实用科技英语写作技巧—从句
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虚拟语气2. 在whether (常省去)引导的从句中 最常见的句型是省去whether后动词be用原形倒放在从 句主语之前,形成“be it …..; be they….”这样的结构 “所有这些题目,不论容易还是困难,都可以用这种方法来 解。
” All these problems, be they easy or difficult, can be solved by this method. “任何物质,不论是空气、水还是木头,均具有重量。
” Any matter, be it air, water or wood, has wight. 3. 在 lest 引导的从句中,从句谓语用“(should +)动词原 形” “应当把电池存放在干燥的地方以免跑电。
” Batteries should be kept in dry place lest electricity leak away.科技英语单句写作句子成分的强调句子成分的强调 一、采用强调句型“it is (was) ……that (which, who)….” 一般用来强调主语、宾语、状语和状语从句。
被强调的句子属于 现在(或将来)的任一时态,使用“is”(will be; has been);属 于过去任一时态,使用“was”; that 可用于强调任一情况,which 只能用来强调作主语或宾语的事物,who只能用来强调作主语的 人。
一般可译成“正是,是”; “正是当物体受热时,分子的平均速度提高了。
” It is when an object is heated that the average speed of molecules is increased. “我们必须尽力克服的正是由摩擦引起的各种损耗。
” It is the losses caused by friction that [which] we must try to overcome.句子成分的强调 当强调引导名词从句或特殊问句的what, when, why, how, where, which等词时,应译成“到底、究竟” “这个数列到底趋于什么值?” What is it that this sequence “tend to”? (强调what,它引出特殊疑问句,放句首。
2015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句1、一般情况 (1)公式§5. 2 同位语从句 The latter(后一)form has the advantage that it can be extended(扩展) to complex quantities .+ 某些抽象名词 +the this a/an O no形容词 物主代词that从句[“that”在从句中无词义、无 成分]③ “动宾译法”:这时该“抽象名词” 来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。
西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句(2)译法 ① “~ 这一 ……” 的§5. 2 同位语从句 During the past several years, there has been an increasing [a growing] recognition [realization; awareness] within business(商务)and academic(学术的) circles(界)that certain nations have evolved(发展)into information societies .The assumption that β = constant is often made to simplify analysis. R = r is the condition that power delivered(提供)by a given source is a maximum .西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句 Here we have used the definition (定义)that acceleration(加速度)is the rate(速率)of change of velocity .② 这一 ……:~ 以下的§5. 2 同位语从句 The main theoretical development in this decade(十年)has been in the recognition that material properties should be included in analytical models . This is equivalent to a statement that everything is attracted by the earth.This account for(解释)the observation(观察到的情况)that the resistivity of a metal increases with temperature .12015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句§5. 2 同位语从句A consequence(结果)of the discovery of electricity was the observation that metals are good conductors while nonmetals are poor conductors .③ “there is every possibility that …” →“完全有可能……”There is every possibility that satisfactory results will be obtained.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句(3)几个句型: ① “there is evidence that …”→ “有证据表明……”§5. 2 同位语从句2、由名词从句转变成的同位语从句(实 际上在从句前省去了“of;about;on;as to”) ★The question now arises whether this series(级数)converges(收敛).There is evidence that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.The reader may have no idea what this symbol stands for.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句§5. 2 同位语从句② “there is no doubt that …”→ “毫无疑问……”There is no doubt that mercury(水银) is a metal .The users have no guarantee(保证) how long this kind of device will be operating.22015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 3 名词从句1、一般情况 (1)引导词 ① 连接词:在从句中无成分§5. 3 名词从句(2)采用形式主语“it”的几个句型 ① “it is well known that …”→“众所 周知,……”that → (无词义) whether → “是否” if →“是否”(只能引导宾语从句时用)It is well known that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.② “it is clear [evident; apparent; obvious] that …” →“显然;很清楚……”西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 3 名词从句② 连接代词:在从句中要作某一成 分。
英语科技论文中写作研究现状的常用句式在科技论文中,研究现状主要是阐述其他学者、也包括作者本人与论文要探讨的问题或现象相关的研究工作,通常先“总”后“分”地陈述。
下面,达晋编译结合工作实践经验,总结出英语科技论文中写作研究现状的常用句式。
一、“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作,一般用现在完成时:1.用主动语态时,常用researcher / author / investigator / writer 等作主语,如:Many / Several / A number of / Few researchers have studied / investigated / examined / explored / reported on / discussed / considered + 研究主题.2.用被动语态时,常用study / research / investigation / experiment / work / attention等作主语。
如果描述“研究主题”的单词少,那么“研究主题”可置于句中,如:Many studies / researches / investigationes / experimentes on + 研究主题+ have been performed / done / published.当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时,可置于句末,如:Much work / attention has been performed / done / published on + 研究主题.用被动语态时,也可用“研究主题”作主语,如:研究主题+ has been studied / investigated / examined / explored / reported on / discussed / considered by many investigators / several researchers / a number of authors / few writers. 又如:The study of + 研究主题+ hasbeen widely reported / found / published in the literature.二、“分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。
各类从句的综合运用技巧归纳从句是英语中非常重要的语法结构之一,它能够使得句子更加丰富和准确。
在英语写作中,合理运用各类从句能够增强句子的表达能力,使文章更具说服力。
本文将归纳总结各类从句的综合运用技巧,以帮助读者在写作中灵活运用从句。
一、名词性从句名词性从句可以在句子中充当名词的角色,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
下面是各类名词性从句的运用技巧:1. 主语从句:主语从句可以将一个复杂的概念作为主语出现在句子中。
例如:"What you said is true."(你说的是对的。
)2. 宾语从句:宾语从句可以充当动词的宾语,用来表示发言人的观点、态度或者询问某件事情。
例如:"I believe that he will succeed."(我相信他会成功。
)3. 表语从句:表语从句用来充当谓语动词之后的表语,用来描述主语的特征、性质或者状态。
例如:"The truth is that he is lying."(事实是他在撒谎。
)4. 同位语从句:同位语从句用来解释名词的含义或限定名词的范围。
例如:“The fact that she won the award surprised everyone.”(她获奖的事实使每个人都很惊讶。
)二、定语从句定语从句用来修饰名词,并且必须紧跟在所修饰的名词之后。
下面是定语从句的运用技巧:1. 关系代词引导的定语从句:关系代词可指人也可指物,包括who, whom, that, which等。
例如:"The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting."(我从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣。
)2. 关系副词引导的定语从句:关系副词在定语从句中充当连接副词的角色,包括where, when, why等。
科技英语翻译的技巧科技英语翻译的技巧科技文献的翻译是传播和交流科学技术成果的有效方式,对促进科学技术的发展具有重要意义,要求概念清楚、逻辑正确、表达简洁。
科技英语翻译的技巧【1】一、名词从句英语的名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四大类。
名词从句的翻译一般按原文的语序处理即可,但也还有其他一些处理方法。
下面我们分别介绍这类从句的翻译方法。
1. 主语从句的译法由关联词 what,who,which,when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,whatever,however等和从属连词that,whether等引导的主语从句一般按原文的语序翻译。
How this material can be used depends upon its properties.这种物质能得到怎么样的利用要由它的性质而定。
That substances expand when heated and contract when cooled is a common physical phenomenon.物体热胀冷缩是普遍的物理现象。
Whether an increase of the design stress is warranted depends on a number of conditions, such as type of loading, and frequency and magnitude of over-loads.设计应力的增大是否有保证取决于诸多因素,如载荷的类型、超载的频率和大小。
在翻译做形式主语的主语从句时,往往先译出从句(形式主语it视情况可不译,也可译为“这”代替从句);也可先译主句,然后再译从句。
It is a general rule that gases, like liquids, always flow from regions of high pressure to regions of lower pressure.气体像液体一样总是从高压区流向低压区,这是一个普遍规律。