天津师范大学644语言理论2012考研专业课真题试卷

2012年天津师范大学333教育综合真题亲爱的同学们，如果您准备考教育学，那么教育学考研真题是必不可少的内容，凯程老师特别把历年教育学考研真题整理如下，供同学们参考，更多年份的真题，同学们也不用费心去寻找，凯程官方网站就有免费提供，找客服索取即可。

凯程创建于2005年，已经有11年悠久历史，在教育学方面战绩辉煌，网站有很多学员经验谈视频，肯定对大家很有帮助，也是凯程辅导成果的展示，凯程开设有基本保录班、半年保录班、暑期集训营、百日冲刺集训营，飞翔标准班等课程。

下面发布的是2012年天津师大333教育综合真题。

一、名词解释（每小题5 分，本大题共30 分）1、范例教学模式2、因材施教原则3、自我效能感4、学习策略5、科举制度6、苏格拉底二、简答题（每小题10 分，共40 分）1、浅析课程实施的概念及其运行结构2、简述陶行知的“生活教育”思想3、简述赫尔巴特的教学阶段论4、简述杜威教学方法的五个阶段三、论述题（每小题20 分，本大题共80 分）1、如何看待普通中小学的性质与任务？2、如何理解教师专业发展的内涵及发展途径？3、说明班杜拉的观察学习过程及其对教学工作的启示。

4、论述蔡元培“五教并举”的教育方针。

本文转载自凯程考研网凯程考研免费提供以下内容，到凯程网站找客服免费索取。

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[考研类试卷]2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷.doc[考研类试卷]2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 ______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（A）Chomsky（B）Saussure（C）Bloomfield（D）Halliday2 A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（A）comprehension（B）performance（C）perception（D）competence3 "I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（A）displacement（B）creativity（C）duality（D）arbitrariness4 The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______. （A）Bloomfield（B）Saussure（C）Chomsky（D）Halliday5 Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（A）Processing utterances.（B）Producing utterances.（C）Language acquisition.（D）Componential analysis.6 The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（A）Articulatory phonetics（B）Auditory phonetics（C）Phonological process（D）Acoustic phonetics7 Which of the following statements is true?（A）Larynx is what we sometimes call "Adam's apple".（B）The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.（C）There are two nasal consonants in English.（D）It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8 ______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（A）Diphthongs（B）Pure Vowels（C）Cardinal Vowels（D）Vowel Glides9 The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（A）consonants（B）places of articulation（C）vowels（D）manners of articulation10 Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（A）Voiceless alveolar affricate.（B）Voiceless bilabial nasal.（C）Voiced alveolar stop.（D）Voiced alveolar fricative.11 Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（A）High front tense unrounded vowel.（B）High back lax rounded vowel.（C）Mid central lax unrounded vowel.（D）Low back lax rounded vowel.12 The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence ofa minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（A）allophone（B）phoneme（C）sound（D）syllable13 ______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（A）Allomorph（B）Word（C）Morpheme（D）Root14 ______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（A）Affix（B）Suffix（C）Stem（D）Prefix15 By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（A）substitutability（B）position（C）co-occurrence（D）coordination16 ______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（A）Subject（B）Predicate（C）Object（D）Complement17 ______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（A）Particles（B）Auxiliaries（C）Pro-forms（D）Determiners18 Which of the following is under the category of "OpenClass"?（A）Nouns.（B）Conjunctions.（C）Determiners.（D）Prepositions19 ______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types. （A）Hyponymy（B）Antony my（C）Polysemy（D）Synonymy20 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（A）An Integrated Theory（B）Speech Act Theory（C）The Classical Theory（D）The Referential Theory二、填空题21 ______ studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.22 Hymes' theory of______was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.23 As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, ______ concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.24 According to Langacker, ______ is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantagepoint, figure-ground segregation, etc.25 In cognitive linguistics, ______ is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.26 Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a ______ schema, which involvesa physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.27 ARGUMENT IS WAR is a______metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.28 In the cognitive literature, ______ is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.29 ______ theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.30 Hymes points out that a ______ refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".31 The ______ hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker's unique ways of understanding of the world.32 An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and ______ was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.33 ______ linguistics addresses the structuring withinlanguage of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.34 As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, ______ concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.35 Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, ______, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.36 John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to ______, which was published posthumously in 1962.37 According to Austin, though ______ cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.38 The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant ______ must be appropriate.39 Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of______.40 The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, ______ and non-conventionality.41 Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of______ communicatesthe presumption of its own optional relevance.42 According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is ______ to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".43 In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the forceof______, or speaker's economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer's economy. 44 Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by ______ which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.45 A popular term in Stylistics, ______, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.46 Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are____.47 A/An______ foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed bya stressed one.48 On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is______.49 The term______was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.50 ______is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.三、写作题51 Choose four of the following questions for EssayDiscussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.52 Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.53 The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?54 The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.55 Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.56 There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior;a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first:linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.57 Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.58 Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.。

2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：116.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Halliday2.A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（分数：2.00）prehensionB.performanceC.perceptionpetence3."I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（分数：2.00）A.displacementB.creativityC.dualityD.arbitrariness4.The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______.（分数：2.00）A.BloomfieldB.SaussureC.ChomskyD.Halliday5.Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Processing utterances.B.Producing utterances.nguage acquisition.ponential analysis.6.The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（分数：2.00）A.Articulatory phoneticsB.Auditory phoneticsC.Phonological processD.Acoustic phonetics7.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）rynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C.There are two nasal consonants in English.D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8.______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（分数：2.00）A.DiphthongsB.Pure VowelsC.Cardinal VowelsD.Vowel Glides9.The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（分数：2.00）A.consonantsB.places of articulationC.vowelsD.manners of articulation10.Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（分数：2.00）A.Voiceless alveolar affricate.B.Voiceless bilabial nasal.C.Voiced alveolar stop.D.Voiced alveolar fricative.11.Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（分数：2.00）A.High front tense unrounded vowel.B.High back lax rounded vowel.C.Mid central lax unrounded vowel.D.Low back lax rounded vowel.12.The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（分数：2.00）A.allophoneB.phonemeC.soundD.syllable13.______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（分数：2.00）A.AllomorphB.WordC.MorphemeD.Root14.______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（分数：2.00）A.AffixB.SuffixC.StemD.Prefix15.By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（分数：2.00）A.substitutabilityB.positionC.co-occurrenceD.coordination16.______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（分数：2.00）A.SubjectB.PredicateC.Objectplement17.______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（分数：2.00）A.ParticlesB.AuxiliariesC.Pro-formsD.Determiners18.Which of the following is under the category of "Open Class"?（分数：2.00）A.Nouns.B.Conjunctions.C.Determiners.D.Prepositions19.______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.（分数：2.00）A.HyponymyB.Antony myC.PolysemyD.Synonymy20.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（分数：2.00）A.An Integrated TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.The Referential Theory二、填空题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)21. 1 studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________22.Hymes" theory of 1was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________23.As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________24.According to Langacker, 1 is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point,figure-ground segregation, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________25.In cognitive linguistics, 1 is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________26.Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a 1 schema, which involves a physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________27.ARGUMENT IS WAR is a 1metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________28.In the cognitive literature, 1 is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________29. 1 theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________30.Hymes points out that a 1 refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________31.The 1 hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker"s unique ways of understanding of the world.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________32.An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and 1 was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________33. 1 linguistics addresses the structuring within language of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________34.As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________35.Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, 1, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________36.John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to 1, which was published posthumously in 1962.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________37.According to Austin, though 1 cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________38.The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant 1 must be appropriate.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________39.Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________40.The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, 1 and non-conventionality.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________41.Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of 1 communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________42.According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is 1 to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________43.In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the force of 1, or speaker"s economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer"s economy.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________44.Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by 1 which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________45.A popular term in Stylistics, 1, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________46.Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________47.A/An 1 foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed by a stressed one.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________48.On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________49.The term 1was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________50. 1is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________三、写作题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)51.Choose four of the following questions for Essay Discussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________54.The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior;a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 58.Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

[考研类试卷]2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 ______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（A）Chomsky（B）Saussure（C）Bloomfield（D）Halliday2 A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（A）comprehension（B）performance（C）perception（D）competence3 "I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（A）displacement（B）creativity（C）duality（D）arbitrariness4 The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______. （A）Bloomfield（B）Saussure（C）Chomsky（D）Halliday5 Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（A）Processing utterances.（B）Producing utterances.（C）Language acquisition.（D）Componential analysis.6 The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（A）Articulatory phonetics（B）Auditory phonetics（C）Phonological process（D）Acoustic phonetics7 Which of the following statements is true?（A）Larynx is what we sometimes call "Adam's apple".（B）The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.（C）There are two nasal consonants in English.（D）It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8 ______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（A）Diphthongs（B）Pure Vowels（C）Cardinal Vowels（D）Vowel Glides9 The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（A）consonants（B）places of articulation（C）vowels（D）manners of articulation10 Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（A）Voiceless alveolar affricate.（B）Voiceless bilabial nasal.（C）Voiced alveolar stop.（D）Voiced alveolar fricative.11 Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（A）High front tense unrounded vowel.（B）High back lax rounded vowel.（C）Mid central lax unrounded vowel.（D）Low back lax rounded vowel.12 The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence ofa minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（A）allophone（B）phoneme（C）sound（D）syllable13 ______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（A）Allomorph（B）Word（C）Morpheme（D）Root14 ______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（A）Affix（B）Suffix（C）Stem（D）Prefix15 By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（A）substitutability（B）position（C）co-occurrence（D）coordination16 ______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（A）Subject（B）Predicate（C）Object（D）Complement17 ______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（A）Particles（B）Auxiliaries（C）Pro-forms（D）Determiners18 Which of the following is under the category of "Open Class"?（A）Nouns.（B）Conjunctions.（C）Determiners.（D）Prepositions19 ______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types. （A）Hyponymy（B）Antony my（C）Polysemy（D）Synonymy20 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（A）An Integrated Theory（B）Speech Act Theory（C）The Classical Theory（D）The Referential Theory二、填空题21 ______ studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.22 Hymes' theory of______was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.23 As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, ______ concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.24 According to Langacker, ______ is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation, etc.25 In cognitive linguistics, ______ is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.26 Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a ______ schema, which involvesa physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.27 ARGUMENT IS WAR is a______metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.28 In the cognitive literature, ______ is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.29 ______ theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.30 Hymes points out that a ______ refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".31 The ______ hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker's unique ways of understanding of the world.32 An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and ______ was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.33 ______ linguistics addresses the structuring within language of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.34 As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, ______ concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.35 Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, ______, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.36 John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to ______, which was published posthumously in 1962.37 According to Austin, though ______ cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.38 The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant ______ must be appropriate.39 Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of______.40 The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, ______ and non-conventionality.41 Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of______ communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.42 According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is ______ to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".43 In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the forceof______, or speaker's economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer's economy. 44 Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by ______ which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.45 A popular term in Stylistics, ______, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.46 Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are____.47 A/An______ foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed bya stressed one.48 On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is______.49 The term______was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.50 ______is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.三、写作题51 Choose <u>four</u> of the following questions for Essay Discussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.52 Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.53 The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?54 The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.55 Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.56 There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior; a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.57 Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.58 Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.。

天津师范大学
2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题
试题名称：汉语基础试题编号：354专业名称：汉语国际教育
研究方向：不区分研究方向
育明教育资深咨询师薛老师认为：在考研复习备考中，信息收集是非常重要的，其次是有一定的方法和套路，在专业课上面能够得到相关内部人员的指导那就更是事半功倍了。

特别是能够收集到一些笔记、真题、讲义、课件、模拟题等具有含金量的资料，那更是为自己考研之路创造有利的条件，希望同学们能够合理利用这些资料，合理安排时间，最后坚持到底，相信自己一定能得到一个满意的答卷！
一．名词解释（每词4分，共40分）
1.现代汉语民族共同语：
2.音位：
3.表意文字：
4.语素：
5.外来词：
6.区别词：
7.主谓谓语句：
8.连谓句：
9.复句：
10.借代：
二．填空题（每小题1分，共10分）
1.与印欧语言相比，汉语在语法上最大的特点是____。

2.从发音部位看，z,c,s这几个声母都属于____。

3.传统上，韵母开头的元音按其发音的唇形和舌位的不同可以北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班。

2010年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、概念解释1.历史教育2.《中学历史教学大纲》3.历史课程资源4.乡土教材5.“（美）新社会科教育运动”6.历史课堂教学活动7.板书8.历史角色扮演二、简答题1.列举建国以来我国历史教学目标发展演变三个阶段的内容2.简述初、高中学生历史思维能力的基本特征3.简述中学历史教师的课时教学准备工作4.扼要说明历史课程评价的理念趋向三、论述题1.概要论述历史学的价值与社会功能2.试述中学历史教学过程的基本环节和教学原则3.试述我国新世纪中学历史课程改革的基本要求和基本原则2011年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、名词解释1.历史基础知识2.中学课程计划3.历史学业评价4.建构主义5.认知学派6.布鲁姆的学习分类7.史料研习8.教学语言二、简答题1.简述历史思考的能力2.简述布鲁姆的“学科结构论”的基本内容3.简述编制中学历史课程的基本原则4.简要评价历史教科书的标准三、论述题1.概要论述历史教育目标的世界性发展趋势2.论述历史教学过程的特征和基本结构3.论述历史课程在学校教育中的作用2012年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、名词解释1.历史学习能力2.中学课程标准3.学科中心论4.历史教材5.活动课6.谈话法7.角色扮演8.多媒体教学二、简答题1.简述新中国我国中学历史教育目标的时代特点2.简述新中国我国基础教育课程改革的基本目标3.简述编写中学历史教科书应处理的几个关系。

4.简述当代教学模式发展的基本趋势三、论述题1.概述历史学的价值和社会功能2.概述中学历史教学应遵循的主要原则3.历史课程在学校教育中有何作用？（结合新课程改革要求说明）2013年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、名词解释1.历史课程2.历史教学大纲3.历史基础知识4.过程与方法5.历史教学模式6.活动探究课7.图示法8.历史课程板书二、简答题1.简述历史教育目标的世界性发展趋势2.简述新中国历史课程目标的发展阶段与内容3.简述中学历史教学应遵循的主要原则4.简述多媒体课件在历史教学中的功能三、论述题1.结合新课程改革，概述现代历史课程的基本理念2.结合中学学校教育的实际，试述历史课程在基础教育中的地位和作用3.简述一般的中学历史教学过程2014年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、名词解释1.中学历史课程标准2.历史教育的“三维目标”3.历史理解能力4.谈话法5.历史课外活动6.历史教材二、简答题1.简述新课程改革之前我国历史教育的“三项任务”2.简述新中国历史课程改革的基本理念3.简述新中国历史课程教学的主要类型（课堂教学）4.对历史教师的素质要求三、论述题1.简述当今历史教育目标的世界性发展趋势2.结合史学特点，论述历史学的主要价值与社会功能3.结合教学实践，扼要阐述中学历史教学的主要原则2015年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、名词解释1.唯物史观2.（历史）陈述性知识3.历史思维能力4.问题教学法5.讲评课6.（历史）学习环境二、材料分析1.历史学知识在人文学科中的地位与作用，如同数学知识在自然科学中的地位和作用一样，在学科网络结构中举足轻重。

2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷.doc2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：42.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：17，分数：34.00)1. 1by 2records the history of modern civilization advancing on the receding wilderness, and its basic conflict is between the protagonist who insists on man"s old forest freedom and the judge who believes that man remains savage without law and order.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2."To speak truly, few adult persons can see nature. Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing. The sun illuminates only the eye of the man, but shines into the eye and the heart of the 1. " These lines are taken from Nature by 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.Isabel Archer, who comes to Europe with a will to live a free life only to become the victim of two American expatriates" scheming, is the protagonist of 1by 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.In 1, Stephen Crane has 2as the historical setting to faithfully represent the cowardice and fear of the protagonist who tries to flee from the combat.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5."The Burial of the Dead," "A Game of Chess," "The Fire Sermon," " Death by Water," and "What the Thunder Said" compose the five parts of the poem 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6. 1"s play 2successfully portrays the Wingfields as a family of escapists who are indulged in their own illusory worlds.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7.Most of 1"s heroes are Jewish intellectuals or writers who, facing violence and victimization, try to discover "the queerness of existence" and overcome it.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.In 1, the unnamed African American who is trapped in a coal-filled manhole recalls his past experiences from a small southern town to New York.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________9. 1is regarded by many critics as the earliest narrative poem in the history of British literature.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10.John Bunyan is an English novelist of the 17th century. The main narrative technique he uses in his famous work The Pilgrim"s Progress is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.In the 18th century, heroic couplet as a poetic medium reached its perfection in the hands of（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12.In 1"s 2, the protagonist begins as a man of integrity anda pillar of his countiy, but ends with a tragic vision of human existence, voicing that " Life is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. "（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.The poem 1 by Samuel Taylor Coleridge literally relates how a king commands a palace to be built, but thematically suggests that a great poet has to touch hell and the unconsciousin order to see into the essence of things and compose great poetry.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________14. 1by 2 traces the growth of young Pip from innocence to experience and from immaturity to maturity.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________15.In "My Last Duchess," Robert Browning employs 1as the poetic form to have the speaker reveal his inner psychology.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________16.The three major characters in 1"s masterpiece 2represent three different human archetypes in education, taste, and attitude toward life, with Stephen Dedalus the most cultured, Leopold Bloom in the middle of the social and educational ladder, and Molly settling comfortably at the bottom.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________17. 1is an example of paradox.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________二、分析题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)18.By Aristotle"s definition of tragedy, a tragic character suffers the change of fortune from good to bad, order to disorder, and this change is a result not of vice but of some great error or frailty in character. Analyze the tragic flaw of a character in American or British literature.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 19.As a theorist of short story, Edgar Allan Poe proposes that the first sentence should help bring out the single effect of the story. Explain what is the single effect of "The Fall of the House of Usher" and how it is achieved through the beginning sentence.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 20.Define and illustrate what the omniscient point of view is with reference to one novel by Jane Austen or Charles Dickens.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 21.Writers or poets are often lumped together as a group for the same artistic assertion they share or the same significant social event(s)they are influenced by. The Lost Generation is a particular term referring to the writers and artists who spoke for the young people that came of age during and shortly after the First World War, alternatively known as the World War I generation. Please describe the characteristics of " The Lost Generation" with references to writers and literary works.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________。

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目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！
天津师范大学2012年汉教考研真题及其答案解析
试题名称：汉语基础
试题编号：354
名称：汉语国际教育
研究方向：不区分研究方向一、名词解释（每词4分，共40分）
1.现代汉语民族共同语：
2音位：
3.表意文字：
4语素：
5.外来词：
6.区别词：
7.主谓谓语句：
8.连谓句：
9.复句：
10.借代：
二．填空题（每小题1分，共10分）
1.与印欧语言相比，汉语在语法上最大的特点是____。

2.从发音部位看，z,c,s 这几个声母都属于____。

3.传统上，韵母开头的元音按其发音的唇形和舌位的不同可以分为开口，齐齿，合口和____的四乎。

4.不算轻声，现代汉语普通话一共有阴平，____，上声和去声等四种声调。

天津师范大学2010年天津师范大学333教育综合真题一、名词解释1、教育目的2、课程3、守恒4、成就动机5、苏格拉底方法6、《1988年教育改革法》二、简答题1、简述人的身心发展的一般规律2、简述人文主义教育的特征。

3、简述美国公立学校运动的主要内容。

4、简述宋朝历史上三次著名的兴学运动。

三、分析论述题1、试论述掌握知识与发展智力之间的关系。

2、联系实际分析学校管理的发展趋势。

3、分析论述蔡元培的大学教育思想，和对北大的改革。

4、举例说明加里培林的智慧技能按阶段形成的理论。

一、名词解释1、京师同文馆2、朱子读书法3、道尔顿制4、教育心理学化5、最近发展区6、成功智力理论二、简答题1、掌握知识与发展智力的关系。

2、课程内容设计怎样进行德育?3、教师应具备的素养。

三、论述题1、教育与政治制度的关系。

2、赫尔巴特课程理论。

3、陶行知生活教育理论。

4、如何培养和激发学习动机。

一、名词解释1、范例教学模式2、因材施教原则3、自我效能感4、学习策略5、科举制度6、苏格拉底二、简答题1、浅析课程实施的概念及其运行结构。

2、简述陶行知的“生活教育”思想。

3、简述赫尔巴特的教学阶段论。

4、简述杜威教学方法的五个阶段。

三、论述题1、如何看待普通中小学的性质与任务。

2、如何理解教师专业发展的内涵及发展途径。

3、说明班杜拉的观察学习过程及其对教学工作的启示。

4、论述蔡元培“五育并举"的教育方针。

一、名词解释1、教学模式2、课程标准3、元认知策略4、技能5、《学记》6、“教育性教学原则"二、简答题1、简述教育与文化的关系2、简述建立良好师生关系的途径与方法3、简述书院教育的特点4、述简述美国“八年研究”主要涉及的问题。

三、论述题1、如何看待班级授课制？2、论述陈鹤琴“活教育”思想体系。

3、评述结构主义教育及其影响。

4、如何提高学生问题解决的能力。

一、名词解释1、京师同文馆2、朱子读书法3、道尔顿制4、教育心理学化5、最近发展区6、成功智力理论二、简答题1、简述教育与政治制度的关系。

天津师范大学
2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题
试题名称：汉语基础试题编号：445专业名称：汉语国际教育
研究方向：不区分研究方向
育明教育资深咨询师薛老师认为：在考研复习备考中，信息收集是非常重要的，其次是有一定的方法和套路，在专业课上面能够得到相关内部人员的指导那就更是事半功倍了。

特别是能够收集到一些笔记、真题、讲义、课件、模拟题等具有含金量的资料，那更是为自己考研之路创造有利的条件，希望同学们能够合理利用这些资料，合理安排时间，最后坚持到底，相信自己一定能得到一个满意的答卷！
2012年全日制汉语国际教育硕士专业
学位研究生入学考试
汉语国际教育基础试卷
壹中外文化及跨文化交际基础知识
一．填空题（每小题1分，共30分）
1．___思想的核心是自然无为。

他在《逍遥游》。

《齐物
论》等名篇中表达了他超然物外的哲学思想。

2.湖南岳阳楼，湖北___和江西滕王阁被誉为我国“三
大名楼”。

3.___是中国本土上产生的宗教。

4.___是商州时期的重要乐器，在八音中属金，打击乐
器，规模比较大，其特点是组合性和系列化，用大小不
同的铜钟显示音质。

5.东汉时期的___总结了前人经验，制成了质量更高的
植物纤维纸，人称“蔡侯纸”，对人类文明作出了巨大贡献。

北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班。