Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser

1. Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. 超验主义，它是一个蓬勃发展的新英格兰的哲学和文学运动，反对理性主义和加尔文主义的反应。

它强调直观地了解上帝没有教会的帮助下，主张心灵的独立性。

2. Romanticism had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to conti nental Europe and then came to America early in the nineteenth century. It came into being as a re action against the prevailing neoclassical spirit and rationalism during the Age of Reason. 浪漫主义曾经出现在英国，在过去几年的十八世纪。

它蔓延到欧洲大陆，然后来到美国在十九世纪初。

它应运而生作为理性的时代中针对当时新古典主义精神和理性的反应。

3. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puritans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the Church of England. 清教主义，它是清教徒，谁曾打算净化和简化英国教会的宗教礼仪的宗教信仰。

摘要美国作家西奥多德莱塞被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱塞自然主义的一些特征。

论文从德莱塞创作《嘉莉妹妹》的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱塞在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义思想。

论文涉及该小说的主要三大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国然主义；三是19世纪末在美国兴起的消费主义。

同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望,本能和环境,最后得出结论：《嘉莉妹妹》一文中主人公嘉莉妹妹的最终命运与德莱塞本人的命运息息相关，赫思渥德的最终堕落也是德莱塞惧怕失败的结果。

而德莱塞却把嘉莉妹妹和赫思特渥德最终得不到幸福归因于“人心”。

关键词：自然主义达尔文主义欲望人性环境AbstractTheodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the featur es of Dreiser’s naturalism. The thesis referred to three great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism，Determinism. American Naturalism and Consumerism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carrie’s destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreiser’s fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwood’s unhappiness to th eir insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreiser’s naturalism easily.Key Words：Naturalism Darwinism Consumerism desire environmentCONTENTS1 Introduction2 The historical and cultural background for Sister Carrie2.1 Darwinism and Determinism2.2 American naturalism2.3 Industrial Revolution3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister Carrie 3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environments 3.2. The influence of the environment3.3 Dreiser’s exploration4 Conclusions1 IntroductionTheodor Dreiser (1871-1945), an American author, outstanding representative of naturalism, whose novels depict real-life subjects in a harsh light. Many of his works referred to the description of naturalism and weakened his critical spirit. His first novel Sister Carrie published in 1990 revealed the financial disparity and the moral decline of American society and thus regarded as forbidden book. But now the book becomes one of the best-sellers of American literature because of the naturalistic features in it. Then Dreiser is regarded as a pioneer of American naturalism and as a naturalist Dreiser expresses the characteristics of naturalism in most of his works. The themes of Darwinism and Determinism are the common features of Dreiser’s story which also characterize Sister Carrie.Dreiser chose to reflect life truthful in his works when other novels deal only with the beautiful aspects of life,. It is not an exaggeration to say that Dreiser's Sister Carrie clears the way for the development of American fiction.From follow analysis of three aspects and conclusion, we can find out the naturalism of Dreiser in Sister Carrie2 The historical and cultural background for Sister CarrieTheodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie reflects the profound transformations in American life in the late nineteenth century.2.1 Darwinism and DeterminismIn 1859, Darwin’s The Origin of Specie appeared. It soon changed man’s recognition. Before Darwin, human was separated from the animals because of its moral. However, at this time evolutionist considered human as a part of natural things and a member of the animal kingdom. American naturalis ts accepted “bestiality” and “human beast” as an explanation of desire.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presentingcharacters of low social and economic classes who are determined by their environment and heredity. They dismissed the validity of comforting moral truth. Darwinism is the most important theory, which greatly affects Sister Carrie.Freud’s theory gives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.2.2 American naturalismSister Carrie was written and published also at the rise of American naturalism, which means a particular genre of fiction that developed in the late 19th century America, and associated principally with writers such as Jack London , Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser.At the end of nineteenth century came a generation of writers whose ideas of the working of the universe and whose perception of the society's disorder led them to naturalism. A new and harsher realism, naturalism was introduced to the United States, literary naturalists spoke out against the ideas that literature should present what Howells called for the “smiling aspects of life". Instead, they attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment or heredity in depicting the extremes of life. American naturalists emphasized that world was amoral that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious "truths" were illusory, and that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.2.3 Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution brought American people a value crisis. The 19th century was the time of industrialization. Serial changes made people feel they were conquering the world and obtaining their treasures. The surprising development made people feel too close to wealth and happiness. Then,appeared small amounts ofindustrial giants and large number of poor people,American value materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with a never end, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desire.3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister CarrieIn Sister Carrie I find out that some of its themes differ from those of other naturalistic works.3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environmentsFreud’s theory g ives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.This thesis covers Dreiser’s meaningful ideas--desire. Man’s behavior is dominated by instincts (desires, needs and fear) and environments (cities and consumerism) and chances. In the process of evolution, man is not able to control instincts completely. Desire is considered hereditary and instinctive. In this novel most of the central characters are hurried by a desire of personal affirmation, a desire they can neither articulate nor suppress. And Carrie Meeber is the representative. She suffered from a need that her lives assume the dignity of dramatic form, and they suffer terribly, because they do not really understand it.Her view to money is “Money, something everybody else has and I must get.”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P77) Drouet then becomes her first ladder. When Drouet give her money for the first time, she hesitates. She knows clearly that no deep, sinister soul with ulterior motives could have given her fifteen cents under friendship, since “nature has taught the beasts of the beats of the field to fly when some unheralded dangers threatens”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P79) Here in her superego, she has a feeble instinct of self-production. However, deep in her mind, there is a strong desire for better clothes, jewelry, dinning in halls and plays in the theaters. Then preconscious becomes weak. Id gets upper hand. At last, id implies the superego and Carrie chooses to live with Drouet.When she knows that Drouet’s love is unsteady, the appearance of Hurstwoodstimulates her new hope and desire. It is the new hope and desire that compels her actions. “his kind of unfulfilled dreams would beckon and lead her until death and dissolution dissolve their power and would restore her blind to nature’s heart”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P353) When Hurstwood can supply the life she dreams of, she stays with him, if not, she leaves.With the degradation of Hurstwood, Carrie would not endure losing her dreams. When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice of her heart. Without money, she leaves again.From the beginning to the end, Carrie is just like a machine controlled by the desires .3.2. The influence of the environmentEnvironment is a tremendous thing often leads people to a wrong direction.Drouet tells Carrie that Chicago is a wonder, and that she will find lots to see. Even her siste tells her, “You'll want to see the city.” [1]She comes there. She comes to the big web of Chicago in order to pursue a happy life. The prosperous parties, lights, dinners, theatres attract her.She choos es Route’s soon as she sees Hurstwood, she evaluates his worth his wealth, position and sexuality----by his “rich” plaid vest, mother of pearl buttons and soft black shoes “polished only to a dull shine.”When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice from the bottom of her heart. She inters another pursuition.3.3 Dreiser’s exploration------human desire and revelation of the dark side of human natureFrom the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be --materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with anever-ending, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desires. One of the desires is for money which was a motivating purpose of life in the United States in the late l9th century. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. Sex is another human desire that Dreiser explored to considerab1e lengths in his novels to reveal the dark side of human nature. In Sister Carrie, Carrie climbs up the social ladder by means of her sexual appeal. Also in the “Trilogy of Desire,” the possession of sexual beauty symbolizes t he acquisition of some social status of great magnitude. However, Dreiser never forgot to imply that these human desires in 1ife could hardly be defined. They are there like a powerful "magnetism" governing human existence and reducing human beings to nothing. So like all naturalists he was restrained from finding a solution to the social problems that appeared in his novels and accordingly almost all his works have tragic endings.4 ConclusionsThis short thesis can not cover Dreiser's meaningful naturalism. His greatness is in his insight, his sympathy, and his tragic view of life. Dreiser exported human desire and revelation of the dark side of human nature。

英美文学作家作品及名词解释、人物分析Literary works and their authorsAmerican LiteratureColonial Period1.William BradfordOf Plymouth Plantation2.John WinthropA Model of Christian Charity3.Anne BradstreetThe Tenth Muse Lately sprung up in America“Upon the Burning of Our House”“To My Dear and Loving Husband”“The Flesh and the Spirit”4.Edward Taylor“Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”Huswifery5.Roger WilliamsThe Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience 6.John Woolman“Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes”“A Plea for the Poor”7.Thomas PaineCommon SenseAmerican CrisisThe Age of ReasonThe Rights of Man8.Philip Freneau“The Rising Glory of America”“The Wild Honey Suckle”9.Captain John SmithA Map of VirginiaDescription of New England10.Charles Brocken BrownWielandThe Transformation: An American TaleEdgar HuntlyOrmondArthur MervynAmerican Revolution1.Jonathan EdwardsThe Freedom of the WillThe Great Doctrine of Original Sin DefendedSinners in the Hands of an Angry GodThe Nature of True VirtueImages or Shadows of Divine Things2.Benjamin FranklinPoor Richard’s Almanac(2009年)The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (2007年)3.Hector St. John CrevecoeurLetters from an American FarmerAmerican Romanticism1.Washington IrvingA History of New YorkThe Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon: Rip Van WinkleThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher ColumbusA Chronicle of the Conquest of GranadaThe AlhambraLife of GoldsmithLife of Washington2.James Fenimore CooperThe SpyLeatherstocking Tales: DeerslayerPathfinderThe Last of Mohicans (2003年)The PrairieThe PioneersNew England Transcendentalism3.Ralph Waldo EmersonNatureThe American Scholar(America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence) Self-reliant (2009年)4.Henry David ThoreauWaldenCivil DisobedienceA Week on the Concord and Merrimack River (2008年)5.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet LetterTwice-told TalesMosses From an old ManseThe Blithedale RomanceYoung Good Man BrownThe Minister’s Black VeilThe House of Seven GablesThe Marble FaunDr. Rappaccini’s Daughter6.Herman MelvilleTypeeOmooMardiRedburnWhite JacketMoby DickPierreThe Confidence ManBilly Budd7.Edgar Allen PoeSonnet- to scienceIsrafelTo HelenThe City in the SeaThe Raven (2009年)The Fall of the House of UsherBlack CatThe Masque of the Red DeathThe Cask of Ammtillado FoeLigeieThe Purloined LetterThe Gold BudThe Murders in the Rue MorqueTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 8.Harriet Beecher StoweUncle T om’s Cabin9.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA Psalm of Life (2007年)Voices of the NightHiawathaEvangelineThe Courtship of Miles Standish10.Walt WhitmanLeaves of GrassSong of Myself (2003年出现诗句)I Hear America SingingOut of Cradle Endlessly RockingWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 11.Emily DickinsonAt last to pray is leftBecause I could not stop for deathI heard a fly buss—when I diedWild nights—wild nightsI die for beauty ———————————————————————————————————————————Realism1.William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas LaphanCriticism and FictionThe Minister’s ChargeA Modern InstanceA Word of ChangeAnnie KilburnA Hazard of New Fortunes2.Henry JamesDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a LadyThe AmericanThe Ambassadors (2004年)The Golden BowlThe Wings of the DoveThe Turn of the ScrewWhat Maisie KnewLocal Colourism3.Mark TwainThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County The Gilded AgeThe Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnLife on the MississippiThe Man That Corrupted HadleyburgHead WilsonThe Mysterious StrangerA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court The Prince and the PauperAmerican Naturalism1.Stephen CraneMaggie: A Girl of the StreetsThe Black RidersThe Red Badge of Courage“The Open Boat”“The Blue Hotel”“An Experiment in Misery”2.Frank NorrisMcTeagueThe OctopusThe Pit3.Theodore DreiserSister CarrieAn American TragedyThe GeniusJennie GerhardtThe FinancierThe TitanThe StoicThe Bulwark4.Jack LondonThe Call of the WildWhite FangThe Sea WolfMartin Eden5.O’HenryThe Gift of MagiThe Cop and the Anthem6.Upton SinclairThe JungleModernism1. F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great GatsbyTender is the NightThe Beautiful and the DamnedThis Side of ParadiseThe Last TycoonAll the Sad Young MenTaps at Reveille2.Ernest HemingwayThe Sun Also Rises (2003年、2004年)A Farewell to Arms (2007年)For Whom the Bell Tolls (2008年、2009年) The Old Man and the SeaThe T orrents of SpringIn Our TimeMen without WomenWinner Take NothingImagism3.Ezra PoundCantosHugh Selwyn Mauberly4.T. S. EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (2003年出现诗句) The Waste Land (2005年)Hollow ManAsh WednesdayFour QuartersMurder in the CathedralThe Cocktail PartyThe Confidential Clerk5.Wallace StevensAnecdote of the Jar (2010年)Sunday MorningThe Emperor of Ice-creamThe Idea of Order at Key West6.William Carlos WilliamsPatersonThe Red WheelbarrowSpring and All7.Robert FrostStopping by Woods on a Sunday Evening Mending WallThe Road Not TakenFire and Ice8.Carl SandburgChicagoFogThe HarbourSmoke and SteelGood Morning, AmericaThe People, yes9. E. E. CummingsTulips and ChimneyThe Enormous RoomO Sweet Spontaneous10.Hart CraneThe BridgeVoyagesAt Melville’s Tomb11.Edith WhartonThe House of Mirth (2013年), The Touchstone, The Age of InnocenceSouthern Renaissance12.William FaulknerThe Sound and the Fury (2013年)As I Lay Dying (2005年、2006年)Light in August (2008年)Absalom, AbsalomGo Down, Moses (2007年)13.Sherwood AndersonWinesburg, OhioThe Triumph of the EggsDeath in the WoodsI Want to Know WhyPoor White14.Sinclair LewisMain StreetBabbittArrowsmithDodsworth15.Gertrude SteinThree LivesTender ButtonsThe Making of AmericansHow to WriteFour Saints in Three Acts16.Carson McCullers (Southern Gothic)The Heart is a Lonely HunterThe Ballad of the Sad CafeThe Member of the WeddingReflections in a Golden Eye17.Cormac McCarthy (Southern Gothic)SuttreeBlood MeridianAll the Pretty HorsesNo Country for Old ManThe RoadChild of God18.Willa CatherMy AntoniaThe Song of LarkA Lost LadyThe Professor’s HouseO Pioneers! (2002年、2010年) 19.Katherine Anne Porter Ship of FoolsLeaning Tower and Other Stories Flowering JudasThe Jilting of Granny Weatherall Pale Horse, Pale RiderThe Never Ending Wrong20.Thomas WolfeLook Homeward, AngelOf Time and RiverThe Web and the RockYou Can’t Go Home Again 21.Margaret MitchellGone with the WindThe 1930s1.John Dos PassosDistrict of ColumbiaU. S. A.The 42nd Parallel1919The Big Money2.John SteinbeckOf Mice and ManThe Grapes of WrathCup of GoldTortilla FlatIn Dubious BattleTravels with Charley3.John O’HaraAppointment in Samara4.James T. FarrellYoung LoniganThe Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan Postmodernism Postwar novel1.Saul BellowDangling ManThe VictimThe Adventures of Augie MarchSeize the DayHenderson the Rain King (2006年)Herzog (2013年)Mosby’s MemoirsMr. Sammler’s PlanetHumboldt’s GiftThe Dean’s Dece mberMore Die of HeartbreakThe Bellarosa ConnectionA TheftSomething to Remember Me ByThe Last Analysis2.Norman MailerThe Naked and the Dead (2004年)Barbary ShoreThe Deer ParkThe Armies of the NightMarilyn: A Novel BiographyThe Executioner’s SongAncient EveningTough Guys Don’t DanceHarlot’s GhostThe Gospel According to the SonAdvertisements for MyselfAn American DreamWhy Are We In Vietnam?Miami and the Siege of ChicagoExistential ErrandsGenius and Lust“The White Negro”3.J. D. SalingerThe Catcher in the Rye4.Bernard MalamudThe NaturalThe AssistantA New LifeThe FixerThe TenantsPictures of FidelmanDubin’s LivesGod’s GraceThe PeopleThe Magic BarrelIdiots FirstRembrandt’s Hat5.John UpdikeThe CentaurCouplesMarry MeGertrude & Claudius“Rabbit” pentalogy: Rabbit, Run, (2006年) Rabbit Redux, Rabbit is Rich, Rabbit at Best, Licks of Love 6.Flannery O’Connor Wise BloodA Good Man Is Hard to FindThe Violent Bear Is AwayEverything That Rises Must Converge7.William StyronLie Down in DarknessSet This House on FireThe confessions of Nat TurnerSophie’s ChoiceA Tidewater MorningThe Long MarchIn the Clap Shack8.Truman CapoteOther Voices, Other RoomsThe Grass HarpA Christmas MemoryBreakfast at Tiffany’sIn Cold Blood9.Philip RothGoodbye, Columbus, and Five Short Stories Portnoy’s C omplaint10.Joseph HellerCatch-22 (2005年)Something Happened11.Kurt V onnegutSlaughterhouse-Five (2008年)Player PianoMother NightCat’s CradleBreakfast at ChampionsSlapstickJailbirdDeadeye dickGalapagosBluebirdHocus PocusCanary in a CathouseWelcome to the Monkey House12.Ken KeseyOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Sometimes a Great NationDemon BoxSailor Song13.John BarthLetters: A NovelSabbatical: A RomanceThe Tidewater TalesThe Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor The Sot-Weed FactorLost in the FunhouseThe Floating OperaThe End of the RoadGiles Goat-Boy14.Donald BarthelmeCome Back, Dr. Caligarri Unspeakable PracticesUnnatural ActsCity DaysSadnessGuilty PleasuresAmateursGreat DaysOvernight to Many Distant CitiesSnow WhiteThe Dead FatherThe King15.Thomas PynchonV.The Crying of Lot 49Gravity’s RainbowVinelandMason & Dixon16.William GaddisRecognitionsCarpenter’s GothicJR17.Vladimir NabokovLolita (2004年)Dar, or the GiftPale Fire (2005年)18. A. S. ByattPossession(2013年、2010年)The Shadow of the SunThe Virgin in the GardenA Whistling WomanThe Children's BookStill LifeThe Shadow of the Sun19.Tim O’Brien (A war writer)The Things They CarriedIf I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home Northern LightsGoing After CacciatoThe Nuclear AgeIn the Lake of WoodsJuly, JulyPostwar Poetry20.Elizabeth BishopQuestions of TravelGeography III“Sestina”“One Art”“Filling Station”“Over 2,000 Illustrations and a Complete Concordance”21.Richard WilburThe Beautiful Changes and Other PoemsCeremony and Other PoemsThings of This WorldAdvice to the Prophet and Other PoemsPrince Souvanna Phouma: An Exchange between Richard Wilbur and William Jay Smith ComplaintWalking to Sleep: New Poems and TranslationsSeed Leaves: Homage to R. F.22.John BerrymanThe Dream SongsThe DispossessedHomage to Mistress Bradstreet23.Randall JarrellBlood for a StrangerLittle Friend, Little FriendLossesThe Seven-League CrutchesThe Woman at the Washington Zoo The Lost WorldThe Confessional School24.Robert LowellLord Weary’s CastleLand of UnlikenessLife StudiesFor the Union DeadDay by Day25.Sylvia PlathA Winter ShipCrossing the WaterThe Bell Jar“Daddy”“Lady Lazarus”26.Anne SextonLive or DieTo Bedlam and Part Way BackAll My Pretty Ones TransformationsThe Death of NotebookThe Awful Rowing toward God The Beat Generation27.Allen GinsbergHowlEmpty MirrorReality SandwichesThe ChangePlanet NewsThe Fall of AmericaA Supermarket in California (2011年出现诗句)28.Gary SnyderAugust on Sourdough29.W. S. MerwinThe Asians DyingFor a Coming ExtinctionThe Last One30.Robert BlySilence in the Snow FieldsThe Night around the Body31.James WrightMinnesotaLying in a Hammock at William Duffy’s Farm on Pine Island The New York School32.Frank O’Hara“The Day Lady Died”33.John Ashbery“Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror”34. A. R. AmmonsCorsons InletMountain TalkThe Black Mountain Poets35.Charles OlsonProjective VerseIn Cold Hell, in ThicketThe DistanceThe Maximus PoemsThree “beat” writers36.William BurroughsThe Naked LunchJunkieThe ExterminatorThe Wild BoysCities of the Red NightMind WarsPlace of Dead Roads37.Jack KerouacOn the RoadThe Lonesome TravellerThe Subterraneans and Maggie Cassady 38.Henry Miller Tropic of CancerBlack SpringTropic of CapricornThe Colossus of MaroussiThe Rosy CrucifixionPostwar Drama39.Eugene O’NeilThe Hairy Ape (2005年)Long Day’s Journey into NightDesire under the Elm Tree (2010年)The Iceman ComethBound East for CardiffBeyond the HorizonThe Emperor JonesAnna Christie40.Elmer RiceThe Adding Machine41.Tennessee WilliamsThe Glass MenagerieA Streetcar Named Desire42.Arthur MillerDeath of a SalesmanThe Man Who Had All Luck43.Edward AlbeeWho’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Multiethnic LiteratureAfrican American Literature1.Frederick DouglassMy Bondage and My Freedom2.Booker T. WashingtonUp from Slavery3.W. E. B. DuboisThe Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches Harlem Renaissance4.Jean ToomerCane5.Countee Cullen“Shroud of Colour”ColourCopper SunThe Ballad of the Brown Girl/doc/8e10677542.html,ngston HughesThe Weary BluesSimple Speaks His MindThe Best of SimpleSimple’s Uncle SamMontage of a Dream Deferred“The Negro Speaks of Rivers”“As I Grew Older”7.Richard WrightUncle T om’s Children: Four NovellasNative SonBlack Boy8.Ralph EllisonInvisible Man9.James BaldwinGo Tell It on the Mountain10.Alice WalkerThe Colour Purple (2010年)11.Toni MorrisonThe Bluest Eye (2011年)Beloved (2006年)Song of SolomonJazzParadiseAsian American Literature12.Maxine Hong KingstonThe Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Childhood among Ghosts China Men13.Amy TanThe Joy Luck ClubBritish LiteratureThe Middle Ages1.Geoffrey ChaucerThe Canterbury Tales (2005年)The House of FameTroilus and CriseydeThe Book of DuchessThe Parliament of FowlsPardoner’s Tale (2004年)2.William LanglandVision of Piers the Plowman________________________________________________________________ ___________________ The Elizabethan Age1.Thomas MoreUtopia2.Edmund SpenserThe Shepherd’s CalendarProthalamion and EpithalamionAmorettiThe Faerie Queene3.Philip SidneyAstrophel and StellaArcadiaApologie for Poetrie4.Christopher MarloweTamburlaine the GreatJew of MaltaThe Tragical History of Doctor FaustusHero and LeanderThe Passionate Shepherd5.William ShakespeareHenry IVLove’s Labour’s LostRichard IIIRomeo and JulietA Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of Venice (2009年)The Merry Wives of WindsorAs You Like It (2006年)Julius Caesar (2005年)HamletOthelloKing LearMacbethAntony and CleopatraTimon of AthensAll’s Well That Ends WellMeasure for MeasureCymbelineWin ter’s TaleThe Tempest6.Francis BaconAdvancement of LearningNew AtlantisEssays7.Ben JonsonEvery Man in His Humour________________________________________________________________ ___________________ The 17th Century1.John DonneThe FleaA Valediction: Forbidden MorningDeath be not ProudThe CanonizationBatter my heart, three-personed God, for you2.John MiltonParadise LostParadise Regained (2006年)Samson Agonistes (2002年)Lycidas3.John DrydenAll for LoveAbsalom and AchitophelAn Essay of Dramatic Poesy4.John BunyanThe Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Life and Death of Mr. BadmanHoly WarGrace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners________________________________________________________________ ___________________The Classic Age1.Alexander PopeEssay on Criticism (2004年)The Rape of the LockEssay on ManAn Epistle to Dr. ArbuthnotThe Dunciad2.Samuel JohnsonLondonThe Vanity of Human WishesLives of the PoetsA Fable for CriticsThe History of Rassledas, Prince of AbyssiniaTo the Right Honourable the Earl of ChesterfieldA Dictionary of English LanguageLife of the Poets3.Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard4.Oliver GoldsmithThe Deserted VillageShe Stoops to Conquer The Vicar of Wakefield5.Richard Brinsley Sheridan The RivalsThe School for Scandal6.Richard SteeleThe Spectator ClubThe Christian Hero7.Joseph Addison Adventures of a Shilling 8.Jonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books Tale of a TubThe Irish Drapier’s Letters A Modest Proposal Gulliver’s Travels9.Daniel DefoeRobinson CrusoeMoll FlandersRoxana10.Samuel Richardson Pamela, Or Virtue Rewarded Clarissa Howe。

美国著名作家及其主要作品1、殖民地时期（1607-1765）William BradfordJohn WinthropCaptain John SmithAnne BradstreetEdward Taylor2、启蒙时期与独立战争时期（1765-18世纪末）Jonathan Edwards(乔纳森·爱德华兹)The Freedom of the Will（《意志的自由》）1754The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended（《原罪说辩》）1758 Images or Shadows of Divine Things（《神灵的行影》）1758 Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin（《本杰明·富兰克林自传》）1748Poor Richard’s Almanac（《理查德历书》）17583、浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）Washington Irving（华盛顿·欧文）A History of New York From the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty（《纽约外史》）1809The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent（《见闻札记》）1819-1820James Fenimore Cooper（詹姆士·费尼莫·库柏）Leather-stocking Tales（《皮裹腿故事集》）The Spy（《间谍》）1821The Pioneers（《拓荒者》）1823The Last of the Mohicans（《最后的莫西干人》）1826The Prairie（《草原》）1827The Pathfinder（《探路者》）1840The Deerslayer（《杀鹿者》）1841Ralph Waldo Emerson （拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生）Nature（《大自然》）1836Henry David Thoreau（亨利·大卫·梭罗）A Week on the Concord and Merrimark Rivers（《康科德和美利马克河上的一周》）1849Walden（《华尔登湖畔》）1854Nathaniel Hawthorne（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）The Scarlet letter（《红字》）1850The House of the Seven Gables（《带有七个尖角阁的房子》）1851 The Marble Faun（《玉石雕像》）1860Herman Melville（赫尔曼·梅尔维尔）Clarel（《克拉勒尔》）1876Moby Dick（《大白鲸》）1851Typee（《泰皮》）1846Omoo（《欧穆》）1847Mardi（《玛地》）1849Redburn（《莱德勃恩》）1849White Jacket（《白夹克》）1850Pierre（《皮埃尔》）1852Walt Whitman（沃尔特·惠特曼）Leaves of Grass（《草叶集》）1855Edgar Allan Poe（埃德加·爱伦·坡）The Murders in the Rue Morgue（《莫格街凶杀案》）1841 The Raven（《乌鸦》）18444、现实主义时期（1865-1918）William Dean Howells（威廉·狄威·豪威尔斯）A Modern Instance（《现代婚姻》）1881The Rise of Silas Lapham（《塞拉斯·帕拉姆的发迹》）1885 Henry James（亨利·詹姆士）The American（《美国人》）1877Daisy Miller（《戴茜·密勒》）1879Washington Square（《华盛顿广场》）1881The Portrait of a Lady（《贵妇的画像》）1881The Aspern Papers（《阿斯本文件》）1888The Wings of the Dove（《鸽翼》）The Ambassadors（《奉使记》）1903Harriet Beecher Stowe（哈利特·比彻·斯托夫人）The Cabin of Uncle Tom（《汤姆叔叔的小屋》）1851Mark Twain（马克·吐温）The Gilded Age（《镀金时代》）1870The Adventures of Tom Sawyer（《汤姆·索耶历险记》）1876 Life on the Mississippi（《在密西西比河的生活》）1883The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn（《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》）1884A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court（《在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人》）1889The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg（《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》）1900The Mysterious Stranger（《神秘的陌生人》）1916Stephen Crane（斯蒂芬·克兰）Maggie: A Girl of the Streets（《街头女郎梅吉》）1893The Black Riders （《黑骑士》）1895The Red Badge of Courage（《红色英勇勋章》）1895Frank Norris（弗兰克·诺里斯）McTeague（《麦克提格》）1894-1895The Octopus（《章鱼》）1901The Pit（《粮食交易所》）1903Theodore Dreiser（西奥多·德莱塞）Sister Carrie（《嘉莉妹妹》）1900Jannie Gerhardt （《珍妮姑娘》）1911The Financier （《金融家》）1912The Titan （《巨人》）1914The Genius （《天才》）1915An American Tragedy （《美国悲剧》）1925Edwin Arlington Robinson （埃德温·阿灵顿·罗宾逊）The Town Down the River （《急流与昨夜》）1910Man Against the Sky（《天边人影》）1916Jack London（杰克·伦敦）The Call of the Wild （《荒野的呼唤》）1903Martin Eden （《马丁·伊登》）1909Upton Sinclair （阿普顿·辛克莱尔）The Jungle （《屠场》）19065、现代主义时期（1918-1945）T·S·Eliot (艾略特)The Waste Land (《荒原》）1922Ezra Pound （埃兹拉·庞德）Homage to Sextus Propertius （《向塞克斯特斯·普罗波蒂斯致敬》）1917Hugh Selwyn Mauberley （《休·塞耳温·莫伯利》）1920 Wallace Stevens （华莱尔·史蒂文斯）Ideas of Order （《关于秩序的思想》）1935The Man With the Blue Guitar （《持蓝吉他的人》）1937Parts of a world （《一个世界的某些部分》）1942Transport to Summer （《转入夏季》）1947The Auroras of Autumn （《秋天的晨曦》）1950The Necessary Angel （《必不可少的安琪儿》）1951Opus Posthumous （《遗作集》）1957William Carlos Williams （威廉·卡洛斯·威廉姆》）Kora in Hell （《卡洛在地狱中》）1920Spring and All （《春天及一切》）1923Paterson （《佩特森》）1946Robert Frost （罗伯特·弗洛斯特）A Boy’s Will （《少年的意志》）1912North of Boston （《波士顿以北》）1914Mountain Interval （《山间》）1916Carl Sanburg （卡尔·塞堡）Chicago Poems （《芝加哥诗集》）1916Cornhuskers （《剥玉米机》）1918Smoke and Steel （《烟与钢》）1920Good morning, America （《早晨好，美国》）1928 The people, Yes （《人民，是的》）1936 E·E·Cummings （E·E·卡明斯）The Enormous Room （《大屋》）1922F·Scott Fitzgerald （F·斯各特·菲茨杰拉德）The Great Gatsby（《了不起的盖茨比》）1925 Tender is the Night （《夜色温柔》）1934The Last Tycoon （《最后的大亨》）1940Ernest Hemingway（厄尼斯特·海明威）The Sun Also Rise（《太阳照样升起》）1926A Farewell to Arms（《永别了，武器》）1928 Death in Afternoon（《在午后死去》）1932Green Hills of Africa（《非洲的青山》）1935To Have and to Have Not（《富有与贫穷》）1937 The Fifth Column（《第五纵队》）1937For Whom The Bell Tolls（《丧钟为谁而鸣》）1940 The Old Man and the Sea（《老人与海》）1952 William Faulkner（威廉·福克纳）Sartoris（《沙特里斯》）1929The Sound and the Fury（《尘嚣与骚动》）1929As I Lay Dying（《当我躺着死去》）1930Sanctuary（《圣坛》）1931Light in August（《八月之光》）1932Absalom, Absalom（《押沙龙，押沙龙》）1936Go Down, Moses（《去吧，摩西》）1942Sherwood Anderson（舍伍德·安德森）Winesburg, Ohio（《小城畸人》）1919Sinclair Lewis（辛克莱·刘易斯）Main Street（《大街》）1920Babbitt（《巴比特》）1922Arrowsmith（《阿罗史密斯》）1925Dodsworth（《多兹沃斯》）1929Willa Cather（威拉·凯瑟）My Antonia （《我的安东尼亚》）1918The Song of the Lark（《欢乐之歌》）1915A Lost Lady（《一位失踪的女士》）1923The Professor’s House（《教授的屋子》）1925Death Comes for the Archibishop （《大教主之死》）1927 Shadows on the Rock（《盘石上的阴影》）1931 Thomas Wolfe（托玛斯·沃尔夫）Look Homeward, Angel（《天使望故乡》）1929Of Time and the River（《时间与河流》）1935The Web and the Rock（《网与石》）1939You Can’t Go Home Again（《你不能再回去》）1940Eugene O’Neill（尤金·奥尼尔）Beyond the Horizon（《海平线上》）1920Anna Christie（《安娜·克里斯汀》）1922The Iceman Comes（《冰人来了》）1946Long Day’s Journey into Night（《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》）1956 John Dos Passos（约翰·多斯·帕索斯）The 42nd Parallel（《第四十二条平行线》）19301919（《一九一九年》）1932The Big Money（《赚大钱》）1936Adventures of a Young Man（《一位年轻人的冒险》）1939 John Steinbeck（约翰·斯坦贝克）Tortilla Flat（《托蒂拉平地》）1935Of Mice and Man（《鼠与人》）1937The Grapes of Wrath（《愤怒的葡萄》）1939East of Eden（《伊甸园以东》）1952Travels with Charley（《与查理一起旅游》）1962Margaret Mitchell（玛格丽特·米切尔）Gone With the Wind（《飘》）1936Richard Wright（理查德·赖特）Black Boy（《黑小孩》）1945Native Son（《土生子》）1940The Man Who Lived Underground（《住在地下的人》）1942 Clifford Odets（克里福特·奥迪斯特）Golden Boy（《金童》）19376、当代文学（1945- ）William IngeCome Back, Little Sheba (《回来吧，小希巴》)Picnic（《野餐》）Tennessee Williams（田纳西·威廉）The Glass Menagerie（《玻璃动物园》）1945A Streetcar Named Desire（《欲望号街车》）1947The Rose Tatoo（《玫瑰刺花》）1951Cat on a Hot Tin Roof（《热锡顶屋上的猫》）1955Arthur Miller（阿瑟·米勒）All My Sons（《我的儿子们》）1947The Crucible（《炼狱》）1953A View from the Bridge（《桥头眺望》）1955After the Fall（《堕落之后》）1964Incident at Vichy（《维西事件》）1964The Price（《代价》）1968The Creation of the World and Other Business（《创世纪及其他》）1972The Archbishop’s Ceiling（《大主教的天花板》）1977 Edward Albee（爱德华·阿尔比）Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf（《谁怕维吉尼亚·沃尔夫》）1962 Saul Bellow（索尔·贝娄）The Victim（《牺牲者》）1945The Adventures of Augie March（《奥吉·玛琪历险记》）1953 Seize the Day （《只争朝夕》）1956Henderson the Rain King (《雨王汉德逊》) 1959Herzog （《赫尔索格》）1964Mr·Sammler’s Planet (《塞姆勒先生的行星》) 1970 Humboldt’s Gifts （《洪堡特的礼物》）1975The Dean’s December （《院长的十二月》）1982Norman Mailer （诺尔曼·梅勒）The Naked and the Dead (《裸者与死者》) 1948The Armies of the Night （《夜之军队》）1968The Executioner’s Song （《刽子手之歌》）1979Ancient Evening （《古老黄昏》）1983J·D·Salinger （J·D·塞林格）The Catcher in the Rye （《麦田守望者》）1951Joseph Heller （约瑟夫·海勒）Catch-22 （《第22条军规》） 1961Kurt V onnegut Jr·（小库尔特·冯纳古特）Slaughterhouse Five （《第五号屠场》）1969Ken Kesey （肯·凯西）One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest （《飞越疯人院》）1961 Robert Lowell （罗伯特·洛威尔）Land of Unlikeness （《异地》）1944Life Studies （《人生写照》）1959Allen Ginsberg （艾伦·金斯伯格）Howl （《嚎》）1956Charles Olson （查尔斯·奥森）The Distances （《距离》）1961Langston Hughes （兰斯顿·休斯）Simples Speaks His Mind （《辛普尔倾吐衷情》）1950 Ralph Ellison （拉尔夫·艾里森）Invisible Man （隐形人）1952Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone （《告诉我，火车走了多久》）1968Katherine Anne Porter （凯瑟琳·安·波特）Pale Horse , Pale Rider （《灰色骑士，灰色马》） 1939The Leaning Tower （《斜塔》）1945Ship of Fools （《愚人船》）1962Bernard Malamud （伯纳德·玛拉穆德）The Assistant （《助手》）1957A New Life （《新的生活》） 1961Dubin’s Lives （《杜宾的生活》）1979John Barth （约翰·巴思）The End of the Road （《路的尽头》）1958Lost in the Funhouse （《迷失在娱乐场》）1968 John Updike （约翰·厄普代克）Rabbit , Run （《兔子，快跑》）1960Sylvia Plath （西尔维亚·普拉斯）The Colossus （《巨人》）1960Lady Lazarus （《拉撒路女士》）1963Joyce Caral Oates （乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨）Them （《他们》）1969Wonderland （《奇境》）1970Toni MorrisonThe Bluest Eyes （《最蓝的眼睛》）1970Sula （《秀拉》）1973Song of Solomon （《所罗门之歌》）1969Tar Baby（《柏油娃娃》）1981Beloved （《爱娃》）1987Jazz （《爵士乐》） 1992Paradise （《天堂》）1998。