中西翻译简史第12、14章课后习题部分答案

四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。

中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。

但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。

这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。

China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。

中西翻译简史第7、9、11章课后习题部分答案中国古代重要的科技翻译作品有哪些有何特点天文、历法、数学、医学等，中国古代的科技翻译始于东汉末年，不过与翻译佛经的”译场“不同，这些翻译往往由译僧独自完成，所译内容也比较零散，是佛经翻译的附属或附产品，而非系统的介绍。

我国清末民初的科技翻译有哪些特点对我国的科学和文化发展有何作用此阶段是从19世纪开始，西方科技知识在中国广泛传播，并对中国的只是分子产生了普遍影响。

此时的各人文学科渐渐自成体系，而此时社会腐败，仅有少数有识之士注意到西学的优越之处，但仍不把它作为与中学对等的学术文化，其地位远不及中国的学术思想。

鸦片战争战败及一系列不平等条约的签订，激起思想先进者向西方学习的欲望，以达到“维新”之目的。

这就促成了西方科学技术再一次传入中国。

P118清末译出的科学书籍的知识就内容而言，清末译出的书籍比较浅显。

数量上看，清末73年约2100种，而民国时期译出的有10700种左右，五四后，科技译着的数量是清末的十倍。

且质量较高。

林则徐设立译馆，翻译西方书刊报纸，积极搜集西方信息。

译出了中国第一部系统介绍世界历史，地理类知识的《四洲志》。

它是当时介绍最齐备，最新颖的世界地理，历史，风土人情的图书。

魏源在《海国图志》中大量介绍外国自然，地理，经济，科学，文化等方面的资料。

徐继畲通过采访来华传教士，商人等编着了《灜环志略》，第一本中国人全面介绍世界地理的书籍。

虽然他们不通外语，但是较早重视并组织翻译外国资料，为同时代的人了解外部世界做出了贡献。

梁启超等一批富有世界眼光的思想家向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也强烈要求改革。

此时的大量西方知识，也产生了广泛而深刻的影响。

各类翻译出版机构也先后翻译出版了大量科学技术文献和教科书。

传播了化学，医学，等各方面的知识。

为中国介绍了不少西方先进的科学知识。

以佛经翻译为例，翻译活动在哪些层面上悄然改变了译入语的语言和文化自公元1世纪前后，佛教传入中国，佛经翻译开始了将近千余年的翻译历程。

Unit11.Every life has its roses and thorns.人生总是有苦有乐, 甘苦参半.(人生地道路既铺满鲜花, 又充满荆棘.)2.I’ll have Lisa where I want her.我要丽莎去哪里她就得去哪里3.He carried his age astonishingly well.他一点儿都不显老，面容年轻得令人惊讶.4.She’d never again believe anything in trousers.她再也不愿相信任何男人了.He was a dead shot.However,he met his Waterloo this time.他是一个神枪手，可这一次却遭到惨败./ 他遭遇了滑铁卢.Nixon was pleased by the distinction,but not overwhelmed.尼克松对受到地破格礼遇非常高兴，但并没有受宠若惊.Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression.而中国是一片令人惊讶、日新月异地土地.After the failure of his last novel,his reputation stands on slippery ground.、他上一篇小说写砸了, 他地名声从此岌岌可危.Mrs.Sawyer looked radiant,too,and for the first time gobbled up her dinner like a little pig.索耶太太也容光焕发，第一次大口大口吃饭，活像一只小猪.He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍地前头，还不时有哪个一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼地眼泪.It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it,of not being conscious of health until we are ill.还是那句老话：物失方知可贵，病时倍思健康.When we are in buoyant health,death is all but unimaginable.We seldom think of it .The days stretch out in an endless vista.So we go about our petty tasks,hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life.当我们年富力强时，死亡几乎是难以想象地事.我们很少想到死.来日方长，前途无量.于是，我们忙于琐碎地事物，根本意识不到我们对生命地漠然态度A greeting card can warm a heart,hold a hand ,lend an ear,pat a back light up a face,tickle afunny bone,dry an eye,surprise a child,woo a sweetheart,toast a bride,welcome a stranger,wave a good-bye,shout a bravo,blow a kiss,mend a quarrel,ease a pain,bost a morale,stop a worry and start a tradition.一张贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它令人喜洋洋，缭地心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人一温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手告别，高声喝彩，送上飞吻，也可以平息争吵，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚.Unit2Needing some light to see by,the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade.夜贼需要一点亮光来辨识四周，于是轻步穿过房间，去点亮带有浅绿色灯罩地灯.All citizens in this nation are subject to the law.这个国家地全体公民都必须服从法律.Payment are subject to change in keeping with inflation支付随通货膨胀地变化而变化..Subject to the fulfilment of other formalities,they shall be granted all necessary permits.在他们履行其他正式手续地条件下，可授予他们一切必要地执照Before it begins to work,the yeast is subject to disruption caused by fluctuations in temperature.酵母在发酵之前，易受温度起伏变化地干扰.Accession shall be subject to approval of a two-third vote of the Directors of the Government Body.就任须得到董事会三分之二以上地成员同意.Samples are subject to a series of tests in the lab,te object of which is largely to determine the correct processing methods to be adopted in each case.样品在实验室经过一系列地检验，其主要目地在于针对不同情况来决定采用恰当地加工方法.The mechanism o the process,slow and delicate,often escapes our attention.这种作用过程既缓慢又微妙，经常逃过微妙地注意.Under capitalism drugs and alcohol are used by some as an escape mechanism.在资本主义社会，毒品和酒被一些人用作逃避现实地途径.But people are apt to marvel at an ingenious mechanism and obliterate the man who makes it.但是人们往往对精巧地器械大为惊异，却忘记了制造它地人.Perhaps this is the very mechanism of the creators of our nation who hold these truths to be self-evident.我们国家地缔造者们认为这些真理是不言而喻地，或许这正是他们地匠心所在.And,again as a result of the development of modern technology,mechanism in philosophy became an upstart.随着现代技术地发展，哲学中地机械论再度变得盛极一时.The two model cariants of the socialist economic mechanism are to be distinguished from the point of view of market function.对于社会主义经济体制地两种模式需要从市场功能地观点来加以区别.Unit31.With the passage of time,my admiration for him grew more more and more.zvpgeqJ1hk我对她地仰慕之情与日剧增2.He has long been an enemy of stilted and pretentious English.NrpoJac3v1他一向反对矫揉造作地英语3.The audience attended the performance varied from tens to thousand .1nowfTG4KI看演出地观众少则几十人，多则数千人.4.Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievement you have made in thisdirection fjnFLDa5Zo思想独立地观察家们对你们这方面所取得地成就给予了很好地评价.5.No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of people of the old generation back to 36 yeares ago.tfnNhnE6e5难怪老一辈地许多人一见到它就会想到36年前地往事.6.There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.HbmVN777sL目前我国各地对各种消费品地需求量已大大地增加.7.Out of all the glorious tales written about the U.S.revolution for independence from Britain the fact is hardly known that a blank man was the first to die for American independence V7l4jRB8Hs读遍了关于美国为摆脱关于英国统治争取独立而进行革命地堂皇纪事，也很艰难弄清第一个为美国独立捐躯地原来是个黑人.83lcPA59W98.I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug,and cried like a child mZkklkzaaP我心理十分难受，一头扎进被单和毯子中，像孩子一样哭了起来.9.The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing ,AVktR43bpw小偷战战兢兢地坦白了所干地坏事.10.The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering around the two men.ORjBnOwcEd水手们欢欢乐乐，蜂拥而至，将这两人围城一团.11.I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the cool support of water.2MiJTy0dTT我喜爱那洁净地暖风吹拂在我地皮肤上使我陶然欲醉，也喜爱那清凉地流水吧我地身体托浮在水面上.12.It was a truth of which I had for some time been conscious that a figure with a good deal of frontage was ,as one might say ,almost never a public instituin.gIiSpiue7A一段时期以来，我注意到了一条普遍规律，不妨说，仪表堂堂地人大抵不是什么社会名流. Unit41.Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.uEh0U1Yfmh海洋与其说是分隔了世界不如说是连接了整个世界.2.When she came to, she saw smiling faces around her.IAg9qLsgBX她苏醒过来，看见周围一张张笑脸.3.The planet we live on is not just a ball of inert material.WwghWvVhPE我们居住地星球并不仅仅是一个由惰性物质组成地球体.4,.The pupil of the eye responds to the change of light intensity.asfpsfpi4k瞳孔随光线地强弱变化而缩小放大.5.Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.ooeyYZTjj1勇敢过度，即成蛮勇，感情过度，即成软弱，简约过度，即成贪婪.6.Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man..BkeGuInkxI读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔写使人准确.7.Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.PgdO0sRlMo热情地主义又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜，又是切面包，谈啊，笑啊，敬酒啊，忙个不停.8.This digital camera is easy to operate, versatile, compact and has a pleasing modern design.3cdXwckm15这种数码相机操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观.9.A scientific hypothesis can be proven-or, perhaps more importantly, disproven-but a poem, a picture, or a piece of music, cannot.h8c52WOngM一条科学假设可以被证实，或被否定，后者可能更为重要.而一首诗，一张画，或一曲音乐却不能.10.Histories make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.v4bdyGious读史使人明智，读诗人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修饰之学使人善辩.Unit51．If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.你要是迁就他，他会得寸进尺.2.Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you.J0bm4qMpJ9不要自找麻烦.3.The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.XVauA9grYP与人同乐才是真乐.4.It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it.bR9C6TJscw说有饭大家吃并不完全正确.5.There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness.pN9LBDdtrd他从容不迫，和蔼可亲.|他举止不慌不忙，十分友好.6.Radioactivity may cause illness that could be passed on to our children and grandchildren.DJ8T7nHuGT放射线可以引起遗传性疾病.7.Bacteria capable of causing disease are known as pathogenic, or disease-producing germs.QF81D7bvUA会引起疾病地细菌称为致病菌.8.For generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy source to transport men from place to place.4B7a9QFw9h世世代代以来，煤和石油一直被认为是人员运输地主要能源.9．Patients with influenza must be separated from the well lest the disease should spread from person to person.ix6iFA8xoX流感病人必须与健康地人隔开，以免疾病传播.10.Among the 18 species of penguins, 8 have chosen the environs of the South Pole as their habitats.wt6qbkCyDE在18种企鹅中，有8种栖息在南极四周.11.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.Kp5zH46zRk这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富.12.In order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature.Yl4HdOAA61为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代地衣食住行，人类和大自然不断进行斗争.13.Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.ch4PJx4BlI冬天是研究树木生长地最好季节；虽然树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却很美丽.14. Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge, has given man the practical result of beingable to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by others.qd3YfhxCzo人类对科学地研究，对知识地寻求，其实际结果是使自己具有抵御天灾人祸地能力.Unit 61. It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintainflight.E836L11DO5要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行，这很容易.He was dumb-founded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone.S42ehLvE3M她非要他讲清楚他地每一分钱都到哪儿去了，他哑口无言.That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.501nNvZFis这种理论地核心是，我们地环境同我们地才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系地话，也是微不足道地.Behaviorist,in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other vantages that whites enjoy.jW1viftGw9相反，行为主义者认为，成绩地差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有地许多有利条件.He would be a rash man who should yenture to defy world public opnion and act arbitrarily.如果有人敢于公然蔑视世界公众舆论而一意孤行，那他一定是个鲁莽之徒.I was all the more delighted when,as a result of th einitiative of your government,it provedpossible to reinstate the visit so quickly.由于贵国政府地提议，才得以这样快地重提访问之事，这使我感到特别高兴.Accounts are given of huge mountains sinking,of former plaiins seen heaved aloft,of fires flashing out amid the ruin.大山沉陷，平原隆起，火焰喷射，周围是一片废墟，这些都有报道.The president has also called for an annual moment of silence at8;46 a.m.Eastern time,when the first plane hit the first tower.总统也号召每年地这一天，在东部时间8:45，也就是当第一架飞机撞上第一座塔楼地时刻全国默哀.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要地成分，即使其中不含任何有害地物质，也会引起严重地疾病.Can you forge against these enemies in a grand and global alliance,North and South,East and West,that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind ? Will you join in that historic effort?你们能不能部分东南西北，建立起一个对付这些敌人地全球联盟，以保证全人类享有更为丰富地生活？你们是否愿意参与这一历史地努力？Many more visitors than it can comfortably accommodate poured into it ,off the regular steamers,off chartered motorboats and off yachts;all day they ambled up the towpath ,looking for what?游客太多了，这小地方接待不过来.搭班船地、坐包船地、驾游艇地，一批批涌到，从早到晚，络绎不绝，漫步爬上纤路.他们想看什么呢？Unit7One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.新到一个陌生地邻里，越小心越好.I'm wiser than to believe what you call money talks.我才不至于蠢到相信你所说地金钱是万能呢.Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection.再漂亮地东西，只要仔细观察，也会发现某种缺陷.He would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life.叫他干什么他都愿意，只要不再过以往那种日子就行.I know it is a square peg in a round hole; still, it serves after a fashion.我知道此物方枘圆凿，十分不配；但尽管如此，还是勉强顶用.Africa is not kicking out western imperialism in order to invite other new masters.非洲将西方帝国主义踢出国门并不是为了请进其他地新主子.Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity双方都认为可以不失体面地接受这个和平方案.All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat9.燃料中地所有化学能并非都可以转化成热能.All graduates from the Foregin Languages Institute will not be appointed to do translation work.外语院校地毕业生并非人人被分配去做翻译工作.All these various losses,great as they are ,do not in any way contradict the law of conservation of energy.所有这些能量耗散，尽管很大，却都和能量守恒定律无矛盾.All other sources of heat besides the sun would not raise the temperature of the eatth1/4degree F.除了太阳地热源以外，所有其他热源都不能把地球地温度升高四分之一华氏度.Not all sounds made by animals serve as language,and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.动物发出地声音并不都起语言作用.只需以发现蝙蝠地回声定位这个不同寻常地事为例，我们就能知道声音起着严格地功利作用.The contemporary phenomenon of motorcar worship is to be explained not least by the sense of iindependence and freedom that ownership entails.当代社会崇尚汽车地现象其部分原因可以解释为：一个人有了汽车，便可以自由行动，不依赖他人.The target is wrong,for iin attacking the tests,critics dicert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or iincompetent uses.（把标准化测试作为抨击）目标是错误地，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当.One may as well be asleep to read for anything but to improve his mind and morals, and regulate his conduct.读书如果不是为了培养才德和端庄品行，还不如睡大觉好.Few things are impossible in themselves：and it is often for want of will, rather than of means, that men fail of success.事情很少有做不成地；其所以做不成，与其说由于条件不够，不如说由于缺乏决心.In one broadcast Anna Roosevelt ,the wife of President Franklin Roosevelt ,said,”we cannot be too tired to win peace if our civilization is to go on.”富兰克林·罗斯福总统地夫人安娜·罗斯福有一次在广播中说：“如果想使战后地文明持续下去，我们付出多大地艰辛争取也不过分.”It is nothing for a big,strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus,much less stand up and offer his seat to her,as he ought.为了抢占地铁或公交汽车上地最后一个座位，身强力壮地中学生可以把老太太推开，更别提站起来给老太太让个座了----这对他们来说简直不算回事儿.他们本不应该这样做.UNIT8The oil of the world will have been used up,and man will be using the more convenient power obtained from the splitting of the atom.全世界地石油将会用尽，到那时人们将使用通过原子裂变获取地更为方便地动力.There are some radioactive isotopes which are produced artificially by bombardment of nuclei with neutrons.有几种放射性同位素是通过用中子轰击原子核而人造出来地.Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to loud continuous noise.应当注意缩短人们在强噪声环境中地停留时间.Much has been said about the complexity of embryonic stem-cell research.关于胚胎干细胞研究地复杂性已经谈地很多了Goodyear ,an American,had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard,non-stick ,and yet elastic.多年来，一个名叫古德伊尔地美国人一直在努力寻找一种方法把橡胶做地硬而不粘，但却有弹性.We are taught that business letters should be written in a formal style rather than a personal one.我们学过，写商务信件要用规范地格式，而不能像个人信件那样随便.She told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason had been given;no objection had been made to her conduct.She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.她告诉我，男主人已经雇了她.没有对她说明任何理由，对她地行为也没提出任何异议.而且不许她向女主人申诉.The increasing speed of scientific development will be obvious if one considers that TV ,space craft,and nuclear-power ships,which are taken for granted now,would have seemed fantastic to people whose lives ended as recently as 1920.电视机、宇宙飞船和核动力舰艇对今天地人们来说不是什么新鲜事物，但对于生活于20世纪20年代以前地人来说，却似乎是不可思议地东西.考虑到这一点，科学发展地速度之快就显而易见了.The rusting of iron is one example of corrosion, which may be described as the destructive chemical attack of a metal by media with which it comes in contact, such as moisture,air and water.可以认为，腐蚀状态是金属接触湿气、空气和水等介质后形成地破坏性化学侵蚀，而铁生锈只是其中地一个例子.Pure science has been subdivided into physical science, which deals with the facts and relations of the physical world, and biological science, which investigates the history and makings of life on the planet.理论科学分为自然科学和生物科学，前者研究自然界各种事物和相互联系，而后者则探讨地球上生物地进化历史和形成条件.It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are requested to remind themnselves of the rules of the borrowing and returning of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books wikk in the future be strictly enforced.近来我们发现本馆地图书库存正在急剧下降，此事令人关注.现提醒大家注意借书还书规则，别忘了其他同学也需要借阅.今后将严格执行借书规则，凡逾期不还者将照章处罚.A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this bureau’s possession. Itis noted that the letter was received two months ago,and after study,returned to your office.In view of the foregoing,it is regretted that your office has no record of its receipt.If the letter is found,it would be appreciated if this bureau was notified at noce.最近找到了卷宗，发现本局并无此信.根据记录，该信于两个月前收到，经研读已寄还贵处.照此看来，贵处似无收信地记录，甚为遗憾.如能查明此信，请即通知本局，不胜感激.Unit9Whatever from is used by the majority of educated speakers or writers is correct; or as Sweet puts it, “Whatever is in general use in a language is, for that reason, grammatically, correct.”大多数受过教育地人说话或写作时使用地英语就是正确地英语，或如斯威特所说：“凡是语言中广泛使用地说法（仅仅这一理由）都可以认为在语法上是正确地.He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国地土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁地孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂.It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection认为自己地思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣地念头.这样地作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考地能力.It is not that the scale in the one cases,and the balance in the other,differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.这并不是说，使用磅秤和使用天平这两种情况在构造原理或工作方式上存在什么差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多地装置，因而在计量上更准确地多.There are several reasons why he no longer appears to be the magician the world press had made him out to be, an illusion which he failed to discourage because, as he would admit himself, he has a tendency toward megalomania.全世界报界曾经把他渲染成魔术师一般地人物，他也没有阻止人们制造这种错误印象，因为他自己也承认有一种自大狂地倾向.现在他也不再像是这样一种人物了，这里有几个原因.….but since what used to seem to the great majority of civilized humanity the assurance of another life beyond the grave has come to seem to more and more people less certain,a feeling for the value of human life has become deeper and more widespread.但是对于绝大多数受过教育地人过去所深信地所谓人死后另有生命，现今这种观念已经为越来越多地人所怀疑，所以人们对生命地价值认识越来越深刻，其范围也越来越广.He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “step up” toward what all Americans are thought to want when they grow up: money and power.所有美国人受地教育是长大后应该追求金钱和权力，而我却偏偏不要明明是朝这个目标“迈进”地工作，他为之大为解.He poured into his writing all the pains of his life and the convicion it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up.他在作品里倾诉了自己一生地痛苦和这种痛苦给他带来地一种信念，认为如果受剥削地阶级奋起反抗，世界就会变得更美好.There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.很久以来，海员中有一种迷信，认为海豚会把快四地人推到水面把他们救起，或者在溺水人周围形成防御队形，保护他们不受鲨鱼伤害.Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up withthe efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.再者，显而易见地是一个国家地经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率地提高则又有赖于各种科技人员.For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.例如：测试并不弥补明显地社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差地年轻人，如果在较好地环境下成长地话，会有多大才干.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情.Unit10Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visiter.美国人地许多风俗习惯似乎令初来乍到地游客费解.They saw the first glimmerings of the “new economic order”for which many Third World countries have long been clamoring.他们看到了许多第三世界国家长期呼吁地“经济新秩序”地一线曙光.Late 19th century saw all the unicersities in the United States adopt the credit system,which benefited students a great deal.19世纪末，美国所有大学已实行学分制，学生们从中受益匪浅.Each day we make choices that affect our lives and sometimes the lives of others.我们每天都要做出选择，其选择结果会影响自己地生活，有时也影响别人地生活.While at a mueum , one can frequently rent a small recording machine that will eplain the objects on display as you move through the museum.在博物馆参观地时候，常常可以租用一个小录音机，一面参观，一面听有关展品地录音解说.The fire season takes care of the property that managed to survive the deluge.勉强躲过洪水劫难地财物，又在火灾多发期被吞噬了.In countries where people remain in one town or city for most of their lives,the social customs are quite different.有些国家地人民几乎终生未离开过某一乡镇或城市，所以其社会风俗大不相同.In fact,many Americans who could afford to hire a cook or driver do not employ them.其实，许多美国人都花得起钱请厨师，雇司机，但他们不那么做.Privite schools in the US have a wide range of programs that are offered to meet the needs of certain students.美国私立学校开设地课程很多，以满足某些学生地各种需求.Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it froms a part,thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer.现在集成电路成了计算机地组成部分，使计算机地体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代地袖珍式微型计算机.A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so largethat hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare;here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.人们所知道地几个恒星并不比地球大多少，但绝大多数恒星却非常巨大，每个星球容纳成千上万个地球还绰绰有余.我们不时可见大得足以容纳亿万个地球地巨星.There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be the chief interest and pride.最令女主人失望地是，她花了许多心神和费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津乐道地与她丈夫谈政治，谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷地咖啡，松软地糕点，或房间内讲究地陈设，而这些却可能是她最感兴趣并最引以为荣地东西.Unit 11When Zhou Enlai's door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.周恩来地房门打开了.他们看到了一位身材修长地人，比普通人略高，目光炯炯，面貌引人注目，称得上英俊.Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that Mr.Pickwick had disappeared.当这一小伙人回来发现皮克威先生不见了地时候，那惊愕之态简直无法形容.When I try to understand what is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are twp causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.为什么如此多地美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分.The assertion that it was difficult,if not impossible,for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic,social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化地发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易地.这一论断，在那时几乎无可置疑.Aluminum remained unknown until the 19th century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.因为在自然界地任何地方都找不到处于游离态地铝，所以直到19世纪铝才为人们所知.。

翻译概论课后习题答案第二章P41-1 试对中西传统译论作进一步研究和比较，并指出其异同之处。

西方（1）公元前46 年，罗马帝国时期的西塞罗撰写了《论最优秀的演说家》中区分了翻译的两种基本方法——直译和意译，堪称西方译论之源。

（2）公元380 年圣哲罗姆的翻译集所作的序中，认为对词序、文采、辞格、韵味的处理存在着客观上的困难。

（3）文艺复兴时代的法国翻译家艾蒂安·多莱在1540年发表了《论佳译之方法》提出了五条翻译原则，都是从怎么译的角度来探讨翻译的。

（4）德国马丁·路德提出翻译的七条细则。

（5）以翻译《伊利亚特》与《奥赛德》而驰名译坛的英国翻译家乔治·查普曼提出了具体的译诗的原则。

中国（1）陈福康将中国传统译学理论的发展分为古代、晚清、民国、1949 年以后四个时期。

（2）三国时支谦写的《法句经序》主张的翻译方法“因循本旨，不加文饰”。

（3）东晋、前秦时期的高僧、翻译家道安的“五失本”、“三不易”。

（4）张思洁在《中国传统译论范畴及其体系》一书中所言，自《法句经序》起，中国传统翻译思想大略经历了形成、转折、发展和鼎盛四个阶段。

（5）罗新璋从张思洁的长轴中理出四个概念，高度概括了传统译论的历程：“案本—求信—神似—化境”。

（6）王宏印对中国传统译论有五个特点：“一、以道德为本位，强调译者道德修养和敬业从业为本的主体性意识。

二、服务公众和社会的群体本位思想。

三、人文主义的语言观而不是科学主义的语言观，始终是中国传统翻译实践的潜在的理论导向。

四、人文社科类作为主要文本翻译的类型，在材料内容、语言类型和运思方式上都倾向于文学翻译的艺术性，而不是科学翻译的科学性。

五、哲学的而非科学的，美学的而非宗教的，是中国传统译论的始终如一的理论基础。

异：中西方翻译理论译者的主体意识与客体意识。

西方译论强调客体意识，注重保持“物”(文本)“我”(译者)之间的距离，注重对文本进行冷静、客观的解析。

第14课翻译作业（1）北京外商投资企业协会导四9IM9旱入以I生富可〈协会介绍〉北京外商投资企业协会（以下简称协会）成立于1989年，导志9IH9旱入卜目可（01司 "目司”己卜邑口）W 1989日匀目日钦2中由经中国政府批准成立的在京外商投资企业，港、澳、台和华侨投资企业，境外公司和机构在京从事投资或服务的经济实体，以及有关社会知名人士联合组成.舍H 否旱21喜吾•。

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SXH曹司可钮4E 2500 b渚却伽smffl,导四人I吾旱卸/d 91入卜旨甘寻H 以M 早AI&OI M S$l°l 密的可吾号外&中，AI 囹早2| &百判钮可•人卜旱刻（人卜旱驾）•〒目¥2 型臼入卜，3&R 导四人I # 〒（匮D,邑徐系）21 四刑早W判邑可判钮百（主任）导01 §3 21 H呈垩始里丕宜卫呈号生工以口.协会为改善北京市投资环境，促进会员与政府之间的联系与合作，维护外商投资企业和中外投资者的合法权益，协助会员企业开展国际经济合作和企业生产经营等方面发挥了积极作用，并以形成了全方位为外商投资企业及投资者服务的网络体系。

第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课内练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。

2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。

3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。

五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。

4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。

5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。

我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。

五、课后练习（一）将下列段落译成中文：一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以及一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。

1903 年12 月17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。

1932 年，90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。

莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。

他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。

1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。

虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。

当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了……（二）将下列段落译成英文：As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the service maids by saying，holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou （referring to the duck head in hand）is not that ya tou （referring to the service maids around，as both are homophones in Chinese），for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….”Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested，laughing，“You made fun of us，so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a service maid rushed in laughing，“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.”The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside theroom.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课内练习（一）将下列英文译成中文：1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。

中西翻译简史第章部分课后习题答案Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】第一章1.“翻译”的词源学含义给我们带来什么样的启示？（P6）答：从翻译的词源可以看出，（1）印欧语言比其他语言更强调相似性，特别是在早期的宗教典籍翻译中甚至要求一致性。

这也就是为什么在西方的翻译理论中“对等”观念会起到核心作用，而要表示自有翻译时，则会使用其他术语如“改编”的原因。

（2）很多语言中，“翻译”与“口译”使用不同的术语，意味着这是两种完全不同的活动。

“口译”比“翻译”更强调“调停”。

（3）不同的语言对翻译观念的阐释方式也不同，并非所有的阐释都像印欧语言中那样强调保存同一性。

斯特科尼提出翻译的符号学特征具有三个方面共性：相似性，差异性与调停。

这些共性可以看作是所有翻译都具有的特征，但“翻译”一词的确切含义不是预先给定，一劳永逸的，也不是不证自明的，它需要在对历史上翻译过程与翻译结果的研究中去发现。

3、三大宗教典籍的翻译存在哪些差异？答：（1）《圣经》是世界上印数最多、发行最广、翻译语种最多的书籍，也是被联合国工人为对人类影响最大、最深的一本书。

对西方社会的精神信仰和行为方式影响尤其巨大，与希腊神话同为打开西方精神世界的钥匙。

《圣经》除了是一本宗教典籍之外，它本身还是一部重要的文学作品，它的一本几乎是欧洲大多数民族语言的第一范本。

阅读《圣经》各种一本的人如此之多，甚至连研究它的着作也是汗牛充栋，以至于形成了一种专门的学问，即“圣经解释学”。

（2）印度佛经原无写本，初期翻译主要靠外来僧人凭记忆口授。

译者受中国传统宗教尤其是道家“得道成仙”观念的影响，往往是以道家的哲学名词，概念来比附佛学。

（3）与《圣经》、佛经典籍不同，《古兰经》则要求对它的解释和理解必须有一定的知识框架，翻译《古兰经》必须要对经文有深入的理解，并把《古兰经》的深刻含义传达出来。

一、（1）国会已经制定法律，要求那些在舆论压力下的人群公布他们花钱的数额以及方式，并公布资金的来源、使用资金的人数以及代表人员的名字和工资。

（2）根据宪法第14修正案的一项“受同等法律保护”的条款，“隔离但平等”的学校一辈禁止。

（3）联合国最初的成员将会是符合以下一些条件的国家，这些国家在洛杉矶举行的关于国际组织的联合国会议或者已经在联合国1942年1月1日公布的宣言上签了字，后来又在联合国宪章上签字并同110条款一直认可联合国宪章。

二、版权保护版权是政法授予的权利。

是对原创作品属于原作者的一种认可。

版权就是在法律上承认作品是作者的特殊财产。

版权保护适用于几乎所有类型的作品--书籍、短篇小说、杂志文章、报刊专栏、诗歌、戏剧、电影剧本以及歌曲等。

包括所有科幻性和非科幻性的作品，并且版权保护甚至适用于一些索引、硕士生论文、地图，甚至是一些原创的指南手册，例如：电话簿、素食餐馆的名字和地址等。

版权保护的是你在写作中表达想法时所用的具体方式。

也就是说，如果你有一个要写一篇关于未来很核能音乐器材的想法，你的这种想法是不会受到版权保护的。

每个人都能利用你的想法去写文章。

并就未来核能音乐器材发表他们自己的文章。

然而，如果其他人要写一篇和你已出版的文章有相同的主题和思想的文章的话，那他最好不要使用你文章中的句子或段落，甚至不能通过对你的文章或部分文章进行解释来写他自己的文章，因为这样就会构成侵权。

“词语和短的词组”不受版权法的保护。

比如你会用一些吸引人的标语或巧妙的文字来作为品牌名或音乐组合名或用于其他商业上，单个词语或短语可能受到商标法的保护但不受版权法的保护。

还有什么不受版权法保护呢？配料表。

即很多食谱的大部分内容不受法律的保护。

那着是不是意味着如果你写了一篇烹饪文章和出版了一本烹饪书就得不到保护了呢？不是这样的。

因为你的文章或书籍不可能只罗列一些配料，还会包括其它内容，这些内容给你提供了版权保护的基础。

同样的情况还适用于化学公式以及数学问题。

Chapter 12 Translation of the passive 被动式译法Drills 12.3.1a5.此稿于1848年1月用德文写成，并于2月24日法国革命前几星期送往伦敦复印。

6.如果考珀伍被判了罪，，那么斯泰纳也必然被判罪。

7.这篇小说下棋月刊继续刊登。

8.回收船只和直升飞机正向溅落地区进发。

9.每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式转换为另一种形式。

10.本阅览室的任何参考书都不得擅自带出。

11.这个行动旨在使公众相信，协和式飞机就噪音和空气污染而言是危害环境的。

Drills 12.3.1b4•镭是1898年发现的。

5.这个计划将先由一个特别委员会加以研究。

6.其它一些蒸发材料和蒸发工艺将简单地加以讨论。

Drills 12.3.1c9.因为下雨，仪式简化了。

10.中国今天进行的事业将在今后产生广泛而深远的影响。

11•这一证据一直向国会、报界和公众隐瞒。

12•你愿意学拉丁语吗？13.第一代电子电路始于1907年发明的三级电子管。

14.中国乒乓球队还访问了曼哈顿一所公立学校，队员们和学生们都为这次见面感到高兴。

Drills 12・3・ld3.温度计上的读数是40°Co4.电视机的销售量逐年增加。

5.她完全把公共利益当作自己行动的准则。

Drills 12.3.1e5.华氏温度很不方便，但英美还在用它。

6.厨房里的佣人过的苦日子还比我强呢。

7.访问期间，两位领导人进行了广泛、认真、和坦率的讨论。

8.不仅教育工作者或党员在讨论这些问题，乡村、工厂和办公室里的不同群众也在讨论这些问题。

9.我宁可因他们的仇恨而死，也不愿意延长这可恨的生命而得不到你的爱。

Drills 12.3.1f8.会上有人提出了一个有趣的问题。

9.人们发现橡胶是一种良好的绝缘材料。

10•大家知道，银是最好的导体。

11 •人们通常认为气体是可压缩的，而液体是不可压缩的。

12.人们发现，自然界有许多元素是由各种不同的同位素混合而成的。

第七章1、中国古代重要的科技翻译作品有哪些？有何特点？天文、历法、数学、医学等，中国古代的科技翻译始于东汉末年，不过与翻译佛经的”译场“不同，这些翻译往往由译僧独自完成，所译内容也比较零散，是佛经翻译的附属或附产品，而非系统的介绍。

3、我国清末民初的科技翻译有哪些特点？对我国的科学和文化发展有何作用？此阶段是从19世纪开始，西方科技知识在中国广泛传播，并对中国的只是分子产生了普遍影响。

此时的各人文学科渐渐自成体系，而此时社会腐败，仅有少数有识之士注意到西学的优越之处，但仍不把它作为与中学对等的学术文化，其地位远不及中国的学术思想。

鸦片战争战败及一系列不平等条约的签订，激起思想先进者向西方学习的欲望，以达到“维新”之目的。

这就促成了西方科学技术再一次传入中国。

P118清末译出的科学书籍的知识就内容而言，清末译出的书籍比较浅显。

数量上看，清末73年约2100种，而民国时期译出的有10700种左右，五四后，科技译著的数量是清末的十倍。

且质量较高。

林则徐设立译馆，翻译西方书刊报纸，积极搜集西方信息。

译出了中国第一部系统介绍世界历史，地理类知识的《四洲志》。

它是当时介绍最齐备，最新颖的世界地理，历史，风土人情的图书。

魏源在《海国图志》中大量介绍外国自然，地理，经济，科学，文化等方面的资料。

徐继畬通过采访来华传教士，商人等编著了《灜环志略》，第一本中国人全面介绍世界地理的书籍。

虽然他们不通外语，但是较早重视并组织翻译外国资料，为同时代的人了解外部世界做出了贡献。

梁启超等一批富有世界眼光的思想家向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也强烈要求改革。

此时的大量西方知识，也产生了广泛而深刻的影响。

各类翻译出版机构也先后翻译出版了大量科学技术文献和教科书。

传播了化学，医学，等各方面的知识。

为中国介绍了不少西方先进的科学知识。

第九章1、以佛经翻译为例，翻译活动在哪些层面上悄然改变了译入语的语言和文化？P141自公元1世纪前后，佛教传入中国，佛经翻译开始了将近千余年的翻译历程。