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Unit 1 How to Improve Your Study Habits你也许是个智力一般的普通学生。
你在学校的学习成绩还不错，可你也许会觉得自己永远也成不了优等生。
然而实际情况未必如此。
你要是想取得更好的分数，也还是能做到的。
是的，即使中等智力水平的学生，在不增加学习负担的情况下，也能成为优等生。
其诀窍如下：1．仔细安排你的时间。
把你每周要完成的任务一一列出来，然后制定一张时间表或时间分配图。
先把用于吃饭、睡觉、开会、听课等这样一些非花不可的时间填上，然后再选定合适的固定时间用于学习。
一定要留出足够的时间来完成正常的阅读和课外作业。
当然，学习不应把作息表上的空余时间全都占去，还得给休息、业余爱好和娱乐活动留出一定的时间，这一点很重要。
这张周作息表也许解决不了你所有的问题，但是它会使你比较清楚地了解你是怎样使用你的时间的。
此外，它还能让你安排好各种活动，既有足够的时间工作，也有足够的时间娱乐。
2．寻找一个合适的地方学习。
选定某个地方作为你的“学习区”。
这可以是家里或者学校图书馆里的一张书桌或者一把椅子，但它应该是舒适的，而且不该有干扰。
在你开始学习时，你应能够全神贯注于你的功课。
3．阅读之前先略读。
这就是说，在你仔细阅读一篇文章之前，先把它从头至尾迅速浏览一遍。
在预习材料时，你就对它的内容及其结构有了大致的了解。
随后在你正式开始阅读时，你就能辨认出不太重要的材料，并且可以略去某些章节不读。
略读不仅使你的阅读速度提高一倍，还有助于提高你的理解能力。
<4．充分利用课堂上的时间。
上课时注意听讲意味着课后少花力气。
要坐在能看得见、听得清的地方。
要作笔记来帮助自己记住老师讲课的内容。
5．学习要有规律。
课后要及早复习笔记。
重温课堂上提到的要点，复习你仍然混淆不清的地方。
阅读教科书上讲到这些内容的有关章节。
如果你知道第二天老师要讲述的内容，那你就把这部分材料浏览一下。
这有助于你听懂下一堂课。
如果你定期复习笔记和课本，你就能更深刻地领会这些材料的内容，你的记忆也会保持得更长久。
Unit 1 Some Strategies for Learning EnglishLearning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort.学习英语绝非易事.它需要刻苦和长期努力.Nevertheless, while you cannot export to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them.虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语,然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些.一下便是其中的几种.1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according it how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary.不要以完全相同的方式对待所有的生词。
UNIT 1As we are at the start of the course, this seems a good moment to offer some advice on how to make the task of learning English easier.课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。
Some Strategies for Learning EnglishLearning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort.学习英语绝非易事。
它需要刻苦和长期努力。
Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them.虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。
以下便是其中的几种。
1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary.1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。
If you ask me1If you ask me, real life is not all it's cracked up to be. Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?2 Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?), but mostly with money. It's just so expensive out here! Everyone wants a slice off you. The Inland Revenue wants to deduct income tax, the bank manager wants repayments on my student loan, the landlord wants the rent, gas, water, electricity and my mobile bills keep coming in, and all that's before I've had anything to eat. And then some bright spark calls me out of the blue, asking if I'm interested in buying a pension. At this rate, I won't even last till the end of the year, let alone till I'm 60.3 I didn't really want to go out to work just yet. I mean, I wasn't a dropout and I knew I'd have to some day. According to any number of people "life's not a picnic", "there's no such thing as a free lunch". But given that I'd got a good degree, I thought I'd like to go on to get my master's. Actually, I had my eye on the course at the London School of Economics (LSE) . Top school, very good for my CV. But I talked to my mum about it, and she said she couldn't afford to support me any more. I kind of understand it, and not just because my degree is in economics. She'd worked hard for 15 years to give me an education. My dad wasn't around most of the time, and when he was, he didn't have any money. He'd spent it gambling on the dogs or down the pub. So it came to the point when I just agreed with Mum, and bowed myself towards the inevitable.4 If you ask me, and despite everything you hear, fortunately there are some really nice people out there. Take Mike, for example. When I left university, what I thought was that my mum would feel obliged to look after me if I returned home. So I packed up my belongings and went to London to get a job. I wanted something in finance and investments, because you know, maybe with a job like that, I could use my degree. But by that time, there were no jobs left, and I didn't really want to end up in some boring office, doing photocopies and making the tea.5 Go anywhere you like in London and there's usually a good pub. The day I realized no one in the city was going to offer me a job, I went into The Salisbury on Leadenhall Street for a drink and something to eat. Mike the landlord was at the bar, pouring pints with one hand, making sandwiches with the other, and washing the glasses all at the same time—it's true, he really did seem to have three hands. He also seemed to know everyone, and greeted the regulars by name, getting their drinks ready with the question, "The usual today, is it?" I thought he looked kind of cool, he was doing what he did best, serving thirsty clients, and no one did it better. So I went up to him and asked him whether there was a job for me.6 Well, to cut a long story short, I started work in the pub one Friday lunch time. It was quite demanding work, but I liked it. People seemed to find me amusing and it made me feel better too. There was one middle-aged regular in a suit who always had a half of bitter and a ham and pickle sandwich, with the crusts cut off. When I saw Tony coming, I tried to have his lunch ready for him even before he asked. He was another one of those really nice people.7 If you ask me, spending money when you don't have any is dead easy. I began to think about how I'd spend my first month's wages. The flat where I was staying was expensive, and I just about had enough to cover the first month's substantial bills. But I calculated that there'dbe just enough money over to treat myself to something. Why not get a CD or maybe a plant to cheer up the flat? I thought.8 It was my birthday on pay day. Apart from Mike and Tony, I didn't have any friends in London. Seeing that I didn't have a boyfriend either, you can understand why I began to feel sorry for myself. So I ordered myself some flowers, and asked them to be sent with a little card, saying "With all my love Anon." The highlight of my birthday would be the confused look on the florist's eyes when he delivered them.9 Later that week, Tony came in as usual and sat down at the bar. "What's wrong with you? Where's that smile gone today?" I talked to him about... well, about pretty well everything, money, the master's, my birthday, the lot. He sympathized with me.10 Tony got up from his stool, and went over to talk to some of the others. Remember: The Salisbury is right in the heart of the city, so all the customers were in banking or insurance or the stock market. Next day he turned up with cheques to the value of £20,000. "This is a loan for you to set up your business. The only collateral you have is my trust in you that one day, you'll pay us back—if you can. And if you can't, too bad, that's the finance business for you. But I think you will."11 I didn't say anything for fear that I was going to cry. What were the odds on anyone being so nice?12 And the flowers? I redirected them to my mum, and they arrived for her on my birthday. She deserved them, don't you think?13 If you ask me, looking back after all these years, you only need one or two breaks in your life to succeed. The fact that the rest is hard work doesn't matter, it's still worth it.14 After a year working at The Salisbury, I got a place at the LSE, did my master's and found a job in an investment bank. I in vested the £20,000, and sold out before the 2008 crash.I paid back Tony and the other investors, with ten per cent annual interest, and set up my own firm. It exceeded all my expectations and is still a thriving business.15 Tony wrote me a thank-you note. He'd been in a car accident, and couldn't walk. The money I paid back would allow him to adapt his house so he could move around it in his wheelchair. This is what he wrote:16 "Thirty-five years in banking, and I've never made a better investment than the loan to you. You've repaid the money with interest, and my trust in you and your honesty 100-fold. If you ask me, investing in people gives the best return you can ever hope for."17 If you ask me, he's right. What do you think?依我看依我看，现实生活并没有人们想象的那么好。
UNIT 1TEXTWant to know how to improve your grades without having to spend more time studying? Sounds too good to be true? Well, read on...How to Improve Your Study HabitsTerhaps you are an average student with average intelligence. You do well enough in school, but you probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessarily the case, however. You can receive better grades if you want to. Yes, even students of average intelligence can be top students without additional work. Here's how:1. Plan your time carefully. Make a list of your weekly tasks. Then make a schedule or chart of your time. Fill in committed time such as eating, sleeping, meetings, classes, etc. Then decide on good, regular times for studying. Be sure to set aside enough time to complete your normal reading and work assignments. Of course, studying shouldn't occupy all of the free time on the schedule. It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. This weekly schedule may not solve all of your problems, but it will make you more aware of how you spend your time. Furthermore, it will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.2. Find a good place to study. Choose one place for your study area. It may bea desk or a chair at home or in the school library, but it should be comfortable, and it should not have distractions. When you begin to work, you should be able to concentrate on the subject.3. Skim before you read. This means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully. As you preview the material, you get some idea of the content and how it is organized. Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important material and you may skip some of these portions. Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well.4. Make good use of your time in class. Listening to what the teacher says in class means less work later. Sit where you can see and hear well. Take notes to help you remember what the teacher says.5. Study regularly. Go over your notes as soon as you can after class. Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about. Read about these points in your textbook. If you know what the teacher will discuss the next day, skim and read that material too. This will help you understand the next class. If you review your notes and textbook regularly, the material will become more meaningful and you will remember it longer. Regular review leads to improved performance on test.6. Develop a good attitude about tests. The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. The world won't end if you don't pass a test, sodon't worry excessively about a single test. Tests provide grades, but they also let you know what you need to spend more time studying, and they help make your knowledge permanent.There are other techniques that might help you with your studying. Only a few have been mentioned here. You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. Talk with your classmates about their study techniques. Share with them some of the techniques you have found to be helpful. Improving your study habits will improve your grades.NEW WORDSaveragen. ordinary 普通的；中等的intelligencen. ability to learn and understand 智力necessarilyad. inevitably 必定casen. what has really happened; actual condition 实情additionala. added 附加的.额外的n. additionweeklya. done or happening every week 每周的；一周一次的schedulen. timetable 时间表chartn. (sheet of paper with) information written or drawn in the form of a picture 图（表）commitvt. 指定...用于asidead. to the side 在旁边；到（向）一边etc(Latin, shortened form for et cetera) and other things 等等normala. usual 正常的readingn. the act or practice of reading 阅读assignmentn. sth. given out as a task (布置的)作业occupyn. take up 占用relaxationn. (sth. done for) rest and amusement 休息.娱乐relaxv.hobbyn. what one likes to do in one's free time 业余爱好entertainmentn. show, party, etc. that people enjoy 娱乐entertainvt.solvevt. find an answer to (a problem) 解决（问题）awarea. having knowledge or understanding 知道的；意识到的furthermoread. moreover; in addition 而且；此外enablevt. make (sb.) able (to do sth.) 使（某人）能（做某事）activityn. sth. (to be) done 活动adequatea. as much as one needs; enough 充分的；足够的distractionn. sth. that draws away the mind or attention 分心（或分散注意力）的事物 concentrate (on or upon)vi. pay close attention (to) 全神贯注（于）skimvt. read quickly to get the main ideas (of) 略读previewvt. have a general view of (sth.) beforehand 预习contentn. what is written in a book, etc. 内容organizevt. form into a whole 组织laterad. 后来；以后skipvt. pass over 略过portionn. part; share 一部分；一份doublev. make or become twice as great or as many （使）增加一倍comprehensionn. the act of understanding or ability to understand 理解（力）mentionvt. speak or write about (sth.) in a few words 提及confuseda. mixed up in one's mind 迷惑的.混淆的confusevt.textbookn. a standard book for the study of a subject 教科书；课本performancen. achievement 成绩meaningfula. having important meaning or value 富有意义的attituden. what one thinks about sth. 态度.看法purposen. aim 目的.意图excessivelyad. too much 过多地.过分地excessivea.permanenta. lasting for a long time; never changing 持久的；永久的techniquen. way of doing sth. 技巧.方法helpfula. useful; providing help or wiling to help 有益的；给予帮助的.肯帮忙的PHRASES & EXPRSSIONSfill inwrite in 填写.填充decide onmake a choice or decision about 选定.决定set asidesave for a special purpose 留出as wellalso; too; in addition 也.还；同样be aware (of)know (sth.); know (what is happening) 知道.意识到concentrate ondirect one's attention, efforts, etc. to 全神贯注于look overexamine (quickly) 把...看一遍.过目go overreview 复习lead toresult in 导致UNIT 2TEXTAt sixty-five Francis Chichester set out to sail single-handed round the world. This is the story of that adventure.Sailing Round the WorldBefore he sailed round the world single-handed, Francis Chichester had already surprised his friends several times. He had tried to fly round the world but failed. That was in 1931.The years passed. He gave up flying and began sailing. He enjoyed it greatly. Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race. His old dream of going round the world came back, but this time he would sail. His friends and doctors did not think he could do it, as he had lung cancer. But Chichester was determined to carry out his plan. In August, 1963, at the age of nearly sixty-five, an age when many men retire, he began the greatest voyage of his life. Soon, he was away in this new 16-metre boat, Gipsy Moth.Chichester followed the route of the great nineteenth century clipper ships. But the clippers had had plenty of crew. Chicheater did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. Chichester covered 14, 100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Australia. This was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone.He arrived in Australia on 12 December, just 107 days out from England. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him. On shore, Chichester could not walk without help. Everybody said the same thing: he had done enough; he must not go any further. But he did not listen. After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends' attempts to dissuade him. The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, during which he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn. On 29 January he left Australia. The mext night, the blackest he had ever known, the sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over. Food, clothes, and broken glass were all mixed together. Fortunately, bed and went to sleep. When he woke up, the sea had become calm the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, Wild be on an island 885 miles away.After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the followiing radio message to London:" I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare. Wild horses could not drag me down to Cape Horn and that sinister Southern Ocean again."Juat before 9 o'clock on Sunday evening 28 May, 1967, he aeeived back in England,where a quarter of a million people were waiting to welcome him. Queeh Elizabeth II knigthed him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth I had sailed round the world for the first time. The whole voyage from England and back had covered 28, 500 miles. It had taken him nine months , of which the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish.Like many other adventurers, Chichester had experienced fear and conquered it. In doing so, he had undoubtedly learnt something about himself. Moreover, in the modern age when human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.NEW WORDSsingle-handeda & ad. (done) by one person alone 单独的（地）adventuren. 冒险（活动）soloa. single-handed 单独的transatlantica. crossing the Atlantic Ocean 横度大西洋lungn. part of the body with which one breathes 肺cancern. 癌determineda. with one's mind firmly made up 下定了决心的determinev.determinationn.retirevi. stop working at one's job(because of age) 退休voyagen. sea journey 航海；航行routen. way from one place to another 路线clippern. 快速帆船crewn. group of people who work together on a ship or aeroplane 全体船员；全体乘务员steervt. make (esp. a boat or road vehicle) go in a particular direction 为...撑舵devicen. a piece of equipment 设备；装置steering devicen. 操舵装置damagevt. cause harm or injury to 损坏ad. harm, injury 损坏galen. very strong wind 大风covervt. travel (a certain distance) 行过（一段距离）previouslyad. before 以前UNIT 3TEXTThey say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. Everyone was so kind to the old lady on her birthday. Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort to please he?The PresentIt was the old lady's birthday.She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came down the street, and the little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on the rare occasions when anything came.Today she was sure the would be something. Myra wouldn't forget her mother's birthday, even if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy. Her husband had been made Mayor, and Myra herself had got a medal for her work the aged. The old lady was proud of Myra, but Enid was the daughter she loved. Enid had never married, but had seemed content to live with her mother, and teach in a primary school round the corner.One evening, however, Enid said, "I've arranged for Mrs. Morrison to look after you for a few days, Mother. Tomorrow I have to go into hospital--just a minor operation, I'll soon be home."In the morning she went, but never came back--she died on the operating table. Myra came to the funeral, and in her efficient way arranged for Mrs. Morrison to come in and light the fire and give the old lady her breakfast.Two years ago that was, and since then Myra had been to see her mother three times, but her husband never.The old lady was eight today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps--perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lined or endured just as you chose to look at it.Even if Myra did not come, she would send a present. The old lady was sure ofthat. Two spots of colour brightened her cheeks. She was excited--like a child. She would enjoy her day.Yesterday Mrs. Morrison had given the flat an extra clean, and today she had brought a card and a bunch of marigolds when she came to do the breakfast. Mrs. Grant downstairs had made a cake, and in the afternoon she was going down there to tea. The little boy, Johnnie, had been up with a packet of mints, and said he wouldn't go out to play until the post had come."I guess you'll get lots and lots of presents," he said, "I did last were when I was six."What would she like? A pair of slippers perhaps. Or a new cardigan. A cardigan would be lovely. Blue's such a pretty colour. Jim had always liked her in blue. Or a table lamp. Or a book, a travel book, with pictures, or a little clock, with clear black numbers. So many lovely things.She stood by the window, watching. The postman turned round the corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast. Johnnie had seen him too and ran to the gate.Then clatter, clatter up the stairs. Johnnie knocked at her door."Granny, granny," he shouted, "I've got your post."He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myra's writing. The old lady felt a pang of disappointment. "No parcel, Johnnie?""No, granny."Maybe the parcel was too large to come by letter post. That was it. It would come later by parcel post. She must be patient.Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday -- Buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra and Harold.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.NEW WORDSrelativen. 亲属.亲戚presentn. gift 礼物.赠品postmann. 邮递员rarea. not happening often 罕见的；不常发生的occasionn. special time; time when sth. happens 时刻.时机；场合mayorn. chief official of a city or town 市长medaln. 奖章ageda. oldcontenta. satisfied; pleased 满意的；高兴的primarya. first; earliest 首要的；最初的arrangevi. make preparations; plan 作安排.筹划minora. not serious or important 较小的；次要的operatevi. cut the body in order to set right or remove a diseased part 开刀.动手术 operating tablen. a special table in a hospital, where operations are done 手术台funeraln. 葬礼efficienta. able to plan and work well 效率高的decaden. ten yearsendurevt. bear (pain, suffering, etc.) 忍受.忍耐spotn. a round area that is different from the main surface 点.斑点brightenvt. make bright or brighter 使发光；使发亮cheekn. either side of the face below the eye 面颊extraa. additional 额加的.外加的cleann. cleaningbunchn. things of the same kind that are tied together （一）束.（一）串marigoldn. 万寿菊（花）packetn. small parcel box 小包（裹）mintn. 薄荷糖slippern. 拖鞋cardigann. （羊毛）开衫clattern. a number of rapid short knocking sounds 咔嗒声grannyn. (colloq. for)grandmotherenvelopen. a paper cover for a letter 信封unsealeda. 未密封的sealvt.sealeda. 密封的writingn. handwriting 书法；笔迹pangn. sudden, sharp pain 剧痛disappointmentn. sadness because one does not get what one hopes for 失望 disappointvt.parceln. 包裹reluctantlyad. unwillingly 不情愿地.勉强地reluctanta.foldvt. bend into two or more parts 折叠chequen. 支票fluttervt. move quickly to and fro in the air 飘动stoopvi. bend the body forwards and downwards 弯腰tremblevi. shake uncontrollably with quick short movements 颤抖PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSat other timeson other occasions 在别的时候；平时round / around the cornervery near in distance or time 在附近；即将来临after allin spite of everything; it must be remembered 毕竟；终究be sure of对...有把握.确信pick uptake hold of and lift up from a surface 拿起.捡起PROPER NAMESMyra迈拉（女子名）Enid伊妮德（女子名）Morrison莫里森（姓氏）Grant格兰特（姓氏及男子名）Johnnie约翰尼（John的昵称）Jim吉姆（James的昵称）Haroldpreviousa.attemptn. try 试图.尝试dissuadevt. prevent (sb.) from doing sth. by reasoning 劝阻treacherousUNIT 4TEXTMany people in the United States spend most of their free time watching television. Certainly, there are many worthwhile programs on television, including news, educational programs for children, programs on current social problems, plays, movies, concerts, and so on. Nevertheless, perhaps people should not be spending so much of their time in front of the TV. Mr Mayer imagines what we might do if we were forced to find other activities.Turning off TV: a Quiet HourI would like to propose that for sixty to ninety minutes each evening, right after the early evening news, all television broadcasting in the United States be prohibited by law.Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results be if such a proposal were accepted. Families might use the time for a real family hour. Without the distraction of TV, they might sit around together after dinner and actually talk to one another. It is well known that many of our problems -- everything, in fact, from the generation gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illness -- are caused at least in part by failure to communicate. We do not tell each other what is disturbing us. The result is emotional difficulty of one kind or another. By using the quiet family hour to discuss our problems, we might get to know each other better, and to like each other better.On evenings when such talk is unnecessary, families could rediscover more active pastimes. Freed from TV, forced to find their own activities, they might take a ride together to watch the sunset. Or they might take a walk together (remember feet?) and see the neighborhood with fresh, new eyes.With free time and no TV, children and adults might rediscover reading. There is more entertainment in a good book than in a month of typical TV programming. Educators report that the generation growing up with television can barely write an English sentence, even at the college level. Writing is often learned from reading.A more literate new generation could be a product of the quiet hour.A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story. The quiet hour could become the story hour. When the quiet hour ends, the TV networks might even be forced to come up with better shows in order to get us back from our newly discovered activities. At first glance, the idea of an hour without TV seems radical. What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? How will we spend the time? But it is not radical at all. It has been only twenty-five years since television came to control American free time. Those of us thirty-five and older can remember childhoods without television, spent partly with radio -- which at least involved the listener's imagination -- but also with reading, learning, talking, playing games, inventing new activities. It wasn't that difficult. Honest. The truth is we had a ball.NEW WORDSworthwhilea. good enough for the time or effort needed; valuable 值得花时间（或精力）的；有价值的program (me)n. performance on radio or television 节目educationala. of or for education; providing education or information 教育的；有教育意义的 currenta. of the present time 当前的sociala. of or in society 社会的movien. film that one sees at a cinema 电影neverthelessconj. but; however 然而.不过proposevt. suggest 建议broadcastingn. the action of sending out sound (or images) by radio (or television) 广播prohibitv & n. forbid by law 禁止proposalvt. suggestion 提议.建议actuallyn. in actual fact, really 实际上generationn. all the people about the same age （一）代gapn. an empty space between two things or two parts of a thing; a wide difference of opinion, character, or the like 缺口.间隙；分歧.隔阂divorcen. end of a marriage by law 离婚raten. 率mentala. of the mind 精神的；思想上的communicatevi. share or exchange opinions, ideas, etc. 交流意见.思想等disturbvt. make (sb.) worried 使烦恼emotionala. 感情的pastimen. anything done to pass time pleasantly 消遣.娱乐sunsetn. the going down of the sun; the time when the sun goes down 日落（时分）neighborhoodn. the area around a point or place 邻近地区；地段adultn. 成年人typicala. 典型的educatorn. a person whose profession is education 教育家barelyad. hardly 仅仅.勉强；几乎没有literatea. able to read and write 能读写的；有文化的productn. sth. made or grown 产品networkn. 广播（或电视）联播公司；广播（或电视)网glancen. quick look 一瞥；扫视radicala. extreme; very different 激进的electronica. 电子的electronn.baby-sittern. someone who looks after a child when the parents are away for a short time （代人临时）照看婴儿childhoodn. time when one is a child 童年partlyad. not completely; in some degree 部分地；在一定程度上involvevt. have as a part or result （必须）包括imaginationn. the ability to imagine 想像力learningn. the gaining of knowledge or skill through studying; knowledge or skill gained through studying 学习；学问.知识inventvt. produce (sth.) for the first time 发明PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSgeneration gapfailure of the younger and older generations to communicate and understand one another 代沟in partin some degree; partly 在一定程度上；部分地grow upchange from a child to a man or a woman 成长.长大bring togethercause to meet 使相聚come up withthink of; produce 想出；提出at first glancewhen first seen or thought about 乍一看；最初考虑时have a ball(sl.) enjoy oneself, have a very good time 玩得开心PROPER NAMESMayer迈耶（姓氏）the United States美国a. more dangerous than it seems 暗藏危险的；奸诈的capen. 海角rougha. (of weather or the sea) stormy; not calm （气候）有暴风雨的；（海）波涛汹涌的 fortunatelyad. luckily 幸运地；幸亏fortunatea.contactvt. get in touch with 联系.接触nearbyad. close by 在附近followinga. next; to be mentioned immediately 接着的；下列的wakenv. (cause to) wake 唤醒；醒来nightmaren. terrible dream 恶梦dragvt. pull along with great effort 拖.拉sinistera. 凶恶的.邪恶的knightn. 爵士vt. 封... 为爵士swordaccomplishvt. finish successfully 完成conquervt. overcome 征服undoubtedlyad. certainly 无疑地moreoverad. in addition 此外.而且humana. of or concerning people 人们beingn. a living thing, esp. a person 生物；人PHRASES & EXPRESSIOMSset outbegin a course if action 着手.开始give upatop doing 放弃be determined to (do)have a strong will to (do) 决心（做）(all) by oneself(completely) alonein spite ofnot taking notice of; not caring about 尽管；虽然 by farby a large amount or degree...得多turn over(cause to) fall over, upset （使）翻倒.（使）倾覆 can not helpcan not keep oneself from 禁不住PEOPER NAMESFrancis Chichester弗朗西斯. 奇切斯特Gipsy Moth吉普赛. 莫斯Sydney悉尼（澳大利亚城市）Cape Horn合恩角（智利）LondonElizabeth伊丽莎白（女子名）Drake德雷克（姓氏）UNIT 5TEXTA miserable and merry Christmas? How could it be?A Miserable, Merry ChristmasChristmas was coming. I wanted a pony. To make sure that my parents understood, I declared that I wanted noting else."Nothing but a pony?" my father asked."Nothing," I said."Not even a pair of high boots?"That was hard. I did want boots, but I stuck to the pony. "No, not even boots." "Nor candy? There ought to be something to fill your stocking with, and Santa Claus can't put a pony into a stocking,"That was true, and he couldn't lead a pony down the chimney either . But no. "All I want is a pony," I said. "If I can't have a pony, give me nothing, nothing." On Christmas Eve I hung up my stocking along with my sisters.The next morning my sisters and I woke up at six. Then we raced downstairs to the fireplace. And there they were, the gifts, all sorts of wonderful things, mixed-up piles of presents. Only my stocking was empty; it hung limp; not a thing in it; and under and around it -- nothing. My sisters had knelt down, each by her pile of gifts; they were crying with delight, till they looked up and saw me standing there looking so miserable. They came over to me and felt my stocking: nothing.I don't remember whether I cried at that moment, but my sisters did. They ran with me back to my bed, and there we all cried till I became indignant. That helped some. I got up, dressed, and driving my sisters away, I went out alone into the stable, and there, all by myself, I wept. My mother came out to me and she tried to comfort me. But I wanted no comfort. She left me and went on into the house with sharp words for my father.My sisters came to me, and I was rude. I ran away from them. I went around to the front of the house, sat down on the steps, and, the crying over, I ached. I was wronged, I was hurt. And my father must have been hurt, too, a little. I saw him looking out of the window. He was watching me or something for an hour or two, drawing back the curtain so little lest I catch him, but I saw his face, and I think I can see now the anxiety upon on it, the worried impatience.After an hour or two, I caught sight of a man riding a pony down the street,a pony and a brand-new saddle; the most beautiful saddle I ever saw, and it was a boy's saddle. And the pony! As he drew near, I saw that the pony was really a small horse, with a black mane and tail, and one white foot and a white star on his forehead. For such a horse as that I would have given anything.But the man came along, reading the numbers on the houses, and, as my hopes -- my impossible hopes -- rose, he looked at our door and passed by, he and the pony, and the saddle. Too much, I fell upon the steps and broke into tears. Suddenly I heard a voice."Say, kid," it said, "do you know a boy named Lennie Steffens?"I looked up. It was the man on the pony, back again."Yes," I spluttered through my tears. "That's me.""Well," he said, "then this is your horse. I've been looking all over for you and your house. Why don't you put your number where it can be seen?""Get down," I said, running out to him. I wanted to ride.He went on saying something about "ought to have got here at seven o'clock, but--"I hardly heard, I could scarcely wait. I was so happy, so thrilled. I rode off up the street. Such a beautiful pony. And mine! After a while I turned and trotted back to the stable. There was the family, father, mother, sisters, all working for me, all happy. They had been putting in place the tools of my new business: currycomb, brush, pitchfork -- everything, and there was hay in the loft.But that Christmas, which my father had planned so carefully, was it the best or the worst I ever knew? He often asked me that; I never could answer as a boy.I think now that it was both. It covered the whole distance from broken-hearted misery to bursting happiness -- too fast, A grown-up could hardly have stood it.NEW WORDSmiserablea. causing unhappiness; very unhappy 悲惨的merrya. cheerful, full of lively happiness, fun, etc. 欢乐的.愉快的ponyn. a small horse 矮种马；小马bootn. 长统靴candyn. (AmE) sweets 糖果stickingn. 长（统）袜chimneyn. 烟囱even. 前夕fireplace。
UNIT 1As we are at the start of the course, this seems a good moment to offer some advice on how to make the task of learning English easier.课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。
Some Strategies for Learning EnglishLearning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort.学习英语绝非易事。
它需要刻苦和长期努力。
Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them.虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。
以下便是其中的几种。
1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary.1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。
第一单元The Dinner PartyMona Gardner I first heard this tale in India, where it is told as if true — though any naturalist would know it couldn’t be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That magazine story, and the person who wrote it, I have never been able to track down. The country is India. A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests — officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist — in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda.A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.“A woman’s reaction in any crisis,” the major says, “is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts.”The American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess. She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. Shemotions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. The boy’s eyes widen: he quickly leaves the room.Of the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda just outside the open doors.The American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a bowl means only one thing — bait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the rafters — the likeliest place — but they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and in the fourth the servants are waiting to serve the next course. There is only one place left — under the table.His first impulse is to jump back and warn the others, but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking. He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice so commanding that it silences everyone.“I want to know just what control everyone at this table has. I will count three hundred — that’s five minutes — and not one of you is to move a muscle. Those who move will forfeit 50 rupees. Ready!”The 20 people sit like stone images while he counts. He is saying “... two hundred and eighty…” when, out of the corner of his eye, he sees the cobra emerge and make for the bowl of milk. Screams ring out as he jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut.“You were right, Major!” the host exclaims. “A man has just shown us an example of perfect self-control.”“Just a minute,” the American says, turning to his hostess. “Mrs. Wynnes,how did you know that cobra was in the room?”A faint smile lights up the woman’s face as she replies: “Because it was crawling across my foot.”第二单元Lessons from JeffersonBruce Bliven 1 Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but most people remember at least one fact about him: he wrote the Declaration of Independence.2 Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we can learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote:3 Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject, Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot observations.4 You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jeffersonbelonged to the highest social class. Yet, in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman, Lafayette, “You must go into the people’s homes as I have done, look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this, you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France.”5 Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other people’s opinions without careful thought. “Neither believe nor reject anything,” he wrote to his nephew, “because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it.”6 Jefferson felt that the people “may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.”7 Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism, he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend, “There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and act on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions.”8 Trust the future; trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. “No society,” he said, “can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation.” He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future.” How much pain,” he remarked, “has been caused by evils which have never happened! I expect the best, not the worst.I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind.”9 Jefferson’s courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture, archeology, and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America, and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.10 Of all Jefferson’s many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works, now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ...”11 When Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary ofAmerican independence, he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.第三单元My First JobRobert BestWhile I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim. However, three days later a letter arrived, asking me to go to Croydon for an interview. It proved an awkward journey: a train to Croydon station;a ten-minute bus ride and then a walk of at least a quarter of a mile. As a result I arrived on a hot June morning too depressed to feel nervous.The school was a red brick house with big windows. The front garden was a gravel square; four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner, where they struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door. He was short and fat. He had a sandy-coloured moustache, a wrinkled forehead and hardly any hair.He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval, as a colonel might look at a private whose bootlaces were undone. ‘Ah yes,’ he grunted. ‘You’d better come inside.’ The narrow, sunless hall smelled unpleasantly of stale cabbage; the walls were dirty with ink marks; it was all silent. His study, judging by the crumbs on the carpet, was also his dining-room. ‘You’d better sit down,’ he said, and proceeded to ask me a number of questions: what subjects I had taken in my General School Certificate; how old I was; what games I played; then fixing me suddenly with his bloodshot eyes, he asked me whether I thought games were a vital part of a boy’s education. I mumbled something about not attaching too much importance to them. He grunted. I had said the wrong thing. The headmaster and I obviously had very little in common.The school, he said, consisted of one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from seven to thirteen. I should have to teach all subjects except art, which he taught himself. Football and cricket were played in the Park, a mile away on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons.The teaching set-up filled me with fear. I should have to divide the class into three groups and teach them in turn at three different levels; and I was dismayed at the thought of teaching algebra and geometry — two subjects at which I had been completely incompetent at school. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.I said shyly, ‘What would my salary be?’ ‘Twelve pounds a week plus lunch.’ Before I could protest, he got to his feet. ‘Now’, he said, ‘you’d better meet my wife. She’s the one who really runs this school.’This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity.第四单元The Professor and the Yo-YoThomas Lee Bucky with Joseph P.Blank My father was a close friend of Albert Einstein. As a shy young visitor to Einstein’s home, I was made to feel at ease when Einstein said, “I have something to show you.” He went to his desk and returned with a Yo-Yo. He tried to show me how it worked but he couldn’t make it roll back up the string. When my turn came, I displayed my few tricks and pointed out to him that the incorrectly looped string had thrown the toy off balance. Einstein nodded, properly impressed by my skill and knowledge. Later, I bought a new Yo-Yo and mailed it to the Professor as a Christmas present, and received a poem of thanks.As a boy and then as an adult, I never lost my wonder at the personality that was Einstein. He was the only person I knew who had come to terms with himself and the world around him. He knew what he wanted and he wanted only this: to understand within his limits as a human being thenature of the universe and the logic and simplicity in its functioning. He knew there were answers beyond his intellectual reach. But this did not frustrate him. He was content to go as far as he could.In the 23 years of our friendship, I never saw him show jealousy, vanity, bitterness, anger, resentment, or personal ambition. He seemed immune to these emotions. He was beyond any pretension. Although he corresponded with many of the world’s most important people, his stationery carried only a watermark — W — for Woolworth’s.To do his work he needed only a pencil and a pad of paper. Material things meant nothing to him. I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use for it. He believed in simplicity, so much so that he used only a safety razor and water to shave. When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job.”“But Professor, why don’t you try the cream just once?” I argued. “It makes shaving smoother and less painful.”He shrugged. Finally, I presented him with a tube of shaving cream. The next morning when he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery. “You know, that cream really works,” he announced. “It doesn’t pull the beard. It feels wonderful.” Thereafter, he used the shaving cream every morning until the tube was empty. Then he reverted to using plain water.Einstein was purely and exclusively a theorist. He didn’t have theslightest interest in the practical application of his ideas and theories. His E=mc2 is probably the most famous equation in history — yet Einstein wouldn’t walk down the street to see a reactor create atomic energy. He won the Nobel Prize for his Photoelectric Theory, a series of equations that he considered relatively minor in importance, but he didn’t have any curiosity in observing how his theory made TV possible.My brother once gave the Professor a toy, a bird that balanced on the edge of a bowl of water and repeatedly dunked its head in the water. Einstein watched it in delight, trying to deduce the operating principle. But he couldn’t.The next morning he announced, “I had thought about that bird for a long time before I went to bed and it must work this way ...” He began a long explanation. Then he stopped, realizing a flaw in his reasoning. “No, I guess that’s not it,” he said. He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. His quick expression of disapproval told me he did not agree with this practical approach. He never did work out the solution.Another puzzle that Einstein could never understand was his own fame. He had developed theories that were profound and capable of exciting relatively few scientists. Yet his name was a household word across the civilized world. “I’ve had good ideas, and so have other men,” he once said. “But it’s been my good fortune that my ideas have been accepted.” He wasbewildered by his fame: people wanted to meet him; strangers stared at him on the street; scientists, statesmen, students, and housewives wrote him letters. He never could understand why he received this attention, why he was singled out as something special.第五单元The Villain in the AtmosphereIsaac Asimov1 The villain in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide.2 It does not seem to be a villain. It is not very poisonous and it is present in the atmosphere in so small a quantity — only 0.034 percent — that it does us no harm.3 What’s more, that small quantity of carbon dioxide in the air is essential to life. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and convert it into their own tissue, which serve as the basic food supply for all of animal life (including human beings, of course). In the process they liberate oxygen, which is also necessary for all animal life.4 But here is what this apparently harmless and certainly essential gas is doing to us:5 The sea level is rising very slowly from year to year. In all likelihood, it will continue to rise and do so at a greater rate in the course of the next hundred years. Where there are low-lying coastal areas (where a largefraction of the world’s population lives) the water will advance steadily, forcing people to retreat inland.6 Eventually the sea will reach two hundred feet above its present level, and will be splashing against the windows along the twentieth floors of Manhattan’s skyscrapers. Florida will disappear beneath the waves, as will much of the British Isles, the crowded Nile valley, and the low-lying areas of China, India, and Russia.7 Not only will many cities be drowned, but much of the most productive farming areas of the world will be lost. As the food supply drops, starvation will be widespread and the structure of society may collapse under the pressure.8 And all because of carbon dioxide. But how does that come about? What is the connection?9 It begins with sunlight, to which the various gases of the atmosphere (including carbon dioxide) are transparent. Sunlight, striking the top of the atmosphere, travels right through miles of it to warm the Earth’s surface. At night, the Earth cools by radiating heat into space in the form of infrared radiation.10 However, the atmosphere is not quite as transparent to infrared radiation as it is to visible light. Carbon dioxide in particular tends to block such radiation. Less heat is lost at night, for that reason, than would be lost if carbon dioxide were not present in the atmosphere. Without the smallquantity of that gas present, the Earth would be distinctly cooler, perhaps uncomfortably cool.11 We can be thankful that carbon dioxide is keeping us comfortably warm, but the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is going up steadily and that is where the villainy comes in.In 1958, carbon dioxide made up only 0.0316 percent of the atmosphere. Each year since, the concentration has crept upward and it now stands at 0.0340 percent. It is estimated that by 2020 the concentration will be nearly twice what it is now.12 This means that in the coming decades, Earth’s average temperature will go up slightly. As a result, the polar ice caps will begin to melt.13 Something like 90 percent of the ice in the world is to be found in the huge Antarctica ice cap, and another 8 percent is in the Greenland ice cap. If these ice caps begin to melt, the sea level will rise, with the result that I have already described.14 But why is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere steadily rising?15 To blame are two factors. First of all, in the last few centuries, first coal, then oil and natural gas, have been burned for energy at a rapidly increasing rate. The carbon contained in these fuels, which has been safely buried underground for many millions of years, is now being burned to carbon dioxide and poured into the atmosphere at a rate of many tons perday.16 To make matters worse, Earth’s forests have been disappearing, slowly at first, but in the last couple of centuries quite rapidly. Right now it is disappearing at the rate of sixty-four acres per minute.17 Whatever replaces the forest — grassland or farms or scrub — produces plants that do not consume carbon dioxide at an equal rate. Thus, not only is more carbon dioxide being added to the atmosphere through burning of fuel, but as the forests disappear, less carbon dioxide is being removed from the atmosphere by plants.18 But this gives us a new perspective on the matter. The carbon dioxide is not rising by itself. It is people who are burning the coal, oil, and gas. It is people who are cutting down the forests. It is people, then, who are the villains.19 What is to be done?20 First, we must save our forests, and even replant them.21 Second, we must have new sources of fuel that do not involve the production of carbon dioxide. Nuclear power is one of them, but if that is thought too dangerous, there are other alternatives. There is the energy of waves, tides, wind, and the Earth’s interior heat. Most of all, there is the direct use of solar energy.22 All of this will take time, work, and money, to be true, but nations spend more time, work, and money in order to support competing militarymachines that can only destroy us all. Should we object to spending less time, work, and money in order to save us all?第六单元The Making of a SurgeonDr. Nolen 1 How does a doctor recognize the point in time when he is finally a “surgeon”? As my year as chief resident drew to a close I asked myself this question on more than one occasion.2 The answer, I concluded, was self-confidence. When you can say to yourself, “There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better than any other surgeon” — then, and not until then, you are indeed a surgeon. I was nearing that point.3 Take, for example, the emergency situations that we encountered almost every night. The first few months of the year I had dreaded the ringing of the telephone. I knew it meant another critical decision to be made. Often, after I had told Walt or Larry what to do in a particular situation, I’d have trouble getting back to sleep. I’d review all the facts of the case and, not infrequently, wonder if I hadn’t made a poor decision. More than once at two or three in the morning, after lying awake for an hour, I’d get out of bed, dress and drive to the hospital to see the patientmyself. It was the only way I could find the peace of mind I needed to relax.4 Now, in the last month of my residency, sleeping was no longer a problem. There were still situations in which I couldn’t be certain my decision had been the right one, but I had learned to accept this as a constant problem for a surgeon, one that could never be completely resolved — and I could live with it. So, once I had made a considered decision, I no longer dwelt on it. Reviewing it wasn’t going to help and I knew that with my knowledge and experience, any decision I’d made was bound to be a sound one. It was a nice feeling.5 In the operating room I was equally confident. I knew I had the knowledge, the skill, the experience to handle any surgical situation I’d ever encounter in practice. There were no more butterflies in my stomach when I opened up an abdomen or a chest. I knew that even if the case was one in which it was impossible to anticipate the problem in advance, I could handle whatever I found. I’d sweated6 Nor was I afraid of making mistakes. I knew that when I was out in practice I would inevitably err at one time or another and operate on someone who didn’t need surgery or sit on someone who did. Five years earlier — even one year earlier — I wouldn’t have been able to live with myself if I had had to take sole responsibility for a mistake in judgment. Now I could. I still dreaded errors — would do my best to avoid them — but I knew they were part of a surgeon’s life. I could accept this fact withcalmness because I knew that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have, either.7 This all sounds conceited and I guess it is — but a surgeon needs conceit. He needs it to encourage him in trying moments when he’s bothered by the doubts and uncertainties that are part of the practice of medicine. He has to feel that he’s as good as and probably better than any other surgeon in the world. Call it conceit — call it self-confidence; whatever it was, I had it.。
第一章教学安排的说明章节题目：Unit 1 Some Strategies for Learning English学时分配：本章六学时：一至三学时为课文讲授；四至六学时为练习和听力训练本章教学目的与要求：1. 按大纲要求使学生了解必要的文化背景知识。
2. 按大纲要求讲授单词、语法、句型等英语语言文化知识。
3. 按大纲要求提高学生英语听书读写各方面的能力。
其它：参考书目《大学英语精读第一册教师用书》、《大学英语星火学习手册》、《大学英语语法练习册》课堂教学方案课题名称：Unit 1 Some Strategies for Learning English--- Text课文讲授授课时数：三学时（Teaching Time: 3 hours）授课类型:理论课Students’ level: non-English majors of the second semester of the 1st year.教学方法与手段：讲授、讨论、指导、多媒体教学目的要求（Teaching Objectives）：1、Teach the students how to study English in the college.2、Let the student share their good study habits with others.3、Make the students understand the structure pattern of an expository writing.4、About the text, Ss should grasp the text content, text structure, basic vocabularies and require grammatical points of the section.教学重点、难点：1)Words:average;case;commit;occupy;concentrate;enable;adequate;organize;double;mention;confuse; purpose; permanent2)Phrases & Expression:fill in; decide on ; be aware of; set aside; as well; look over; make useof ; go over; lead to3)Grammar:as well, so…that…;too…to …; as…as…教学内容及组织安排（Teaching Procedures）:I. Pre-reading ActivitiesStep one (presentation)2.Make sure that they can pronounce each new word in the vocabulary3.Explain the important words with examplesVocabulary:average: a.ordinary; normale.g. What is the monthly income of an average family in Lanzhou?I was average in my class though I had hoped I would better? mean(平均的)e.g. The average age of the students in that class is 20.The average income of these teachers is 1000 yuan per month.n. (collocation) on (the) average: taking account over a periode.g. When he was a student in that university, he failed one subject per year onaverage.case: (multimodal word)1.actual condition, actual state of affairs.e.g. Is it the case that you fail the examination?in any case: whatever happens or may have happenede.g. in any case, I will arrive there at 8 tomorrow.In no case: in no circumstances.e.g. In no case should we give in .(predicate use inversion)in case: because of the possibility of sth. happening.e.g. Take an umbrella with you in case it (should) rain/rains.in case of: if sth. Happens e.g. In case of the rain, take a shelter.In the case of: as to e.g. In the case of my elder sister, she doesn’t like surfing the net addition: n.(1) in addition: besides. e.g. In addition, he studies French well .(2)in addition to sb./sth.e.g. When I was a middle school student I read a romantic novel inaddition to a hysterical novel every month.commit:vt.(1) decide to give (time,money,etc.) for special usage.e.g. They are committing money to offer the opportunity education ofaccepting to the poor children.(2) perform: e.g. commit suicide, errors, a crime, a mistake.(3) commit oneself to: make oneself responsible; under take.e.g. She has committed herself to give birth to a child for him. occupy: take up, fill(1)be occupied in (doing) sth.: involved or busy.e.g. He is occupied in translating the modern Chinese novel into English.(2)occupy oneself in (doing) sth: fill one’s time or keep oneself busy.e.g.The young man occupied himself in making experiments.entertain: (1)entertain sb. at/to dinner;(2) entertain sb. Withe.g. The householder/host entertain the guests with a feast/big dinner. aware:be/ become aware of :e.g.Lin fully aware of the gravity of the situation.enable: (1)enable sb. to do sth.e.g. The student’s identity cards enable the students to travel by train on halfprice.(2) enable sth.e.g.The support of the committee members enabled the passage ofthe bell.(3) “en+ noun/adjective”: change the word to be verb , meaning ”e.g . en+large=enlarge(to make large) en+rich=enrich( to make rich) adequate: (1) as much as one needs:a. suggesting the amount is satisfactorye.g. There hundred yuan per month is not adequate to support a family ofthree in a city.b. enough:(of quality) as great as is needed. It is the most general term.e.g. Live got enough of you.(too much complaint)c. sufficient: enough, written language.(literary language)e.g. Toby’s father has saved sufficient money to support his college study.(2)suitable ; fit collocation: be adequate to (doing) sth.e.g. Do you think he is adequate to (accomplishing) the task? concentrate(on/upon):vi. pay close attention tovt. come or bring together at one place.e.g. concentrate all the forces.content: what is written in a book, etc.e.g. The contents of the book is printed in bold typeportion:a portion of …, (a series of, a species of)e.g. A large portion of his articles was published.A large number of his articles were published.mention: (1) vt. Speak or write about sth. In a few words.e.g.Do not mention to his wife that he started smoking again.(2) n. referring toe.g. At the mention of the headmaster, the pupil’s heart sank.(3) not to mention + v.inge.g.He can not walk, not to mention running.confused: adj. Be confused about.e.g. Lin confused about the difference between these expressions.attitude:(1) What are thinks about sth. or sb.attitude towards/to/aboutattitude of sb.e.g. What’s your attitude to/about/toward women’s rights?attitude towards the studentsattitude of the students(2) pose, man ner of hiding one’s body.e.g. He stood there in a menacing attitude.课堂练习或讨论、布置作业：1. T asks Ss to come out the main idea, structure of the text (10mins)2. T summarizes the main idea and structure of the text (5 mins)课堂教学方案课题名称：Unit 1 Some Strategies for Learning English--- listening & Practice听力及练习授课时数：三学时（Teaching Time: 3 hours）授课类型:理论课Students’ level: non-English majors of the second semester of the 1st year.教学方法与手段：讲授、讨论、指导、多媒体教学目的要求（Teaching Objectives）：1、Teach the students how to study English in the college.2、Let the student share their good study habits with others.3、Make the students understand the structure pattern of an expository writing.4、About the text, Ss should grasp the text content, text structure, basic vocabularies and require grammatical points of the section.教学重点、难点：1)Words:average;case;commit;occupy;concentrate;enable;adequate;organize;double;mention;confuse; purpose; permanent2)Phrases & Expression:fill in; decide on ; be aware of; set aside; as well; look over; make useof ; go over; lead to3)Grammar:as well, so…that…; t oo…to …; as…as…教学内容及组织安排（Teaching Procedures）:II. While-reading Activities1. Ss have the silent reading on the text (10 mins)2. Let the students read the questions after the text first. Then explain the text to thestudents. The following are the difficult sentences:a.sounds too good to be true.(Introduction)b.This is not necessarily the case, however.(L.3)c.Yes, even students of average intelligence can be top students withoutadditional work.d.Fill in committed time such as eating, sleeping, meetings, classes,etc.(L.6-7)e.Skimming helps double your reading speed and improve youcomprehension as well.f.Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remainconfused about.After that, let the students answer those questions.3. Teacher asks Ss to come out the main idea, the structural organization of the text. (10 mins)4. Teacher summarizes the main idea, the structures of the Section A. (5 mins)The structure of the text:a.introduction (para.1)b.Body (Para.2-7)c.Conclusion (para.8)III. Post-reading Activities1. Let the students do the exercises in the text-book that are related to the new words.2. Ss hand in the summary of the text.3. Ss discuss the questions on the topic related to the text.✓Do you have any other effective study habits or techniques?✓Divide the class into small groups. Each group is about 5-6 students.✓In the group, one will be appointed group leader, another secretary and a third oral reporter.4. Let the students do the other exercises in the test book and check the answers together under the instruction of the teacher.课堂练习或讨论、布置作业：Writing第二章教学安排的说明章节题目：Unit 2 Sailing Round the World学时分配：本章六学时：一至三学时为课文讲授；四至六学时为练习和听力训练本章教学目的与要求：1. 按大纲要求使学生了解必要的文化背景知识。
