浅析艾米小说的叙事特征及其缺陷【开题报告】

外国文学福克纳短篇小说《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》的叙事艺术探析刘燕侠辽宁工业大学外国语学院摘要：福克纳是美国20世纪的著名文学家，《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》是福克纳的代表短篇小说之一，本文将从艾米丽的个性形象，整篇小说的脉络架构、叙事手法、结构安排等方面探析这篇著名的短篇小说的叙事艺术。

关键词：福克纳；短篇小说；艾米丽的个性；叙事艺术一、引言威廉·福克纳是诺贝尔文学奖的获得者，其创作的小说对美国后来文学家的创作有着关键启示作用，他一生中创作了上百部脍炙人口的小说和作品，其中短篇小说《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》是最为人熟知的一部，具有鲜明的时代特征，此文创作的背景正值南北战争阶段，美国南方封建的落后的贵族主义制度和北方已经如火如荼展开的工业革命带来的资本主义产生了强烈的冲突，在这样的背景下，福克纳写出了没落的闭塞的南方贵族小姐艾米丽的悲剧的具有强烈哥特风格的故事，本文将对其叙事艺术进行分析。

二、《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中的叙事艺术解析《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》是一篇风格瑰丽的短篇小说，全文总共五个部分，以艾米丽去世。

邻居乡亲蜂拥而至参加她的葬礼开篇，紧接着介绍了艾米丽的家族、她所处的思想碰撞的时代以及造成艾米丽古板执拗的性格的环境，接着讲述了由于南北战争之后美国南北方文化不断融合后艾米丽与赫默·伯隆之间相恋的情节，接着作者笔锋一转，插入了一些艾米丽日常的生活片段，包括去药店买毒药、邻居闻到艾米丽的阁楼飘出异味、艾米丽满头银灰色的头发、赫默·伯隆再也没有出现过等等细节，最后作者流畅地过渡到开头邻居参加艾米丽的葬礼中，文中最后一句是：“我们当中有一个人从那上面拿起了什么东西，大家凑近一看——这时一股淡淡的干燥发臭的气味钻进了鼻孔——原来是一绺长长的铁灰色头发。

”[1]作者并没有明确地说出艾米丽谋杀了她的情人，但是这样巧妙的叙事艺术让每一位读者都明白了事情的原委，福克纳将一个一个的片段结合在一起，给读者展现了一副美国南方贵族没落后的贵族小姐的悲惨人生，具体来说，运用了以下几种叙事艺术。

让·艾什诺兹小说的叙事风格探析让·艾什诺兹（Jean Echenoz）是法国当代著名作家，他的小说以其独特的叙事风格而受到广泛赞誉。

本文将探析让·艾什诺兹小说的叙事风格。

让·艾什诺兹的叙事风格十分简练明快。

他善于用简洁的语言表达复杂的情节和思想，不废话，语言精炼。

他的句子通常简短有力，没有冗余的修饰词，言简意赅，给读者留下丰富的想象空间。

例如在他的小说《我在巴黎见到了吉尼维芙》中，描述主人公如何逃避追捕，他写道：“他扛起背包，喘了口气，一屁股坐上自行车，向下骑。

”这样简捷的叙述方式使读者感受到了主人公紧张的情绪和动作的迅速。

让·艾什诺兹善于使用幽默和讽刺的手法。

他在小说中经常使用幽默的对白和描写来增加故事的趣味性。

他用一种轻松幽默的语气，嘲笑社会的荒谬和人性的弱点。

例如在他的小说《关门吧，蛤蟆先生》中，描述主人公对待自己人生的态度时，他写道：“只管漂亮地过好每一天，就另外没别的好要求的了，什么都要求会诱发焦虑和忧愁。

”这种幽默的叙述方式让读者在笑声中思考生活中的现实问题。

让·艾什诺兹善于使用冷峻的描写手法。

他的叙述风格几乎没有感情色彩，专注于客观描写事实。

他用平静的语调来描述战争、疾病、死亡等严肃的话题，不渲染情绪，没有对事情进行价值评判。

例如在他的小说《灭绝》中，描写一场灾难后的情景时，他写道：“大街上房屋都是一片废墟，到处都是悲伤和绝望的呐喊声。

”这种冷静的描写方式使读者得到直观的感受，可以自行思考和评判。

让·艾什诺兹的叙事风格常常出人意料。

他经常使用出人意料的情节转折和结尾，让读者感到意想不到。

他不按照传统的叙事结构来构建故事情节，常常跳跃式的叙述，让读者无法预测下一步的发展。

例如在他的小说《我在巴黎见到了吉尼维芙》中，最后的结局完全出乎读者的意料，主人公突然死去，这种突如其来的情节转折让读者震惊不已。

让·艾什诺兹的叙事风格以其简练明快、幽默讽刺、冷峻描写和出人意料的特点而著称。

《呼啸山庄》的叙事特色研究摘要：女性作家艾米莉・勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》以深刻的主题、诗化的语言、生动的人物形象受到了读者的喜爱，除此之外，小说独特的叙事手法也是作品获得成功的因素之一。

《呼啸山庄》以女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德的交错叙述为主;在叙事时间上适当地加快或放慢，拿捏精准;通过自然，推动了故事情节的发展。

关键词：《呼啸山庄》;叙事主体;叙事时间;自然《呼啸山庄》是女性小说家艾米莉・勃朗特的传世之作，是她唯一的一部小说，在英国文学史甚至世界文学史上都占有重要一席。

该部小说问世于1847年，以希刺克厉夫和凯瑟琳的爱情故事为主线，向读者展示了复杂的人性和扭曲的社会。

在《呼啸山庄》发行之初，评论家曾质疑其纷乱且不成体统，鉴于此，本文以其叙事特色为主题，从叙事的主体和时间、自然三个方面探讨这部小说的创作手法，解读《呼啸山庄》的独特魅力。

一、叙事主体的交错《呼啸山庄》以女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德的叙述为主，交叉转换，小说中的人物也参与叙述，打破了以往小说中惯用的呆板乏味的套层结构，从不同叙述层面展开，小说由于多个叙述者的叙述，呈现出立体化的效果，小说结构紧凑，并且增加了故事的真实性，从而使整部小说显得扑朔迷离，新奇而独特，引人入胜。

作者艾米莉・勃朗特别具一格地塑造了两位主要的叙述者，分别是呼啸山庄的女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德，两位叙述者的身份不同，视角不同，带给读者的感受也不同，可以使读者感受到主人公丰富的情感和故事情节的曲折迷离。

《呼啸山庄》一共有三十四章，不同章节的叙事主体如下图所示：小说以洛克伍德的叙述开篇，通过他的日记，为读者展示了呼啸山庄以及山庄里的人和事，在他的眼里，似乎一切都不正常，对山庄他也充满了疑虑，从而引出了纳莉的叙述。

由他的好奇心引起了读者的好奇心，作者在小说中巧妙地设计了许多悬念，围绕着这些悬念的解开，小说情节和人物也逐渐清晰起来。

纳莉是与世隔绝的理想避难所――呼啸山庄的历史见证人，山庄的人世浮沉、兴衰起落都在她的的眼前发生。

一、选题的背景和意义威廉·福克纳是美国文学史上最具影响力的作家之一，同时也是意识流文学在美国的代表人物。

他一生共写了19部长篇小说和120多篇短篇小说，对当代美国小说做出了强有力的和艺术上无与伦比的贡献。

美国密西西比州是福克纳的出生地，它位于美国南部。

福克纳对家乡美国南部有着浓浓的“南方情结”，因此他对美国南方就多了一份了解与关注。

内战后，南方贵族没落，社会变迁，但其顽固守旧的心态依然弥留，并与北方工业文明形成了强烈的冲突，与此同时，北方工业文明对南方种植园经济的冲击也是逐渐加大。

在这一背景下，福克纳撰写了这一短篇小说——《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》，通过小说中女主人公艾米丽的悲惨际遇，并究其悲剧形成的原因，从而揭露了社会变革时期中不可调和的矛盾与冲突。

同时，国内外也有很多学者对《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》有着多种不同角度的研究，通过不同的视角或者观点，分析造成艾米丽悲剧人生的诸多缘由。

透过各种表面和潜在的原因，来深入了解内战后美国南方人民在信仰、封建制度等多种方面出现的社会矛盾，以此发人深省。

《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》是威廉福克纳的一部经典短篇小说。

故事以美国内战后南方社会变迁为背景，以女主人公艾米丽为了追求美好的爱情而亲手杀害自己的爱人的悲剧人生为线索，讲述了南方贵族小姐艾米丽充满悲剧的一生。

各个方面的原因造成了艾米丽的悲剧人生，同时，随着北方工业文明的发展，南方社会受到了极大的威胁，南方的传统和文明也在逐渐走向衰落，而艾米丽则试图保护这种即将完全衰落的文明。

本选题主要想通过对《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》这一短篇小说进行细读，联系当时的社会背景、等级制度和传统文明方面，对女主人公艾米丽的悲剧原因进行详尽的分析，同时表述其与诸多因素间的联系。

以此来揭示当时的各种社会矛盾，以及就此问题提出对当代人的要求与建议。

二、研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题研究的基本内容主要是从《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》中造成艾米丽悲剧人生的原因开始展开。

福克纳《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》的叙事艺术一引言威廉?福克纳曾经获得过诺贝尔文学奖，堪称是美国当代文学史上最为伟大的小说家之一。

他一生中创作了一百多部短篇小说，其中，《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》是他短篇小说创作生涯中的开山之作。

事实上，它也是福克纳最为著名的小说之一，也最令人感到回味无穷。

其中一个最为关键的因素就是福克纳在该部小说中运用了几种独特的叙事艺术，从而让读者能够更好地把握住小说中所蕴藏的作家创作思路与情感，真正参透了主人公艾米丽一生中的真正悲惨命运。

二《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中的叙事艺术解析虽然威廉?福克纳一生中创作了上百部短篇小说，但是，《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》却是他最为著名的短篇小说。

该部小说一共分为五个部分，第一部分主要讲述了艾米丽?格里逊以往的家庭荣耀以及她的葬礼；第二部分讲述了她在腐败的房子里接受了自己的早期教育；第三部分则讲述了艾米丽与工头赫默?伯隆之间的美好相处日子，此后遭到了亲戚的强烈反对；第四部分是艾米丽用砒霜毒死了赫默?伯隆，并陪伴他的尸体在阁楼里度过了一个个日日夜夜，直到最终自己死亡；第五部分，人们通过黑奴打开房门才知悉了这个阁楼里所发生的恐怖事件。

这五个部分看似是相对独立的组成部分，实际上，作家福克纳通过自己的叙事艺术技巧把它们有机地结合在一起，进而创造出了独特的文学艺术魅力。

1 群体性的叙述者一般来说，小说中的叙述者分为作者型叙述者、个人叙述者以及集体叙述者三个类型。

福克纳的《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》则属于集体叙述者的类型。

小说中所提及的叙述者“我们”并不是指代某一个人，而是指一群人，一个集体。

那么，这个群体和集体到底是哪些人呢？在《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中，故事主要讲述的是美国南方一个叫作杰斐逊的城镇，那里的居民，尤其是其中的男性居民对于该部小说故事的讲述有着自己的观点，他们对于小说主人公艾米丽的一举一动都极为关注，他们就是该部小说中集体叙述者的主要代表人物。

正如小说中所言，艾米丽的葬礼举行时，故事中的叙述者“我们”提到了，全镇的居民都去参加了她的葬礼。

Research Proposal05级国际教育学院商务英语2班0569110050 李晓莉ⅠTitle of my thesisInheritance and Innovation of Gothic Fiction:-------An Interpretation of Allen Poe’s Short Stories对哥特式小说的传承-----解读爱伦·坡的短篇小说ⅡSignificance of StudyEdgar Allan Poe is one of the most unique writers in America.However, as his creative techniques and literary theories are totally different from the main stream in the field of literature in his time, Poe had been misunderstood by readers and his contemporaries for quite a long time. However, his achievements on literary cannot be ignored. For example, despite Poe’s seemingly inheritance from some literary forbears, his contribution and innovation for the Gothic Fiction is profound and significant. Gradually, the importance of Poe's literary creations had been recognized extensively by the academic world. Accordingly, in my view, it is significant to study Poe’s inheritance and innovation of Gothic Fiction.ⅢLiterature reviewBeing the most controversial literary genius in the world, Edgar Allan Poe, who represents a literary category difficult to classify, occupies a unique position in the history of American literary. His great influences on French symbolism, psychoanalytic criticism, detective story, and modern Chinese literature are all significant, attracting increasing attention of literary critics in recent years.A touch of the awe in most of his short stories that grips the hearts of his readers may account for consistent interest in the study of his works both home and abroad. A searching browse casually taken at the website of literary of Harvard University brings up a list of 604 monographs on Poe between 1829 and 2004. The issues that have aroused interests in Euro-American Poe studies mainly include: 1. Poe as a literary critic; 2. Poe’s female images; 3.Poe and Gothic tradition; 4. Poe and Sensationalism; 5. Poe and popular literature; 6. Poe and psychoanalysis; 7. Poe and Modernism; 8.Poe and popular culture; 9. Comparative studier of Poe and other writers.A very pertinent evaluation on Poe and his works given by Charles Whilbley argues that “if Poe's life was a tangle of contradiction, his posthumously fame has been a very conflict of opposites.”Ever since the publication of Edgar Allen Poe's very first works, diverse literary comments on his works have never ceased to come. Since his works were combined with two such apparently features as logical, rational thinking and wild, uncontrollable imaginations, most of his works were simply too ambiguous to percept well enough. Many literary critics and some first level writers would consider him an insane man or else at least an immature amateur who scribbled aimlessly and who did not actually know what he wrote about. All in all, literary school held a totally diversified opinion on Poe.Some reviews from men of letters abroad are as follows. Emerson dismissed him in three words: the jungle man; Mark Twain declared his prose to be unreadable; Henry James made the ruthless statement that “a enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive state of development”, and Whitman, who was the only literary famous figure present at the Poe Memorial Ceremony in Baltimore in 1875, possessed fixed feelings about him: he did admit Poe’s genius, but it was “its narrow range and unhealthy, lurid quality”that most impressed him. Even some more tolerant scholars or writers held a somewhat neutral, or sometimes even, perhaps, a negative point of view on his works. James Russet Lowel would rather call him a "three-fifths...genius and two-fifths fudge."12 Nevertheless on the other hand, there were writers, among which the French poets occupy a large portion, who admired Poe's works in a sincerest way.Ironically, it was in Europe that Poe enjoyed appreciation and reputation. Poe’s influence is considerable in Spain and Spanish America, in Italy, Germany and Russia. Many famous writers bear a visible imprint of Poe’s influence. Bernard Shaw, D. H. Lawrence and W. H. Auden all admired and spoke highly of him. Shaw regarded Poe’s tales “complete works of art”.In China, the study on Poe began in the early twentieth century, and can be classified into three phases. The first phase starts from the beginning of the twentieth century, in that period, Poe’s work is introduced to China by Lu Xun and Poe’s works were translated into Chinese. Unfortunately, Chinese critics didn’t place too much attention in his works. The second period starts from the1980s. Critics began to open their mind and try to comment on Poe’s writing style and his language due to the policy of Reform and Opening to the outside world. At that time, Poe’s works were considered to be completely negative, morbid and always dealing with death, dream and evil. The third period, also the most flourishing one, starts from the beginning of the twenty-first century.In this period, people began to study Poe’s works from the perspective of feminism, psychoanalysis, modernism and so on. Poe’s unique position in the history of literature began to be recognized more and more clearly.In his life time and long after his death, various kinds of labels, appreciative and derogative, have been attached to the much talented writer: genius, drunkard, drug addict, eloper, one suffering from schizophrenia, etc., all of which are the by-products of the heated topic of Edgar Allen Poe as a man-of-letters.In brief, Adgar Allan Poe is one of the unique writers in American literature, many men of letters in America of the same contemporary depicted an America in its childhood by adopting a romantic tone, while Poe’s themes were about death, killing, violence nightmare and evil. He always disclosed alienation and isolation between human beings and the world around them. By using the gothic horror and grotesquery, Poe revealed the nightmarish terror of the cruel society and the uncontrollable horror beneath the rational and order surface of the conscious mind. Poe’s inheritance of gothic fiction and American literature tradition combined with his personal experience forms the background of his horror stories. In order to make his novels all the more unique, Poe innovated his writing method by means of psychoanalyzing the gothic traditions and commenced to modify the traditional gothic relationship, in which the direction of horrifying averts from outside to inside, from setting to self. Although Poe’s literary fame has experienced ups and downs, his position as the pioneer of terror detective stories in the world literature has been finally secured.ⅣKey pointsThe thesis mainly focuses on the inheritance and innovation of Gothic fiction in the Allen Poe’s short stories. Though the brief discussion of the Allen Poe’s personal life, it can be found that Poe’s own wretched life tragedy provides him the Gothic Mind. As regard to inheritance, it is analyzed in terms of settings and atmosphere, horrible objects, special plot and so on. With reference to the innovation to the tradition of Gothic literature, Poe highlights the use of symbolic and supernatural phenomenon, both of which show a new theme of Poe’s Gothic tales—terror from the soul. In addition, Poe opens up a new stylistics, which are detective stories.The conclusion part brings the whole thesis to an end and points out that Gothicism is profoundly improved and explored in Allan Poe’s short stori es.ⅤOutlineIntroduction1. A Brief Introduction of Gothic Style and Allen Poe1.1 1.1 The Definition of the T erm “Gothic”1.2 Poe’s life and his major Gothic works2. Inheritance form the tradition of Gothic literature2.1 The setting of Horror Scene2.2 Adoption of Symbols2.3 The Gothic flavor on the part of plot3. Innovation to the Gothic Tradition3.1 Horror from Human Soul3.2 The beauty of horror3.3 Opening up a New Stylistics4. ConclusionNotesBibliographyAcknowledgementsⅥBibliography1. Chang Y aoxin, A Survey of American Literature Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 1990.2. Cliv Bloom ed. Gothic Horror[M], New Y ork, St Martin's Press, 1998.3. Hayes Kevin J Ed. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2002.4. Edmund Burk, A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of theSublime and Beautiful in Selected Readings in Classical Western Critical Theory,Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1999.5. Ellis Markman. The History of Gothic Fiction[M]. Edinburgh:Edinburgh UniversityPress, 2000.6. Li Yixie. Selected Readings in American Literature[M]. Tianjing:Nankai UniversityPress,1999.7. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Tell-Tale Heart and Other Writings[M]. Toronto: Bantam Books, 19828. Punter David. The Literature of Terror The Gothic Tradition[M]. London:LongmanLondon,1996.9. 埃德加·爱伦·坡, 埃德加·爱伦·坡惊险故事新编[M]，济南，山东文艺出版社，2000.10. 马爱农. 爱伦·坡短篇小说选[M], 外文出版社, 2001.11. 韩加明.简论哥特小说的产生和发展[J].国外文学,2000, (6), 32-39.12. 回杨著:当代哥特文化的内涵，特征及表现方式[J]，西南民族大学学报，200513. 侯红娟著:怪诞诡异显才华一论爱伦·坡的短篇小说[J]，职大学报，2005, (1)14. 肖明翰.英美文学中的哥特传统[J].外国文学评论,2001, (2), 21-34.15. 刘意青. 国18世纪文学史[M], 学与研究出版社，2006.16. 王光林译编，欧洲文学的背景[M]，罗德·霍尔顿著, 重庆出版社，1991.ⅦSchedule of writing1.Choose the topic of the thesis in December.2.Hand the first version of the thesis in the early March.3.Present the second and final versions of the thesis in April.4.Hand the Research Proposal before thesis defense which take on in the early May.5.Thesis shall be filed in the later May.原文已完。

本科生毕业论文（设计）册学院XXX学院专业英语教育班级XXXX级英语教育X班学生XXX指导教师XXXXXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书编号：论文（设计）题目：扭曲的爱—艾米丽悲剧分析学院： XXX学院专业：英语教育班级： XXXX级英语教育X班学生姓名： XXX 学号： XXXX 指导教师： XXX 职称：教授1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务本论文的研究目标是探究福克纳的《献给爱米丽的玫瑰》中艾米里的悲剧原因。

主要任务是通过分析小说中艾米里的悲剧原因，引导读者更深入理解福克纳的小说中南方情怀，女性意识以及男权影响。

2、论文（设计）的主要内容本论文分为三章，第一章介绍艾米丽所生活的小镇上的居民对她的扭曲的爱，第二章阐述艾米丽的父亲对艾米丽的影响，最后一章讨论了艾米丽与荷默之间的爱。

3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线本论文的基础条件是国内外不同学者对福克纳小说以及对《献给爱米丽的玫瑰》的研究。

研究路线是对艾米丽的悲剧原因从内外因进行探讨和深入分析，以对福克纳的约翰纳帕塔法世系小说进行深入理解。

4、主要参考文献Xiao, Minghan. Study on William Faulkner. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1997Chang Yaoxin, A survey of American Literature,南开大学出版社，2008年9月第三版[美]罗德·霍顿，赫伯特·爱德华兹，《美国文学思想背景》。

人民文学出版社，1991年1月第1版。

李文俊.《福克纳传》[M].北京：新世界出版社，2003.教师：年月日教研室主任：年月注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述本科生毕业论文设计题目扭曲的爱——艾米丽悲剧分析作者姓名 XXX指导教师 XXX所在学院 XXX学院专业（系）英语教育班级（届） XXX级X班完成日期 2013 年 5 月 8 日Twisted love——An Analysis of Emily’s TragedyByXXXXPro. XXXX, tutorA Thesis Submitted to Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature in PartialFulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of B.A in EnglishAt XXXX UniversityMay 8th, 2013iiiAbstractA Rose for Emily, written by Faulkner, is one of the best short stories in America. It was originally published in The Forum, in 1930. In 1979, the magazine Foreign Art published this story, and the scholars at home began to study Faulkner deeply of his story. According to the study of many scholars both at home and abroad in recent years, the research of “A Rose For Emily” can be divided into the following aspects: Faulkner’s complex of the South; the Gothic and terrifying sense; the character analysis of the black slave; the image of the elder generation; feminist study; the ways of narration; comparative study and so on.The story of “A Rose for Emily” is about a southern lady, who lived under the traditional morals, after getting rid of the restrain of her despotic father, tried to pursue her love, but finally was betrayed. At last she killed her lover Homer and slept with his dead body for the rest of her time. It is a horrible story with twisted love and gothic sense.This paper tries to analyze the tragic sense of this work, the twisted love in terms to Emily, in order to find out the reasons that account for Emily’s tragedy. This thesis consists of three chapters: the twisted love of the town’s people, of her father, and twisted love between Emily and Homer.Key words：Emily twisted tragedy causes摘要福克纳的《献给艾米丽的玫瑰花》是美国优秀的短篇小说之一。