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虚拟语气2. 在whether (常省去)引导的从句中 最常见的句型是省去whether后动词be用原形倒放在从 句主语之前，形成“be it …..; be they….”这样的结构 “所有这些题目，不论容易还是困难，都可以用这种方法来 解。
” All these problems, be they easy or difficult, can be solved by this method. “任何物质，不论是空气、水还是木头，均具有重量。
” Any matter, be it air, water or wood, has wight. 3. 在 lest 引导的从句中，从句谓语用“(should +)动词原 形” “应当把电池存放在干燥的地方以免跑电。
” Batteries should be kept in dry place lest electricity leak away.科技英语单句写作句子成分的强调句子成分的强调 一、采用强调句型“it is (was) ……that (which, who)….” 一般用来强调主语、宾语、状语和状语从句。
被强调的句子属于 现在（或将来）的任一时态，使用“is”（will be; has been）；属 于过去任一时态，使用“was”; that 可用于强调任一情况，which 只能用来强调作主语或宾语的事物，who只能用来强调作主语的 人。
一般可译成“正是，是”； “正是当物体受热时，分子的平均速度提高了。
” It is when an object is heated that the average speed of molecules is increased. “我们必须尽力克服的正是由摩擦引起的各种损耗。
” It is the losses caused by friction that [which] we must try to overcome.句子成分的强调 当强调引导名词从句或特殊问句的what, when, why, how, where, which等词时，应译成“到底、究竟” “这个数列到底趋于什么值？” What is it that this sequence “tend to”? （强调what，它引出特殊疑问句，放句首。
2015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句1、一般情况 （1）公式§5. 2 同位语从句 The latter（后一）form has the advantage that it can be extended（扩展） to complex quantities .+ 某些抽象名词 +the this a/an O no形容词 物主代词that从句[“that”在从句中无词义、无 成分]③ “动宾译法”：这时该“抽象名词” 来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。
西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句（2）译法 ① “～ 这一 ……” 的§5. 2 同位语从句 During the past several years, there has been an increasing [a growing] recognition [realization; awareness] within business（商务）and academic（学术的） circles（界）that certain nations have evolved（发展）into information societies .The assumption that β = constant is often made to simplify analysis. R = r is the condition that power delivered（提供）by a given source is a maximum .西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句 Here we have used the definition （定义）that acceleration（加速度）is the rate（速率）of change of velocity .② 这一 ……：～ 以下的§5. 2 同位语从句 The main theoretical development in this decade（十年）has been in the recognition that material properties should be included in analytical models . This is equivalent to a statement that everything is attracted by the earth.This account for（解释）the observation（观察到的情况）that the resistivity of a metal increases with temperature .12015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句§5. 2 同位语从句A consequence（结果）of the discovery of electricity was the observation that metals are good conductors while nonmetals are poor conductors .③ “there is every possibility that …” →“完全有可能……”There is every possibility that satisfactory results will be obtained.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句（3）几个句型： ① “there is evidence that …”→ “有证据表明……”§5. 2 同位语从句2、由名词从句转变成的同位语从句（实 际上在从句前省去了“of;about;on;as to”） ★The question now arises whether this series（级数）converges（收敛）.There is evidence that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.The reader may have no idea what this symbol stands for.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句§5. 2 同位语从句② “there is no doubt that …”→ “毫无疑问……”There is no doubt that mercury（水银） is a metal .The users have no guarantee（保证） how long this kind of device will be operating.22015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 3 名词从句1、一般情况 （1）引导词 ① 连接词：在从句中无成分§5. 3 名词从句（2）采用形式主语“it”的几个句型 ① “it is well known that …”→“众所 周知，……”that → （无词义） whether → “是否” if →“是否”（只能引导宾语从句时用）It is well known that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.② “it is clear [evident; apparent; obvious] that …” →“显然；很清楚……”西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 3 名词从句② 连接代词：在从句中要作某一成 分。
英语科技论文中写作研究现状的常用句式在科技论文中，研究现状主要是阐述其他学者、也包括作者本人与论文要探讨的问题或现象相关的研究工作，通常先“总”后“分”地陈述。
下面，达晋编译结合工作实践经验，总结出英语科技论文中写作研究现状的常用句式。
一、“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作，一般用现在完成时：1.用主动语态时，常用researcher / author / investigator / writer 等作主语，如：Many / Several / A number of / Few researchers have studied / investigated / examined / explored / reported on / discussed / considered + 研究主题.2.用被动语态时，常用study / research / investigation / experiment / work / attention等作主语。
如果描述“研究主题”的单词少，那么“研究主题”可置于句中，如：Many studies / researches / investigationes / experimentes on + 研究主题+ have been performed / done / published.当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时，可置于句末，如：Much work / attention has been performed / done / published on + 研究主题.用被动语态时，也可用“研究主题”作主语，如：研究主题+ has been studied / investigated / examined / explored / reported on / discussed / considered by many investigators / several researchers / a number of authors / few writers. 又如：The study of + 研究主题+ hasbeen widely reported / found / published in the literature.二、“分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。
各类从句的综合运用技巧归纳从句是英语中非常重要的语法结构之一，它能够使得句子更加丰富和准确。
在英语写作中，合理运用各类从句能够增强句子的表达能力，使文章更具说服力。
本文将归纳总结各类从句的综合运用技巧，以帮助读者在写作中灵活运用从句。
一、名词性从句名词性从句可以在句子中充当名词的角色，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
下面是各类名词性从句的运用技巧：1. 主语从句：主语从句可以将一个复杂的概念作为主语出现在句子中。
例如："What you said is true."（你说的是对的。
）2. 宾语从句：宾语从句可以充当动词的宾语，用来表示发言人的观点、态度或者询问某件事情。
例如："I believe that he will succeed."（我相信他会成功。
）3. 表语从句：表语从句用来充当谓语动词之后的表语，用来描述主语的特征、性质或者状态。
例如："The truth is that he is lying."（事实是他在撒谎。
）4. 同位语从句：同位语从句用来解释名词的含义或限定名词的范围。
例如：“The fact that she won the award surprised everyone.”（她获奖的事实使每个人都很惊讶。
）二、定语从句定语从句用来修饰名词，并且必须紧跟在所修饰的名词之后。
下面是定语从句的运用技巧：1. 关系代词引导的定语从句：关系代词可指人也可指物，包括who, whom, that, which等。
例如："The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting."（我从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣。
）2. 关系副词引导的定语从句：关系副词在定语从句中充当连接副词的角色，包括where, when, why等。
科技英语翻译的技巧科技英语翻译的技巧科技文献的翻译是传播和交流科学技术成果的有效方式，对促进科学技术的发展具有重要意义，要求概念清楚、逻辑正确、表达简洁。
科技英语翻译的技巧【1】一、名词从句英语的名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四大类。
名词从句的翻译一般按原文的语序处理即可，但也还有其他一些处理方法。
下面我们分别介绍这类从句的翻译方法。
1. 主语从句的译法由关联词 what，who，which，when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever，whatever，however等和从属连词that，whether等引导的主语从句一般按原文的语序翻译。
How this material can be used depends upon its properties.这种物质能得到怎么样的利用要由它的性质而定。
That substances expand when heated and contract when cooled is a common physical phenomenon.物体热胀冷缩是普遍的物理现象。
Whether an increase of the design stress is warranted depends on a number of conditions, such as type of loading, and frequency and magnitude of over-loads.设计应力的增大是否有保证取决于诸多因素，如载荷的类型、超载的频率和大小。
在翻译做形式主语的主语从句时，往往先译出从句(形式主语it视情况可不译，也可译为“这”代替从句);也可先译主句，然后再译从句。
It is a general rule that gases, like liquids, always flow from regions of high pressure to regions of lower pressure.气体像液体一样总是从高压区流向低压区，这是一个普遍规律。
英文作文从句范例在写英文作文时，从句是提升文章层次和表达能力的关键之一。
以下是一些常见类型的从句范例，希望能够帮助你提高写作水平：1. 定语从句（Adjective Clauses）：The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.The girl who is sitting next to me is my best friend.2. 副词从句（Adverbial Clauses）：When I was young, I used to play football every day.She will come to the party if she finishes her homework in time.3. 名词性从句（Noun Clauses）：I don't know what he wants to do in the future.His explanation about the theory is what I've been looking for.4. 条件从句（Conditional Clauses）：If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exam.5. 原因从句（Causal Clauses）：She failed the test because she didn't study enough.He was late for the meeting due to traffic jam.6. 结果从句（Consecutive Clauses）：He worked hard, so he succeeded in the end.She studied English diligently, thus she improved her language skills.7. 比较从句（Comparative Clauses）：She is taller than her sister.This book is more interesting than that one.8. 方式从句（Manner Clauses）：He speaks English as if it were his mother tongue. She did the task as she was told.9. 时间从句（Temporal Clauses）：Before I go to bed, I always read for a while.I will call you as soon as I arrive.10. 让步从句（Concessive Clauses）：Although it was raining, they went for a walk.She went out even though she was feeling unwell.以上是一些常见的从句范例，通过灵活运用这些从句，可以使你的文章更加丰富多彩，表达更加准确清晰。
科技类一、原因状语从句1. Since computer science has been developing so fast in the modern society, numerous students choose this major as their inclination when they attend universities.2. People need not have frequent face-to-face contact with each other in business as they do in the past, fo r computers can handle and convey majority of information which once must be dealt with at a meeting.3. Computers are widely accepted by people in the information age, as they, to some extent, make many things which are considered as unaccomplished tasks in the past become available and true in the present.4. Majority of people impute/attribute the great social transformation to the development and revolution of science and technology which is closely related to their daily life.二、条件状语从句1. If robots can be manipulated much more precisely and flexibly by computers to accomplish some sorts of tasks which may be dangerous or complex to the human being, our work will be more secure and simple with highproductivity as well.2. Provided/suppose that the usage of multi-media technology is widely adopted by schools during teaching and learning, the teaching level will be enormously heightened in the long run.3. The computer software industry will develop much more healthily in the future in China on condition that the authorities concerned strengthen the protection of the copy right.三、核心词汇e-commerce电子商务cyber safety网络安全online transaction在线交易net/cyber/internet网络e-learning在线学习distance learning 远程教育,远程学习discussion room讨论室computer-assisted learning计算机辅助学习mobile phone手机、移动电话bluetooth蓝牙ring tone电话铃音electromagnetic field电磁场MP3 playback Mp3播放Invade privacy侵犯隐私Wireless technology无线技术SMS: short message service手机短信、短信服务Motivation动机Laptop笔记本电脑、便携式电脑Hacker黑客Online shopping网络购物Security issue安全问题Distance education远程教育Online course在线课程,网络课程Online forum网络论坛Internet infrastructure网络基础设施Cellular telephone移动电话、手机Radiation辐射Built-in camera内置摄像头Internet browsing网页浏览Memo备忘录Microwave emission放射微波Wireless fidelity: Wi-Fi无线保真Surf on the net上网Hi-tech features高科技功能Website网站Convenient方便的Productivity生产力Geographical barrier地理障碍Digital数字、数码Electronic电子的Virtual world虚拟世界Infringe the privacy侵犯隐私Pirate['paiərit]剽窃Security安全With the click of a mouse/ present鼠标轻点In a virtual world在一个虚拟的世界An information age信息时代Be lost in迷失于、沉湎于Stay in touch with保持联系Cause damage to one’s healt h损害某人的健康Log on the Internet登陆互联网Have/gain access to any information or knowledge获得任何信息/知识Cutting-edge technology尖端科技Information explosion信息爆炸Due to the proliferation of the Internet由于互联网的普及With an increasing popularity of mobile phones随着手机的不断流行Innovation创新Labor-saving machinery劳力节省机械Biotechnology生物技术Telecommunication电信、远程通讯Space exploration太空探索Hacker黑客Conventional method常规方法Online retailer网络零售商Netizen ['netizən]网民Cost-effective划算的、成本节约型Blog博客Cybercrime网络犯罪Offensive攻击的、无礼的Pornography [pɔ:'nɔɡrəfi]色情Violence暴利Illegal gambling非法赌博Questionable contents可以内容、有问题的内容四、万能思路Positive impacts:1. improve work efficiency2. convenience, with the click of a mouse, cost-effective3. promote and facilitate communication4. obtain information in various ways, enrich one’s knowledge Negative impacts: 1. invade one’s privacy 2. less quality family time, increasing work pressure 3. security issue, cyber crimes 4. questionable contents, pornography, violence5. physical problem, radiation, weaken eyesight, less outdoor exercise6. psychological problem, indulge in virtual world, become solitary, be isolated from the real world, weaken the relationships with family members and friends Eg. 1 The range of technology is increasing the gap between the rich and the poor. To what extent do you agree? Give reasons for your answer and include relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience. 提纲：观点：不是科技而是社会财富分配不均导致的。
英文作文从句怎么写
写英文作文时，使用从句是提高文章层次和表达能力的重要方式。
以下是一些写作从句的技巧和示例：
1. 定语从句（Adjective Clauses）：
定语从句用来修饰名词，通常由关系代词（如who, whom, whose, which, that）或关系副词（如where, when, why）引导。
示例，The book that I read yesterday was very interesting.
2. 副词从句（Adverb Clauses）：
副词从句用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，通常由从属连词引导（如because, although, while, since, when, where）。
示例，I stayed indoors because it was raining heavily.
3. 名词从句（Noun Clauses）：
名词从句可以在句子中充当名词的角色，通常由连接词引导（如that, whether/if, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why）。
示例，I don't know what he wants to do.
4. 介词短语从句（Prepositional Phrase Clauses）：
介词短语从句用来修饰名词或代词，通常由介词引导，并且在句子中充当介词的宾语。
示例，He is the man with whom I went to the concert.
在写作中，通过运用这些从句，你可以更好地表达复杂的思想和观点，使文章更加丰富和有说服力。
记住在使用从句时要注意句子结构的合理性和连贯性。
The Appositive Clause同位语从句1. The general case(1)Formulathe★thisa/anO+abstract noun+that-clause adjective(that has no lexical meaning possessive pronoun no grammatical function no in the subclause)1. The general case(2)Translation techniques①“～这一……”Here we have used the definition that acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.这里我们使用了加速度是速度的变化率这一定义。
1. The general case(2)Translation techniquesThis account for the observation that the resistivity of a metal increases with ②这一以下的……：～temperature .这就解释了我们观察到的这一情况：金属的电阻率是随温度的上升而增加的。
The latter form has the advantage that it can be extended to complex quantities .后一种形式具有以下的优点/后一种形式的优点是：可以把它推广到复数领域。
1. The general case(2)Translation techniques③“动宾译法”：这时该“抽象名词”来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。
During the past several years,there has been an increasing[a growing]recognition [realization;awareness]within businessand academic circles that certain nations have evolved into information societies.在过去几年间，商界和学术界的人士越来越认识到一些国家已经步入了信息社会。
