语义推测题、判断推理题
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探究点三 语义推测题
猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。
【设问形式】
1．The underlined word“...” in the second(third...) paragraph refers to(means) ________.
2．By saying “...” in the first(second...) paragraph, the author means that ________.
3．In paragraph...，“...” can be replaced by “________”．
4．The meaning of “...” in paragraph...is related to ________.
二、解题思路与应试技巧
1．根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。
The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。
例1
…In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world
from reaching extremely important tipping_points,_such as the melting(融化)of the ice sheets in
Greenland or West Antarctica.
…
The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to “______”． A．freezing points B．burning points
C．melting points D．boiling points
【解析】 C 根据后一句的such as the melting(融化)of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.可知tipping points的意思是“融点”。
2．根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
They traveled a long way, at last got to a_castle,_a large building in old times.
同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了castle 的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
We are on the_night_shift—from midnight to 8 a．m.— this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。
The “Chunnel”， a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.
此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位语。由此可知，The “Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。
4．根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So
the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”，可以推测 permanent 的意思是“永远的，永久的”。
The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college.And without a
degree from a prestigious_university,_they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.
学生认为考试分数低就不可能进入一所好大学，而没有“名校”的毕业文凭，将来生活中的很多大门可能就会对他们永远关闭。由此推知a prestigious university应是指名校，即a famous university。
5．根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：
However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one.A growing number of
scientists are seriously thinking about it.
it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。
例 5 ..To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with
any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.
...
The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “________”．
A．alcohol B．absorption C．blood D．process
【解析】 D 代词指代题。根据“To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not
possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.”可知排除身体内的酒精是一个非常缓慢的过程，所以也不可能通过任何手段如洗澡或者喝一杯茶或咖啡加速这个排除过程，这样可以猜测出it指代排除身体内的酒精这一个过程，故选择D。
6．根据同义关系进行猜测
当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。 Although he often had the opportunity, Mr.Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.This
would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使……陷入危险，危及，危害”。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as
harmful.
句中detrimental是个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。
7．根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
8．通过上下文理解猜测词义
通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。
例 8
.The family’s old farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month.
...
What does the word “residents” in paragraph 1 probably refer to?
A．chickens B．tomatoes
C．gardens D．people
【解析】 A 词义理解题。联系句子The family’s old farm house has become a chicken house，its
residents arriving next month.我们知道，这里所说的“房子的居住者”就是这些小鸡。
探究点四 推理判断题
一、题型特点与命题方式
这类试题常以如下句式发问：
1．What can you conclude from this passage?
2．What’s the author’s attitude towards...?
3．We can infer from the passage that...
4．Which statement is (not) true?
二、解题思路与应试技巧
