国际经济学课后部分习题

绪论部分习题一,填空题1、国际经济学是以（国际经济关系）作为其研究对象的，它包括（国际经济交往活动）和（国际经济相互依存和影响）两层含义。

2、国际贸易的直接原因是（贸易利益的获取），根本原因是（比较优势）、（规模经济）。

3、保护主义性质的贸易政策主要分为（关税壁垒）和（非关税壁垒）两大类。

4、开放经济体系进行宏观经济调控的两个目标是（内部均衡）和（外部均衡）。

5、汇率之所以重要是因为它的实质是（价格），而且它的波动会直接影响一国的（进出口），间接影响一国的（国际收支），进而影响一国的（国内经济均衡）。

6、一个开放的国家，政府制定一项宏观经济政策会带来两种效应，即（溢出效应）和（回振效应）效应。

7、国贸纯理论部分旨在说明（国际贸易产生的原因、贸易模式、贸易利易的产生、贸易利益的分配），国贸政策理论部分旨在说明（保护性的贸易政策对社会经济福利的影响及其理论依据）。

8、西方经济学和国际经济学的共同点在于（研究稀缺资源的优化配置问题）。

二、问答题1、为什么学习国际经济学非常重要？答：①现代世界是一个开放的世界，二战后随着技术创新和制度的不断演进,世界各国为了提高资源配置效率，改善人民经济福利水平，提高综合国力，不断提升开放度，积极地参与国际分工、国际贸易和国际金融活动。

全球经济一体化和区域经济一体化的兴起和发展，跨国公司的迅猛发展，及信息技术革命，使各国国内市场不断延伸和扩展，分工和交易活动不断广化、深化、细化。

各国经济之间的的相互联系、依赖和影响程度不断加强。

因此，专门研究国际经济活动的国际经济学应运而生，并且在经济学中的地位日益提高，成为经济学类学生的一门重要课程。

②西方经济学主要研究在一国范围内经济资源的优化配置及充分就业问题，国际经济学研究在国际格局下经济资源的优化配置及充分就业问题；西方经济学主要研究国内分工贸易等经济活动的规律，而国际经济学则主要研究国际分工贸易等经济活动的规律。

在国际经济活动中，生产要素的流动性、各国制度、法律、语言、文化、宗教、习俗、货币、汇率、各种人为政策等复杂影响使其与国内经济活动呈现出许多不同的规律，故需要一种不同于国内经济活动的理论解释，这样经济学理论才算完整。

【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！第二章古典国际贸易理论在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。

画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。

从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。

1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。

假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。

（1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。

（2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。

（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路：（1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20（2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。

（3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。

国际经济学第三版课后练习题含答案Chapter 1: IntroductionExercises1.1a.What is international economics?b.Define globalization.c.What is the difference between international trade andinternational finance?d.Expln why international trade and international finance arerelated.1.2a.Expln the difference between positive and normativestatements.b.Provide an example of each type of statement as it relatesto international economics.1.3a.Discuss the economic arguments for and agnst free trade.b.Discuss the political arguments for and agnst free trade.1.4a.Expln the theory of comparative advantage.b.Provide an example of comparative advantage.1.5a.Discuss the gns and losses from trade.b.Provide an example of the gns from trade.Answers1.1a.International economics is the study of how countriesinteract economically with each other and the consequences ofthose interactions.b.Globalization is the integration of economies and societiesacross the world through the exchange of goods, services, capital and people.c.International trade is the exchange of goods and servicesbetween countries. International finance refers to the movement of financial capital across borders, including foreign directinvestment, portfolio investment and international borrowing and lending.d.International trade and finance are related because tradenecessarily involves exchange of currencies, which in turn affects the demand and supply of currencies in international markets.1.2a.Positive statements are factual statements that can betested and verified or rejected based on evidence. Normativestatements are statements that express judgments or opinions about what ought to be.b.An example of a positive statement in international economics is。

international（国际经济学）课后习题及答案----------------------- Page 1-----------------------Review Questions and Condensed Answers forInternational Trade TheoriesChapter 1 World Trade and the National EconomyReview Questions::::1( What features distinguish international from domestic transactions?2( What can you say about the growth of world trade in both nominal and real terms? Was itfaster than the growth of output?3( Evaluate the statement,” the United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is ofno consequence to it.”4( Distinguish between export industries, import-competing industries and nontraded goods.Give examples of each.5( Using the figure in table 1-3, what can you say about the trade structure of the USA andJapan.Condensed Answers to Review Questions::::1. The text discusses ways that international transactions differfrom domestic ones.i. International trade requires that transactions be conductedbetween twocurrencies mediated by an exchange rate. Domestic transactions are conductedin a single currency.ii. Commercial policies that operate to restrict international transactions cannot, ingeneral, be imposed on domestic trade. Such policies include tariffs, quotas,voluntary export restraints, export subsidies, and exchange controls.iii. Countries pursue different domestic macroeconomic policieswhich result indivergent rates of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.iv. More statistical data exist on the nature, volume, and value of internationaltransactions than exist in domestic trade.v. Factors of production are more mobile domestically than internationally.vi. Countries exhibit different demand patterns, sales techniques,and marketingrequirements. Many of these are due to culture and custom. Someresult fromdifferences in government regulations. Included here are health, safety,environmental, and technical rules.2. The real volume of world exports grew at an annual rate of more than 6 percent between1950 and 2000. Global output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent. Export growth inexcess of output growth reflects the increased openness to trade of many countries.3. The United States is a relatively closed economy since the share of trade in GDP issmaller than that of most other industrial nations. In 2000, U.S. exports of goods andservices were 11 percent of GDP. The U.S. economy is less dependent on the foreignsector than other major economies, but to say that foreign trade is of no consequence is anexaggeration. The U.S. economy has become increasingly open and, therefore, moreimpacted by trade developments over time. This trend is likely to continue. Curtailingimports would, for example, have a big effect on consumers' ability to buy some goods----------------------- Page 2-----------------------(e.g. tropical products) and would raise the prices of others. The absence of certain keycommodities and material inputs would greatly disrupt areas of U.S. industry.4. a. Export industries send a substantial share of their output abroad. Ratios ofexports to GDP are much higher than the average ratio for all industries. Netexporting industries are those for which exports exceed imports. U.S. netexporting industries include farm products, chemicals, certain types of machinery,and aerospace products.b. Import-competing industries are domestic industries that sharethe domesticmarket with a substantial import presence. These activities haveratios ofimports to GDP that are much higher than the average ratio for all industries.U.S. import-competing industries include fuels, automobiles,clothing, footwear,and iron and steel.c. Nontraded goods are those which, because of their nature and characteristics, arenot easily exported or imported. Examples are hair-dressing, movie theaters,meals, construction activity, and health-care.5. Table 1.3 contains figures on the trade structure of the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a netexporter of food, certain ores, chemicals, and other machinery and transport equipment,and is a net importer of raw materials, mining products, fuels, nonferrous metals, iron andsteel, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive products,textiles and clothing, and other consumer goods. Japan is a net exporter of iron and steel,chemicals, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotiveproducts, other machinery and transport equipment, and other consumer goods. Importsexceed exports in food, raw materials, and textiles and clothing.----------------------- Page 3-----------------------Chapter 2 Why Nations TradeReview Questions::::1( a. In what sense are the cost data of footnote 4 related to the figures of scheme 1?b. Based on the figures of footnote 4, determine the:Direction of trade once it develops.Limits to mutually beneficial trade.Limits to a sustainable exchange trade.2. Evaluate the following statements:a. In international trade, domestic cost ratios determine the limits of mutually beneficial trade,whereas demand considerations show where, within these limits, the actual exchange ratio will lie.b. Comparative advantage is a theoretical concept. It cannot be used to explain any real-worldphenomena.c. The opening up of trade raises the price of export goods; hence trade is inflationary.d. The concept of absolute advantage offers explainations for East Germany’s high unemploymentrates in the 1990s.3. a. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain why it pays for:The USA to export grains and import oil.Russia to export oil and import grains.b. Why does the popular press believe that grain exports are inflnationary? What is wrongwith this porposition?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. a. Scheme 1 is based on labor productivity comparisons, while Footnote 4presentsper unit cost data. Production cost ratios are inversely related to productivitymeasures.b. i. Textiles will be exported from the U.K. and wheat from the U.S.ii. The U.S. will trade only if one yard of textiles costs less than3 bushels ofwheat. The U.K. will trade only if 1 yard of textiles can be exchangedfor more than 2 bushels of wheat.iii. The value of the ? must be between $1 and $1.502. a. Consider Figure 2.2. The domestic cost ratios define limits of mutually beneficialtrade. Within the region of mutually beneficial trade the actual exchange rate willbe determined by the relative intensity of each country's demand for the othercountry's product. A full analysis requires an understanding of reciprocal demandcurves, but the following general principle might help heuristically. If the Britishare more eager to buy U.S. wheat than the Americans are eager for British textiles,the exchange ratio falls close to the U.K. domestic cost ratio and the U.S. can beviewed as capturing a greater share of the gains from trade.b. Since the real world does not conform to the convenienttwo-country, two-goodassumptions, the simple theoretical model is not immediately applicable.However, we can generalize the model to many goods and many nations. Thefundamental truth remains. Countries export those goods in which their relativeproduction costs are lower and import those goods for which the relative costs arehigher.----------------------- Page 4-----------------------c. While trade tends to raise the prices of exportables in the domestic economy, theeffect of trade is to lower the average price level of all goods. Trade givesconsumers an opportunity to consume at lower world prices. Many goods will becheaper when purchased from foreign supply sources. Trade also conveysprocompetitive effects, stimulates the adoption of new technologies, and allowsfirms to achieve efficient scale production levels. Thus, trade is anti-inflationary.d. The reunification of the Germany economy in 1990 was undertaken on the basisthat a unit of the deutschmark, the West German currency, should be equal in valueto a unit of the ostmark, the East German currency. At this exchange rate, goodsproduced in East Germany were almost universally more expensive to producethan their counterparts in the West. Labor productivity in East Germanmanufacturing was found to be about 35% of the West German level. Underthese conditions the East German manufacturing sector collapsed. Investors werereluctant to purchase East German factories and large scale closures and dismissalsresulted.3. a. The U.S. enjoys a comparative advantage in grains. It also produces oil, but will gain byspecializing in grain production and using proceeds of exported agriculturalproducts to purchase oil from nations that produce oil relatively more efficiently.Russia is relatively more efficient in the production of oil and will gain bypurchasing grain from the U.S. in exchange for oil.b. The popular press asserts that by exporting grain from the U.S. (say to the former U R)we are lowering the domestic supply of grain and raising the domestic U.S. price of grain. Sincegrain is an important ingredient in many food products, grain exports are believed to increase theprice of those products. However, the price of grain is determined in world markets. U.S.exports alone cannot permanently raise the domestic U.S. price. If the domestic U.S. grainpricerose above the world price, the U.S. would be a net importer of grains and the domestic price wouldfall.----------------------- Page 5-----------------------Chapter 3 The Commodity Composition of TradeReview Questions::::1( Does the factor proportions theory provide a good explanation of intraindustry trade? Ifnot, can you outline an alternative explaination for the growing phenomenon?2( Explain the dynamic nature of comparative advantage using Japan’s experience as anexample.3( Once the United States acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft production it canbe sure of a dominant position in the global market forever. Do you agree with thisstatement? Explain.Condensed Answers to Review Questions1. The factor proportions theory is better suited to explain interindustry trade, or the exchangebetween countries of totally different commodities, than intraindustry trade, which is thetwo-way trade of similar commodities. The growth of intraindustry trade is greatest inimperfectly competitive industries characterized by economies of scale. Here, scaleeconomies force firms in each industry to specialize in a narrow range of products withineach industry to achieve efficient scale operations. Intraindustry specialization combinedwith diverse consumer tastes gives rise to two-way trade within the same industryclassification.2. Japan's comparative advantage in the immediate post-war period was in labor intensivegoods. The high level of saving and investment transformed Japan into a relatively capitalabundant country. Its advantage in the labor-intensive industries was lost as wages rose.Moreover, Japan increased its technological capability through high spending on R&D.Now Japan's advantage lies in the production of high-tech, capital intensive goods similar tothe U.S. This in large part explains the increasing trade friction between the twocountries.3. Once the U.S. acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft, it is likely to enjoy a dominantposition in the global marketplace for years, but not forever. Jet aircraft production is characterizedby huge economies of scale due largely to research and development costs. High capitalrequirements and scale economies pose large entry barriers. It is extremely difficult for a countryto enter into aircraft production once the U.S. has the lead. The new firm would initially have asmall market share and would be unable to compete on a cost basis. The new market entrant wouldrequire considerable government support and encouragement. This was the case with the EuropeanAirbus.----------------------- Page 6-----------------------Chapter 4 Protection of Domestic Industries: The TariffReview Questions::::1( A tariff on textiles is equivalent to a tax on consumers and a subsidy to the textileproducers and workers.2( Explain the concept of effective rate of protection.a. What does the effective rate on final goods depend upon and how?b. In what way does the effective rate analysis help to illuminate these policy issues:Deepening of production in LDCsEscalation of tariff rates by degree of processing in industrial countries3. A tariff lowers the real income of the country, while at the same time it distributes income fromconsumers to the governments and to the import-competing industry.Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. The effect of a tariff is comparable to the combined effects of a tax on consumers and a subsidy toproducers. Using Figure 4.3, one can show a tariff results in a transfer of resources from theconsumers (who lose P P fd ) to the producers (who gain P P ec). With a non-prohibitive tariff, the2 3 2 3government will also gain revenue efmn. Whether the two schemes are equivalent depends on theexact nature of the tax and subsidy scheme.2. a. The effective rate of protection measures the percentage increase in domesticvalue added per unit of output made possible by tariffs on the output and onmaterial inputs. Determinants of the effective rate include thetariff on the finalproduct, tariffs on the imported material inputs, and the free trade value added perunit of output which is influenced by intermediate input coefficients. Effectiverates are positively related to the tariff on the final product and negatively related toboth tariffs on imported inputs and the free trade value added. A derivation ofthe formula appears in footnote 10, and footnote 12 interprets that formula.b. "Deepening" of production in LDCs involves import substitution industrializationpolicy. A final assembly plant is given a protective tariff and imported inputs areaccorded duty free treatment. As a second stage, the LDC begins to deepenproduction by manufacturing inputs and according them protection. By imposingtariffs on imported inputs, the LDC is reducing effective protection for the finalgood.Because of relatively high rates of protection on finished goods and low protectionon unfinished goods and raw materials, effective tariff rates in developed countriesmay be as much as double their nominal counterparts. Developing countriesmaintain that such tariff structures fatally harm their efforts to increase exports offinished manufactures.3. Again using Figure4.3, the loss in real income is shown by triangles cen and mfd.Redistribution has been given in 8a.----------------------- Page 7-----------------------Chapter 5 Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) to TradeReview Question::::Suppose the USA steel industry is seeking protection from foreign imports. Compare andcontrast the following measures of restricting steel industries: a tariff, a quota, and voluntaryexport restraints.Condensed Answers to Review Question:There are a variety of ways in which a tariff may be considered to be less harmful than an equivalentquota:i. The revenue effect. Tariffs provide revenue. Quotas do not automatically providerevenue. Under a quota, revenue accrues to holders of import licenses.Depending on the quota scheme, licenses may be held by domestic importers, foreign exporters, foreign governments, or domestic officialswho may use them to encourage bribery. Only through auctioning or selling licenses can the government capture quota rents.ii. Performance under demand and supply changes. Any amount of imports can enterunder a tariff, but with a quota import volumes are fixed. When demandgrows, or there is a shortfall in supply, the quota does not permit a quantityadjustment. The domestic price can depart significantly from the worldprice. Under a tariff, the domestic price cannot rise above the worldprice by more than the tariff rate. Thus, a tariff is less harmful than aquota.iii. Impact on Exporters. When a tariff is levied on an imported good it is usually rebatedwhen the good is exported. The same is not true for a quota. Quotas maytherefore be more harmful to export performance.iv. Curbing monopoly power. Quotas curtail monopoly power less than an equivalent tariff.v. Terms of Trade Effects. Quotas provide no incentive for exporting nations to absorb partof the price increase; tariffs do if the exporting nation wishes to retainmarket share.vi. Quality Upgrading. Quotas give an incentive for the exporting country to engage in qualityupgrading. Ad valorem tariffs do not provide an incentive for this behavior but specific duties do.VERs share all of the undesirable effects of quotas. When the exporter does the restricting, there isno opportunity to sell import licenses. Quota rents accrue toforeign exporters orgovernments under a VER. Therefore, VERs are more costly to society than anequivalent quota with licenses sold or a tariff. Quantitative restrictions like VERsare discriminatory. VERs are also hard to monitor. Since shipments from thirdparty countries are unrestricted, transshipment throughnonrestricted countries is amajor problem. One advantage of VERs is they do not invite retaliation sincethey are profitable to foreign exporters and governments.Tariffs, quotas and VERs may be equivalent in terms of effects on the domestic price and thevolumeof imports. This may be shown using diagram 5-1. However, there are important differencesdiscussed in 1a. above.----------------------- Page 8-----------------------Chapter 6 International and Regional Trade Organizations Among Developed CountriesReview Questions::::1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2.What are the conflicts between the WTO and the environmental movement?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. Trade creation refers to the replacement of high cost production in each member by importsfrom another member. This effect is favorable to world welfare. Tradediversion is the diversion of trade from a nonmember to a higher cost member.This is unfavorable because it reduces worldwide resource allocative efficiency(See Figure 4-8).The basic approach to calculating welfare effects associated with customs union formation is toconstruct hypothetical estimates of what member country trade patterns wouldhave been in the absence of integration, comparing these with actual trade flows,and attributing any difference to integration. Effects ofintegration can be isolatedby using trade flow data pertaining to nonmember "normalizer" countries over thesame period to suggest what trade patterns would have been expected for memberswithout integration. Assume, in the absence of integration, both total (internalplus external) and external member imports would have grown at the same rates asthe corresponding imports in the normalizer. The normalizer's external importsrefer to its imports from third countries (i.e. intra-trade is excluded). Thenormalizer's internal imports are imports of normalizer countries from each other(e.g. intra-trade). The preintegration member country total import level ismultiplied by the corresponding normalizer import growth rate to yield an estimateof hypothetical total imports without integration. When compared with actualtotal imports, an estimate of trade creation is obtained. Trade diversion isestimated by multiplying the member country preintegration external import levelby the normalizer's rate of change of external imports to yield hypothetical membercountry external imports. The excess of hypothetical over actual external importsconstitutes trade diversion. The European Union (EU) is a customs unioncomprised of 15 West European countries.2. WTO rules often conflict with both international environmental agreements and nationalenvironmental laws. For example, a 1991 GATT panel upheld a Mexican challenge to aU.S. law banning importation of tuna caught indolphin-killing purse-seine nets.GATT/WTO provisions are concerned with products and not production methods.----------------------- Page 9-----------------------Chapter 7 International Mobility of Productive FactorsReview Question::::What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that induce companies to invest abroad.Condensed Answers to Review Question:Direct Foreign Investment refers to international capital movement that gives a company controlover a foreign subsidiary. It may be the purchase of an existing company, a substantial part of itsshares, or the establishment of a new enterprise. It should be contrasted with portfolio investmentthat gives, by and large, no control over foreign assets.The motives are diverse and any particular investment may involve one or more of the followingi. investment in extractive industries to secure raw material supplies;ii. investment in manufacturing industry to take advantage of cheaper foreign labor;iii. to locate production close to foreign markets and avoid transportation costs;iv. to take advantage of incentives offered by host countries;v. to circumvent tariff barriers;vi. changes in the exchange values of currencies; andvii. marketing considerations.。

课后习题第一章绪论(一) 选择题1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，是以（）作为基本的经济单位来划分的。

A. 企业B.个人C.政府D.国家2.国际经济学研究的对象是（）A国际商品流动B世界范围内的稀缺资源的最优配置C国际收支平衡D各国之间的经济活动和经济关系3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，（）流动最容易A商品B资本C人员D技术（二）问答题1．试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。

第二章古典的国际贸易理论（一）选择题本国生产A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30，根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势？（）（ａ）Ｄ、Ａ（ｂ）Ｃ、Ｂ（ｃ）Ａ、Ｄ（ｄ）Ｂ、Ｃ（二）问答题1．亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要贡献有哪些？2．绝对优势理论和比较优势理论的区别是什么？（三）计算题1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。

表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A国 B国X Y621512表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A国 B国X Y 104552．假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。

表3 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A BX Y 42843．证明即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比较优势。

4．试对下列说法加以评价：（1）由于发达国家工资水平高于发展中国家，所以发达国家与发展中国家进行贸易会无利可图；（2）因为美国的工资水平很高，所以美国产品在世界市场缺乏竞争力；（3）发展中国家的工资水平比较低是因为国际贸易的缘故。

5. 计算说明题英、美两国生产情况表(1) 什么是绝对优势？分别指出美国、英国在各种情况下具有绝对优势和绝对劣势的产品？(2) 什么是比较优势？分别指出美国、英国在各种情况下比较优势与比较劣势的商品？并说明在各种情况下贸易的可能性及贸易基础？(3) 假设在B种情况下，美国用4单位小麦与英国4单位布交换：1)美国获利多少？2)英国获利多少？3)互惠贸易的范围由多大？4)如果改用4单位小麦于6单位布交换，两国分别获利多少？与第（3）对比说明了什么问题？(4) 假设B种情况下，劳动是唯一生产要素而且是同质的。

《国际经济学》课后思考题(纯文字答案题目)第二章一：名词解释1、机会成本：机会成本是指当把一定的经济资源用于生产某种产品时放弃的另一些产品生产上最大的收益。

2、比较优势：如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本低于在其他国家生产该产品的机会成本的话，则这个国家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势。

3、提供曲线：提供曲线反映的是一国为了进口其某一数量的商品而愿意出口的商品数量。

二：简答简述对绝对优势理论的评价。

答：（1）意义：①主张自由经济，为自由贸易奠定了基础；②解释了贸易产生的部分原因；③首次论证了贸易双方都有益。

（2）缺陷：不具有普遍性。

（比如：一国在两种产品上都具有绝对优势或者劣势）4、对比较优势理论有哪些误解？答：①劳动生产率和竞争优势。

只有当一个国家的劳动生产率达到足以在国际竞争中立足的水平时，它才能从自由贸易中获利；②贫民劳动论。

如果来自外国的竞争是建立在低工资的基础上，那么这种竞争是不公平的，而且会损害其他参与竞争的国家；③剥削。

如果一个国家的工人比其他国家工人工资低，那么贸易就会使得这个国家受到剥削，使其福利恶化；6、专业化分工会进行的那么彻底吗？为什么？答：不会。

原因：①多种要素存在会减弱分工的趋势；②国家保护民族产业；③运输费用的存在（会导致非贸易品）。

7、试述李嘉图比较优势理论的局限性。

答：①预测了极端的专业化分工，而现实中不存在；②忽略了国际贸易对国内分工的影响，并据此认为一个国家始终能从国际贸易中获利；③忽略了各国资源不同也是产生国际贸易的重要原因；（仅认为技术不同导致劳动生产率不同，从而导致比较优势不同）④忽略了规模经济也可能是产生国际贸易的原因。

8、简述穆勒的相互需求原理。

答：商品的价格是由供求双方的力量共同决定的，市场行情也会自行调整，以使供求相等。

因此，商品的国际交换比率就是由两国相互的需求来决定的，并且将确定在双方各自对对方产品需求相等的水平上，这就是相互需求原理。

国际经济学课后习题答案第⼆章古典国际贸易理论1.根据重商主义的观点，⼀国必须保持贸易顺差。

在两国模型中是否可能？为什么？思路：在两国模型中⼀国的贸易顺差等于另⼀国的贸易逆差，不可能出现两国都顺差的情况，重商主义贸易顺差的⽬标必有⼀国⽆法实现。

2.在分析中国加⼊世界贸易组织（WTO）的利弊时，有⼈说“为了能够打开出⼝市场，我们不得不降低关税，进⼝⼀些外国产品。

这是我们不得不付出的代价”；请分析评论这种说法。

思路：这种说法实际是“重商主义”，认为出⼝有利，进⼝受损，实际上降低关税多进⼝本国不具有⽐较优势的产品，把资源⽤在更加有效率的产品⽣产中去再出⼝，能⼤⼤提⾼⼀国的福利⽔平，对⼀国来说反⽽是好事。

3.在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动⼒，B国有50名劳动⼒，如果⽣产棉花的话，A国的⼈均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是⽣产⼤⽶的话，A国的⼈均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。

画出两国的⽣产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪⼀国拥有⽣产⼤⽶的绝对优势？哪⼀国拥有⽣产⼤⽶的⽐较优势？思路：B国由于每⼈能⽣产16吨⼤⽶，⽽A国每⼈仅⽣产10吨⼤⽶，所以B国具有⽣产⼤⽶的绝对优势。

从两国⽣产可能性曲线看出A国⽣产⼤⽶的机会成本为0.2，⽽B国为0.125，所以B国⽣产⼤⽶的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国，B 国⽣产⼤⽶具有⽐较优势。

4.理论，决不是个强权理论，只要按照⽐较优势进⾏贸易，专业化⽣产，充分有效地利⽤资源，穷国也可以得到好处，这不仅可以从Sachs 和Warner 对78个发展中国家贸易与经济发展的关系研究中的得到证实，单从中国改⾰开放的实践就可以得到说明。

5. 下表列出了加拿⼤和中国⽣产1单位计算机和1单位⼩麦所需的劳动时间。

假定⽣产计算机和⼩麦都只⽤劳动，加拿⼤的总劳动为600⼩时，中国总劳动为800⼩时。

（1）计算不发⽣贸易时各国⽣产计算机的机会成本。

（2）哪个国家具有⽣产计算机的⽐较优势？哪个国家具有⽣产⼩麦的⽐较优势？800 1200（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的⼩麦，加拿⼤参与贸易可以从每单位的进⼝中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进⼝中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的⼩麦，加拿⼤和中国分别可以从进⼝每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在⾃由贸易的情况下，各国应⽣产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利⽔平是提⾼还是降低了？试⽤图分析。