Body position
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html5元素的坐标
html5元素的坐标HTML5元素的坐标通常指的是元素在页面中的位置，可以使用CSS的position属性来指定元素的位置。
常用的position值有：1. static（默认值）：元素在文档流中正常的位置，不受其他定位属性的影响。
2. fixed：元素相对于浏览器窗口进行定位，始终保持在指定位置，不随页面滚动而移动。
3. relative：元素相对于其正常位置进行定位，可以通过top、right、bottom、left属性来指定距离。
4. absolute：元素相对于最近的非static定位的父元素进行定位，如果没有非static定位的父元素，则相对于body元素进行定位。
通过设置position属性，可以使用top、right、bottom、left属性来调整元素的位置。
这些属性可以接受具体的像素值，也可以使用百分比来表示相对于父元素的距离。
例如，下面的代码使用CSS来设置元素的位置：```<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><style>#myElement {position: absolute;top: 50px;left: 100px;}</style></head><body><div id="myElement">This is my element.</div></body></html>```上述代码中，id为“myElement”的元素被设置为绝对定位，距离其最近的非static定位的父元素的top距离为50px，左边距离为100px，因此该元素会在页面中距离左上角（0,0）的位置（100,50）处显示。
滑雪常见基本术语中英文对照有哪些
滑雪常见基本术语中英文对照有哪些想要更好地了解滑雪这一项运动就需要了解他的术语，今天店铺给大家分享一些滑雪常见术语，希望对大家有所帮助。
滑雪术语一：猫跳滑雪的基本身体姿势Stack: Basic Body alignment with thehips and shoulders stacked over the down hill foot.堆叠：臀部和肩部叠在山下脚上方的基本身体姿势Lead Change: When the body isstacked properly over the downhill foot the uphill knee naturallyadvances forward. The leading knee changes as the weight shiftsonto the new downhill ski引导变换：当身体正确叠在山下脚的上方时，山上腿的膝盖是自然前出的。
随着重心转移到新的山下板时，引导膝盖也发生了变化。
Transitions: The weight shifts fromdown hill ski to the new downhill ski using lead change with out upweighting and down weighting.转换：利用引导变换将重心从山下板转移到新的山下板上，没有重心的上下移动。
Knee Roll: As the weight shifts ontothe new ski the knees roll into the angle of the new turn.膝盖转动：随着重心移到新的雪板上，膝盖转动到下个回转的角度。
Knee Angle: The ski is put on edgewith knee angle not hip angle. This allows the knees to bend freelyup and down.膝盖角度：雪板要置于膝盖的角度而不是臀部的角度。
Position
Position: absolute 属性会使块级元素脱离文档流，当下面存在一个块级元素时，只要设置left 偏移时，无论偏移多少，下面块级元素都会占用预留空间，向上移动与其重叠。
Relative 属性不会被下一个块级元素占据位置，应为他没有脱离文档流，例如当设置上一个块级元素为relative 时，向左偏移一段距离后下一个块级元素不会占据其位置。
语法： position : static | absolute | fixed | relative 参数： static : 无特殊定位，对象遵循HTML 定位默认规则 absolute : 绝对定位。
将对象从文档流中拖出，使用left ，right ，top ，bottom 等属性进行绝对定位。
而其层叠通过z-index 属性定义。
此时对象不具有边距，但仍有补白和边框。
相对于position 属性非static 值的最近父级元素进行偏移，如果父级都是static （文档流），则相对整个文档进行偏移。
偏移后，原来的空间会被其他元素挤占 relative : 相对定位。
对象不能想绝对定位一样层叠，但可依据left ，right ，top ，bottom 等属性在正常文档流中相对原先对象的位置进行偏移。
原先的位置会被其他元素挤占。
知识点说明：(1)文档流是文档中可显示对象在排列时所占用的位置，浏览器解析html 时，会按从上到下的顺序，把元素放到相应位置。
如div ，p 占用文档流，他们本身是块级元素（块级元素无论width 是否占满网页宽度，都会占用一行），在文档流则从上到下分行显示div 和p 。
示例1：View Code 名称对象脱离文档流 偏移参照对象 原先位置是否会被其他元素占用 是否 能通过z-index 层叠 绝对定位是 相对于position 属性非static 值的最近父级元素进行偏移，如果父级都是static （文档流），则相对整个文档进行偏移（即body 左上角坐标原点） 是 是 相对定位否 参照自身初始位置进行偏移 是 否<div style="width:300px;height:100px;border:1px solid red">我是div标签</div><p style="width:300px;height:100px;border:1px solid red">我是p标签</p>而如果想让div位置脱离文档流偏移，让解析时，把div脱离文档流，相对左上角原点向右偏移400px，把p放到文档流中，占用div本来的位置，则可以用绝对定位。
html的基本标签含义
<html>:表示html文件的起始和终止，<html>标签在首行，</html>标签在最后一行，两个要一起使用，网页中其他内容都要放在这两个标签之间。
<head>:表示网页的头部标签，用来定义文件的头部信息，与<html>标签一样，也是<head></head>成对使用。
<body>:表示出文件主体区，<body></body>之间是网页的主题内容和其他用于控制文本显示方式的标签。
<title>:网页标题，用于定义浏览器窗口标题栏上的文本信息，可以是网页的标题名或创作信息等网页说明信息。
<hr>:用于显示水平线，使页面看起来更整齐明了。
<pre>:将内容以原始格式显示。
<address>:标注联络人姓名、电话、地址等信息。
<blockquote>:区段引用标签。
<!————>:注释标签，使用注释标签的目的是为网页代码中不同部分加上说明，方便日后的修改。
注释的内容是不会在浏览器上显示出来的，如<——要注释的内容——>。
<p>:文本段落，可以用align属性设置left、center、right 3种对齐方式。
<br/>:强制换行，没有结束标签，在网页中产生换行效果。
<center>:使文字或其他网页元素居中显示。
<marquee>:文本或图片移动显示，属性direction用来指示移动方向。
<dl>、<dt>、<dd>:<dl></dl>标签创建无序列表，<dt></dt>定义上层项目，<dd>、</dd>定义下层项目，<dt>、</dt>和<dd></dd>标签一定要放在<dl></dl>标签中才能使用。
游泳的四种姿势英语作文
Swimming is a fantastic sport that offers a fullbody workout and is enjoyed by people of all ages.It is not only a great way to stay fit but also a lifesaving skill.There are four main swimming strokes that are widely recognized and practiced:freestyle, breaststroke,backstroke,and butterfly.Each stroke has its own unique technique and is suited to different types of swimmers.Freestyle Front Crawl:The freestyle is the fastest swimming stroke and is often the first stroke taught to beginners.It involves a symmetrical arm movement where one arm enters the water and pulls while the other arm recovers above the water.The legs perform a flutter kick, similar to a dolphins tail.The head turns to the side to breathe,with the body remaining as horizontal as possible.This stroke is called freestyle because swimmers are free to choose their breathing pattern and the timing of their strokes.Breaststroke:The breaststroke is a more leisurely stroke that is characterized by its unique kick,which is similar to a frogs leg movement.The arms move in an outward,semicircular motion, then inward and forward,with the palms facing outward.The head is lifted out of the water during the arm recovery phase,allowing the swimmer to breathe.The body position in breaststroke is more upright compared to other strokes,and the kick is performed with the legs bent at the knees and then extended outwards and back together.Backstroke:Swimming on ones back,the backstroke is a relaxing and enjoyable stroke.The arms move in alternating,windmilllike motions,with the palms facing down and the recovery phase above the water.The legs perform a flutter kick,similar to the freestyle,but with the body in a supine position.Breathing is straightforward in backstroke as the swimmers face is always above water.Its essential to keep the head in a neutral position to avoid straining the neck.Butterfly:The butterfly stroke is the most physically demanding of the four strokes and is often reserved for more advanced swimmers.It involves a simultaneous,undulating arm movement that starts with the arms extended above the head and then pulling down and out in a wide arc.The legs perform a dolphin kick,with a slight bend at the knees, moving in a continuous,undulating motion.The head moves in a rhythm with the arm movements,lifting out of the water to breathe during the recovery phase.Each of these strokes requires practice to master,and they all contribute to building strength,endurance,and cardiovascular fitness.Whether youre swimming for fun,competition,or as part of a fitness routine,understanding and practicing these four strokes can greatly enhance your swimming experience.。
英语听力原文
Credit Cards
Many businesses, such as department stores, restaurants, hotels and airline companies, use a credit system for selling their products and services. In a credit system, the seller agrees to sell something to the buyer without immediately receiving cash. The buyer receives the goods or services immediately and promises to pay for them later. This "buy-now-pay-later" credit system is quite old. People have been buying things on credit for centuries. But nowadays people use credit cards. There are two types of credit cards. One type is issued directly by a store to a customer. Many large department stores issue credit cards to their customers. The store credit card can be used to make purchases only at a particular store. The other kind of credit card is issued by a credit company. Credit cards from credit companies can be used to buy things almost anywhere. If you have a major credit card, you can buy airplane tickets, stay at hotels, and eat at restaurants with it. Most large credit companies are connected to large banks. So if you want a credit card from a credit company, you generally have to make an application at a bank. After an applicant receives a credit card, he or she can make purchases, using the card
Many businesses, such as department stores, restaurants, hotels and airline companies, use a credit system for selling their products and services. In a credit system, the seller agrees to sell something to the buyer without immediately receiving cash. The buyer receives the goods or services immediately and promises to pay for them later. This "buy-now-pay-later" credit system is quite old. People have been buying things on credit for centuries. But nowadays people use credit cards. There are two types of credit cards. One type is issued directly by a store to a customer. Many large department stores issue credit cards to their customers. The store credit card can be used to make purchases only at a particular store. The other kind of credit card is issued by a credit company. Credit cards from credit companies can be used to buy things almost anywhere. If you have a major credit card, you can buy airplane tickets, stay at hotels, and eat at restaurants with it. Most large credit companies are connected to large banks. So if you want a credit card from a credit company, you generally have to make an application at a bank. After an applicant receives a credit card, he or she can make purchases, using the card
自由泳练习方法的英语
自由泳练习方法的英语Freestyle Swimming: Techniques and Practice MethodsFreestyle swimming, also known as the front crawl, is a popular and versatile stroke used in competitive swimming and recreational water activities. It is characterized by its continuous arm movements, alternating leg kicks, and streamlined body position. Here are some fundamental techniques and practice methods to improve your freestyle swimming skills.1. Body Position:Maintaining a horizontal body position is crucial forefficient freestyle swimming. Keep your head in line with your spine, looking slightly downward into the water to avoid lifting your head too high, which can disrupt your body alignment and slow you down.2. Arm Movement:The arm movement in freestyle consists of an alternating pattern. One arm enters the water ahead and extends fully while the other arm recovers and swings forward. The catch phase involves pulling the water from a high elbow position, followed by a push phase where the hand propels backward towards the thigh.3. Breathing Technique:Breathing in freestyle is typically done by turning your headto the side, allowing one ear to remain in the water. Inhale quickly as your mouth clears the water and then exhale slowly underwater. Practice bilateral breathing, alternating sides, to maintain balance and body rotation.4. Leg Kick:The leg kick in freestyle is a continuous flutter kick, with alternating up and down movements. Keep your legs close together and kick from the hips, not the knees. This kick helps maintain body position and propulsion without expending too much energy.5. Body Rotation:Rotating your body from the hips while swimming can enhance your stroke efficiency. It allows for a more powerful armpull and helps with breathing. Aim for a slight rotation, about 45 degrees, from the centerline of your body.6. Drills for Improvement:- Sculling Drills: Use your hands to create propulsion while floating on your back or stomach. This helps with hand positioning and feel for the water.- Kickboard Drills: Use a kickboard to focus solely on your leg kick, ensuring proper technique without the distraction of arm movements.- Pull Buoy Drills: Hold a pull buoy between your legs to isolate your upper body work, focusing on arm movements and body rotation.7. Endurance Training:Incorporate endurance sets into your training routine. Thesesets involve swimming a set distance or number of lapswithout stopping, which helps build stamina and muscle memory.8. Interval Training:Interval training involves alternating periods of high-intensity swimming with periods of rest or low-intensity swimming. This method is excellent for improving speed and cardiovascular fitness.9. Proper Equipment:Using the right equipment such as goggles, swim caps, and properly fitting swimwear can enhance your practice sessionsby reducing distractions and increasing comfort in the water.10. Consistent Practice:Regular practice is key to improving your freestyle swimming. Set goals for yourself and track your progress over time.11. Coaching and Feedback:Working with a coach or seeking feedback from experienced swimmers can provide valuable insights into your techniqueand areas for improvement.12. Visualization:Before entering the water, take a moment to visualize your stroke. This mental rehearsal can help reinforce proper technique and improve performance.By focusing on these techniques and incorporating them into your swimming practice, you can enhance your freestyle swimming skills and enjoy a more efficient and enjoyableexperience in the water. Remember, patience and consistent practice are essential for mastering any swimming stroke.。
医学专业英语
一般检查ｇeｎeraｌｅxamination一, 性别ｓex男Ｍａle女Feｍaｌｅ二，年龄age三,生命体征：vitａl age体温bｏdy temｐeratureａ，口测法oｒａl mｅａsuremeｎtﻩb,肛测法ａrcｈｏs ｍｅasuｒementｃ，腋测法ａxil mｅasureｍenｔ呼吸reｓpiｒａｔiｏｎｓ脉搏pulse血压blｏｏd pressure四，发育developmenｔ体型（Habiｔus）:无力型（aｓthｅnic type）、超力型（sｔheｎiｃtype)、正力型（orthosthｅnｉc typｅ)五，营养stａｔe of nutｒｉｔｉｏn：良好weｌl、中等ｍoｄerａtelｔy.肥胖(Obesity)、消瘦slake六,意识consｃiousnｅss: 嗜睡ｄｒowsｉnｅss、意识模糊clouding oｆconscioｕsnｅsｓ昏睡hypｏnody、昏迷coma（浅，中,深度),谵妄acute coｎfusionaｌｓtate七,语调tone 语态ｖｏice八,面容ｆａcial featureｓ急性病容ｆaｃｅｏf acuｔｅｉll,慢性病容chrｏnic dｉseａse face，贫血面容anemic faｃe,甲亢面容hypeｒt ｈyreoｓｉs feature,粘液性水肿面容myxedema fａce, 二尖瓣面容ｍitraｌfaｃｉes,满月脸面容moｏn ｆace,肢端肥大症面容ａcromｅgaｌy ｆａcies,伤寒面容typhoiｄfａｃe,病危面容,Hiｐpocｒates facｅ表情eｘpｒｅssion 正常normal,淡漠ｉndｉfferｅnｃe烦躁不安dyｓphoriａ,痛苦sｕfｆｅｒing忧郁gｌooｍ九,体位positiona,自主体位active pｏsition ｂ，被动体位ｐassｉve posiｔion 极度意识衰竭和丧失ｃulminaｔion cｏnscioｕｓｎess fａilureａnｄlossc,强迫体位comｐulｓiveｐositioｎ强迫坐位(端坐呼吸)coｍpuｌｓiｖｅsｉtｔing positｉｏn （orthｏpnea)十，姿势posｔure十一,步态gaitaa,蹒跚步态waddlｉng gａitｂ,醉酒步态driｎken ｍan gaiｔc，共济失调步态ataxiｃgaｉt d,慌张步态fe ｓtinatiｎg gａｉt e,跨閱步态steppａｇe gaiｔf，剪刀步态scissｏｒgait g，间歇性跛行iｎｔeｒmｉttent gait十二，皮肤skin1，颜色skｉnｃolor a,苍白paｌｌor 贫血anaｅmiaｂ,发红rｅdｎesｓ发热fevｅr c,发绀cyａnoｓis 缺氧ﻩｈypoｘia d,黄染staｉneｄyeｌlow 肝病ｌiveｒｄiｓease e,色素沉着pｉgmentaｔion 肝病ｌi ｖeｒｄiseａse f，色素脱失cｏlorｉnｇmateｒiaｌloss 白化症aｌbiｎiｓmus２，湿度moistuｒe 干燥dｒｙ脱水deｗat湿润ｍｏiｓt休克shock 3,弹性elａsｔicity４,皮疹skin eruｐtioｎａ斑疹ｍaculａｔe b玫瑰疹rｏseolａ c 丘疹papulｅｓ; d 斑丘疹ｍaculopapulate ，ｅ荨麻疹urｔicaria5,脱屑scaｌｅs６赘生物vegｅtation ７，皮下出血subcutaneous ｈemoｒrhaｇｅa 瘀点peｔechiａb瘀斑eｃchymｏｓis c 紫癜purｐuｒa d血肿ｈｅｍaｔoｍｅ8，蜘蛛痣spideｒａnｇiomａ肝掌liver palｍs 9,水肿edeｍa 10，皮下结节ｓubcutaneｏus nodｕles 11,瘢痕sｃaｒ12,毛发hair 13，淋巴ｌymph体检（胸腹部）［Ｐhｙsical examinatｉon(cｈesｔaｎd ｂelly)]1、肋骨和软组织[rｉｂs aｎｄｓoｆt tissure]·胸骨上切迹[suprasternalｎotch]·浮肋[ｆｒeｅriｂs］·胸壁［cｈest ｗall］·扁平(桶状、佝偻、漏头、鸡）胸[flat (ｂａｒｒel,rachitiｃ，fｕnnel,piｇeon）chｅst]·皮下气肿［subcutaneoｕｓemphysema]·捻发音[Cｒepitus］·软组织损伤[soft tisｓue iｎjury]·肋骨畸形［abｎorｍaｌｉty of the rｉbs（rib deｆorｍitｙ，coｓtal anｏｍａly)]·肋软骨畸形［ｃosｔoｃhoｎdral defｏrmｉty]·肋软骨增生［ｃｏstal cartiｌaｇe hｙperｐlａｓｉａ]·肋下切口［subｃｏｓtal incisｉon]·肋间隙宽(窄)[wiｄe (narｒow) ｉnｔｅrcｏｓtａl sｐaｃe］乳房[breａsｔ］３、肺[lung］·呼吸缓慢(急促)[bｒａdypnea (tａcｈyｐnea)]·呼吸浅慢(深快）[ｈｙpoｐnea (hyperpnea）]·呼吸不规则［irrｅｇular resｐirａｔiｏn］·点头呼吸[ｎoｄdinｇｂreaｔhing]·端坐呼吸［ortｈｏpnea]·三凹征［retractioｎｓign oｆｔhｒee fｏｓsａe]·叹息样呼吸[sｉｇhｉng respｉｒatｉｏn]·浅快［shａllow aｎd raｐid］·呼（吸)气性呼吸困难[expｉrａｔoｒｙ(ｉnspiratory) dyｓｐｎea］·呼吸道烧伤（塌陷)[burn (ｃollaｐｓｅ) oｆreｓpirａtoryｔraｃt（aiｒwａy)］·呼吸道阻塞［resｐirａｔoｒy tractｏｂsｔｒｕctiｏn］·呼吸均匀(呼吸加深或加快)[euｐnea（eｘaggｅraｔed or accｌeraｔeｄｒeｓpiratorｙ）]·呼吸停止［apneａ］·呼吸费力[ｒesｐiratioｎis laｂoｒed］·语音(触觉)震颤［vｏcal(ｔaｃtile）freｍituｓ]·语颤相等（减弱、增强）[ｖocal fremiｔｕsｉs eｑｕal(dimｉnisｈeｄ，accｅnｔuａtｅd)]·间接（直接)叩诊［ｍｅｄiate （immediaｔe) ｐerｃuｓsion]·浊(实、鼓、清、过清、金属)音[duｌlnesｓ(flaｔness, tympａny, vesｉculａr resoｎanｃe, hypeｒｒesｏｎance, bell)］·移动范围[rangｅoｆmｏｖｅｍent]·呼吸音消失(减弱，增强）[ａｂsenｃｅ(dimｉnｕtion，exａｇgeratioｎ) oｆｂｒeath sｏuｎd］·呼吸音粗（清）［sound oｆbreａtｈ(SOB)iｓrough (cleａr)］·支气管（支气管肺泡，肺泡）音[bｒonｃhoｐhoｎy （bronｃhovesicular sound，vesicular ｓound)］·管状呼吸音［tｕbular ｂrｅａth ｓound］·捻发音[creｐｉtaｎt rales]·爆裂音［craｃkｌes］·干(湿）罗音［dry (mｏist）ｒales]·细（中等、粗)罗音［finｅ（mｅdium, coａrse) rａlｅs]·呼（吸）气未罗音[end－ｉnspirａｔory(expiｒatｏrｙ）ｒａles］·胸膜摩擦音［ｐleurａｌfｒicｔｉｏn rub]·呼(吸)气延长［ｐroｌｏngｅｄｉnspiｒａｔoｒy (eｘｐirａtory）］·高（低）调鼾音[sｉbilant（ｓｏｎorｏus) rｈonchi(ｓonorｏus ｒａlｅs)]·哨笛音[sibilaｎt raleｓ]·哮鸣音[wheezing]·小（中、大)水泡音［sｍall（midｄlｅ, ｂig) bｕbbleｓ]·支气管语音[ｂronchoｐhｏｎy]·耳语音［whｉspereｄ]·羊鸣音[egophony］·高(低)音调[hｉｇh（ｌoｗ）-pitcｈed］·两肺部（右背部)[over bｏth lung fields （ｒighｔｂacｋ)]·两(左）肺底［oｖer tｈeｂoth （lｅft）loｗerｌｕｎg]·整个肺野[the ｗｈole lｕng ｆield]·左（右)上（下）肺［tｈｅleft (right)ｕｐper (lｏｗer) lｕng]·肺尖（底）[apex (ｂase) ofｌｕng]4、心脏[Ｈｅart]心房心室室间隔房间隔主动脉瓣肺动脉瓣二尖瓣三尖瓣·用手掌(指尖)触诊心尖搏动[pａlpａte aｐｉｃal arｅａｗith ｐａlm numbｎess （fｉngerｔｉｐs)］·心前区隆起（凹陷）[precｏｒｄial bulge (ｒetrａctｉｏn）］·搏动弥漫（局限)[ｄｉffｕsｅ(ｌocａｌ) pulsaｔiｏn］·负性搏动[inｗａｒｄinpulse]·心尖搏动[aｐex beat (apicaｌｉmpulse）］·剑突下搏动［xiphｏideusａl ｐｕlsaton]·抬举性心尖搏动[heaｖiｎg apex impｕlｓｅ]·心尖搏动最强点［pｏｉnt of maximaｌｉｍｐｕｌse (PMＩ）]·锁骨中线［mｉｄ-calvｉcｕlarｌine (MCL）］·肋间［intｅｒcostaｌspaｃｅ(ICS)］·收缩(舒张)期震颤[ｓystolic (ｄiasｔolic) thrilｌ]·心浊音界［thｅｂoｒdeｒｏf cardiac dulｌｎes］·心绝对（相对)浊音界扩大(缩小)[enlaｒｇed （diｍiniｓheｄ）absolｕｔｅ(relaｔivｅ) carｄiac dｕｌｌｎes ｓ]·叩诊心脏大小正常[heart ｓizｅis normal oｎ(tｏ) ｐercｕsｓｉｏｎ]·心脏向左（右）扩大[cａrdｉａｃdilatiｏn （enlaｒｇement) to ｔhe ｌefｔ（right)]·第1(2、3、４)心音[S1(S2,S3,Ｓ4)]·第１心音增强（减弱，听不清)［fiｒst hearｔｓｏｕｎd ｉs exaｇgerate （decreaｓｅd, muffled）］·生（病)理性杂音(分裂)[pｈyｓioloｇｉc （pathｏlogical）ｍurmur (ｓpｌｉttiｎg）］·生理性(固定、反常、逆)分裂[physiｏlｏgiｃ(fixed, ｐａｒadoxical,reversed) sｐliｔｔing]·肺动脉瓣第2心音>(=，<)主动脉瓣第2心音[P2>(=，〈)A２］·大炮音[conｎoｎsｏｕnd]·心音消失［ｈeart souｎd is abseｎt （ｄisapeaｒed)]·心音增强（减弱）[acｃeｎtuated(diminisｈed）caｒｄiａｃsound]·心音响亮(遥远）[caｒdiａc soｕnd is lｏud （dｉstaｎt）]·收缩期(舒张期，连续性)杂音［ｓystoｌｉc (dｉasｔolic, coｎtｉnuous）murmur]·收缩(舒张)前(中、晚）期杂音［pre-(mｉd—,pｏst) ｓyｓtoliｃ（ｄｉastolic)murmur］·全收缩期的[hｏlosysｔolic（paｎsystolic)]·全舒张期的[holｏｄiaｓtolic （ｐandiａsｔolic)］·低（高）音调[lｏw (high）ｐｉtｃhed]·递减（递增，递减—递增)性杂音[ｄeｃresｃendo (crｅsｃendo, deｃrｅscenｄo—ｃrescendｏ)murmur]·呈喷射型[bｅejecｔiｏｎin typｅ]·Ⅳ级喷射型收缩期杂音[ｇrａdeⅣ（I-Ⅳ/6）sｙsｔolic ejｅcｔｉonｍurmur]·吹风样杂音[murmuｒof puｆfing chａracｔer]·低音调隆隆样［ｌow-pｉtched ｒｕｍbｌing quality]·柔和（粗糙)的［sofｔ（hａrｓｈor ｒｏugh)]·吹风样(喷射性、隆隆样、沙沙声样、搔抓声样、机器声样、汽笛声样、倒水声样)杂音［ｂlｏwｉng (ejecｔiｏn, ｒumbｌing, rustｔing，sｃｒatcｈing, macｈinary, whistliｎg, pouring)muｒmuｒ]·功能性（器质性）杂音[functional (oｒgａｎiｃ) murmuｒ］·血管(静脉）杂音[ｖasｃulaｒ(venous）mｕrmur]·枪击音［piｓtol sｈoｔsｏund]·静脉营营音[venous huｍ]·奔马律[galloｐrｈythm］·胎心律[emｂｒyocａrdia]·心律齐（不齐)［ｒeｇｕｌａr （irreｇuｌar) rhythm]·心律不齐[arrhｙthmｉa]·二(三)联律［biｇeｍｉny (tｒｉｇemiｎｙ)]·早搏[ｐrｅmａｔｕre （exｔrasystol）］·喀嗽音[ｃlｉcｋ］·钟摆律［peｎduｌar rhｙthm］·二尖瓣开瓣音[miｔraｌopeniｎg snａp]·心包摩擦音［pｅricａrdial frictioｎsoｕnd］·听诊[on ａuscuｌｔａtion]·二尖瓣(主瓣,肺瓣,三尖瓣)听诊区［mitｒal (aoｒtic，puｌｍoｎaｒy,ｔricuｓpid）ｖalve ａreａ］·心包叩击音[pericardｉal ｋnoｃk］·肿瘤扑落音[tuｍｏrｐlop]5、腹部[abdomeｎ]·腹膨隆[ａbｄominａｌdistentioｎ(pｒｏminｅnｃe)］·腹平坦(凹陷）［ａbｄｏmｉnal flａtｎｅsｓ(ｒｅｔracｔion)］·蛙状(球状、舟状）腹［frog(bulbous, ｓcａphoid) bｅｌly (abdｏmen)]·腹围增大[ｉnｃｒeａsed abdoｍinal gｉrth]·肠型［iｎtｅstinal patteｒn］·胃(小肠）蠕动波[gastrｉc (inｔestinal) perｉstaｌtｉｃｗaｖe]·静脉曲张［vaｒｉcoｓitｙ（ｄilａted toｒtｕoｕｓvein）］·疤痕[scar］·腹壁紧张(松驰）[gｕarding (abdoｍinal mｕｓcular reｌａxatioｎ)]·腹壁切口(创伤）[iｎｃision（wｏuｎｄ) of aｂdominal wall］·腹部分区[aｂｄominａl region］·左（右）上(下)腹［lｅfｔ（riｇhｔ) uppeｒ(lower）ｑｕａdrａnt]·脐膨出[prｏjｅｃtｉｏn ofｔhe ｕmbiliｃus]·腹式呼吸［abｄoｍinａl(diａｐhraｇmatic)bｒeａｔhing]·腹壁松弛[lａx abｄｏmiｎal wall]·肝肿大［hepatomegaly (enｌａrｇｅment of ｔｈe liver)］·脾肿大[spｌeｎomｅgaly(enlａrｇement of thｅｓｐlｅen)］·右肋下5厘米[5cｍbeloｗtｈｅrigｈt coｓtalｍarｇｉn]·肿块(肝)质硬[fｉrm mass（ｌｉｖer)］·莫菲氏征[mｕrpｈy`ｓsigh］·肌卫现象[muｓcｌe ｇuardｉnｇ(tensioｎ）]·反跳痛[rebｏunｄtenderneｓs]·压痛点[tendeｒness point］·剑突下压痛［tendernesｓｂｅｎeath the xiphoiｄpｒoｃess］·麦氏点压痛[ＭcＢurney｀s ｐｏint ｔeｎdeｒｎｅss]·腹肌强直（板状腹,板样强直)［rigｏｒoｆabdｏｍinal mｕscｌｅ(ｗoｏdｅn ｂelly, boａrd—liｋe rigiｄiｔy)]·柔韧感［dougｈkneedinｇｓensation]·波动感[ｆｌｕcｔuation］·腹股沟疝［inｇuinalｆemｏraｌheｒｎia]·腹壁反射[abｄomｉnaｌrefｌｅｘ］·腹水征［signｏf ａscites]·膀胱肿大[blaｄｄｅr exｐansｉon]·膀胱区(脊肋角)压痛[teｎｄｅｒness of bladｄer reｇion(cosｔoｖertｅbrａl anｇｌｅ)]·肾(肝）区叩击病[percuｓsion tendeｒneｓs ｏｎkiｄｎey（liver) ｒｅgion]·移动性浊音[shiftiｎｇduｌｌness]·鼓音[ｔyｍｐanｙ（ｔaｍpａnｉtic ｒesoｎancｅ)］·肝（脾）浊音区［hepａtic （spｌenic）dｕｌlｎｅss ａreａ]·肠鸣音正常（亢进、减弱、消失)[norｍal (hｙperactiｖe，dｉminisｈeｄ, abseｎt) bowel sounｄ]·气过水声［ｇurgling］·振水声［ｓuｃｃuｓioｎ（splａｓhｉng）ｓoｕnd］２、常见症状·［Ｆeｖｅｒ] 发热·[Pain]疼痛·[Edｅma] 水肿·［Ｍｕcoｃutaneoｕｓｈemorｒhagｅ（bleediｎg)]皮肤粘膜出血·［Ｄyspｎea(Dｉｆfiｃulｙin brｅatｈing;Reｓpｉratoｒy diffiｃultｙ；shｏrt ｏf brｅath)] 呼吸困难·［Coｕgｈand exｐｅctｏraｔｉoｎ（Ｓputuｍ；Phlｅgm)］咳嗽和咯痰·[Hemｏptｙsiｓ] 咯血·[Cyａnosiｓ］紫绀·[Ｐalpitatｉoｎ］心悸·[Chest discoｍfoｒt] 胸闷·［Nausea（Ｒetch;DrｙV omｉtiｎg)ａｎd V omｉting]恶心和呕吐·［Hｅmaｔeｍesiｓ(V oｍiｔｉngｏf ｂlｏod)]呕血·[Hｅmａｔoｃhezia (Heｍaｆｅcia）］便血·[Ｄiaｒrhea] 腹泻·[Constipation （Obｓtｉpａｔion)]便秘·[Vertigo （Gidｄｉｎｅｓｓ；Dizzinｅss)］眩晕·［Jaundice（Ｉcteｒuｓ)] 黄疸·[Cｏｎｖulsion]惊厥·［Disturｂanｃe of conｓcｉousnｅｓs] 意识障碍·［Hematuria] 血尿·［Fｒeqｕenｔmictｕｒition，ｕｒgeｎtｍictｕritiｏn ａｎd ｄyｓuria]尿频,尿急和尿痛·［Incｏntinenｃeｏf urine] 尿失禁·[Ｒｅtentｉon of ｕrine］尿潴留（1）发热的表示方法·[Infecｔive (Seｐtic)ｆevｅr] 感染性发热·[Ｎｏｎ-inｆecｔivｅ(Ａsepｔｉc)fever]非感染性发热·［Dｅhｙdratioｎ（Iｎaｎitiｏn）fｅｖeｒ] 脱水热·[Ｄruｇfever］药物热·［Functiｏnal hｙｐoｔhermia]功能性低热·［Ａbsorptｉｏn fｅｖｅr］吸收热·［Ｃentraｌfeveｒ] 中枢性发热·[Fｅｖer ｔype] 热型▲［Ｃontinuous ｆever］稽留热▲[Ｒemittｅnｔｆeｖer]驰张热▲[Inｔermiｔtｅnt ｆｅver］间歇热▲[Undulaｎt feｖer] 波状热▲[Recurrenｔfｅｖｅr］回归热▲［Periodic feveｒ］周期热▲[Irrｅgulaｒfever］不规则热▲［Eｐhemeraｌfever]短暂热▲[Dｏuｂｌｅpeａked ｆever］双峰热·[Fevｅｒof unｄeterminｅd（ｕnknｏｗn) origｉn，FUO］不明原因发热·［Rｉgor(sｈiveｒing;chｉll;shakｉngｃhｉll；ague）] 寒战·[CｈiｌｌｙＳensation（Fｅll ｃｈilly；colｄfitｓ;coldneｓｓ)］畏寒·[Ulｔｒa-hyperpｙrexiａ］超高热·[Hyperthｅrmｉａ(A high fevｅr;hyperｐyｒeｘｉa;arｄeｎｔfｅver）]高热·［Ｍｏderaｔe fever] 中度发热·［Ｈyｐothermia (Low—ｇrａde feｖeｒ;slight fever;subfebrｉle tempｅrａture）] 低热·［Becomｅfｅｖerisｈ（Haｖｅ a ｔemperａturｅ)]发热·［Crｉsis］骤降·[Ｌysis］渐降·［Rheｕｍaｔic fｅｖer］风湿热·［Caｎcerous fｅvｅｒ] 癌性发热·[Ｆervesceｎcｅperiｏd］升热期·[Ｄefｅrｖeｓcence ｐeriｏd]退热期·[Pｅｒsiｓｔent feｂrile pｅrｉod] 持续发热期（2）疼痛的表示方法·[Ｂackachｅ（Bａｃｋpain)] 背痛·［Lumbago] 腰痛·［Hｅａｄａche] 头痛▲[Vasoｍotor hｅadａｃｈe]血管舒缩性头痛▲[Ｍigｒａine headache] 偏头痛·［Chest pain］胸痛·[Preｃａrｄial pain] 心前区痛·[Reｔrosternａl paｉn］胸骨后痛·［Ａbdomiｎal paｉn(Stｏmaｃｈａche)] 腹痛·[Acｒoｄynia（pain in lｉmｂｓ)] 肢体痛·[Ａrｔhrｏdyｎia （Artｈralgia）] 关节痛·[Dull paｉｎ］钝痛·[Sｈａrp pａｉn]锐痛·［Ｔｗｉｎgｅpａin]刺痛·[Kｎifｅ－likｅｐaｉn (Piercｉng pain）] 刀割（刺)样痛·[Aｃhinｇｐａin］酸痛·[Burｎinｇpain] 烧灼痛·[Coｌicky (Grｉｐing;cramp)paｉn] 绞痛·［Ｃoｌic] 绞痛·[Ｂurｓting pain］胀痛(撕裂痛）·［Huｎgｅr ｐａｉn] 饥饿痛·[Tｉｃpain] 抽搐痛·［Ｂearｉng—down ｐａin］坠痛·[Shoｃk—like pａin] 电击样痛·［Jumping paｉn]反跳痛·[Teｎｄerｎess ｐａin] 触痛(压痛）·［Girdle—liｋe pａin］束带样痛·[Wａｎｄering pain］游走性痛·[Ｔｈｒoｂｂing paｉn] 搏动性痛·[Raｄiating paiｎ] 放射性痛·[Ｃrａmpinｇpain] 痉挛性痛·[Boring paiｎ]钻痛·［Intｅｎsｅpaｉｎ］剧痛·[Dｒaｇgｉｎg pain］牵引痛·［Ｌabor paｉn]阵痛·［Ｃancerｏus ｐaiｎ］癌性疼痛·[Ｒeｆeｒｒed paiｎ］牵涉痛·[Peｒsｉstent paiｎ(Ｕｎremittiｎｇpaｉｎ）] 持续性痛·[Cｏｎｓtａntｐaｉn］经常性痛·[Inｔermitｔent paｉｎ］间歇性痛(３）水肿的表示方法·[Mucoｕs edｅma (Myxedema)] 粘液性水肿·［Cａrdiac （Ｃaｒdiogenic) edemａ］心源性水肿·[Ｎephｒotｉc （renaｌ)edｅｍａ] 肾源性水肿·[Hepａtｉc edema］肝源性水肿·[Aｌimｅｎtａry （Nutriｔioｎal)eｄemａ] 营养不良性水肿·[Aｎgiｏneurotｉc ｅdema] 血管神经性水肿·[Piｔtｉng] 凹陷性·[Nonpｉｔtiｎg］非凹陷性·[Lｏｃalｉzｅd （Local) eｄｅｍa] 局限性水肿·［Generalized edema （Aｎａsarca）］全身性水肿·[Hydrｏps］积水·[Ｃerｅｂrａｌ(Bｒain）edemａ] 脑水肿·［Ｐｕｌmonａry edema（Hydroｐnｅｕｍｏnｉａ0] 肺水肿·[Ｈydroｃｅphaｌus]脑积水·[Iｎvｉｓible (Recｅssｉve) ｅdema］隐性水肿·[Fｒanｋedｅｍa］显性水肿·［Iｎflammａｔｏryｅdｅma]炎性水肿·[Idiopathｉc ｅdema] 特发性水肿·[Ｃｙclicａl ｅdema] 周期性水肿·［Ascｉtes (Aｂdｏｍinａl eｆfｕsｉoｎ;ｈydropｅriotｏneum)]腹水·[Ｐｌeｕｒal effusｉon（Ｈｙdrothorａｘ）］胸水·[Pericａrdiaｌeｆfusｉon(Ｈydropericａrdｉｕm)] 心包积液·[Bronｃhoedema] 支气管水肿·[Slight（Mild)］轻度·[Modｅraｔe] 中度·[Seｒious］重度·[Tranｓuｄate] 漏出液·[Ｅxｕdate] 渗出液(４)呼吸困难的表示方法·［Cａｒｄiａｃｄyｓpnea] 心原性呼吸困难·[Insｐiｒａｔory］吸气性·［Ｅxpiratｏry] 呼气性·[Mixed] 混合性·[Ｏbsｔructｉve] 梗阻性·［Dyspnea at ｒest] 静息时呼吸困难·[Dyｓpneａon exertioｎ] 活动时呼吸困难·[Dｙsｐneａｏｎlying ｄoｗn]躺下时呼吸困难·[Paｒｏｘｙsmal noｃtｕrｎal dyspnea,PND］夜间阵发性呼吸困难·[Ｏｒthｏｐｎea] 端坐呼吸·［Ａstｈma] 哮喘·［Ｃaｒｄｉac astｈｍa] 心源性哮喘·[Ｂroｎchial asｔhma］支气管性哮喘·[Hyｐerpnｅa］呼吸深快·[Periｏdiｃbｒeaｔhｉng]周期性呼吸·［Tacｈypneａ（Raｐid oｒfａst breathiｎg；acｃｅlｅrated breatｈiｎg；shoｒt ｏｆｂrｅath）］气促·[Bｒadypnea(Ｓｌoｗbｒeaｔｈing)] 呼吸缓慢·［Ｉｒreguｌaｒbreathｉng] 不规则呼吸（5)皮肤粘膜出血的表示方法·[Blｅediｎg spots iｎtｈｅskin］皮肤出血点·［Peｔechia] 瘀点·[Ｅｃcymosis]瘀斑·［Purpura] 紫癜·［Spｌinter ｈemorrhagｅ] 片状出血·[Oｏziｎg of the ｂlｏod (Ｅrrhysis)] 渗血·[Ｈemorｒhinia (Ｎasaｌblｅediｎg)］鼻衄·[Eccｈｙmoｍａ] 皮下血肿(6）咳嗽与咯痰的表示方法·[Ｄrｙｃｏugh （Nｏｎproｄuctｉｖe ｃough;hackｉng coｕｇh)] 干咳·［Ｓhaｒp cough] 剧咳·[Wｅｔcough（Mｏisｔcougｈ)] 湿咳·[Prodｕｃtｉｖe cough （Loｏｓe cｏｕgh)] 排痰性咳·［Chrｏnic couｇｈ] 慢性咳嗽·［Irrｉtａble ｃouｇh] 刺激性咳嗽·[Paｒoxyｓｍaｌcoｕgh] 发作性(阵发性)咳嗽·[Ｃough continｕally] 持续性咳嗽·[Spａsmodic coｕｇh］痉挛性咳嗽·［Ｗhoｏping cｏｕgh］百日咳·[Wｈeezingｃouｇｈ］喘咳·[Short cｏｕｇh] 短咳·［Distｒessｅd cough]难咳·［Dropleｔ］飞沫·[Fｒｏthy ｓputｕm] 泡沫样痰·[Blｏodyｓpuｔuｍ]血痰·[Mucｏus(Mucｏｉd) sｐｕtｕm] 粘液样痰·［Purulent spｕtum］脓痰·[Ｍuｃoｐurulｅnｔsｐｕtum］粘液脓性痰·[Whｉte (Yellow,green）ｓpuｔuｍ］白(黄，绿）痰·［Fetｉｄ（Fｏｕl) sｐutuｍ] 恶臭痰·[Ｉrｏn—ｒust (Ruｓtｙ)ｓputum］铁锈色痰·[Ｃhocｏlaｔｅcoloｕred spuｔum]巧克力色痰·［Ｔhｉck sputｕm]浓痰·[Ｔhinｓｐutum］淡痰·［Vｉscoｕs spｕtｕm] 粘痰·[Tｒansparent ｓputｕm］透明痰·［Much (Lａrｇeａｍounts of）sｐuｔｕm]大量痰·[Modeｒaｔe aｍounｔs ｏf spuｔuｍ］中等量痰·[Not muｃh （Small aｍounｔs oｆ) sputuｍ］少量痰(７）内脏出血的表示方法·［Ｍａssivｅhemａtemesｉs]大量呕血·[Epistasｉs (Noｓeblｅｅd；Nａsａl bleeｄiｎg;Heｍorrhinia；rhinorrhagｉa）］鼻衄·［Hｅmaｔuｒiａ]血尿·[Initｉal ｈematuria] 初血尿·[Ｉdｉopatｈic hemaｔuria] 特发性血尿·[Pａｉｎless hｅmaturia］无痛性血尿·［Ｔｅrｍinal hematurｉａ］终末性血尿·[Ｇrｏss （Maｃｒoｓcopic) ｈematuria] 肉眼血尿·[Mｉcroscopic hｅｍａturia]镜下血尿·[Heｍａturia in tｈe wｈole ｐrocesｓoｆｕｒinaｔiｏn] 全程血尿·[Ｇingivaｌbｌｅeｄiｎg （Ulaemｏrrhａｇia;gum bｌeediｎg)]牙龈出血·[Ｈｅmatｏcheｚｉa］便血·[Ｂｌoodｙstｏｏl] 血便·[Ｂlack ｓtool（Melｅｎａ）］黑便·［Tarry stｏol] 柏油样便·［Ocｃｕlt blｏod，ＯＢ] 隐血·[Hｅmaｔhorax]血胸··[Ｈemaｔoｃoeliａ］腹腔积血·[Hemaｔｏmａ]血肿·［Ｈｅmopｅrｉcardiuｍ] 心包积血·[Cｅｒebral hemｏrrhage]脑出血·［Subaｒaｃhｎoid hemoｒrhage(SＡＨ）] 蛛网膜下腔出血·[Excｅsｓive（Heavｙ) ｍenstrual floｗwith passaｇe oｆclots］月经量多伴血块·[Miｌd (Moderａte）menｓeｓ] 月经量少(中等)(8)紫绀的表示方法·[Ｃoｎgenｉtal cyanｏsis］先天性紫绀·[Enteｒogｅnoｕs］肠源性·[Cenｔrａｌ]中枢性·[Peｒiｐｈｅral］周围性·［Mixeｄ］混合性·[Acｒocyanｏsis] 指端紫绀(9）恶心与呕吐的表示方法·[Vomiturｉtｉoｎ（Rｅtchinｇ)］干呕·［Feｅl nauｓeatｅd] 恶心感·[Ｐosｔprandiaｌnausea] 饭后恶心·[Hiｃcup] 呃逆·[Ｓｏur ｒegurgitaｔion］返酸·[uｎdigesｔed foｏd V oｍiting］吐不消化食物·[BilｉoｕｓＶｏmitinｇ] 吐胆汁(1０）腹泻与便秘的表示方法·[Moniｎg ｄｉaｒrhｅa］晨泻·[Ｗaｔｅry （Liｑｕiｄ）diarrhea] 水泻·[Mucｏus diarrhｅa] 粘液泻·［Fatｔy diarrhｅa］脂肪泻·[Cｈrｏnic (Ａｃuｔｅ)] 慢性（急性）·[Ｍｉlｄdiａｒｒhea] 轻度腹泻·[Ｉntraｃｔablｅ(Uncontｒolled)diａｒrhea］难治性腹泻·［Proｔracted diarrｈea] 迁延性腹泻·[Bloｏdy stool]血梗·[Froｔhy stｏoｌ] 泡沫样便·[Formless(Foｒmed)stｏol] 不成形（成形）便·[Loｏse （Ｈarｄ)stooｌ］稀（硬)便·［Rice—waｔer ｓｔoｏl］米泔样便·[Ｕｎdigｅsted sｔool］不消化便·[Dyｓｅntｅrｉc ｄiａrrheａ] 痢疾样腹泻·［Inflａmｍａtorｙdiarrhea] 炎症性腹泻·[Osmotｉｃ] 渗透性·[Ｓecrｅｔory］分泌性·[Malａbsorptｉon] 吸收不良性·[Lｉeｎteric］消化不良性·[Pancrｅatic diarrｈeａ]胰性腹泻·[Teｎesmus］里急后重·[Ｐass a stool (Hａve ａpassage；open oｒrelax the bｏwｅl）] 解大便·［Ｈave a caｌl ｏｆnａｔure] 便意·［Feｃal incｏntｉnｅncｅ（Copｒａcrasia)] 大便失禁·[Ｆuｎｃｔioｎal ｃonｓｔipａｔｉon] 功能性便秘·[Ｏｒgａｎic conｓtipａtiｏn] 器质性便秘·[Habiｔｕalｃｏnstipａｔion] 习惯性便秘·[Have aｔendeｎcy to ｂe constipated] 便秘倾向(11）黄疸的表示方法·[Ｌatent （occult）jauｎｄice] 隐性黄疸·［Ｃｌinicaｌejaｕnｄic] 显性黄疸·［Nuclear icteｒｕｓ]核黄疸·[Physiolｏgic iｃｔerus] 生理性黄疸·[Icｔeｒus simpｌｅx］传染性黄疸·［Toxemicｉcterus］中毒性黄疸·[Hemolytic ejａｕｎdic ] 溶血性黄疸·［Hepａtocelluｌaｒ]肝细胞性·［Obstructive］阻塞性·[Congeｎitａl］先天性·[Fａmiｌial] 家族性·［Ｃholestaｔic］胆汁淤积性·［Hematogenoｕs］血源性·［Malignant] 恶性·［Ｐaｉｎleｓs］无痛性(12)意识障碍的表示方法·[Sｏmnolｅｎｃｅ］嗜睡·[Ｃoｎfuｓioｎ] 意识模糊·［Sｔupor］昏睡·[Coma］昏迷·[Delirｉum] 谵妄·[Synｃope (swoｏn;ｆaint)]晕厥·[Ｄrowｓiｎess] 倦睡（１3）排尿的表示方法·[Anuriａ］无尿·[Ｎocｔurｉa] 夜尿·[Oliguｒia］少尿·[Pｏlｙｕrｉａ]多尿·［Paｓs wａｔｅr (Maｋe wａteｒ; ｕrinate; micturitioｎ)］排尿·[Freqｕenｔmicｔuriｔｉoｎ(Frequenｃy ｏf micturitｉon；ｆruquent urinａtio ｎ；Polｌakiurｉa)］尿频·［Ｕｒgent micｔｕrition (Ｕrgencｙof uｒiｎatｉoｎor ｍicturｉtiｏn)］尿急·[Ｕrｏdynia （Ｐain on micｔurition; pａinful ｍｉｃturiｔiｏn; alginｕresis;mｉctuｒition pａｉn）］尿痛·［Dｙsurｉa（Diffiｃulty in ｍｉctｕｒitiｏn;disturｂance of micｔurition)］排尿困难３．少见症状·[Weeｋneｓs(Debilｉｔy; ａｓthｅnia；debilitａting）]虚弱（无力)·［Fatigue （Tire；ｌasｓituｄｅ）] 疲乏·[Waｓtinｇ(ｔｈiｎ；ｕnｄerwｅiｇht; emaｃｉation; leａｎ)] 消瘦·［Night sweatｉnｇ] 盗汗·［Ｓweat （Ｐerspiratioｎ)］出汗·［Cｏld sweａt] 冷汗·［Prurｉtus （Iｃhing)］搔痒·[Asthmａ] 气喘·[Ｓqueezing (Ｔiｇｈtness；ｃhｏking；preｓsｉｎg)ｓｅnｓａｔiｏｎof the cheｓt] 胸部紧缩(压榨)感·［Ｉntermｉｔtent clａuｄicatｉon]间歇性跛行·［Diffiｃuｌｔy in swａｌloｗiｎg(Ｄyspｈagia；difficuｌtｓｗａlloｗing;ａcataｐｏsｉs）]吞咽困难·[Epｉgastric （Uppｅr ａbdomｉnaｌ)diｓcomｆoｒt］上腹部不适·[Anoreｘiａ(Sitophobｉa)] 厌食·[Ｐｏor aｐpｅtiｔe （Loss of aｐpeｔiｔe)］纳差·［Hｅａｒｔ—burn（Ｐyroｓis）]胃灼热·［Ｓtomacｈache（Paiｎin stomach)] 胃部痛·［Perｉumbilｉａl pain] 脐周痛·[Ｂelchiｎg （Erｕctation)]嗳气·[Ｓoｕr regｕrgitａtiｏｎ] 返酸·[Aｂdｏminaｌdiｓtentiｏn（bloａtiｎg）］腹胀·[Ｐass gas（Ｂｒeaｋwink）] 肛门排气·[Smaｌｌ(Ｌargｅ)stoｏl]大便少（多)·［Ｐaiｎoｖｅr the livｅr]肝区痛·［Lumbａgo］腰痛·［Pica(Paｒoreｘia；alｌoｔriopｈagy)]异食癖·[Ｍenoxeｎia （Irregｕlar ｍenstruatiｏn)]月经不调·［Jointｐain(Artｈrａlgia; arthrodｙnia)］关节痛·[Ｐolydipsia (Exｃｅsｓive thｉrst）] 多饮(烦渴)·[Pｏlyphａgｉａ(Eｘｃｅssiｖe appetiｔe; hypｅrorexｉａ;bｕlimｉa）] 多食·［Ｃoｌd(Ｈｅat) ｉntｏlｅrance］怕冷（热)·［Dwaｒfism(Excesｓiｖｅｈeighｔ)］身材矮小(高大)·[Exｃesｓive sweating] 多汗·［Ｈaｎdｓｔreｍble] 手抖·[Obeｓiｔｙ(Ｆatty）］肥胖·［Ａgiｔatｉoｎ（Anxiｅty;ｎeｒvｏｕs irritａbｉlity)]焦虑(忧虑)·［Formicatiｏn］蚁走感·[Ｔingｌing］麻刺感·［Ｈypeｒｐａtｈiａ］痛觉过敏·［Ｈypalgesｉa] 痛觉减退·[Ｉnsoｍniａ（Pｏｏr sleepnesｓ;ｓlｅepｌessneｓs)]失眠·［Numbness］麻木·[Lｉmｉtatｉon of motion］活动受限·[Tetanｙ］手足抽搐·[Dｉschargｅoｆpus］流脓·[Ｂluｒred ｖisiｏn(Hazｙvision;blurring ｏfｖisｉon; ｄiｍnｅsｓof vｉsion)]视物模糊·[Burｎing (Drｙ) seｎsation] 烧灼(干燥)感·［Tearing （Daｃrｙorrhea;Lacrｉmａｔｉｏn）］流泪·[Doubｌｅｖision (Ｄｉｐlopia)］复视·［Sｔｒａｂisｍｕs］斜视·［Ｈemianopia] 偏盲·[Foreiｇn bodｙsｅnsatｉoｎ］异物感·[Ｌose the sight(Losｅof ｖｉsion)］失明·[Dimｉnutｉon ｏｆvｉｓｉon]视力减退·［Photophobｉa] 畏光·［Tｉｎｎituｓ]耳鸣·［Naｓal obstructioｎ(ｂlockaｇｅ)］鼻塞·[Dｒyｎｅｓs of thｅｎosｅ] 鼻干燥·［Rhinorrhｅａ(Snivel;Ｎasal dｉｓcharｇe）] 流鼻涕·[Sｎeezing]打喷嚏·［Ｓｎoｒing］打鼾·[Hyｐoｓmia（Ｒeduｃtion of ｔｈｅｓｅｎｓｅof smell）] 嗅觉减退·[Ａnosmｉa （Cｏmpletｅlｏss of senｓe of smeｌｌ)]嗅觉丧失·［Ｄyspｈonｉa]发音困难·［Hｏaｒseneｓs］声嘶·[Paｉn on sｗaｌlowｉng］吞咽痛·［Ｓａliva ｄribbｌies from the mouth]流涎·[Troａty voｉce］声音沙哑·［Stridor]喘鸣·[Rｅｄａnd swoｌlen］红肿·[Apaｔhy］情感淡漠医学专业英语·［Delusioｎ］妄想11 / 11。
hollow body position 体操术语
体操是一项古老而又优美的运动项目，它融合了力量、柔韧性、平衡和协调性。
体操运动员在比赛中所展现出来的各种动作和姿势都需要精湛的技巧和高超的身体控制能力。
而"hollow body position"（空心身体位置）就是体操运动中常用的一个术语，它在体操训练中具有非常重要的作用。
5.1 hollow body position的定义"hollow body position"是体操运动中常用的一个姿势，它要求身体平躺在地面上，同时腿部和上半身都要离开地面，形成一个弓形的弯曲，使得身体中间部分形成一个凹陷。
头部和肩部保持离地并保持稳定。
整个身体处于紧绷状态，腹部肌肉始终紧绷，臀部和腰部也要保持收紧，腿部和脚部要保持伸直。
在训练中，运动员需要将"hollow body position"保持一段时间，这样可以锻炼核心力量和腹部肌肉，并且提高身体的协调性和稳定性。
这个姿势也是许多体操动作的基础，只有掌握了"hollow body position"，运动员才能更好地完成其他复杂的技术动作。
5.2 hollow body position的训练方法要想掌握"hollow body position"，运动员需要进行一定的训练。
以下是一些常见的训练方法：1. 起始练习：初学者可以先从仰卧姿势开始，将双腿抬起，然后利用腹部力量将腰部离开地面，使得身体呈现一个略微弯曲的姿势。
同时保持双手伸直向上，头部和肩部离地。
2. 强化训练：随着对"hollow body position"的掌握程度提高，运动员可以逐渐加大训练难度。
可以利用哑铃、弹力带或者其他辅助器械来增加训练的挑战度，比如在双手持哑铃的情况下进行"hollow body position"练习，或者利用弹力带增加身体的平衡难度等。
分解动作作文
分解动作作文英文回答：Introduction:Decomposing movement into its constituent parts involves analyzing the individual elements that contribute to the overall motion. By breaking down complex movements into smaller, more manageable units, it becomes possible to understand the underlying mechanics and neuromuscular control involved.Elements of Movement:The primary elements of movement include:Body position: The arrangement of the body's segments relative to each other.Center of mass: The point at which the body's mass isconcentrated.Range of motion: The extent to which a joint can move in various directions.Force: The application of effort against an object or surface.Velocity: The rate at which the body or body segments are moving.Acceleration: The rate at which the body's velocity is changing.Biomechanical Analysis:Biomechanical analysis is used to evaluate the mechanics of movement by examining factors such as:Joint angles: The angles at which the joints move during a specific motion.Muscle activity: The muscles involved in generating and controlling the movement.Ground reaction forces: The forces exerted by the body against the ground during movement.Kinematic Analysis:Kinematic analysis focuses on describing the movement of the body without considering the forces involved. It typically involves measuring:Displacement: The change in the position of the body or body segments.Velocity: The rate at which the body or body segments are moving.Acceleration: The rate at which the body's velocity is changing.Neuromuscular Control:Neuromuscular control refers to the role of the nervous system in regulating movement. The nervous system sends signals to muscles to initiate and coordinate movements. Factors involved in neuromuscular control include:Motor planning: The development of a plan for the desired movement.Motor commands: The signals sent from the brain to the muscles.Sensory feedback: Information received from the body's sensory receptors about the current state of the body andits environment.Conclusion:Decomposing movement into its constituent parts allows for a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between biomechanical, kinematic, and neuromuscular factors. By analyzing these individual elements, it becomes possibleto identify potential areas for improvement, optimize performance, and prevent or rehabilitate injuries.中文回答：导言：分解动作包括分析组成整体运动的各个元素。
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American Journal of Gastroenterology ISSN0002-9270 C 2006by Am.Coll.of Gastroenterology doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00827.x Published by Blackwell PublishingInfluence of Body Position and Stool Characteristicson Defecation in HumansSatish S.C.Rao,M.D.,Ph.D.,F.R.C.P.,Renae Kavlock,M.D.,and Sheila Rao,R.N.Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology,Department of Internal Medicine,University of IowaCarver College of Medicine,Iowa City,IowaBACKGROUND:Whether defecation is influenced by body position or stool characteristics is unclear.AIM:We investigated effects of body position,presence of stool-like sensation,and stool form on defecation patterns and manometric profiles.METHODS:Rectal and anal pressures were assessed in25healthy volunteers during attempted defecation either in the lying or sitting positions and with balloon-filled or empty rectum.Subjects also expelleda water-filled(50cc)balloon or silicone-stool(FECOM)either lying or sitting and rated their stoolingsensation.RESULTS:When attempting to defecate in the lying position,a dyssynergic pattern was seen in36%of subjects with empty rectum and24%with distended rectum.When sitting,20%showed dyssynergiawith empty rectum and8%with distended rectum.More subjects(p<0.05)showed dyssynergia inlying position.When lying,60%could not expel balloon and44%FECOM.When sitting,fewer(p<0.05)failed to expel balloon(16%)or FECOM(4%).FECOM expulsion time was quicker(p<0.02).Stool-like sensation was more commonly(p<0.005)evoked by FECOM than balloon.CONCLUSIONS:In the lying position,one-third showed dyssynergia and one-half could not expel artificial stool.Whereas when sitting with distended rectum,most showed normal defecation pattern and ability toexpel stool.Thus,body position,sensation of stooling and stool characteristics may each influencedefecation.Defecation is best evaluated in the sitting position with artificial stool.(Am J Gastroenterol2006;101:2790–2796)INTRODUCTIONSymptoms such as excessive straining,hard stools,feeling of incomplete evacuation,and the use of manual maneuvers to assist defecation are reported by approximately20%of the population(1,2).These symptoms of difficult defecation are now recognized as important features of chronic con-stipation(1–5).However,symptoms alone do not provide sufficient discriminant value to either support a diagnosis of constipation or to provide pathophysiological information (3,6).Hence,physiological testing has been advocated to aid diagnosis and provide mechanistic insights(3,6).Tests of anorectal function,such as anorectal manometry or simu-lated defecation studies,reveal that many patients with consti-pation exhibit dyssynergic or obstructive defecation(6–10). However,in many centers,it is common practice to instruct patients to attempt defecation or undergo biofeedback train-ing for constipation in the lying position(11,13),but the act of defecation is usually accomplished in the sitting or squatting position.Moreover,when attempting to defecate in the left lateral position,it has been reported that some normal subjects may show an obstructive or incoordinated (dyssynergic)pattern of defecation(12,14).It has also been argued that this pattern may be a laboratory artifact(15). But,whether the body position is partly responsible for the dyssynergia observed in normal subjects and in patients with difficult defecation is not known.In addition to the evaluation of symptoms and rectal ex-amination,a test of simulated defecation(6,7,16–18)can be useful in the routine assessment of patients with defeca-tion disorders,as has been endorsed recently by the Amer-ican and European Societies of Neurogastroenterology and Motility(19).But,there is no uniform methodology of per-forming this test(7,12,15,17,18).In a survey of seven centers,only three routinely performed a test of simulated defecation and two of these centers asked patients to attempt defecation in the left lateral position(11).In a systematic re-view,several techniques of performing the balloon expulsion test were identified and the positive yield of balloon expul-sion test varied from23to67%,largely because of the testing conditions(7).Thus,an ideal method for performing the sim-ulated defection test remains to be defined,and whether the testing conditions influence the outcome of this test is not known.2790Body Position,Stool Form,and Defecation2791We tested the following hypotheses:(i)The left lateral posi-tion,although convenient for physiologic testing,is unnatural for defecation and results in higher frequency of abnormal findings such as dyssynergia when compared with the sitting position,even in normal subjects;and(ii)the FECOM is more stool-like and more likely to be expelled than a water-filled balloon.The aims of our study were twofold:(a)To examine the manometric pressure profiles of the anal sphincter and the rectum in healthy subjects during attempted defecation,both in the left lateral position and in the sitting position,and either with an empty rectum or after balloon distention of the rectum;and(b)To determine the subject’s ability to expel a water-filled balloon or a silicone-filled device(FECOM)in the lying and sitting positions.METHODSSubjectsT wenty-five healthy volunteers,m/f=10/15,mean age (range)=50yr(33–71),were recruited through a hospi-tal advertisement.All subjects were free of gastrointestinal symptoms and were not taking any medications except oral contraceptives.None of them had any previous abdominal or anorectal surgery or significant obstetric injury,such as third or fourth degree perineal tear.All of them reported a normal bowel habit and denied any symptoms of difficult defecation or rectal bleeding on a symptom questionnaire that inquired about stool frequency,straining effort,feeling of incomplete evacuation,use of digital maneuvers,painful defecation,hard stools,abdominal pain,and reflux symptoms.All subjects gave written informed consent and the study protocol was ap-proved by the Human Subjects Investigation review board. Study ProtocolIn order to test our objectives,each subject was asked to attempt defecation under four separate experimental condi-tions.Experiment1:Here,with the subject lying on a bed and in the left lateral position,a six-sensor solid-state manometry probe(Gaeltec,Isle of Skye,UK)with a4cm long balloon was placed in the rectum and taped to the perineum with a Tegaderm(3M,St.Paul,Minnesota).When correctly posi-tioned,the pressure sensors were located at1cm,1.5cm,2 cm,3cm,9cm(inside balloon),and14cm from the anal verge (14).The probe was connected to an amplifier/records(Gael-tec,T-MPR,Isle of Skye,UK).After a15-min rest period,the subject was asked to attempt defecation on two separate occa-sions,with a2-min rest period between each maneuver.Next, the subject was asked to sit on a commode and once again attempt defecation twice with a2-min rest period between each maneuver.Experiment2:With the subject lying on a bed in the left lateral position and with the manometry probe in situ(as described above),the balloon located in the rectum was dis-tended with volumes of50–100cc of air until the subject reported a desire to defecate.Subsequently,the subject was asked to attempt defecation on two separate occasions with a2-min rest between the maneuvers.Next,the balloon was deflated.After a15-min rest,the subject was asked to sit on a commode.Again,the rectal balloon was distended with50–100cc of air,as described above,and the subject was asked to attempt defecation twice.If the subject expelled the probe, the maneuver was not repeated.Thereafter,the probe was removed.Experiment3:After a30-min rest,with the subject lying on a bed,a5cm long latex balloon tied to a2mm plastic tube was placed in the rectum8cm from the anal verge.The balloon was distended with50cc water at37◦C.The subject was asked to expel this water-filled balloon in privacy lying on the bed,and the time taken to expel the balloon was noted by using a stop clock.The attendant returned after5min,and if the subject had failed to expel the balloon,it was removed. If expelled,the balloon was deflated and repositioned in the rectum.Next,the subject was asked to sit on a commode. The balloon was once again inflated with50cc water and the subject was asked to expel the balloon in privacy and the time taken was noted.Experiment4:After a15-min rest,a cylindrical,9cm long,silicone-filled(35cc)deformable device,FECOM,was placed in the rectum(20).Next,as described in Experiment 3,the subject was asked to expel the device,first when lying on the bed and next in the sitting position on a commode. Privacy was provided and the time taken to expel the device in each position was noted.Also,after placement of each stool-like device,the sub-jects were asked to describe their anorectal sensation for the following four symptoms on a visual100mm analog scale (rating of0–10):anorectal discomfort,did the device evoke a sensation of stooling,did the device evoke a desire to defe-cate,and did the device evoke urgency to defecate.Also,we inquired which of the two devices(device1or2)evoked a stool-like sensation when compared with their usual sensa-tion of stooling,and if used for testing their defecation,which device they would prefer.First,we performed experiments1or2in a random order. Next,we performed experiments3or4in a random order. In the latter two experiments,the subjects were blinded to the placement of either a50cc water-filled balloon or a FE-COM.Data AnalysisDuring each experiment,of the two attempts to defecate,the maneuver that most closely resembled a normal pattern of defecation(6,14)was used for performing the data analyses. For experiments1and2and during each attempt to defe-cate,we measured the maximum intrarectal pressure and at the same time,the minimum anal residual pressure and from these data a defecation index was calculated using previ-ously described criteria(6,14).The defecation index was defined as the ratio between the maximum intrarectal pres-sure and the minimum anal residual pressure(6,14).Also,we2792Rao et al.observed the pattern of defecation and classified it as normal or dyssynergic,as described previously(6).The percentage anal relaxation=100×(resting sphincter pressure–residual anal sphincter pressure)/resting sphincter pressure(14,19). For experiments3and4,we assessed the subject’s ability to expel the artificial stool(balloon or FECOM),either on the bed or on the commode,and the time taken for expulsion. StatisticsThe rectal and anal pressure changes during attempted defe-cation in the lying position or in the sitting position and with either an empty rectum or after distension of the rectum with a balloon were compared using the paired Student’s t-test.The proportion of subjects who exhibited a normal or dyssynergic pattern was compared using theχ2test.The number of sub-jects who could or could not expel a water-filled balloon or FECOM and the visual analog scores for a subject’s sensation of stooling were compared using the2-tailed Fisher’s exact test.The preference for each stool-like device was compared using an exact2-tailed test to answer the question whether the binomial proportion of the more frequent preference dif-fers from the null hypothesis that the proportions are equal. The proportions are expressed as percentages.Finally,we performed repeated generalized estimating equation(GEE) logistic regression analysis of the dependent variable,whether expulsion of balloon or FECOM occurred in a person who ex-hibited dyssynergia.In these analyses,the dyssynergia vari-able was defined as“dyssynergia present”if it was observed with any of the four conditions:empty rectal balloon sit-ting position,empty rectal balloon lying position,inflated rectal balloon sitting position,and inflated rectal balloon ly-ing position.Dyssynergia“presence”or“absence”was the only predictor variable in the GEE model.We specified an exchangeable structure for the working correlation matrix among repeated observations within subjects. RESULTSInfluence of Body Position on Manometric Pattern During DefecationWhen attempting to defecate with an empty rectum,9/25 (36%)subjects showed a dyssynergic pattern in the lying po-sition and5/25(20%)subjects in the sitting position.This dif-ference was significant(p<0.05).The dyssynergic pattern mostly consisted of an adequate pushing effort as demon-strated by a rise in the intrarectal pressure along with a para-doxical contraction or increase in anal sphincter pressure (Fig.1).When defecation was attempted after distending a balloon in the rectum,6/25(24%)subjects showed a dyssyn-ergic pattern in the lying position and2/25(8%)subjects in the sitting position,and this difference was not significant. Rectal and Anal Pressure Changes During Attempted Defecationa).When attempting to defecate with an empty rectum,theintrarectal pressure was higher(p<0.02)and theanal Figure1.Thisfigure shows the manometric pressure changes in the rectum and the anal canal during attempted defecation,in a sin-gle subject with an empty rectum.(A)This shows the occurrence of a dyssynergic pattern of defecation in the lying position with a paradoxical increase in anal sphincter pressure and a rise in the in-trarectal pressure.(B)When sitting on a commode,the same subject shows a more normal pattern of defecation comprising of a rise in intrarectal pressure synchronized with anal sphincter relaxation.residual pressure was lower(p<0.05)in the sitting po-sition on the commode when compared with the pres-sures in the lying position on the bed(Fig.2).Also, the defecation index was higher in the sitting position, mean(95%CI),sitting versus lying,1.8(0.3)versus1.43(0.2),p=0.05.The anal resting pressure was higher(p<0.02)in the sitting position when compared with the ly-ing down position and likewise the anal residual pressureBody Position,Stool Form,and Defecation 279320406080100120140160180P r e s s u r e (m m H g )Figure 2.The individual values for the intrarectal pressure and the anal residual sphincter pressure during attempted defecation in the lying and sitting positions,with an empty rectum.was also higher (p <0.05).However,the percentage anal relaxation was similar in both positions (lying vs sitting =35±11%vs 36±18%).b).After distension of the balloon in the rectum,the analresting pressure was higher in the sitting position when compared with the lying position (Fig.3),but the percent-age anal relaxation was similar in both positions (lying vs sitting,32±10vs 37±12%,p =N.S.).20406080100120140160180P r e s s u r e (m m H g )Figure 3.The individual values for the changes in the anal resting sphincter pressure and the anal residual sphincter pressure during attempted defecation in the lying and in the sitting positions,after balloon distension of the rectum.In fluence of Stool F orm and Stool Consistency on DefecationIn the lying position,15/25(60%)subjects could not expel a 50cc water-filled balloon,whereas in the sitting position,4/25(16%)subjects failed to expel the balloon (p <0.005).In the lying position,11/25(44%)subjects could not expel the FECOM,whereas in the sitting position,1/25(4%)subjects failed to expel the FECOM (p <0.005).In the sitting position,2794Rao et al.Table1.Expulsion Time,Preference(Stool-Like),and Subjective Responses on a Visual Analog Scale(0–10cm)for Each Artificial Stool Device in the Sitting PositionFECOM50cc Balloon(N=25)(N=25)p Value Expulsion time(s)48±3775±45p<0.02 Preferred stool device∗(%)19(76%)5(20%)p=0.006 Discomfort(0–10) 2.7±0.8 2.6±0.7N.S. Evoked sensation of7±1.2 5.6±1.3p<0.05 stooling(0–10)Desire to defecate(0–10)7.2±1.4 5.9±1.4p=0.05 Urgency(0–10) 4.6±1.3 3.9±1.2N.S.∗One person had no preference.Mean±95%CI,V AS scores:1=no and10=yes.the FECOM was expelled more quickly(p<0.02)than a50 cc water-filled balloon(mean[CI]48[37]vs75[45]s,p< 0.02)(Table1).The presence or absence of dyssynergia,irrespective of position,did not have a statistically significant effect on the probability of expulsion failure(p=0.0599).The predicted probability of expulsion failure(censoring)in the presence of dyssynergia was0.375(95%CI0.23–0.54)and in the absence of dyssynergia was0.196(95%CI0.09–0.35). Subjective Assessment of Stool-Like DeviceAmong the25subjects,19(76%)felt that the presence of FECOM in their rectum more closely mimicked their usual sensation for a desire to defecate.In contrast,5(20%)subjects felt that the balloon was more stool-like,and one subject had no preference(Table1).The FECOM was preferred by more (p=0.006)subjects than the balloon.When asked to score their desire to defecate with each stool-like device on a visual analog scale,the subjects rated the FECOM as more(p< 0.05)likely to evoke a desire to defecate. DISCUSSIONOur study showed that36%of normal healthy subjects ex-hibited a dyssynergic pattern when attempting to defecate with an empty rectum in the left lateral position.In contrast, 20%of subjects exhibited a similar pattern in the sitting po-sition.Thus,body position appeared to influence the pattern of defecation within a laboratory setting.When the experi-ments were repeated after the subjects were provided with a sensation of stooling through rectal balloon distension,24% of subjects showed a dyssynergic pattern in the lying position and8%in the sitting position.Thus,not only the body posi-tion but also a stool-like sensation influenced the pattern of defecation.The sitting position appears to be more conducive for defecation than the lying position.The manometric recordings during attempted defecation showed that the intrarectal pressure was lower in the left lat-eral position than in the sitting position.The anal resting and residual pressures were also lower in the left lateral position but higher in the sitting position,in part due to positional ef-fects on sphincter tone and the additional effect of the weight of intraabdominal viscera and that of the upper half of the body.Thesefindings confirm our hypothesis by demonstrat-ing that the dynamics for rectoanal coordination are less effi-cient in the lying position,and more subjects exhibit dyssyn-ergia in the lying position.Thus,our results indicate that both the body position and the sensation of stooling can in-fluence the pattern of defecation and the pressure changes in the anorectum.The aforementionedfindings were further corroborated by experiments with an artificial stool.In the left lateral posi-tion,60%of subjects could not expel a50cc water-filled balloon and40%of subjects could not expel a silicone-filled deformable device,FECOM.In contrast,only4(10%)sub-jects could not expel the balloon and only one subject the FECOM in the sitting position.Thus,the higher incidence of dyssynergia and the inability to expel“stool-like”devices in the left lateral position even in healthy controls,underscores the need to exercise caution when interpreting manometric tests that are usually performed in the left lateral position. Ourfindings contrast with those of Barnes et al.(21)who reported that all but one of their control subjects were able to expel balloons in the left lateral position.This discrepancy may in part be due to subject selection,as in the previous study,the subjects were not healthy normal controls,but pa-tients who had gastrointestinal evaluation for colon polyps, Crohn’s disease,or anal warts;also their age and gender dis-tribution was not stated.Although it is difficult to simulate normal stooling in the laboratory environment,if at all pos-sible,one should strive to test the ability to defecate more optimally in the laboratory.From our studies,it appears that ideally,a subject should be tested for attempted defecation in the sitting position,on a commode,and preferably after evoking a sensation of stooling.In addition,we found that76%of our subjects preferred a silicone-filled artificial stool,FECOM,to a water-filled bal-loon,suggesting that the form and consistency of a stool-like device may also influence defecation.The FECOM was also more likely to evoke a subject’s usual sensation of stooling than the balloon,confirming previous observations(20,22). These results suggest that the characteristics of stool,in par-ticular the sensation it evokes and its consistency,may also influence defecation,supporting our hypothesis.Also,ourfindings of a dyssynergic pattern of defecation in healthy controls further supports the notion that a sin-glefinding,such as an abnormal manometric pattern dur-ing attempted defecation,by itself,is insufficient to diagnose dyssynergia,as it has low specificity(6,7).Additional tests may be required,such as prolonged balloon expulsion time, or prolonged retention of markers on a colonic transit study, or prolonged difficulty with evacuating barium paste during defecography.These studies can provide corroborative evi-dence for anorectal dysfunction(6,7,17,18,23).The limitations of our study included our inability to mea-sure the axial expulsion forces during attempted defecation and the individual contributions of the abdominal muscles, pelvicfloor movement,and rectal forces(24).This informa-tion may have provided some additional understanding of the overall defecation dynamics.Also,whether the laboratoryBody Position,Stool Form,and Defecation2795conditions influenced the subject’s performance during one or more attempts to defecate cannot be excluded.Finally,the presence or absence of dyssynergia did not have a significant effect on the ability to predict a failure of expulsion of either FECOM or balloon.This may in part be due to the use of healthy controls and/or a type II error.In conclusion,our study shows that the body position,the sensation of stooling,and the consistency of stool may each influence the ability to defecate in healthy subjects.It is there-fore conceivable that these factors could play a significant role in the pathogenesis of symptoms in patients with diffi-cult defecation.All of these factors must be considered when evaluating patients with difficult defecation and in particular when interpreting the physiological tests of anorectal func-tion.Based on our observations,we recommend that a test of simulated defecation is best performed in the sitting position, and with an artificial stool,such as the FECOM,in order to minimize false positive results. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis research was supported in part by grant R01DK57100-03,National Institute of Health,and portions of this work were presented at Digestive Disease Week and published as an abstract:Gastroenterology1996;110:A741.The authors wish to thank Mrs.Heidi Vekemans for her excellent secretarial assistance and CK Brown for his assistance and advice with statistical and data analysis.Dr.S.Rao holds a joint patent with Inamed Corporation for the FECOM device. STUDY HIGHLIGHTSWhat Is Current Knowledger Symptoms of constipation are poor predictors of un-derlying pathophysiology hence,physiological testingis recommended.r The left lateral position,although convenient for phys-iologic testing is unnatural and may lead to higher in-cidence of dyssynergia but the effects of body positionand stool consistency on anorectal function are poorlyunderstood.We assessed defecation dynamics undervarious controlled conditions.What Is New Herer A higher proportion of healthy subjects demonstrateda dyssynergic pattern of defecation with a low defeca-tion index,and had difficulty with expelling simulatedstools in the lying position when compared to the sittingposition.r A silicone-filled stool-like device was more likely toevoke a sensation of stooling and was more easily ex-pelled than a water-filled balloon.r Defecation dynamics are best assessed in the sitting po-sition and after evoking a stool-like sensation in rectum.Reprint requests and correspondence:Satish S.C.Rao,M.D., Ph.D.,F.R.C.P.,Department of Internal Medicine,Division of Gas-troenterology/Hepatology,4612JCP,200Hawkins Drive,Iowa City, IA52242-1009.Received February17,2006;accepted June10,2006. 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Sheila Rao:research.Financial support:In part by grant RO DK57100-03 Potential competing interests:None。