner; 培养创造力;创造力;关键的学习者4. Social-constructivist theory: P6 社会-建构主义理论 Vygotsky; 维果斯基emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context;the concept of ‘Zone of Proximal Development’ ZPD 可能发展区/临近发展区and scaffolding 鹰架理论; 概念和鹰架理论强调互动和社会背景与目标语言接触learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction betweenthe teacher and the learner and between learners.学习是最好的通过教师和学习者之间的动态交互和学习者之间3. qualities of What makes a good language teacher P7 品质好的语言老师ethic devotion; professional qualities; personal style; professional competence道德奉献职业素质个人风格专业能力4. Development of teacher’s professional competence教师专业能力的发展Figure 1.1 P9: Stage 1; Stage 2 and Goal 图1.19页:第一阶段、第二阶段和目标Stage 1: language development 阶段1:语言发展Stage 2: three sub-stages: learning; practice; reflection方案变动包括:学习实践反思The learning stage: 1. learning from others’ experiences; 2. learning the received knowledge; 3. learning from one’s own experiences学习阶段:借鉴别人的经验;学习获得知识;从自己的学习经验5. The most influential language teaching approaches in the past two decadesCommunicative Language Teaching CTL 交际语言教学最具影响力的语言Task-basked Language Teaching TBLT 任务型语言教学教学方法过去二十年Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based Language Teaching 交际原则任务型语言教学1. Language use in real life vs. traditional pedagogy 在现实生活中与传统的教育学The language used in real life 在现实生活中;语言是用来执行特定的交际功能in real life; language is used to perform certain communicative functionsThe language learned in classroom 在教室里学到的语言A big gap between the two 一个很大的差距Main differences: P15 1. traditional pedagogy tends to focus on forms rather than functions; 2. traditional pedagogy tends to focus on one or two language skills and ignore the others; 3. traditional pedagogy tends to isolate language from its context.主要差异:1、传统教学往往关注形式而不是功能;2、传统教育学往往集中在一个或两个语言技能而忽略其他人;3、传统教学往往孤立的语言上下文..2. CLT 交际语言教学弥合两人之间的差距To bridge the gap between the two 目标是发展学生的交际能力The goal of CLT is to develop students’ communicative competence. Five main components of communicative competence p17-18交际能力的五个方面1. Linguistic competence 语言能力It’s concerned with knowledge of the language; it involves spelling; pronunciation; vocabulary; word formation; grammatical structure; sentence structure; and semantics.语言的知识;它包括拼写;发音;词汇;构词、语法结构、句子结构和语义..2. Pragmatic competence 语用能力适当的使用语言的社会环境It’s concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context;To know when to speak; when not; what to talk about with whom; when; where and in what manner. 知道何时说话;何时不说;谈论与谁;何时、何地、以何种方式..3. Discourse competence 语篇能力It refers to one's ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them. 一个人的能力来创建一致的书面文本或对话和理解的能力..The cohesive markers used in the discourse. 有凝聚力的话语中使用的标记..The reference words in the context. 参考词汇在上下文.. 有凝聚力的词汇意义Cohesive words hold meaning together in a sensible way. 在一个合理的方式..One’s ability to initiate; develop; enter; interrupt; check or confirm in a conversation.一个启动的能力;开发、进入中断;请检查或确认的谈话..4. Strategic competence 策略能力It is similar to communication strategies. 它类似于沟通策略..It refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources. 它指的是战略雇佣通信故障时由于缺乏资源..By searching for other means of expression; such as using a similar phrase; using gestures; or using a longer explanation. 寻找其他的方式表达;如使用类似的短语;Keep the conversation going. 保持谈话.. 使用手势;或使用一个更详细的解释..Get input from the other end. 从另一端获取输入..5. Fluency 流利程度It means one’s ability to link units of speech toge ther with fluency and without nervousness or inappropriate slowness or undue hesitation. 这意味着一个人的能力联系单位一起演讲流利和没有紧张或不恰当的缓慢或不适当的犹豫..chunks of language大块的语言 Lexical phrases词汇短语Prefabricated language 预制语言Linguistic competence Chomsky: rules of grammar/ grammatical rules/grammar knowledge; the knowledge of language structure and the ability to use this knowledge to understand and produce language. P19 语言能力乔姆斯基:语法规则/语法规则/语法知识;语言的知识结构和使用这些知识的能力去理解和生成语言..Communicative competence Hymes: besides grammatical rules language use is governed by rules of use /knowledge of what to say; when; how; where and to whom.交际能力海姆斯:除了语法规则的语言的使用是由规则的使用/知识该说什么;何时、何地、如何和人..3. Principles of CLT 交际语言教学的原则 Communicative Language Teachingcommunication principle; task principle; meaningfulness principle 交际性原则工作原理有意义原则The weak version of CLT: learners first learn the language as a structural system and then learn how to use it in communication. 强大版本:语言是通过沟通..The strong version of CLT: language is acquired through communication.薄弱版本:学习者首先学习语言作为一种结构体系;然后学习如何使用它在沟通..4. CLT and the teaching of language skills 语言技能的教学交际能力Communicative competence is to develop learners’ language skills; namely; listening; speaking; reading and writing. 是培养学习者的语言能力;即听、说、阅读和写作..5. Main features of communicative activities 交际活动的主要特征The Key assumption in CLT is that students learn the language through engaging in a variety of communicative activities. 关键假设是学生学习语言通过从事各种各样Functional communicative activities 功能性交际活动的交际活动..Social interaction activities P22-23 社会互动活动6. Six criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activities Ellis 19901. Communicative purpose 交际目的六个标准评价课堂交际活动埃利斯2. Communicative desire 交际需要3. Content; not form 注重内容;不是形式4. Variety of language 语言的多样性5. No teacher intervention 没有老师的干涉6. No materials control 没有语言材料控制7. Task-based Language Teaching TBLT 任务型语言教学Task-based language teaching is a further development of Communicative Language Teaching. 是交际语言教学的进一步发展结合形式;集中教学与沟通combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching Definitions of a task on P27 任务的定义Willis; 1996 Tasks are activities where the target language is used by the learner for a communicative purpose goal in order to achieve an outcome. 威利斯;1996任务活动;使用目标语言学习者交际目的目标为了实现一个结果..Four components of a task P28 任务的四个组成部分a purpose; a context; a process; a product 一个目的、内容、过程、结果8.Exercises; exercise-tasks; tasks 练习与任务Exercises: focus on individual aspects of language; such as vocabulary; grammar or individual skills 关注个人方面的语言;如词汇、语法和个人技能Exercise-tasks: contextualized practice of language items often a particular grammar point 符合实际的语言实践项目通常是一个特定的语法点Task: the complete act of communication purposeful & contextualized communication 完整的沟通行为有目的的和符合实际的沟通9.PPP P31-32 属于传统教学模式 traditional teaching mode Presentation of single new item 呈现单新项目Practice of new item: drills; exercises; dialogue 练习新项目:演习;演习、对话Production Activity; role play or task to encourage free use of language产出活动;角色扮演或任务鼓励免费使用语言The five-step teaching method 五步教学法修订;表示;实践;生产;整合revision; presentation; practice; production ; consolidation 10. TBLT/TBL P31Task-based Language Teaching TBLT 任务型语言教学Task-based Learning TBL 任务型学习Pre-task: introduction to topic and task 介绍主题和任务Task cycle: task/planning/report; students hear task recording or read text.任务周期:任务/计划/报告;学生听到任务记录或阅读文本Language focus: analysis and practice: Review and repeat task.语言重点:分析和实践:审查和重复的任务Five steps of designing tasks P34 五个步骤的设计任务1. Think about students’ needs; interests; and abilities考虑学生的需要兴趣和能力2. Brainstorm possible tasks 头脑风暴可能的任务3. Evaluate the list 评估列表使用以下标准:①. 教育价值using the following criteria: ①. educational value; ②.appropriateness to the students’ needs; interest and abilities;③. availability of suitable resources; ④. time available4. Choose the language items 选择的语言项目②. 适合学生的需要兴趣能力5. Preparing materials 准备材料③. 合适的资源的可用性;④.可用时间11. Appropriateness of CLT and TBLT in the Chinese context p35适当的交际语言教学和任务型语言教学在中国语境It is very difficult to design a syllabus with a one to one correspondence between a function and a form. 很难设计教学大纲与之间的一一对应一个功能和一个表单One function of the language can be fulfilled by several language forms.One language form may also have several functions. CLT一个功能可以实现语言的一些语言形式.. 一种语言形式也可能有几个功能..12. Potential constraints of TBLT 任务型语言教学的潜在限制1. It may not be effective for presenting new language items. Swan; 20052. Time 时间它可能不是有效的呈现新语言项目学习的文化:3. The culture of learning: some students may find it difficult to adapt to TBLT. Lack of appropriate skills such as problem-solving;discussing; inquiring and reasoning. 一些学生可能难以适应..缺乏适当的技能;如解决问题、讨论、4. Level of difficulty. 水平的困难查询和推理..Unit 3 The National English Curriculum 国家英语课程标准1. A brief history of foreign language teaching in China 在中国外语教学简史Main events before 1978 主要事件在1978年之前Four major phases of the development of ELT in China since 1978. Restoration; Rapid Development; Reform; and Innovation 发展的四个主要阶段;英语教学在中国自1978年以来修复、快速发展、改革和创新1. Restoration 1978-1985 : 恢复a national syllabus in 1978; 一个国家1978年教学大纲一套新的教科书a new set of textbooks by the People’s Education Press PEP; 由人民教育出版社grammar-based audio-lingual teaching method. 基本语法和听说教学方法2. Rapid development1986-1992: 快速发展the 1986 English Syllabus a revised one; 1986年英语教学大纲修订the rewriting of the textbooks by PEP. 重写教科书English is not only instrumental but also communicative and educational.Teaching should focus more on the use of the language.英语不仅是工具也是交际和教育.. 教学应更注重语言的使用..3. Reform 1993-2000: 改革The policy of nine-year compulsory education. 九年义务教育的政策..The communicative approach. 交际的方法在1993年发布的一份新的教学大纲A new syllabus issued in 1993. 很多教科书区域机构除了鼓舞士气的新系列A number of textbooks by regional agencies besides a new series by PEP.A synthesis of the new and the old approaches. 新和旧的合成方法A more communication-oriented language teaching. 面向更多的交流;语言教学4. Innovation from 2000: 创新A call for quality-oriented education. 呼吁素质教育A review of the curriculum prior 2000. overemphasis on the delivery of language knowledge; ignoring Ss’ language ability and individual learner differences; paper-and-pencil tests 回顾2000年之前的课程..过分强调语言知识的传递;忽略了学生的语言能力和学习者个别差异;纸笔测试A transition to the New National English Curriculum. 过渡到新的国家英语课程..2.the six designing principles for the National English Curriculum6种设计原则1. Aim for educating all students; and emphasise quality-oriented education.2. Promote learner-centeredness; and respect individual differences. p42/p3103. Develop competence-based objectives; and allow flexibility and adaptability.4. Pay close attention to the learning process; and advocate experiential learning and participation. 1面向全体学生;注重素质教育..2突出学生主体;尊重个体差异..5. Attach particular importance to formative assessment; and givespecial attention to the development of competence. 3整体设计目标;体现灵活开放..6. Optimize learning resources; and maximize opportunities forlearning and using the language. 4强调学习过程;倡导体验参与.. 5注重过程评价;强调能力发展.. 6开发课程资源;拓展学用渠道..The overall aim of the curriculum for nine-year compulsory educationis to develop students’ comprehensive abilities in language use.Language skills; language knowledge; affects; culture awareness and learning strategies. 九年义务教育课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力..语言技能;语言知识、影响、文化意识、学习策略.. 九年义务教育的英语课程The English curriculum for nine-year compulsory education.The related senior high school English curriculum. 有关高中英语课程..Nine competence-based objectives. 9个能力本位的目标..Each level is described in terms of what students can do with the language.The integrity; flexibility and openness of the curriculum.每个级别的描述语言的学生能做什么.. 完整性、灵活性和开放性的课程..The principle of learner-centered approach. 原则为中心的方法Education for all students and quality-oriented education. 所有学生教育和素质教育Develop effective learning strategies and autonomous learning abilities by means of experiencing; practicing; participating; exploring and cooperating under the teacher’s guidence. 发展有效的学习策略和自主学习能力通过体验、实践、参与、探究和合作老师的引导.. 形成性评价中扮演主要角色..Formative assessment playing a primary role. 总结性评估应关注Summative assessment should focus on assess ing students’ overall language ability and the ability to use the language. 评估学生的综合语言能力和运用语言的能力..3. The changes of goals and objectives of English language teaching p45 目的目标Compare the teaching objectives in the syllabi which have appeared since 1978; and pay attention to the changes. 比较教学大纲中的教学目标;出现了自1978年以来;并注意更改.. 该框架的目标在新的国家英语课程.. 整体目标的5个方面the framework of objectives in the new National English Curriculum. Overall Language ability: 整体语言能力: 语言知识:语音;语法;词汇;功能;1. Language knowledge: Phonetics; Grammar; Vocabulary; Functions; Topics 话题2. Language skills: listening; Speaking; Reading; Writing 语言技能:听;说;读;写3. Learning strategies: Cognitive; Self-management; Communication; Resourcing学习策略:认知策略;自我调控策略;交际策略;资源策略4. Affection and attitude: Motivation; Confidence; Patriotism;International perspectives 感情和态度:动机兴趣;自信意志;合作精神;国际视野5. Cultural awareness: Knowledge; Understanding; Awareness of cross-culture communication 文化意识:知识;理解;跨文化交际的意识4. Design of the National English Curriculum 国家英语课程的设计Before 2001; the English syllabus did not include the primary phase.教学大纲主要阶Nine-competence based levels 9段能力水平The primary phase: Level 1; Level 2 初级阶段:1级、2级The junior high school phase: Level 3 to Level 5 初中阶段:3 - 5级水平The senior high school phase: Level 6 to Level 9 高中阶段:6 - 9级的水平Level 7 is the requirement for every senior high school leavers. 是高中毕业生要求Required courses English 1-5 必修课程英语1 - 5Two tracks of elective courses 选修课程的两个轨道Elective Track 1 English 6-11 选修课跟踪1 选修课跟踪2三大系列课程Elective Track 2 three series of courses: Specialized skills courses; ESP courses; Culture and literary studies courses.专业技能课程;ESP课程;文化和文学研究课程5. Performance standards for different levels of competence Refer to the Chinese version 指中国版本不同级别的能力的性能标准6. Challenges facing English language teachers 英语教师面临的挑战Faced with the new curriculum; English teachers are expected to change in many ways. 面对新课程;英语教师将在很多方面发生变化.. What should English teachers do 英语教师应该做什么使用更多的to change their views about language. 改变他们对语言的看法任务型活动to become a multi-role educator. 成为一个多功能教育家学生学习的中心to use more task-based activities and put the students in the centre of learning.to use more formative-assessment in addtion to using tests. 造型评估使用的测试to use modern technology in teaching; creating more effective resources for learning and for using the language. 教学技术;创造更有效的资源来学习使用语言Unit 4 Lesson Planning 课程计划1.Teaching Contents 教学内容1. Importance of lesson planning 课程计划的重要性2. Principles for good lesson planning 好的课程规划的原则3. Macro planning & micro planning 宏观规划和微观规划4. Components of a lesson plan 教案的组成5. Suitable form of a lesson plan 合适的教学计划1. Importance of lesson planning 课程计划的重要性A Lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it. P51教案是一个框架的一课教师预先决定他们希望获得什么以及他们如何想实现它..Benefits from lesson planning P52 课程计划的好处Be aware of the aims and language contents of a lesson; 注意目标和语言课内容Distinguish the various stages of a lesson and see the relationship between them;Anticipate potential problems; 预测潜在的问题区分不同阶段的一个教训Give teachers confidence; 给教师的信心看到它们之间的关系Be aware of the teaching aids; 注意教学用具2. Principles for good lesson planning P53 好的课程规划的原则They are described in terms of aim; variety; flexibility; learnability; and linkage.Aim: the things that students are able to do by the end of the lesson. Variety: a number of different types of activity; a wide selection of materialsFlexibility: some extra and alternative tasks and activities灵活性:额外和替代的任务Learnability: the contents and tasks should be within the learning capability of the students 可学习性原则:内容和任务应该在学生的学习能力Linkage: the stages and the steps within each stage are someway linked with one another. 关联性原则:阶段;在每个阶段的步骤以某种方式相关..目标:学生能做的事情的教训.. 多样性:许多不同类型活动;参加多种多样的材料3. Macro planning & micro planning P54 宏观规划和微观规划Macro planning: Planning over a long period of time 规划在很长一段时间Micro planning: Planning for a specific unit or a lesson 一个特定的单元或课程Micro planning should be based on macro planning; and macro planning is apt to be modified as lessons go on. 微观规划应该基于;宏观规划课上容易被修改..4. Components of a lesson plan P55 教案的组成Different teachers have different teaching styles and may use different teaching procedures; so ‘every lesson is unique’ Robertson and Acklam; 2000:6; and so is every lesson plan. 不同的老师有不同的教学风格;可以使用不同的教学程序;所以“每课是独一无二的”;也是每一个教案..①. What should a lesson plan include P56-P60Background information; Teaching aims; Language contents and skills; Stages and procedures; Teaching aids; End of lesson summary; Optional activities and assignments; After lesson reflection 背景信息;教学目标;语言内容和技能;阶段和过程;教学用具;总结教训;教训后可选的活动和任务;反思②. Teaching aims: P56-P57 教学目标language skills; knowledge; affection & attitude; Learning strategies; culture awareness 语言技能;知识;情感与态度;学习策略;文化意识Language contents: structure grammar; vocabulary; functions; topics etc. P58Language skills: communicative skills listening; speaking; reading and writing语言内容:结构语法、词汇、功能、话题等.. 语言技能:交际技能听说读写Stages and procedures P58 阶段和过程Teaching stages refer to the major activities that teachers go through in a lesson.Procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stage.指教学阶段的主要活动;教师经过一个教训程序在每个教学阶段的详细步骤A warm-up or a starter P58 热身或起动器A starter is an activity or a series of activities that a teacher does at the beginning of the lesson. 起动器是一种活动或一系列活动;教师在课的开始..③. A new structure-based lesson P59 一种新的基于结构课The PPP model 适合此种课程介绍:介绍新词汇和语法结构 Presentation: introduce new vocabulary and grammatical structuresPractice: controlled practice; guided practice 实践:控制实践;指导实践Production: communicative tasks 生产:交际任务④. A skill-oriented lesson 一个技巧性的课The PWP model 适合此种课程任务前:准备工作;例如设置场景;Pre-task: preparation work; such as setting the scene; warmingup; or providing the key information such as key words. 热身;或者提供的关键信息如关键字While-task: activities or tasks the students must perform while they are reading or listening. 任务中:学生活动或任务必须执行在他们阅读或倾听Post-task: students obtain feedback on their performance at the while-stage; some follow-up activities. 任务后:学生获得反馈性能的同时;舞台上;一些后续行动5. Suitable form of a lesson plan P55 合适的教学计划Teaching plan for lesson ~Teaching Contents:……教学内容Teaching aims: 教学目标1. Students are able to … by the end of the lesson.2. ……3. ……Teaching key points: 教学重点Teaching difficulties: 教学难点Teaching methods: 教学方法教学工具：卡片、图片、录音机、多媒体Teaching aids: cards; pictures; tape-recorder; multi-media; etc. Teaching procedures: 教学过程Step 1 Revision/Introduction 复习/介绍描述;介绍/任务前/快速阅读/略读/浏览Step 2 Presentation/pre-task/fast-reading/skimming/scanningStep 3 Drill/while-task/detailed-reading 训练/任务中/精读…………Step 6 Oral practice/interview/Discussion 口头练习/面谈/讨论Step 7 Consolidation 巩固Step 8 Summary 总结Homework/Assignments:1.……2.……Layout of Blackboard: 板书设计……Reflection: ……教学反思2. Group Activity: Teaching aims designing 小组活动:教学目标设计Students can introduce themselves in English——telling other people about their names; telephone numbers; addresses; and where they are from; etc. 介绍自己Students are able to find out information about other people in English. 发现信息Students are able to ask other people to clarify if they do not understand. 清晰Students can talk confidently and politely with strangers. 自信礼貌地与人交谈Students can make an ID card for themselves in English; 用英语自己的身份证Homework:Choose a lesson from the books of primary school and write a lesson plan.Unit 5 Classroom Management 课堂管理1.Classroom management is the way teachers organize what goes on in the classroom.contribute directly to the efficiency of teaching and learning. The goal of classroom management is to create an atmosphere conductive to interacting in English in meaningful ways. 目标是创建一种氛围有利于英语交流课堂管理是教师组织在教室里发生了什么.. 直接导致了教学和学习的效率..2. Six aspects of classroom management 课堂管理的六个方面1. Appropriate roles of the teacher 适当的教师角色2. Classroom instructions 教师课堂教学用语3. Student grouping 学生分组4. Classroom discipline 课堂纪律5. Questioning in the classroom 不同类型的问题6. Dealing with errors 课堂纠错3. Multi-roles of the teacher P68 多元化教师角色Different approaches stipulate different roles for the teacher. 为老师规定不同角色What are the most common roles that teachers play in present-day second/foreign language teaching 什么是最常见的角色;教师在今天的二/外语教学吗Planner; evaluator; controller: appropriate degree of control 规划师评估者控制器assessor: correcting mistakes; organising feedback 评估员:纠正错误;组织反馈organiser: to design and organise task-based activities 组织者:设计组织任务型活动prompter: give appropriate prompts 提词员:给予适当提示participant: participate in students’ activities 参与者:参与学生的活动resource-provider; facilitator; guides; researcher资源-提供者主持人指南研究员4. Classroom instructions 教师课堂教学用语Classroom instructions refer to the type of language teachers use to organise or guide learning. P73 课堂指令引用类型的语言教师使用组织或指导学习①. Use of classroom instruction 利用课堂教学指路;提供解释;设置要求;giving directions; providing explanation; setting requirements; checking comprehension; drawing attention; motivating learners; giving feedback; assigning homework; etc. 检查理解;注意;激励学习者;给予反馈;分配作业等..②. Function: useful model; meaningful input; tools for organizing learning作用有用的模型;有意义的输入;组织学习的工具有经验的教师③. Experienced teachers: use simple and clear instructions to organize learning activities and form a routine of using it.简单明确指示组织学习活动;形成常规使用Novice teachers: not able to target their instructions to the level of the learners; long and complicated instructions. 新手教师:指导学习者;长期和复杂的指令..④. Rules to follow: 规则: 1使用简单的指令;让他们适合学生的理解水平;1 to use simple instructions and make them suit the comprehension level of the students; try to establish a limited but realistic range of instructions and build upon them gradually. 试图建立一个有限但现实的一系列指令和逐步建立在他们身上..2 to use mother-tongue only when it is necessary: explain grammarrules or rules for a game or task. 使用母语;只有当它是必要的:解释语法规则或规则游戏或任务..3 to use body language. 使用肢体语言4 to model a task/ activitiy. 模型任务/活动5 not to do all the talking in class; maximum student participation; avoid lengthy explanations. 不要在课堂上说话;最大的学生参与;避免冗长的解释..5. Student grouping 学生分组Whole class work: all the students are under the control of the teacher. 全班的活动Pair work: students work in pairs. 双人活动:学生成对工作Group work: students work in small groups. 小组作业:学生在小组工作Individual study: students work on their own at their own speed. 个人学习individual study 自习 individualised study 个性化学习6. Discipline in the language classroom 课堂纪律①. Discipline refers to a code of conduct which binds a teacher and a group of students together so that learning can be more effective. p78 纪律是指一个行为准则;老师和一群学生紧密联系在一起;这样可以更有效的学习..②. Maitaining discipline: 先进性原则: 措施;目无法纪和行为严重的学生:Harmer 1983’s measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving students:Act immediately; Stop the class; Rearrange the seats; Change the activity; Talk to students after class; Create a code of behaviour 立即行动;停止上课;重新安排座位;改变活动;跟学生下课后交谈;创建一个代码的行为③. Ur 1996; advice about problems in class 建议在课堂上的问题 Deal with it quietly; Don’t take things personally; Don’t use threats静静地处理它;不要感情用事;不要用威胁④. Problems of teachers 老师的问题Inadequate preparation; Unclear instruction; Lack of teacher attention; Lengthy explanations to one individual; Level of difficulty 不充分的准备;不清楚的指令;老师缺乏关注;冗长的解释一个人;水平的困难7. Questioning in the classroom 不同类型的问题The most common form of interaction between the teacher and the students in the classroom. P83 最常见的在教室里老师和学生之间的互动..①. Functions: 作用to focus students’ attention集中学生的注意力to invite thinking and imaginations 邀请的思维和想象力to check understanding 检查了解to stimulate recall of information 刺激召回的信息to challenge students 挑战的学生to assess learning 评估学习②. Questions should be wise and purposeful. 问题应该是明智和有目的的contribute to the overall objectives of the lesson 对课程的总体目标作出贡献stimulate the development of knowledge and thinking 促进知识和思维的发展Help to maintain effective interaction. 帮助维持有效的互动③. Classification of question types: 问题类型的分类:1. Closed questions and open questions 封闭性问题和开放性问题2. Display questions and genuine questions 展示性问题和演示性问题3. Lower-order questions and higher-order questions 低层次问题和高层次问题4. A taxonomy proposed by Bloom different question types: 布鲁姆提出的分类:Knowledge; Comprehension; Application; Analysis; Synthesis; Evaluation知识性问题;理解性问题;应用性问题;分析性;综合性;评价性问题8. Dealing with errors 课堂纠错①. distinction between an error and a mistakeA mistake is refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a ‘slip of tongue’; and it is a failure performance to a known system. …has nothing to do with the language competence. …can be self-corrected. 是指性能错误随机猜测或“口误”;并且它是一个失败的一个已知系统性能..与语言能力无关..可以自我纠正An error has direct relation with the learners’ language competence. It results from lack of knowledge in the target language. … can not be self-corrected. 一个错误与学习者的语言能力有直接关系..它的结果缺乏知识在目标语言..不能自我纠正..②. Dealing with spoken errors 处理口语错误Whether the task or activity is focusing on accuracy or fluency.A balance between accuracy-based activities and fluency-based activities任务或活动是否专注于精确和流畅基于平衡精度的基于活动和流畅性的活动③. When to correct 何时纠错Not to interrupt students during fluency-based activities 不要打断学生。
Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based Language teaching Aims of the unit:1. how is language learned in classrooms different from language used in real life?2. What is communicative competence?3. What are the implications of CLT to teaching and learning?4. What are the main features of communicative activities?5. What is Task-based Language Teaching?6. How is Task-based Language Teaching different from PPP?7. Are there imitations of CLT and TBL?I. Language use in real life vs. traditional pedagogyTask 1.Generally speaking language use in real life differs from traditional language teaching pedagogy in the following aspects:In real lifeIn traditional pedagogyHow is Lang. used /taught?1.Perform certain com- municative functions2. Use all four skills1.Focus on forms rather than functions2 Focus on one or two skillsWhat parts of lang. are used/ taughtLanguage is used in a certain contextIsolate language from its contextII. What is communicative competence?1. The goal of CLTThe goal of CLT is to develop students’ communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.Task 2:“Why don’t you close the door?”—a real question, a command or a complaint?Task 4:Discuss the possible meaning and function each may have.l Flight CA 937 is now landing.l The train is leaving in ten minutes.l She is always complaining whenever you talk to her.l He is making progress slowlyFrom the above tasks we can see that one language form may express a number of communicative functions and one communicative function can also be expressed by a variety of language forms.2. Five main components of communicative competence.Hedge discusses five main components of communicative competence: linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence and fluency.(1) Linguistic compe tence: “is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning”(Hedge, 2000)(2) Pragmatic competence: is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context.(3) Discourse competence: refers to one’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understandthem.(Canale and Swain, 1980)(4) Strategic competence: similar to communication strategies. It refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.(5) Fluency: one’s ability to “link units of speck together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue hesitation”(Hedge)3. Language competence and communicative competence(1) Chomsky’s theory: competence simply means knowledge of the language system: grammatical knowledge in other words(2) Hymes’s theory: “there are “rules of use without which the rules of grammar would be useless”. Besides grammatical rules, language use is governed by rules of use, which ensure that the desired or intended functions are performed and the language used is appropriate to the context.(3) Communicative competence: according to Hymes, communicative competence means people should know “what to sa y to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situation”, which includes four aspects: . grammatically acceptable. understandable. social norms. actually use4. Implications for teaching and learningTask 5:Communicative competenceImplications for language teaching(Teachers need to help learners)Linguistic competencel Achieve accuracy in the grammatical forms of the languages; l Pronounce the forms accurately;l Use stress, rhythm and intonation to express meaning;l Build a range of vocabulary;l Learn the script and spelling rules.l Achieve accuracy in syntax and word formation.Pragmatic competencel Learn the relationship between grammatical forms and functions;l Use stress and intonation to express attitude and emotion;l Learn the scale of formality;l Understand and use emotive tone;l Use the pragmatic rules of language.l Select language forms appropriate to topic, listener or setting, etc.Discourse competencel Take longer turns, use discourse markers and open and close conversations;l Appreciate and be able to produce contextualized written texts in a variety of genres;l Be able to use cohesive devices in reading and writing texts;l Be able to cope with authentic texts.Strategic competencel To take risks in using the language;l To use a range of communicative strategies;l To learn the language needed to engage in some of these strategies.Fluencyl Deal with the information gap of real discourse;l Process language and respond appropriately with a degree of ease;l Be able to respond with reasonable speed in “real time”.III. Principles of Communicative Language Teaching1. Principles of CLT:l Communicative principle: Activities that involve real communication promote learning.l Task principle: Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning.l Meaningfulness principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process.2. Features of CLTl authentic and creativel meaning rather than forml relevant to the needsl task-based teachingl functional approach3. The implementation of language skills(1) In listening and speaking, students should have the chance to listen to and produce what is meaningful, authentic, unpredictable, and reactive if ever possible.(2) In reading. Since communicative courses focus on meaning rather than on form, the reading skill is redefined to focus on the purpose ofreading.(3) In writing, students should make the writing more meaningful and authentic, that is to practice writing to express their own feelings or describe their own experience.4. Communicative activities.(1) MMC system. Mechanic drills, meaningful drills and communicative drills. / Functional communicative activities, and Asocial interaction activities,(P. 22)(2) Six criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activities:i. communicative purposeii. communicative desireiii. content, not formiv. variety of languagev. no teacher interventionvi. no materials controlIV. Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT)1. Definition of a task:l [a task] is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward. Thus, examples of tasks include painting afence, dressing a child, filling out a form, buying a pair of shoes, making an airline reservation, borrowing a library book, taking a driving test, typing a letter…In other words, by “task” is meant the hundred and one things people do in everyday life, at work, at play, and in between. (Long 1985)l …a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on meaning rather than form.(Nunan 1989)l Tasks are activities where the target language is used by the leaner for a communicative purpose (goal) in order to achieve an outcome.(Wills 1996)l A task is essentially goal-oriented; it requires the group, or pair, to achieve an objective that is usually expressed by an observable result, such as brief notes or lists, rearrangement of jumbled items, a drawing, a spoken summary. This result should be stainable only by interaction between participants: so within the definition of the task you often find instructions such a s “reach a consensus” or “find out everyone’s opinions”. (Ur 1996)2. Four components of a task:l A purpose: making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task.l A context: the task can be real, simulated or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues, such as the location, the participants and other important factors.l A process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating.l A product: there will be some form of outcome, either visible (a written plan, a play, a letter. etc.) or invisible (enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.)3. Exercises, exercise-task and tasksl Exercises: focus on individual language itemsl Tasks: Purposeful and contextualized communicationl Exercise-task: halfway between tasks and exercises.Task 10.Activity 1: This activity has all the characteristics of a task.l The workplan specifies what the two participants in the task are supposed to do.l The primary focus is on meaning.l Student A has to talk about the dangerous moment and student B is free to ask questions to clarify. The language use is similar to a natural communicative event.l The outcome of this task is the completion of a picture by student B.Activity 2: This activity is an exercise-task.l This is an example of a cue-card activity. It has some of the features of a task. For example, it requires participants to interact orally and the participants are free to choose the linguistics resources.l However, the primary focus is on form because the meanings are predetermined. Also, there isn’t a clear communicative outcome.l The outcome is the performance of the activity. Therefore, the purpose of this activity is to practice language.Activity 3: This is obviously an exercise.l They primary focus is on form—the use of “any and “some” in questions and replies learners simply need to substitute items.l The language use is by no means like the real-world communication.Activity 4: This is an exercise-task.l Telling a story from pictures where every student can see what is happening in each picture is not a task.l It is simply a language practice activity—what communicative purpose is there?l If there were two sets of pictures, and one group prepared a story based on their set of pictures and told it to a group who then had to arrange that set of pictures in the right order, this would create a communicative purpose, and therefore a need to listen. The latter would be a good task—initially with the teacher telling the story and the learners at tables arranging the pictures.4. PPP and Task-based Language Teaching(1) PPP teaching model: Presentation, Practice, Production(2) The difference between PPP and TBLT(see Figure 2.2 and 2.3 on P. 31 & 32)Figure 2.2 TBLFigure 2.3 PPPl The way students use and experience language in TBL, is radically different from PPP.l TBL can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focuses activities. PPP is different in this aspect. (P.32)5. How to design tasks?(1) Question that should be considered before design tasks. l What is the objective of the taskl What is the content of the task?l How is the task to be carried out?l In what situation is the task to be carried out?(2) The steps in designing tasks.Sept 1: Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilities. Step 2: Brainstorm possible tasks.Step 3: Evaluate the listStep 4: Choose the language items.Step 5: Preparing materials。
英语教学论作业习题集Unit 1 Language and Language Learning1.What are the three views on language?1) Structural view on language:The structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences. Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.This view on language limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabulary.2) Functional view on language:The functional view sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it. To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. This view on language adds the need to know how to use the rules and vocabulary to do whatever it is one wants to do.3) Interactional view on language:The interactional view considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore, learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts. This view on language says that to know how to do what one wants to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do so, and where, when and how it is appropriate to do it. In order to know this, the learner has to study the patterns and rules of language above the sentence level to learn how language is used in different speech contexts.2. What are the views on language learning?1) Behaviourist theory:The behaviorist theory of language learning was initiated by behavioral psychologist Skinner, who applied Watson and Raynor’s theory of conditioning to the way humans acquire language (Harmer, 1983) The key point of the theory of conditioning is that “you can train an animal to do anything if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement”(Harmer1983: 30) Based on the theory of conditioning, Skinner suggested language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.2) Cognitive theory:The term cognitivism is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than si mply repeat. It seems to be largely the result of Noam Chomsky’s reaction to Skinner’s behavioristtheory, which led to the revival of structural linguistics. According to Chomsky, language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence, which enables him to produce language.3） Constructivist theoryThe constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he or she already knows. It is believed that education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned. John Dewey(杜威) believed that teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners. Therefore, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learne rs’ interests and curiosity for learning.4） Socio-constructivist theoryVygotsky (前苏联心理学家维果茨基 ,1978) emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD「可能发展区/最近发展区」 ) and scaffolding「鹰架/支架/脚手架」. That is to say, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners. With the teacher’s scaffolding through questions and explanations, or with a more capable pe ers’ support, the learner can move to a higher level of understanding and extend his/her skills and knowledge to the fullest potential.3. What are the qualities of a good language teacher?The main elements of a good English teacher are ethic devotion, professional qualities, and personal styles. (Then try to explain these three elements respectively according to your own understanding)Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based Language Teaching1. What is communicative competence?Hedge (2000: 46-55) discusses five main components of communicative competence: linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, and fluency.Communicative competence entails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situation. Communicative competence includes knowledge of what to say, when, how, where, and to whom.2. What are the three principles of communicative language teaching?a) the communicative principle: Activities that involve real communication promote learning.b) the task principle: Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning (Johnson 1982).c) the meaningfulness principle: Language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process.3. What are the six criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activities?1) communicative purpose2) communicative desire3) content, not form4) variety of language5) no teacher intervention6) no material control4. What is Task-based Language Teaching?Task-based Language teaching is, in fact, a further development of Communicative Language Teaching. It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. It has stressed the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching.Unit 3 The National English Curriculum1. What are the designing principles for the National English Curriculum 2001?1)Aim for educating all students, and emphasise quality-oriented education.2)Promote learner-centredness, and respect individual differences.3)Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability.4)Pay close attention to the learning process, and advocate experiential learning and participation.5)Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence.6)Optimize learning resources, and maximize opportunities for learning and using the language.2.What are the goals and objectives of English language teaching?The new curriculum is designed to promote students’ overall language ability, which is composed of five interrelated components, namely, language skills, language knowledge, affects, learning strategies and cultural understanding. Each component is further divided into a few sub-categories. Language teaching is no longer aimed only for developing language skills and knowledge, but expanded to developing learner s’ positive attitude, motivation, confidence as well as strategies for life-long learning along with cross-cultural knowledge, awareness and capabilities.3. What are the challenges facing English language teachers?1)English language teachers are expected to change their views about language which is not a system of linguistic knowledge but a means for communication.2)English language teachers are expected to change their traditional role of a knowledge transmitter to a multi-role educator.3)English language teachers are expected to use more task-based activities and put the students at the center of learning.4)English language teachers are expected to use more formative assessment in addition to using tests.5)English language teachers are expected to use modern technology in teaching, creating more effective resources for learning and for using the language.Unit 4 Lesson Planning1. Why is lesson planning necessary?Lesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class. It is obvious that lesson planning is necessary.Benefits:1) To make the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2) To help the teacher distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them sothat the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3) Proper lesson planning gives the teacher opportunity to anticipate potential problems that may arise inclass so that they can be prepared with some possible solutions or other options for the lesson.4) Lesson planning gives teachers, especially novice teachers, confidence in class.5) The teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed for the lesson.6) Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them. The teacher soon learns to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7) The plan, with the teacher’s comments and corrections, provides a useful, time-saving reference when the teacher next plans the same lesson.8) Lesson planning is a good practice and a sign of professionalism.2. What are the principles for good lesson planning?Aims— means the realistic goals for the lesson. That is, the teacher needs to have a clear idea of what he / she would like to achieve for the lesson or what outcomes are expected from the lesson.Variety—means planning a number of different types of activities and where possible, introducing students to a wide selection of materials so that learning is always interesting ,motivation and never monotonous for the students.Flexibility— means planning to use a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient.Learnability—means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of course, things should not be too easy either. Doing things that are beyond or below thes tudents’ coping ability will diminish their motivation.Linkage--means the stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are somehow linked with one another. Language3 learning needs recycling and reinforcement.3. What are macro planning and micro planning?Macro planning is planning over a longer period of time, for instance, planning for a whole program or a whole-year course.In a sense, macro planning is not writing lesson plans for specific lessons but rather helping teachers get an overall felling or idea about the course and also get familiarized with the context in which language teaching takes place. Macro planning involves the following:1) Knowing about the course:The teacher should get to know which language areas and language skills should be taught or practised in the course, what materials and teaching aids are available, and what methods and techniques can be used.2) Knowing about the institution:The teacher should get to know the institution’s arrangements regarding time, length, frequency of lessons, physical conditions of classrooms, and exam requirements.3) Knowing about the learners:The teacher should acquire information about the students’ age range, sex ratio, social background, motivation, attitudes, interests, learning needs and other individual factors.4) Knowing about the syllabus:The teacher should be clear about the purposes, requirements and targets specified in the syllabus.Much of macro planning is done prior to the commencement of a course. However, macro planning is a job that never really ends until the end of the course.Micro planning is planning for a specific unit or a lesson, which usually lasts from one to two weeks or forty to fifty minutes respectively.Micro planning should be based on macro planning, and macro planning is apt to be modified as lessons go on.4. What are the components of a lesson plan?A language lesson plan usually has the following components: background information, teaching aims (what language components to present, what communicative skills to practice, what activities to conduct and what materials and teaching aids to be used), language contents (grammar, vocabulary, functions, topics and so on) and skills (listening; speaking; reading and writing), stages (the major steps that language teachers go through in the classroom) and procedures (detailed steps in each teaching stage), teaching aids, assignments, and teacher’s after-class reflection.5. What are the 3P’s model and 3-stage model?The 3P’s model refers to presentation, practice and production.At the presentation stage, the teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriate.At the practice stage, the lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and further to the exploitation of the text when necessary.At the production stage, the students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practised to perform communicative tasks. The focus is on meaning rather than accurate use of language forms.3-stage model is frequently adopted in reading lessons and listening lessons. It refers to pre-reading, while-reading and post-reading stages. The pre-stage i nvolves preparation work, such as setting the scene, warming up, or providing key information (such as key words). The while-stage involves activities or tasks that the students must perform while they are reading or listening. The post-stage provides a chance for students to obtain feedback on their performance at the while-stage. This last stage may also involve some follow-up activities, in which students relate what they have read or heard to their own life and use the language spontaneously.Unit 5 Classroom Management1.What are the main roles teachers can play before, during and after the class?Before the class, the teacher is a planner, who plans what to teach, how to teach, and what result to achieve. After then class, the teacher is an evaluator, who evaluates not only how successfully he/she has conducted the class but also how efficient the learning activities have been. Based on the functions that the teacher performs in different activities during the class, Harmer defines the teacher’s roles as controller, assessor, organizer, prompter, participant and resource-provider (Harmer, 1983).2.How to give effective classroom instructions?Proper instruction is the precondition of accomplishment of activities. To give appropriate instruction, it is necessary to follow the following principles.(1) Economy with words: the teacher should use as few words as possible.(2) Simple and clear language at all points: language should be easy to understand.(3) Demonstration of what is needed.(4) Check of students understanding: the teacher can check individual students to make sure that students understand the instruction and know what to do.(5) Use the native language when necessary.(6) Vary the instruction now and then.3.What are the different ways for student grouping?The most common student groupings are lockstep, pair work, group work, and individual study.Lockstep (Whole class work) is where all the student are under the control of the teacher. They are all doing the same activity at the same rhythm and pace. Lockstep is often adopted when the teacher is making a presentation, checking exercise answers, or doing accuracy reproduction. When the teacher asks questions, the students speak either together or one by one, in turns or indicated by the teacher.Pair work is where the students work in pairs. It could be a competition over a game or co-operation in a task or project between the two students. They could also do certain exercises together or oral practice. When the students are doing pair work, the teacher usually circulates around the classroom, answering question or providing help when necessary.Group work is where the students work in small groups. Each group has 3,4,or 5 students, depending on the activity. What students do in group work is similar to pair work, only there are more members in the group.Group work is most beneficial when the activity requires contributions from more than two students. The teacher can join each group for a while, but only as a participant not as a leader or inspector.Individual study is the stage during the class where the students are left to work on their own and at their own speed. Usually they are doing the same task, but the teacher may give them a choice of tasks. Some activities cannot be done in pairs or groups, for instance, reading and writing. People read at different speed, so they cannot read together, though two people might share one book. It seems writing can be done in pairs or groups, but what they are actually doing when they are working together is brainstorming ideas, discussing, or revising. When it comes to the real writing stage students should work individually.4.How to ask effective questions?1)Questions should be closely linked with the teaching objectives in the lesson;2)Questions should be staged so that the level of challenge increases as the lesson proceeds;3)There should be a balance between closed and open, lower-order and higher-order questions;4)Wait time is important to allow students to think through their answers;5)Students should be provided opportunities to ask their own questions and seek their own answers;6)A secure and relaxed atmosphere of trust is needed and students’ opinions and ideas are valued.5.How to treat students’ errors in the classroom?There are different ways and techniques for correcting errors, such as direct teacher correction, indirect teacher correction, self-correction, peer correction, whole classroom correction, etc. As a general rule, indirect teacher correction is encouraged rather than direct teacher correction to avoid damaging students’ self este em and confidence. Also, self-correction is encouraged before teacher correction or peer correction.Unit 6 Teach Pronunciation1. What is the goal of teaching pronunciation?The goal of teaching pronunciation is not to teach learners to achieve a perfect imitation of a native accent, but simply to get the learners to pronounce accurately enough to be easily and comfortably comprehensible to other speakers.The realistic goals of teaching pronunciation:Consistency: The pronunciation should be smooth and natural.Intelligibility: The pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.Communicative efficiency: The Pronunciation should help to convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.2. What aspects of pronunciation do we need to teach?1)sounds………the vowels and consonants of English2)combination of sounds…….pronunciation of words3)word stress….the stress in a word and shift of stress4)strong & weak forms…the importance of the different syllables in maintaining the rhythm of the speech, especially the model verbs and auxiliary verbs5)linkage of sounds……..the liaison of sound in natural speech6)rhyme & rhythm7)pitch & intonation…the function of pitch and intonation in conveying meaning8)filler words……the sounds which do not convey meaning but can help to maintain communication, e.g. uh huh, um, er, oh, ah, well.Unit 7 Teaching Grammar1.What are the major types of grammar presentation methods?Deductive method: the teacher presents the rule of the structure on the blackboard and explains it to the students. This would be followed by the teacher giving several examples and then asking the students to apply the rules themselves in some exercises.Inductive method: The teacher does not explain the rule at the beginning, but presents various language forms and the students are left to discover or induce the rules or generalizations on their own.The guided discovery method: is similar to the inductive method in that the students are induced to discover rules by themselves but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.2.What are the major types of grammar practice activities?Mechanical practice involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy. By doing mechanical practice, the students pay repeated attention to a key element in a structure. Substitution and transformation drills are most frequently used in mechanical practice.Meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students “keep an eye on” the way newly learned structures are used in process. Meaningful practice usually comes after mechanical practice.Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary1.What does knowing a word involve?A simple answer would be (1)knowing its pronunciation & stress; (2) knowing its spelling & grammar; (3) knowing its meaning; (4) knowing how & when to use it to express the intended meaning.According to Hedge (2000), vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of meaning. The first aspect involves the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning. The second aspect involves understanding the sense relations among words.2.How can we present new vocabulary items effectively?1) Draw pictures, diagrams and maps to show meanings or connections of meaning2) Use real objects to show meanings;3) Mime or act to show meaning; ask some ss come to the front and teach some words of this kind, such as: catch, shave4) Use lexical sets. Or word series. E.g. cook: fry, boil, bake, and frill;5) Use synonymous and antonymous to explain meanings;6) Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaning;7) Use word formation rules and common affixes.8) Teach vocabulary in chunks;9) Provide different contexts in real life for introducing new words.3.What are some effective ways to consolidate vocabulary?1) Labeling;2) Spotting the differences;3) Describing and drawing;4) Playing a game;5) Using word series;6) Word bingo;7) Word association;8) Finding synonyms and antonyms;9) Using word categories;10) Using word net-work;11) Using the internet resources for more ideas.Unit 9 Teaching Listening1.What are the characteristics of the listening process?Generally speaking, listening in real life has the following characteristics:a) spontaneity: we listen to people speaking spontaneously and informally without rehearsing what they aregoing to say ahead of time.b) context: the context of listening is usually known to both the listener and the speaker in real life.c) visual clues: most of the time we can see the participants’ facial expressions, gestures and other bodylanguage as well as the surrounding environment.e) listener’s res ponse: most of the listening in daily life allows the listener to respond to the speaker.f) speaker’s adjustment: the speaker can adjust the way of speaking according to the listener’s reactions.2.What are the models of teaching listening?1)Bottom-up model: listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognitions.2)Top-down model: listening for the gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized.3)Interactive model: listening involves both bottom-up processing (recognizing sounds of words, phrases or structures) and top-down processing (inferring meaning from broad contextual clues and background knowledge).3.What are the common activities in teaching listening?1) Pre-Listening activities: predicting and setting the scene2) While-listening activities: listening for the gist; listening for specific information; no specificresponses; listening and ticking; listening and sequencing; listening and acting; listening and drawing; listening and filling; listening and guessing; listening and taking notes.3) Post-listening stage: multiple-choice questions; answering questions; note-taking and gap-filling;dictoglossUnit 10 Teaching Speaking1.What are the main characteristics of spoken language?a. in fairly simple sentence structuresb. in incomplete sentencesc. in informal, simple or common vocabularyd. with broken grammar, false starts, hesitation, fillers, etc.e. with a high proportion of repetition or redundancyf. largely unplanned organizationg. a low density of informationh. context independent (Background knowledge is necessary to understand exactly what is being expressed.)2. What are the characteristics of successful speaking activities?1) Maximum foreign talk: Problems: students spend too much time to speak Chinese; the teacher talks too much.2) Even participation: encourage speaking from as many different students as possible. The outspoken students do not dominate discussion.3) High motivation: vario us interesting tasks in line with the students’ ability.4) Right language level: the task should be designed so that students con complete it successfully with the language that they have.3. What are the main types of speaking activities?1)controlled activities;2)semi-controlled activities;3)information-gap activities;4)dialogues and role-plays;5)activities using pictures;6)problem-solving activities…Unit 11 Teaching Reading1. What are the main reading skills?Skimming: the reader moves his eyes over the text very quickly just in order to get the main idea of the text, or sometimes decide whether it is worth reading more deeply or not.Scanning: the reader locates a particular piece of information without necessarily understanding the rest of a text or passage. For example, the reader may read through a chapter of a book as rapidly as possible in order to find out information about a particular date, such as when someone was born.Inferring: reading between the lines. Make use of syntactic, logical and cultural clues to discover the meaning of unknown elements. Such as the writer’s opinions and attitudes which are not directly stated in the text.【Strategic skills needed in reading：Distinguishing the main idea from supporting details; Skimming: reading for the gist or main idea; Scanning: reading to look for specific information; Predicting: guessing what is coming next】2. What are the main reading models for teaching reading?Bottom-up approach: The reader builds up the meaning of a text on the basis of decoding smaller units: first words, and phrases, then sentences and paragraphs, and finally working out the meaning of the whole text.Top-down approach: The reader uses his or her knowledge of the topic or of the type of the text and makes predictions about what the text will contain, then he uses these predictions to check his understanding of the text. In this way, the reader gets a global view of the text before he dives into the details of it.Interactive approach: The reader uses the above two approaches together, and the two ways interact with each other in the understanding of the text. That means the reader might predict the context of the text by using his knowledge of the topic (top-down), then look for key words (bottom-up) to check the prediction, or get the main gist of the text by skimming it quickly (top-down) and examine the writer’s choice of vocabulary for understanding the implied meaning.3. What types of activities can we use in teaching reading?Pre-reading Stage: The aims of the pre-reading stage is to arousing the students’ interest in the topic or type of text; motivating students to read the text by providing a purpose for reading; preparing the students for the content of the text.The activities for the pre-reading stage:1)predicting2)setting the sceneWhile-reading Stage: this stage mainly focuses on the exploitation of the text. It aims to help the reader understand the content and structure of the text, as well as the author’s purpose in writing it.The activities:。
