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ContributionsofLeisureStudiesandRecreationand

ParkManagementResearchtothe

ActiveLivingAgenda

GeoffreyC.Godbey,PhD,LindaL.Caldwell,PhD,MyronFloyd,PhD,LauraL.Payne,PhD

Abstract:Althoughthefieldsofleisurestudiesandrecreationandparkswerefoundedonaddressinghealthandwellnessneedsofpeople,onlyrecentlyhavetheseneedsbeenaddressedbymajor,systematicresearchefforts.Thispaperexaminestheoriginsofleisurestudiesandthestudyofrecreationbehaviorandparkuseandtheirpotentialcontributiontoactivelivingresearch.Overthepast2decades,leisurestudiesresearchhasgeneratedabodyofliteraturepertinenttounderstandingandincreasingactiveliving,includingstudiesontimeuse,motivationforinitiatingandmaintainingactivity,influenceofuserfees,andurbanparkuse.Environmental,transportation,andpublicrecreationpolicyandmanagementpracticesalsoareimportantconsiderationsinrecreationandparksresearch.Thisarticleconcludeswithalistofrecom-mendationstointegratetheseandotherconsiderationsintotransdisciplinaryresearchonactiveliving.Opportunitiesforleisurestudies/recreationandparkresearchonactivelivingincludestudiesofenvironmental,lifespan,andmotivationalinfluences;greateruseofobjectivemeasuresofphysicalactivity;andformingpartnershipswithalliedindustriestostudyphysicalactivity.Amongsuggestionsforfacilitatingsuchstudiesaretrainingseminarsforleisurestudiesandrecreationresearchersinactivelivingresearchmethods,changesinpointallocationongrantproposals,providingincentivesfortransdisciplinarycollaboration,andspecialjournalissues.

(AmJPrevMed2005;28(2S2):150–158)©2005AmericanJournalofPreventiveMedicine

Introduction

Thispaperinterpretstheorigins,concepts,and

researchintheareasofleisurestudiesand

parksandrecreationmanagementasitper-

tainstothegoalsoftheActiveLivingResearch

program,sponsoredbyTheRobertWoodJohnson

Foundation.Wereviewtheoriginsoftheseacademic

areas;thepublicprovisionofrecreationandpark

services;therelationshipoftransportationdesign

andpolicytorecreationandparks;conceptsand

methodsusedinthesefieldsofstudy;andenviron-

mental,policy,anddesigncorrelatesrelatedtothese

fieldsofstudy.Finally,weproposewaysoffurther

integratingleisurestudiesandrecreationandpark

managementintotransdisciplinaryresearchtoin-

creaseactiveliving.OriginsofLeisureStudiesandParksandRecreation

Theintellectualcontentofleisurestudiesandrecre-

ationandparkmanagementevolvedfromdifferent,

butrelated,perspectives.Recreationandparkmanage-

ment,whichemergedfromvariousmovementsto

shapeandreformrecreationduringperiodsofindus-

trializationandurbanizationinthelate19thcentury,1,2

wasrarelyinterestedinrecreationorleisureperse.

Rather,interestfocusedontheabilityofnonwork

activitytoimprovethehealth,education,socialadjust-

ment,andlifechancesofpoorpeople,children,the

elderly,handicapped,andotherswhohadfewre-

sourcestohelpthemreplacetherecreationpatternsof

agriculture-basedpeasantlife.Thesemovementsalso

soughttore-makethepeasantmentalitybyimproving

theircharacterandmakingthemmoremalleablein

theirrolesasindustrialworkers.1,3Recreationand

leisure,amongsuchmovements,wereexaminednot

onlyintellectuallybutalsomorallyandstrategically.

Thevariousmovementstoestablishparkscentered

onadjustmenttourbanization,preservationofnature,

andopportunitiesforwholesomerecreation.Mostof

theactivitypromotedbytherecreationandparkmove-

mentwasphysicallyactive,includingsports,exercise,

outdoorrecreation,dance,andsupervisedplay.A

majorfocuswastouseselectedformsofrecreation

toFromtheDepartmentofRecreation,ParkandTourismManage-ment,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity(Godbey,Caldwell),UniversityPark,Pennsylvania;DepartmentofTourism,RecreationandSportManagement,UniversityofFlorida(Floyd),Gainesville,Florida;andDepartmentofRecreation,Sport,andTourism,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign(Payne),Champaign,IllinoisAddresscorrespondenceto:GeoffreyC.Godbey,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,DepartmentofRecreationParkandTourismManage-ment,201MateerBuilding,UniversityParkPA16803-1377.E-mail:g7g@psu.edu.

150AmJPrevMed2005;28(2S2)0749-3797/05/$–seefrontmatter©2005AmericanJournalofPreventiveMedicine•PublishedbyElsevierInc.doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.027promotephysicalactivity,characterdevelopment,so-

cializationskills,education,andexposuretonature.

Thegoalsofthesemovementswerecongruentwiththe

currentgoalsofvariousactivelivingcampaigns.2

Leisurestudiesemergedfromadifferent,butre-

lated,setoftraditions.Firstdevelopedwithinsociology

departmentsofEuropeanuniversities,itwasconcerned

withthesocialproblemofincreasingfreetimein

industrialsocieties.Inquiryfirstfocusedonwork–

leisurepatternsineverydaylife,timeuse,suburbaniza-

tion,andindustrialwork.Subsequenttopicsofinquiry

includedeffectsofsocialclass,impactsoftechnology,

communitylife,organizedleisure,andworkarrange-

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金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析

R．Semenov

Department of Economics， University of Nijmegen， Nijmegen

（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）

这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。

一、引言

各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。

第三方物流外文文献(原文与翻译)

第三方物流外文文献(原文与翻译)

1 我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择

【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。

【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略

1 引 言

长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。

物流的定义

在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。这就是物流的定义。在物流过程中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备(物流运输工具等)的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。

物流的三大主要功能

(1)创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。储存创造了商品的时间价值。

(2)创造场所价值: 同种商品因所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因商品流转过程中而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。

(3) 同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的长度、厚度和包装形态。物流中经常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的形式。大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。 2 2.物流作为新兴的商务领域,经历了从传统物流向现代物流发展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同主要体现在以下两个方面:

外文文献原文

外文文献原文

、

毕业设计（论文）外

译文题目： 轴承的摩擦与润滑

2010年 10 月 15 日

外文文献原文：

Friction , Lubrication of Bearing

In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or

neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts

are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance

of two or more parts to movement.

Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is

necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction

to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are

additional applications where friction is necessary.

The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the

mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy

电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面.

电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面.

1、 外文原文

A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer

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