外文翻译模板zhouwenwen

Rigid-flexible and economic - on the Beijing-controlled regulation block level awareness and considerAbstract: The article, through the traditional regulatory detailed planning analysis, pointing out that the planning results difficult to translate into public policy planning and management, in the face of a lack of adaptability to changes in the market can not be directly related to macroeconomic issues such as convergence planning. Then put forward in recent years through the Beijing neighborhood-level case-control regulatory interpretation, introduction and analysis, study the preparation of district level (2-3 square unit) of the control regulation in response to the traditional regulatory control problem often encountered when has the advantage and flexibility, in particular, to highlight it for the planning and management department can provide a new tool for management and coordination and more flexible to deal with complex changes in the market diversity, the protection of the Government of the characteristics of public service functions. Finally, the future also need to block-level control regulation of the legal status of the application of planning and management tools, the traditional elements of space control and guide and so on to conduct in-depth study and discussion.Key words: block-control regulations controlling the detailed planning of rigid and flexible planning1.Traditional control regulations in the preparation of the practical problems facingTraditional regulatory plan, since the emergence of the last century 90's has been in the interests of all of the game and balance problems are. The crux of the matter focused on how to coordinate the planning required to manage the rigid control and flexible response to market adaptability on:1.1Traditional regulatory control can not fully reflect the transformation of government functionsTraditional regulatory control can only be a direct reflection of the general land development and construction of the nature and intensity, as well as the embodiment of city space environment harmonization and unification of the core concerns are space andvision on the aesthetic effect, planners through a series of indicators to determine spatial form of land control. This form at all-fit-oriented government under the guidance of implementation, "a chess city" in the development and construction.With the deepening of reform, the government functions under the planned economic system by the all-around type to a service-oriented transformation of the functions of the Government focuses on government control and the provision of public services two aspects: First, we must deal with social activities in the various questions, function of maintaining social stability and order; two social development is to provide the necessary public goods, in particular, the market can not afford or are unwilling to provide public goods. At city-building, more and more real estate enterprises and industrial enterprises have become the mainstay of city development and construction, more and more with the right to speak, when the government must release the necessary permissions in order to play the role of market mechanisms, while at the same time be able to achieve maintaining the social function of stability, and ensure the supply of public goods, needed to reflect the Government represented by the maximization of public interest, this is not the original space-based content-control regulations can be reflected.1.2Traditional regulatory control results to the transformation of public policy have a considerable gapCity planning as a public policy, determined at the overall planning of urban and rural spatial distribution, the city's public resources to conduct an effective configuration of the living environment to make the corresponding request, the need for further construction of the city to conduct a comprehensive coordination, guidance and restraint, and made available to the management of the Town Planning Department of a management tool. Traditional control regulations although the preparation of a comprehensive set of control indicators and measures, but because of its factual findings to the block-type control chart is provided in the form of a lack of overall balance is always the aspect as well as the flexibility to respond to changes in the market.Common situation is: immediately after the recent construction sites will have to put in complicated and ever-changing market situation, often want to change the nature of the land, improve the rate of volume and height, adjust the layout of such request, then the planning and management department, the general Choose only the traditional outcome ofoutside regulatory control, through the block, the conditions for the demonstration, the addition of a planning conditions change and audited proof aspect, from the audited results, because of the lack of adequate planning at the restrictive conditions, improve lot of floor area ratio, a high degree of planning control to adjust the conditions of application can only "successfully" through. A lot of planning and management department have met with a similar dilemma: developer proposed to control the regulation of a plot to determine floor area ratio from 1.5 to 1.8 adjust, whether it is technically from the planning or management of policy, can not find the reasons for denying the application, and if these separate plots look all passed, up from the overall regulatory control is equivalent to waste a still, "there is no space under the management of poor-control regulation has been hard to manage."1.3 Changing market demand in the face of too rigidAccording to regulations covering the preparation of full-control regulation, in the face of long-term with no fixed pattern of development and development of the main city of the new area, can only rely on the experience and the limited regulatory requirements to set a blueprint for the ultimate, often required the assumption that the area will attract What is the nature of the industry, and what mode of transportation and living elements and so on. Often wait until the need to implement when the city-building mechanisms have taken place in very many changes in the main body of investment, development patterns, construction and operation of regional mechanisms and so on with the original planning assumptions are inconsistent, industry, transport, mode of living have been Ultra-out the original, this time charged with the regulation already completed will become very out of date.1.4 Upper face of the macro-planning difficult docking requirementsOverall planning in order to meet the needs of urban and rural economic and social comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development requirements, tend to make some macro measures such as content development model. These property with public policy measures, in order to land for the purpose of the traditional regulatory control it is difficult to fully reflect and docking. Beijing Daxing Metro as an example:In accordance with the "Beijing Urban Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)", Daxing Beijing Metro are the future-oriented regional development important node, in Beijing, the development of an extremely important strategic position, will guide the development ofbiological medicine, modern manufacturing, as well as commercial logistics, culture, education and other functions, are carrying the future city of Beijing to ease the population centers and functions of one of 11 Metro. 2020 Metro style scale land use planning 65 square kilometers, population 600,000 people scale.Prior to this, as are Beijing's Daxing county, to carry out the construction of satellite towns, the status quo conditions and Metro Planning has a larger gap between the objectives, the lack of sufficiently attractive to the urban areas can not effectively alleviate the stress. For instance: the lack of public facilities, facilities standards have been too low, with the center city poor transport links and so on. How to achieve the status quo to the Metro from the blueprint for change? At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" from the Metro's construction to start the implementation process, identified through the construction of rail transit, urban road construction, public service facilities, the transfer of administrative functions, cultural and educational function of the introduction of the introduction of leading industries six elements of the main construction of the Metro guide: the role of these elements together, and based on their spatial characteristics influence the scope and timing on reasonable arrangements to promote the development of Metro's construction, so that Metro be able to at the planning blueprint for the status quo gradually on the foundation can be achieved.Epistasis plans face similar macro-planning requirements, is clearly not a specific plot plan can be fully reflected in, let alone to cope with up to 15 years in the planning of the implementation process of various elements of the Change.2. Block-level regulatory control of the preparation of the contents of the formIn recent years, Beijing made the preparation of block-level control rules to deal with from a certain extent on the traditional block-control regulations that prevail in question. Metro style neighborhoods to control regulation as an example:First of all, divided into blocks. At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" the division of seven patches, three groups on the basis of the General consider regional characteristics, the layout of public service facilities, municipal service capacity transport facilities and space environmental capacity and other influencing factors to the Neighborhood (between block and block units, with a river, natural obstacles, primary and secondary roads, street boundaries offices, special function areas such as border Kaifongboundary) for the division of units, divided into 38 blocks , each block 2 ~ 3 square kilometers.Then, in the Metro to determine the scope of the whole block of lead, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction elements of the scope. Metro based planning, decomposition of the implementation of the dominant features of each block, that is blocks the function of positioning and the main direction of development to determine the largest block of land and has assumed a leading role in the nature of the land; from the overall economic strength and functions of the positioning of a comprehensive traffic capacity, public facilities Service capacity, municipal facilities, service capabilities, the capacity of the space environment in five aspects, such as integrated carrying capacity analysis, will be Metro's 600,000 population overall refinement scale decomposition to the block level, and to determine the total amount of block construction and classification of scale construction; in accordance with the Metro morphological characteristics of the overall space to determine the building height control framework and four baseline height, divided into low (18 m), Medium (18-45 meter), high (45-60 m) and 60 meters above 4, the implementation of each blocks range of benchmarks; to improve the living environment in accordance with the overall goals and other conditions, strength of construction will be divided into blocks of low-density, medium density, high-density third gear.And, through a comprehensive analysis of the status quo, implement the above decomposition of the conditions, separately for each block to determine the nature and scale, the configuration of the facilities and arrangements, a high degree of control elements, such as urban design, implementation timing, but also questions the need for further research, etc. specific content, which will eventually block the plans submitted in the form of results.3.1Effective extension of epistatic planning, for planning and management to facilitateTo block as a unit, decomposition and quantify the epistatic planning functions and development goals, and clearly the general character of each neighborhood and the development of intensity differences, in fact this job is to regulate, such as the total epistatic to quantify the macro-planning process. To block as a unit for total control andbalance, ease of basic facilities at all levels, public service facilities, urban safety facilities, transportation facilities, to conduct an overall balanced layout, more conducive to neighborhoods as a unit for analysis and monitoring. Beijing have been identified as a further refinement put blocks of land plots to control the minimum regulatory scope of the study and city planning and management of the basic unit.Dominant in determining the neighborhood function, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction scope of the facilities after the configuration of such factors, whether developers are still at all levels of government to entrust the preparation of land-control regulations, planning and management departments have a strong public policy based on quantifiable and can be used to guide and monitor the preparation of regulatory control block content, can ensure the configuration of the various facilities such as the contents of rigidity to the implementation, but also be able to through the overall control and strength to the block classification must control regulations left behind the flexibility of space.3.2 Responding flexibly to market changesBlock-level control regulations after wide coverage, its construction and classification of the total construction scale of indicators as the preparation of the detailed planning of the next level of control conditions, the guidance of land development and construction of concrete blocks at the scope of activities carried out within the overall balance. Block unit through the benchmark land prices, ownership, facilities, supply capacity factors such as a comprehensive assessment can be reflected to some extent on location, infrastructure conditions, such as market-sensitive elements on the differences in regulatory control in the preparation of land, they can further study the market demand effectively adjust to allow the market to be able to in the government's macro-control of the allocation of resources to play its basic role.At the same time, district-level planning at the preparation of regulatory control after the completion of the management of the implementation process can also be quantified using a variety of control means to effectively deal with changes in the market. To floor area ratio as an example, at district level because of regulatory control, the set up of the neighborhood's population and the total construction volume of construction and classification of the concept of a land plot development and construction are necessary toadjust the strength of blocks related to the total changes and changes in the demand for associated facilities, so that at least from the district coordination framework to achieve the purpose of breaking the individual review of the original plot to control the lack of indicators adjust based on the embarrassment, from the process reflects on the changes in construction activity the surrounding urban environment brought about by the impact. On this basis, the study implemented a similar "transfer of development rights" of the administrative system before operational.3.3Highlight the protection of the Government's public service functionsBlock-level control regulations, all land classified as Class A land (for the city to provide basic support and services) and Class B land (Government under the guidance of the market development of land), as well as X-type sites (sites to be studied) three categories. One of, A-type sites are the main green space, infrastructure, public service facilities, etc. must have a public property, mainly by the Government as an investment and management entities of the public space, its emphasis on the priority the implementation of space, thereby protecting the public interest priority . Comparatively speaking, the original concern of the traditional regulatory control elements at street level space of the controlled regulation of "take a back seat," the.4.Also necessary to further explore the question:In general, block-level regulatory control to add a meso-level studies, preparation of regulatory control block provides a fresh discussion of the work platform, as well as planning and management provided some actionable public policy basis for improved traditional regulatory control of some problems. However, block-level control regulation as a new thing also have a number of issues need to be further explored and research:First of all, the necessary clarity of its legal status and recognition. Because ofblock-level control is a regulation relating to a variety of factors (population, the facilities and so on) the overall balance of technological achievements, in particular, are some of the priority the protection of the facilities involved in city construction and operation of other government departments, administrative actions, a reasonable decide the legal status of its coordination and control of the key. Moreover, as the capital of Beijing and municipalities, and other city planning and construction management system must have differences in this municipality in Beijing can well-established system should not be able to copy to the cityin general go. How to promote neighborhood-level control regulatory experience gained enhance the legitimacy of its reasonable, but also required further study.Secondly, the required supporting management measures on the corresponding.Block-level control regulation is not only a many-level planning so easy that it give planning and management in the overall planning and control regulation of traditional land between the development of a new management platform, therefore, should give full play to its role, from the can not be supporting the planning and management measures on innovation. Such as in the control plots on the regulation of convergence can be the implementation process for some of the demand, derived from "transfer of development rights" and other related management measures and control means.Finally, the traditional elements of how the matching Spaces guide. Block-level control regulations to strengthen the government's public service functions, improve the public benefits of priority, relatively speaking, the traditional elements of the shape is relatively weakened. Visual imagery, body mass, Feel places the elements of these traditional control regulations usually take into account urban design elements, not at street level regulatory control to be reflected, then the block-level control regulations should be space elements which control what should be done about the city on the block level design elements to guide them accordingly? Looking forward to the future as soon as possible answers to those questions.References1, Beijing City Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)2, Tai Hing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)3, Tai Hing New regulatory plan (block level) .2007 years4, WEN Zong-yong. Control the underlying causes of regulatory changes and countermeasures. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :11-135, Yang Chun. Beijing City Center, the preparation and implementation of regulatory control of the background. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :14-156, Yang Jun, Yang Ziming. Beijing-controlled regulation of 1999-2006. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :37-407,Guohui Cheng,Li Shi, HUANG Jie. Rigid-flexible and relief: for controlling theoperation of the detailed planning. Town Planning .2007 (7) :77-808, Lin audience. Public Management from the Perspective of the adaptive control consider the detailed planning. Planners .2007 (4) :71-749, Wang Yin, Jun Chen. "Sharpen come true" - Interpretation of the Beijing Municipal Area "Control Regulation", prepared yesterday and today .. Beijing plans to build .2007 (5) :23-2610, Lan Zhou, Ye Bin, Xu Yao. Explore the detailed planning of the management control system architecture. .2007 City planning (3) :14-1911, Li Tian. Our country controlled detailed planning and a way out of confusion. .2007 City planning (1) :16-2012, city planning approach to make People's Republic of China Ministry of Construction No. 146 2005-12-31刚柔并济——对北京街区层面控规的认识与思考摘要文章通过对传统的控制性详细规划进行分析，指出规划成果难以转化为规划管理的公共政策、面对市场变化缺乏应变能力、无法直接与宏观规划衔接等问题。

要求：1、外文资料翻译内容要求：外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域，并与毕业设计（论文）选题相关的技术资料或专业文献，译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上，同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。

不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。

2、外文资料翻译格式要求：译文题目采用小二号黑体，居中；译文正文采用宋体小四号，段前、段后距为0行；行距：固定值20磅。

英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马（Times New Roman）小四号字。

装订时原文在前，译文在后。

文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。

参考文献也要翻译成中文！用于无线传感器网络数据估算的节能协调算法摘要：无线传感器网络的各节点是用电池供电的，网络的生存期取决于各节点的能耗大小。

考虑到这类传感器网络在不同地方，节点都是检测单一现象并发送信息到汇聚中心(Fusion Center， FC为其缩写形式)，以便汇聚中心能够处理实时信息。

在传统的系统中，数据处理任务是由汇聚中心来完成的，在传输之前是没有进行加工处理的。

在综合各种适值计算方法基础上，把网络分成了多个簇，数据分两个部分进行处理。

第一个部分是在各个簇的各个传感器节点上完成本地数据共享。

第二部分将在汇聚中心从各簇节点接收到所有的信息后完成。

本地数据共享将会使比特数据传输方面更高效。

在每个簇的所有节点上，我们可以采用相同的数据备份和一个虚拟的多输入-多输出（V-MIMO）架构，在簇到汇聚（FC）中心之间进行数据传输。

一个虚拟V-MIMO网络是由一组的分布式节点组成，每个节点都有自己的天线。

通过他们之间的数据共享，这些节点将变成传统的MIMO 系统。

在协同/虚拟的MIMO架构提出之前，协同阶段是没有进行任何数据处理或压缩的。

我们改变现有的V-MIMO网络算法来适应我们所关心的特殊类别的传感器网络。

我们用正交的时空分组码（STBC）作为MIMO部分。

通过仿真表明，这种算法相比于传统系统更加节能。

I.简介一个典型的无线传感器网络是由一组小型的、低价的和只有有限能源的传感器节点组成。

重庆科技学院学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文学院建筑工程学院专业班级土木应08(3)学生姓名谭梳琪学号2008540402译文要求1.外文翻译必须使用签字笔，手工工整书写，或用A4纸打印。

2.所选的原文不少于10000印刷字符，其内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关，由指导教师提供，并注明详细出处。

3.外文翻译书文本后附原文（或复印件）。

外文原文出自：R.帕克、T.波利编著的《钢筋混凝土结构》中的417-423页7.4 有腹筋钢筋混凝土梁的抗剪机理7.4.1腹筋的作用梁内有了像箍筋这样的腹筋之后，不会从根本上改变前面所描述的抗剪机理。

作为梁作用的主要元件的混凝土悬臂这时将像被拉住的悬臂那样工作。

除去有骨料咬合、销栓和悬臂的弯曲作用所联合承担的粘结力ΔT之外，还有一部分粘结力ΔT′能够由习惯上所说的“桁架作用”来承担。

在这个桁架中，悬臂起斜向压杆的作用（见图7.14）。

图7.14 起斜压杆作用的混凝土悬臂箍筋的存在在其他许多方面对梁作用也是有益的，它通过以下方式对抗剪机构的强度发挥作用：1.改进销栓作用。

箍筋能够有效地支承在它附近与弯剪裂缝相交的纵向钢筋。

2.通过桁架作用产生的斜压力C d抵消悬臂块体内的弯曲拉应力。

3.限制斜裂缝在弹性范围内的张开程度，从而使由骨料咬合作用传递的剪力得以维持和增强。

4.当箍筋布置得足够密时，能对混凝土提供约束，从而特别是在受拱作用影响的部位提高其抗压强度。

5.当在锚固区内由于销栓力和锚固力的作用而形成劈裂裂缝时，能防止粘结遭到破坏。

总之，可以说，做了适当的细部设计的腹筋将能保持梁的整体性，并因而能够保持前面已经详述的梁机构的强度V e，从而使更多的建立V s能由桁架机构来承担。

7.4.2桁架机构一个平行弦桁架与一个有腹筋混凝土梁之间在抗剪作用方面的相似性是混凝土结构的一个古老的概念。

这种由Morsch[7.2.23]在本世纪初所假定的相似性的含义是，等效桁架的腹杆是由起拉杆作用的箍筋和走向平行于斜裂缝的、通常是与梁轴成45°角的混凝土压杆所组成的。

作文模板英语六级周思成Title: Weekly Reflection on Becoming a Six-level English Learner。

As a six-level English learner, I have been reflecting on my learning journey on a weekly basis. This reflection has been an essential part of my learning process, as it helps me to identify my strengths and weaknesses, set goals, and track my progress. In this article, I will share my weekly reflection process and how it has contributed to my growth as an English learner.First and foremost, I dedicate time every week to reflect on my English learning journey. This reflection usually takes place at the end of the week, where I set aside some quiet time to think about the progress I have made and the areas I need to improve on. I start by reviewing the goals I set for myself at the beginning of the week and assess whether I have achieved them. This helps me to stay focused and accountable for my learning.During my weekly reflection, I also take the time to assess my strengths and weaknesses in English. I identify the areas where I excel, such as reading comprehension or vocabulary acquisition, and acknowledge the areas where I struggle, such as grammar or speaking fluently. By doing so, I can tailor my learning approach to address my weaknesses and further enhance my strengths.Setting new goals is another crucial part of my weekly reflection process. Based on the assessment of my progress and areas for improvement, I set new goals for the upcoming week. These goals are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART), which helps me to stay motivated and focused on my learning objectives. For example, if I struggled with grammar during the past week, I might set a goal to complete a grammar exercise every day to improve my understanding.In addition to setting new goals, I also track my progress on the goals I have set in previous weeks. This allows me to see how far I have come and celebrate myachievements, no matter how small they may seem. It also helps me to stay motivated and reminds me that consistent effort leads to improvement over time.Moreover, I use my weekly reflection as an opportunity to seek feedback from my teachers, peers, or language exchange partners. I ask for constructive criticism on my language skills and learning strategies, and I take their feedback into consideration when setting new goals for the upcoming week. This external input provides me with valuable insights and perspectives that I may not have considered on my own.Lastly, I end my weekly reflection by creating a plan of action for the upcoming week. This plan includes the specific steps I will take to achieve my goals, such as dedicating a certain amount of time each day to language practice, seeking out additional learning resources, or participating in language exchange activities. Having a clear plan in place helps me to stay organized and committed to my learning journey.In conclusion, my weekly reflection as a six-level English learner has been instrumental in my growth and development. It has allowed me to assess my progress, identify areas for improvement, set new goals, track my progress, seek feedback, and create a plan of action. By consistently engaging in this reflection process, I have been able to stay motivated, focused, and accountable for my learning, ultimately leading to continuous improvement in my English language skills. I am confident that this reflection process will continue to support my learning journey as I strive to become a proficient English speaker.。

西安欧亚学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译译文学生姓名：蔡阳分院（系）：信息工程学院专业班级：通信工程0701指导教师：赵雨完成日期：2011 年1 月5 日不能触碰这个—无线电力传输Can't Touch This—Wireless power transmission作者：Bill Weaver, Ph.D.起止页码：出版日期（期刊号）：2006年10月25日出版单位：（以上文字用小4号宋体，数字、字母用Times New Roman体）外文翻译译文：几年前，一个同事和我参加在校大学生团体的一个老式的实地考察，考察地位于新泽西州的爱迪生国家历史遗址的西橙。

我们随公众参观，并参观了设置于建筑物内的实验室，了解了白炽灯灯泡和电影技术的发展。

然而，令我最感动的是其中的两个复杂的附加功能。

首先，是配备了当时美国专利局的所有出版物的研究图书馆。

科学家和工程师的代表关注到适销对路的产品可能会在创造新技术中有所用途。

大学是随之而来的发现科学技术的伟大场所，但爱迪生的实验室却是作为一个企业而存在的。

在 19 世纪后期是没有互联网连接的，因此，图书馆便担任起了实验室的信息存储库。

就像今天，当研究人员所需要的信息是有关于化学反应、一个数学公式或他们最先进的工程解决方案而咨询目前的文献一样，只不过当时是通过纸张。

第二个令人印象深刻的事情是生产和加工设施的复杂性。

创建工具，使新的工具催化技术的发展，是爱迪生实验室的一个创新过程的早期代表性的例子。

通过快速采用标准，进一步简化此过程。

由于工具和设备大部分可以在本地发展，便可以在数英亩大小的校园中部署自己的标准并创造该设施。

这种标准之一是权力分配的方法。

最终已知的电网发展供电是著名的爱迪生灯泡，早期的爱迪生实验室使用的工具是由一个通用线路轴组成的机器。

组成一个类似于后轮驱动汽车传动轴的长旋转轴或像是一个海洋船只的螺旋桨轴，使整个工厂的旋转的势能形式分散了锅炉产生的机械能。

英文翻译分院理工分院专业土木工程届别2008 届学号084174263姓名朱鑫指导教师梧松2011 年 12 月 14日<文献翻译一：原文>USE OF SHALLOW SLOTTED FOUNDATIONSoil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, V ol. 48, No. 1, March, 2011 (Russian Original No. 1, Jan.-Feb., 2011)Experience acquired with the design and installation of slotted foundations during the construction of buildings in Moscow and the Moscow Oblast is codified. Examples are cited for use of these foundations on construction projects.In Moscow, these foundation designs have been used for the construction of a 22-story adminis-trative building on Nametkina Street, a 25-story hotel on the Dmitrovskii Highway, and a warehouse complex in the city of Vidnoe within the Moscow Oblast . As a rule, continuous monolithic reinforced-concrete slabs on a natural bed are used as foundations for the construction of residential and administrative buildings up to 25-stories high in Moscow.In a number of cases, however, installation of a slab foundation is difficult, since the limiting allowabletilts and the relative difference between settlements of the foundation bed are exceeded with this design;this is frequently caused by nonuniform loads due to the structure, or by nonuniformity of occurrence of geologic-engineering layers of the bed in plan, and with respect to depth. Nonuniformity of the load on the bed may be caused by insufficient stiffness of the building's superstructure resulting from an archi- tectural-planning decision, wind loads, etc.An example of the design and installation of foundations with a nonuniform load on the bed is the construction of the 22-story administrative building on Nametkina Street.The building has a trapezoidal planform with dimensions of 64.7 30.3 m. Clayey loams of slightly plastic and semi-hard consistencies with a layer thickness of 1.5 m below the bottom of the pit, which are underlain by dense sands ranging from silty to medium fineness with a thickness of 1.0-3.0m, reside at a depth of from 10.0 to 11.5 m in the bed of the foundation slab under design. Clayey loams and sandy loams of slightly plastic andsemi-hard consistency with a layer thickness of 3 m, which are underlain by 4 m of clayey loams of fluid consistency, are encountered below throughout the section. Saturated fine and silty sandy soils are encountered at a depth of 20 m and more.It was initially proposed to install a continuous monolithic reinforced-concrete slab 1.6 m thick on the natural bed comprised of slightly plastic and semi-hard clayey loams. The average coefficient of subgrade reaction calculated via the KROSS program C = 402 tons/m. Static analyses based on the SCAD software package indicated that: the maximum slab settlement s max was 14.3 cm, and the relative 2 Fig. 1. Monolithic slotted foundations: a) single-slot; b) dual-slot;c) multiple-slot in the bed of foundation slab; 1) monolithicreinforced-concrete wall; 2) raft; 3) foundation slab; 4) concretepreparation.The slot foundations were installed from a monolithic Class V15 concrete in the ground under a reinforced-concrete slab with use of a bar machine mounted on a MZTs-75 tractor), and were reinforced by a 5VpI-100 mesh. A single-slot foundation was tested in conformity with requirements set forth in [5] to determine the limiting allowable load per 1 m of a single-slot strip foundation for a wall height d = 1.2 m and thickness δ = 0.15 m. The test results indicated that the maximum load taken-up by the foundations ranged from 380 kN for a settlement of 13.8 mm to 470 kN for a settlement of 5.65 mm (Fig. 2).Use of multiple-slot strip foundations in the bed of the foundation slab of the administrative building on Nametkina Street made it possible to accrue a significant saving as compared with a slab- pile foundation. Material outlays were reduced by a factor of 1.9. of slotted foundation based on results of field tests on Nametkina Street.Operations involving the installation of a foundation slab with slotted foundations under the 25- story hotel were conducted on the construction project for the Dmitrovskii business zone. In the upper part of the geologic-engineering section, clayey loams of from highly plastic to semi-hard consistency and of different origin reside at a depth of 3-4 m under a layer of saturated soils 1.5 m thick. Below in a layer 8.2-10.1 m thick, morainic clayey loams of predominantly highly plastic con- sistency exist in the roof, but are semi-hard at the lower surface of the layer.Thereafter, fluvioglacial semi-hard clayey loams are encountered in a layer 1.5 m thick and morainic hard clayey loams in a layer 17.8 m thick. Turning attention to the 0.5-0.7-m layer of highly plastic clayey loams in the upper section of the bed of the foundation slab, it was decided to cut through this layer with slotted foundations, embed- ding the lower surfaces of the walls of the foundations in the slightly plastic clayey loams.To reduce the difference in settlement of the foundation slab, the thickness of which was set equal to 1.5 m in accordance with the initial design, it was specified that multiple-slot foundations be installed in the longitudinal and transverse directions with a wall height of 1,200 mm, thickness of 150 mm, and an inter-wall spacing of 1.2-1.8 m. In conformity with the design, the slotted foundations were built in trenches previously excavat- ed with a bar machine mounted on an MZTs-75 tractor. The foundations were formed from Class 15A segment of a double-slotted foundation with a length of 1.0 m, thickness of 0.15 m, inter-slot distance (spacing) of 1.8 m, and depth of 1.2 m, which is joined along the top to a reinforced-concrete footing (below the raft) with dimensions of 1.8 1.0 m, was tested under a vertical static press-in load [5], which was transferred onto the reinforced-concrete footing by a DG-100 hydraulic jack. In testing one segment of the dual-slot foundations, the press-in load was brought to P = 750 kN with a settlement s = 7.34 mm without separation the soil (Fig. 4). Shallow slotted foundations have also been used in the bed of transportation ramp ona project in the industrial zone of Vidnoe. The consumption of concrete for the retaining wall of the ramp was reduced, and a significant saving accrued owing to the anchoring capacity of the slotted foundation in the silty-clayey soils. The soil conditions at the entrance to the industrial zone for freight-transport facilities are char- acterized by the occurrence of highly plastic clayey loams with a compression modulus of 12-19 In connection with possible collapse of the walls of the trenches, a foundation was installed using a ditcher mounted on a DT 75 crawler tractor with subsequent manual grading of soil in the trench. The geometric parameters of the single-slot foundation were: wall height d = 1.0 m, and thickness δ = 0.25 m. The reinforcement was a single A-III mesh with d = 20 mm and 300 300-mm openings. The cut-through slot was filled with monolithic Class V25 concrete of casting consistency.The foundation was tested under a vertical static press-in load using a DG-100 jack in conformity with requirements of [5]. Settlement was recorded by two dial deflectometers. Results of the tests are presented in Fig. 5. The maximum load on the foundation was 150 kN, and the settlement 19.6 mm. No foundation settlement had been recorded prior to the 40-50 kN load.As for the tests of the single-slot foundation, the dependence of settlement on load was linear during construction of the 22-story administrative building on Nametkina Street. In that case, use of the single-slot foundation made it possible to reduce material consumption by a factor of 1.6 as compared with traditional designs of shallow foundations, and by a factor of 2.1 as compared with pile foundations.The examples cited demonstrate that based on test results, the loads on the shallow slotted foundations are comparable to those of foundations of traditional designs. Use ofmultiple-slot strip foundations in the beds of monolithic reinforced-concrete slabs makes it possible to lower vertical displace-ments of the slabs in required sections, reducing the relative difference in settlements, and also to compensate for bending moments that develop in the foundation slab. Examples of effective implementation of shallow slotted foundations suggest their reliability.REFERENCES1. EA Sorochan, Foundations of Industrial Buildings [in Russian], Stroiizdat, Moscow (1986).2. EA Sorochan, VI Krutkov, and V A Kovalev, Shallow Foundations [in Russian], Izdatel'stvo ASV, Moscow (2009).3. Building Code 50-101-2004. Design and Installation of Beds and Foundations for Buildings and Structures [in Russian].4. Design Manual. Beds, Foundations, and Underground Structures [in Russian], Stroiizdat, Moscow (1985).5. GOST 5686-94. Soils. Methods for the Field Testing of Piles [in Russian].<文献翻译一：译文>使用浅层开槽基础土力学及基础工程第48卷2011年1月（俄罗斯原件2011年1~2月）开槽地基的设计和安装是根据在莫斯科和莫斯科州的楼宇建设中获得的经验而编纂的。

外文翻译03汉语言文学 20034921112 莫庆才摘自：/2242/2005-11-24/177@280893.htmQin Qiang is not only the latest work by Jia Pingwa, but is also widely considered to be this writer's last major work. While previously Jia's most notable effort was The Abandoned Capital, an urban novel, Qin Qiang takes up his favorite topic, the Sha’anxi peasantry, and their lives during China's reforms and urbanization. The book is considered by some as another masterpiece, but others call it gloomy, difficult to read and nowhere near the quality of The Abandoned Capital.Unlike the Abandoned Capital, which provided insight into modern urban living, Qin Qiang is constructed within the rustic world, while its author, Jia Pingwa, happily expresses his love towards rural living. In fact, as the material for this earthy novel, Jia had used real life stories from his own family history."This book is about my own folks back home, my last and most precious resource for writing. I wouldn't touch this material if I had any other choice, as it directly tells a lot of things that happened to my own family. Before I began writing this book, I personally paid homage to all my dead family members from the past ten years, and gave a glass of wine as offering for those still living on Dihua street. During the writing process, incense burned night and day in a giant vase in my study, and the smoke swirled around my ceiling. Then all the spirits of the dead walked before me. I wrote down all those things that happened to my father's generation with respect and uneasiness, yet I needed only one year and nine months to complete this work."Although the title of the book, Qin Qiang, might not directly indicate the content, it actually provides a subtle connection with the rural area where this story takes place. Qin Qiang is the name of a local clapper opera, which dates back some two thousand years to the Qin dynasty, and is still a favored past-time for farmers on the loess plateau of Northern Sha'anxi. Indeed, for the old Sha’anxi generation, Qin Qiang opera represents the spirit of the land and its inhabitants, while the glamorous seduction of pop music disturbs people, leaving them eager to pull their muddy roots from the earth and move on.The book Qin Qiang is narrated by a madman named Yinsheng. Eccentric and asocial, he's obsessed by the beautiful Qin Qiang actress Bai Xue. In return, she is sympathetic to him but nothing more. After being beaten up and ridiculed by other villagers for his transgressions, Yinsheng mutilated himself.As told by Jia, Yinsheng is more ghost than man as he roams about the village,seeing, hearing and sensing those things which are out of reach for others. Through the observations of this wayward figure, we experience the whole panorama of village life; bawdy, brutal, joyful, and sad. As a result, this book is concerned with far more than just Yinsheng's own story.Author Jia Pingwa is a native of Danfeng county in Sha'anxi province. Born in 1953 to a farming family, he has since written several dozen books, with Turbulence, The Abandoned Capital and Shangzhou City his main works. The Abandoned Capital was released in 1993. Known as Feidu in Chinese, this thick, juicy story of contemporary life in an old Chinese city aroused much controversy, mainly because of its bold sexual content."Following that book a lot of people began to call my work vulgar and me an indecent rogue, because of the sexual descriptions. Newspapers also criticized me. Previously my works were all very "clean," and I think that I can’t just become a vulgar rogue overnight. Nevertheless, at that time, people talked about me everyday."Although The Abandoned Capital was banned in for its explicit sexual content by the State Publishing Administration, it's still described by journalists as "causing a great literary and publishing earthquake in 1993."In the case of his new work, Qin Qiang, some critics believe it is an epic on rural life. They hold that from this book, Jia Pingwa has returned to his most natural writing style, with a unique narrative angle--the angle of the madman Yinsheng.But criticism accompanies praise, for a book which certainly makes for an uncomfortable read. Nor is Qin Qiang a straightforward book to read, with all dialogue provided in the Sha’anxi dialect. Furthermore, some readers feel that the whole story lacks an obvious central plot; Jia Pingwa gives a strictly factual narrative on the lives of farmers and their experiences of invading urbanization, and abstains from any comments or value judgments."My hometown is on Dihua street. For my story I changed this to Qingfeng street. If Dihua street is the moon to me, then Qingfeng street is the reflection of this moon upon the water. Still, no matter how beautiful these streets are to me, they're made up of illness and death, parting and reunion, eating and drinking, and other everyday chores. Writing in this dry chronicler's style, I know that those who live or have lived in rural areas can understand it, but how about those living in the cities? Sha'anxi people can understand it, but can those living outside the province? It's not that I don’t understand this, nor that I refuse to, or have never writte n in a more meaningful and dramatic style. Instead it's because I'm only recording the petty affairs of everyday rural life, and as such, the book can only be written in this way."In his book's epilogue, Jia Pingwa states "I'm determined to erect a tablet for my home village on Dihua street…In the meantime my writing has proceeded with self-contradiction and pain. I don’t know whether I should sing praises to reality or curse life, to cheer for my folks or to feel sad for them…"Perhaps this is also why tho se who like his story will not be able to suppress an ambivalent sigh, upon completing the book and closing its pages.Readers also treasure the book because, although this may not be the last work of Jia Pingwa, the author did announce that he'd not write any major novels in the next ten years. He said this is because he'd used up his life experience with Qin Qiang and he'd been suffered too much during writing the book. Well, let's hope that there will be other good works coming out from thisprominent writer when he's fully recovered from the sufferings of Qin Qiang.秦腔不但是贾平凹的最新作品，而且被广泛地认为是作者最后的主要作品。

2012届本科毕业设计（论文）文献翻译题目宋体三号字，加粗学院宋体四号字专业宋体四号字班级宋体四号字学号宋体四号字姓名宋体四号字指导教师宋体四号字开题日期宋体四号字文献一：Commentary on Earnings ManagementThis commentary is intended to provide a framework for thinking about the implications of research design choices in earnings management research, to demonstrate some tradeoffs involved in making those choices, and to describe the connection between earnings management research and some other areas of accounting research. Understanding earnings management has implications for one of the central questions confronted by practicing professional accountants and academic accountants. That question concerns the influence and importance of accounting accruals in arriving at a summary measure of firm performance. Although the variety of accrual options available under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and the susceptibility of accruals to manipulation mean that the resulting accounting numbers could in principle be managed to the point of uninformativeness, available empirical evidence indicates that accruals do in fact have information content.^ That is, the opportunities for earnings management inherent in the current reporting system do not eliminate the usefulness of accounting earnings for valuing shares. Of course, research results to date have not shed any light on the issue of whether some change in the amount of managerial discretion might even add to the informativeness of accounting earnings.Framing questions of financial disclosure in terms ofthe existence and potential effects of earnings management helps us think about the following policy proposal: should accounting rules be promulgated in such a way that opportunities for earnings management are eliminated? This is another way of asking whether there are adverse consequences of earnings management, and if there are, whether accounting policy makers should attempt to eliminate them. By focussing on the costs and benefits of allowing for managerial discretion in the choice and application of accounting methods, researchers provide a framework for considering what we would have to give up to eliminate earnings management—for example, compensation-based incentives to manage earnings would be eliminated if managerial incentive contracts never included earnings. But this approach restricts contracts to exclude a potentially very informative signal about managerial productivity, and it ignores the possibility that earnings management has the essentially beneficial role of providing a means for managers to reveal their private information.The remainder of this commentary will focus on three issues: defining the object of earnings management; exploring conditions giving rise to earnings management; and designing empirical tests of earnings management. A final section contains some conclusions and offers some speculations about the connections bet'ween earnings management research and other areas of accounting research..By "earnings management" I really mean "disclosure management" in the sense of a purposeful intervention in the external financial reporting process, with the intent of obtaining some private gain (as opposed to, say, merely facilitating the neutral operation of the process). This definition limits the discussion, in that it includes only the external reporting function and not, for example, managerial accounting reports or activities (such as lobbying the Financial Accounting Standards Board) designed to influence or change Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.The definition of earnings management adopted here does not rely on any particular concept of earnings; it is based on a view of accounting numbers as information. It also subsumes management of the components of earnings or of supplementary disclosures. Under this definition,earnings management could occur in any part ofthe external disclosure process, and could take a number of forms.^ A minor extension to the definition would encompass "real" earnings management, accomplished by timing investment or financing decisions to alter reported earnings or some subset of it. The resulting accounting numbers could be "smoothed" in the sense that their over-time variability is reduced, but they need not be.Different forms of accruals-based and "real" earnings management are not equally easy to discern. For example, it might be difficult to distinguish empirically between investment or production decisions (such as choosing the level of expenditures on research and development or on advertising, adding or dropping a product line, or acquiring another firm) that are undertaken purely to maximize share values and those undertaken purely to manage earnings. Within the opportunities offered by the accounting system, managers could manage earnings by selecting accounting methods within GAAP or by applying given methods in particular ways (for example, they could change estimates of service lives of depreciable assets). The former is relatively dramatic and transparent in the year of the change; it may be flagged by the auditor in a public way and will likely receive footnote discussion. The latter, which merely contributes to the application of a given method, may be harder for an outsider to observe. Given current disclosure requirements, the effects of both accounting method changes and changes in the ways given methods are applied are very hard to estimate in the years after the initial change.^ Throughout, I consider earnings management from an informational perspective, as distinguished from an economic income (sometimes called a "tme income") perspective. This distinction matters because it has implications for interpreting results of earnings management research. Under a true income perspective, there is some number (such as economic income) which is purposefully distorted by earnings management. But there is another source of distortion as well: the rules of accrual accounting and GAAP lead to accounting numbers which measure true income with error, where the benchmark used to evaluate the degree of such measurement error is a true income metric.^ Therefore, the true income perspective implies that unmanaged earnings are noisy measures of a benchmark, and that managing earnings changes the properties of the noise (such as its amount, bias, or variance).Under an informational perspective, earnings are one of many signals which may be used to make certain decisions and judgments. One example is the valuation of securities. The informational perspective implies that the important attribute of accounting numbers is therefore their "information content," a statistical property, so the question of measurement error or noise relative to a true income benchmark does not arise. The actual values of the numbers—which are of essential importance under a true income perspective—are not an important attribute. Ta see this distinction, suppose every firm added $1 million to income, and this practice was public knowledge. No statistical relation except the ratio of two firms* incomes would be altered by this linear transformation, but the value would be "distorted."The informational perspective on earnings management assumes managers have private information which they can use when they choose elements from a feasible set of reporting rules, under a given set of contracts that determine (for example) compensation and other sharing rules among stakeholders. Their choices include not only accounting procedures but also estimates required by those procedures, such as estimates of uncollectible accounts or warranty costs.'' No concept of earnings as a true value is needed, although the researcher might well be interested in considering what the financial process would produce in the absence of purposeful intervention.Most earnings management research assumes that both the feasible reporting set and the contract set are predetermined—they are fixed and can be taken as given by one who wishes to manage earnings. In fact, of course, both contracts and the feasible reporting set change over time in response to economic and institutional pressures. These pressures could include either earnings management or the perception that earnings are being managed; in some sense, therefore, contracts and reporting rules are endogenous to the earnings management problem.^ But the reporting set or contract set may well be taken as fixed for a given reporting period, such as a year. In designing a research study, the advantage of taking the contract/reporting set as fixed is that the fixed sets imply rigidities or frictions which in tum imply an incentive for earnings management. This assumption permits a focus on earnings management as a response to environmental conditions, but it precludes a dynamic analysis of the evolution of contractual changes and other responses that might occur as a result of the perception that earnings are being managed.^ Researchers adopting the assumption of fixed contracting and fixed feasible reporting sets confront the question: how do these fixed sets create incentives for earnings management and what institutional features of the reporting environment make earnings management possible? This question has been addressed using analytic models. Such models are usually based on strong, perhaps unrealistic, assumptions about human behavior. They are therefore sometimes pejoratively labeled stark and stylized representations. But this label overlooks the advantages of such representations; they impose disciplinon our intuition, so that we can see where intuition can and does lead us astray. Their spareness—^which has been labeled by some as a lack of realism—Exposes what must be assumed to allow earnings management to arise in an economic setting. In other words, a well-constructed analytical model offers the advantage of stripping away second-order effects and extraneous considerations to reveal what drives the economic behavior being examined. It can also reveal when earnings management could be supplanted by other contractual arrangements.翻译一：盈余管理的评论这篇论文想要提供盈余管理的定义来为研究盈余管理学者提供一个思路，来论证一些交易相关的决策以及描述盈余管理的研究和其他有关会计领域研究的关系。

Yangtze University College of Arts and Science 翻译大作业学号201041490班级英日5103姓名瞿小敏外语学部2013年6月提示：本页请勿装订。

任务说明：翻译实训平台英译中 3000字翻译实训平台中译英 2000字TQ实训平台项目任务一篇（篇幅不限）参考模板如下：翻译实训平台英译中原文：商务计划Overview China is set to surpass the United States as the world’s largest manufacturer by 2011.It is crucial for China’s economy to move beyond manufacturing and excel in technology and innovation for it to become the leading world power. Every year, 350,000 engineers graduate and enter the workforce. China has the capability; it must enable its younger generation to thrive in order to achieve success. Innovation and technology are the key success factors for empowering China’s economy. Technology clusters like Silicon Valley are instrumental for driving this growth. It is therefore essential for China to build clusters in order to incubate and accelerate technology. Plan, build and develop a Nanjing cluster that will drive innovation and growth for the Middle Kingdom is the first step towards achieving China’s goal. What are Clusters? Clusters are vital for the following reasons. Due to their strong entrepreneurship, innovation vitality and state-supported active networking, innovative clusters are an efficient component of economic growth. They can leverage Research and development driven innovation, knowledge transfer and financial flows without large public money outlay. Also, they constitute an existing core entity of an economy, within which collaboration among public, private and social partners already works. Clusters are defined as: geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions that compete but also collaborate. They create an environment for generators of economic growth and employment opportunities. The power of an ecosystem In order to successfully create a cluster like Silicon Valley, there must be a vibrant ecosystem in place. This successful ecosystem is built on six pillars - government, universities, start-ups, large companies, venture capital and infrastructure. All six must work closely and effectively. One of the main factors of success is mobility of resources - people, capital, and ideas. The six pillars need to be closely linked and allow free flow between them. Recently , the cycle of innovation has largely been associated with what scholars describe as the “Triple Helix” model,which combines government, business, and public research in the development of knowledge-based innovation systems. We strongly believe that this is solely half of the inputs instrumental for success. Moreover, there must be alignment of incentives and goals. Building the ecosystem Our strong advantage is that we are building an ecosystem of tomorrow. There are technological parks that already exist in Nanjing, China and elsewhere in the world. However, it is essential to focus on the new generation, especially with the work-style trends morphing in the future. Drawing from experience in Silicon Valley, developing a cluster in the Middle East, as well as advising the leaders of major clusters worldwide on how to succeed, we have the resources to create this future center of innovation in Nanjing. What we propose We propose to create the next generation cluster in Nanjing. Our goal is to build an ecosystem that will drive innovation and economic growth with a window to the world. It will be a center of attraction, a place to live, work, learn and play. What will make it so important for companies is that the Nanjing Innovation Center will be a living lab for learning and testing. Products and services can first be tested and perfected in the cluster before being offered to the rest of China and the World.译文：商务计划概述 2011年，中国将超过美国成为世界上最大的制造商。

毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：学生姓名：学号：专业：所在学院：龙蟠学院指导教师：杜杨职称：讲师2011年月日THE CRACK OF CONCRETE1 cracksConcrete cracks for many reasons, mainly temperature and humidity changes, the brittleness of concrete and uneven, as well as unreasonable structure, failure of raw materials (such as alkali-aggregate reaction), template deformation, differential settlement of foundation.The concrete to harden during the evolution of considerable heat of hydration of cement, the internal temperature rising, the surface tension caused by stress. Late in the cooling process, due to coagulation on the basis of the constraints or old, will occur within the tensile stress in the concrete. Lower temperature in the concrete surface will cause a lot of tensile stress. When the tensile stress beyond the capacity of concrete cracking, the cracks will appear. Many of the internal humidity of concrete with little or changes slowly, but the surface may change more or humidity change dramatically. Such as conservation, failed to keep dry when wet, the surface of concrete shrinkage deformation by internal constraints, but also often leads to cracks. Concrete is a brittle material, tensile strength is the compressive strength of about 1 / 10, short-term ultimate tensile deformation during loading only (0.6 ~ 1.0) × 104, the limit position when the long-term loading elongation only ( 1.2 ~ 2.0) × 104. the material is uneven, unstable water-cement ratio, and transport and Segregation in the pouring process, in the same piece of concrete in the tensile strength is uneven, there are a lot of tensile strength low, easy-to-weak parts of the cracks. In reinforced concrete, the tensile stress is mainly borne by the reinforced concrete is under stress. In plain concrete or reinforced concrete on the edges if the tensile stress within the structure there shall be to rely on concrete to bear. General design requirements in both the tensile stress does not appear or appear only very small tensile stress. However, the maximum temperature of concrete in construction to the operation of the cooling period of steady temperature, often caused by a large concrete internal tensile stress. Sometimes more than other things, thermal stress can be caused by stress loading, the variation of thermal stress control for the rational design and construction is extremely important.2 Analysis of Thermal StressAccording to the formation of thermal stress can be divided into the following three stages:(1) Early: Since the pouring of concrete began to cement the basic end of the heat, usually about 30 days. Two characteristics of this stage, one release of a large number of hydration heat of cement, the second is the elastic modulus on the coagulation of dramatic changes. As the elastic modulus of this period to form residual stress in the concrete.(2) Medium-term: the role of heat from the cement concrete base until the end of cooling to a stable temperature only, this period, mainly due to thermal stress and external cooling of concrete caused by temperature changes, stress and early formation of these residual stress overlay of coagulation during this period little change in the elastic modulus.(3) late: after the concrete has cooled during the operation. Thermal stress is mainly caused by external temperature changes, these stresses and residual stress in the first two-phase superposition.According to the temperature stress-induced causes can be divided into two categories: (1) self stress: There are no constraints on the boundary or completely static structure, if the internal temperature distribution is nonlinear, due to structural constraints arising from their co-temperature stress. For example, the bridge piers, structure size is relatively large, concrete cooling the surface temperature is low, the internal temperature is high, the surface tensile stress, compressive stress occurs in the middle.(2) restraint stress: the structure of all or part of the border by the external constraints, not free to deformation caused by stress. Such as concrete roof and parapet concrete box girder.Both the temperature and stress is often caused by shrinkage of concrete joint action of stress.Accurate according to the known temperature in order to analyze the thermal stress distribution, size is a more complex task. In most cases, the need to rely on model test or numerical calculation. Creep of concrete so that there is a large thermal stress relaxation,thermal stress calculation, we must consider the impact of creep, will not dwell here on the specific calculation.3, temperature control and prevention measures for cracksTo prevent cracking, reduce temperature stress can control the temperature and improve the constraints of two aspects.Temperature control measures are as follows:(1) The improvement of aggregate gradation, with a dry hard concrete, mixed with mixture, add air-entraining agent or a plasticizing agent measures to reduce the amount of cement in concrete;(2) when the mixing of concrete will be crushed stone and water or water cooling to reduce the temperature of the concrete pouring;(3) hot days when the pouring of concrete pouring to reduce the thickness of heat by pouring level;(4) the laying of water pipes in the concrete, which leads to water cooling;(5) provides a reasonable form removal time, the surface heat when temperatures plunged to avoid dramatic concrete surface temperature gradient;(6) Construction of Concrete Blocks and long-term exposure to surface or thin-walled structure, insulation measures taken in the cold season;Measures to improve the constraints:(1) reasonable parting block;(2) to avoid excessive fluctuations basis;(3) reasonable arrangements for the construction process, to avoid the excessive height and long-term exposure to the side;In addition, improving the performance of concrete and improve the crack resistance, enhance conservation, to prevent surface shrinkage, in particular, to ensure the quality of concrete is very important to prevent fractures, special attention should be avoided through the cracks, appears to restore the integrity of its structure is very difficult, so the construction should be to prevent the occurrence of cracks in the main cross-cutting.In concrete construction, in order to improve the turnover rate of the template, often require new concrete form removal as soon as possible. When the temperature is higherthan the temperature of concrete removal time should be due consideration, in order to avoid the early cracks in the concrete surface. New casting early form removal, on the surface caused by large tensile stress, a "thermal shock" phenomenon. Early in the concrete pouring, the distribution of heat of hydration, the surface tension caused considerable stress, then the surface temperature is higher than the temperature at this time removal of the template, the surface temperature plunged, would inevitably lead to the temperature gradient, the surface attached to a tensile stress, thermal stress superposition and hydration, along with concrete shrinkage, the surface tensile stress to a great value, there is the risk of lead fracture, but after removal of the template in a timely manner if the surface coverage of a light insulation materials, such as foam sponge, concrete surface to prevent excessive tensile stress, a significant effect.Reinforced concrete for large thermal stress has little effect, because the large volume of concrete with reinforcement ratio is very low. Only a reinforced concrete impact. Not too high in temperature and stress below the yield limit under the conditions of the properties of steel is stable, but with the stress state, independent of time and temperature. Linear expansion coefficient of steel and concrete in linear expansion coefficient difference is small, changes in temperature between the two occurs only within a very small stress. The elastic modulus of the steel elastic modulus of concrete 7 to 15 times, when the stress reaches the tensile strength of concrete cracking, reinforcement of stress will not exceed 100 ~ 200kg/cm2 .. So you want to use in concrete reinforced to prevent the emergence of small cracks is difficult. However, the cracks within the structure was reinforced generally becomes more than the number, spacing is small, a smaller width and depth. And if the diameter of thin reinforced when close spacing, to improve the crack resistance of concrete is better. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures on the surface often thin and shallow cracks occur, most of which are shrinkage cracks. While this is generally shallow cracks, but it strength and durability of the structure is still a certain extent.To ensure the quality of concrete to prevent cracking and improve durability of concrete, the proper use of additives is one of the measures to reduce cracking. Such as using less water, crack resistance, the author summarizes in practice its main role is to:(1) there are a large number of pores of concrete road, water evaporating capillary tension generated in a capillary, so that concrete shrinkage deformation. Diameter of capillary pores increases the surface tension can be reduced, but will reduce the strength of concrete. The theory of surface tension early in the sixties had been recognized internationally.(2) water-cement ratio is an important factor affecting concrete shrinkage, the use of water-reducing agent can crack concrete water consumption reduced by 25%.(3) the amount of cement is also an important factor in shrinkage of concrete, mixed addition and subtraction of water in the crack resistance of the concrete under the conditions of maintaining the strength of concrete can be reduced by 15% of the amount of cement, aggregate consumption by increasing its volume to add.(4) water-reducing agent can improve the cracking slurry consistency and reduce the bleeding of concrete, reduce shrinkage deformation Shen.(5) improve the slurry and the aggregate bond strength, improved crack resistance of concrete.(6) concrete in the contraction of restrained tensile stress, tensile strength of concrete when the tensile stress is greater than when the cracks will be generated. Water-reducing agent can effectively improve the cracking of the concrete tensile strength, a substantial increase in the crack resistance of concrete.(7) compacting concrete admixture additive can, and can effectively improve the carbonation resistance of concrete to reduce the carbonation shrinkage.(8) mixed with water-reducing retarding crack resistance of concrete time to properly, effectively prevent the cement on the basis of the rapid heat of hydration to avoidlong-term non-condensable cement brought plastic shrinkage increases.(9) mixed with a good admixture of concrete workability, easy to touch the flat surface to form a micro-film to reduce evaporation and reduce drying shrinkage.Many have a retarding admixture to increase workability, improve the function of plasticity, we in engineering practice in this regard should be more experimental comparison and research, than simply by improving the external conditions, may be more simple and economical.4 early curing of concretePractice shows that cracks in concrete common, most of the surface cracks of different depth, mainly because of the temperature gradient caused by the sudden drop in temperature in cold areas are also easy to form cracks. So, to say the insulation of concrete to prevent cracks in the surface is particularly important in early.From the viewpoint of thermal stress, thermal insulation should meet the following requirements:1) prevent the concrete and the concrete surface temperature difference between inside and outside the gradient, to prevent surface cracks.2) prevent the concrete super-cool, should try to try to make concrete the construction period of not less than the minimum temperature on the stability of the temperature of concrete used.3) to prevent cold and old concrete to reduce the constraints between the new and old concrete.Early curing of concrete, the main purpose is to maintain proper temperature and humidity conditions in order to achieve the effect of two aspects, one of the concrete from adverse temperature and humidity deformation of the invasion, to prevent the harmful shrinkage and shrinkage. On the one hand to smooth the cement hydration in order to meet the design strength and crack resistance.Appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity are interrelated. Insulation measures are often on the coagulation has moisturizing effect.From the theoretical analysis, water contained in fresh concrete can meet the requirements of more than cement hydration. However, due to evaporation and other factors often cause water loss, and thus delay or hinder the hydration of cement, concrete surface and directly affected by the most vulnerable to such adverse effects. So the first few days after concrete pouring is the conservation of a critical period in the construction should be earnestly pay attention to it.5 ConclusionOver the construction of concrete cracks in the relationship between temperature andcarried out the initial theory and practice of, despite all the academic cracks in the concrete and calculation methods are different theories, but for specific advice for prevention and improvement measures is relatively uniform the same time, the application effect in practice is relatively good, concrete construction depends on our seeing much comparison, more analysis after problems, and more sum up, dealing with a variety of preventive measures, concrete cracks are completely avoidable.混凝土裂缝1 裂缝的原因混凝土中产生裂缝有多种原因，主要是温度和湿度的变化，混凝土的脆性和不均匀性，以及结构不合理，原材料不合格（如碱骨料反应），模板变形，基础不均匀沉降等。