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19世纪末迎来英国戏剧的复兴◆奥斯卡·王尔德Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)《道林·格雷的画像》（The Picture of Dorian Gray，1891年）《莎乐美》（Salomé，1893年）乔治·萧伯纳G eorge Bernard Shaw （1856-1950）•《皮格马利翁》（Pygmalion）•《圣女贞德》（Saint Joan）The Victorian Age—English Critical RealismVictorian literature:Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.Writers like Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy showed their primary concern is about the people in the society with sympathy for the poor and the unfortunate and became the major voice of the literary world by presenting a faithful picture of the horrible capitalist England.The big output by the Victorian poets, especially Alfred Tennyson, the most representative poet of the time, and Robert Browning, the most original and experimental poet, paved the way for the 20th-century modern poetry, both in subject matters and technique.DickensPoints of view:He hates the social evils and intends social reform by exposing and critic izing in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruption in the 19th –century England.He thinks that the state should intervene to control the rapacity of landlords and capitalists.He wants improvement in the life of the poor, but is afraid of a real revolution.Dickens is a humanitarian who pours all his love and sympathy for those poor, weak, innocent, injured and neglected good people.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)---The greatest representative of English critical realismMajor WorksThere is abundant variety in Dickens’s invention of character and situation. Dickens has often been compared to Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention.1836—1841, first period, Period of youthful optimist: fun, high spirit, naive optimism1) Sketches by Boz (1836) «博兹特写集», the first book2) The Pickwick Papers (1837) «匹克威克外传»3). Oliver Twist(1837-1838)«奥克佛·特维斯特»，《雾都孤儿》4). Nichols Nickleby (1838-1839)«尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝»5). The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841)«老古玩店»6). Barnaby Rudge (1841) «巴纳比·拉奇»1842-1850, The second period-- Period of excitement, irritation and frustration: exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power, optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation1) American Notes (1842) «美国札记»2) Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844)«马丁·朱述尔维特»3) A Christmas Carol(1843)《圣诞颂歌》4) The Chimes《教堂钟声》5) The Cricket on the Hearth《灶上蟋蟀》(以圣诞为题材, 具有浓郁宗教色彩。
第三十九讲十九世纪英国文学（一）1.华兹华斯和柯勒律治《抒情诗集》英国浪漫主义的开始2.卢梭《最后的三次散步》（一译《一个孤独漫步者的遐想》）3.威廉·华兹华斯《我们是七个》写不知生也不知死的小孩之间无邪纯真的对话，感人肺腑。
“桂冠诗人”4.塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治《莎士比亚论》、名诗《古舟子咏》好写怪诞的故事，但文笔浓郁。
5.罗伯特·骚塞《纳尔逊将军传》6.沃尔特·司格特诗以古韵文传奇作蓝本，思想新颖，文笔活泼，当时极受欢迎。
7.乔治·戈登·拜伦得年三十六岁，标准的天才型人物的死亡。
不幸的童年，让人性格尖锐。
诗寄回英国，头两卷发表后，拜伦说：“我一早醒来，一夜成名，成为诗台上的拿破仑。
”他是贵族、诗人、美男子、英雄。
是多重性质的象征。
我小时候一看这名字，还没读作品，就受不了了。
再看画像，更崇拜。
……我见拜伦，这位哥哥好像在哪儿见过。
精神血统就是这样。
人类文化至今，最强音是拜伦：反对权威，崇尚自由，绝对个人自由。
真挚磅礴的的热情，独立不羁的精神，是我对拜伦最心仪的。
英国文学，莎士比亚之后，公推拜伦。
《哈罗德游记》、《海盗》、《曼弗雷德》（拜伦最重要的诗）我来打个圆场，做点补充：《浮士德》之意义在于普遍的象征性，其精神是一面旗帜。
旗帜是一片布，布有什么精神呢？而《曼弗雷德》是一把剑，是要杀伐的。
歌德是伟人，四平八稳的——伟人是庸人的最高体现。
而拜伦是英雄，英雄必有一面特别超凡，始终不太平的。
英雄，其实是捣蛋鬼，皮大王，捣的蛋越大，扯的皮越韧，愈发光辉灿烂。
歌德诗如交响乐，拜伦诗如室内乐。
诗剧《该隐》其实我们在大陆，都是曲曲折折的该隐。
英国朝野一致认为拜伦是恶魔，在有神论的世界，此诗太强烈了。
《唐璜》这首长诗非常见功力，地理、环境、战争，凿凿有据，知识渊博，观察精到，手段充分。
他说拜伦皮肤如大理石里点了灯。
那晚，他说未听到音乐，但看到了音乐。
English Literature at the End of the 19th CenturyLiterary Trends at the End of the 19th CenturyAestheticism and Oscar Wilde(1856-1900) Neo-RomanticismThomas Hardy(1840-1928)Literary Trends at the end of the 19th CenturyNaturalism: Naturalism was a literary movement taking place in Europe, especially in France, in the second half of the19th century that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. Naturalistic writers were influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Naturalistic works often include uncouth or sordid subject matter”(Émile Zola's works had a frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism. )According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be true to life and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. Naturalistic writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, but giving all the details of life without discrimination, they can only represent the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life. In reality, naturalism was an extension of realism.Aestheticism: The basic theory of “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Ga utier(1811-1872). The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Peter, the most important critical writer of the late Victorian period, whose most important works were studies in the History of Renaissance and Appreciations. Following him, Swinburne in English literature declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social ends, nor any end except itself. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence. Only when art is for ar t’s sake can it be immortal.The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde, with his The Picture of Dorian Gray.Oscar Wilde(1856-1900)—born in Ireland and educated at Oxford.He started his literary by writing poetry, stories and essays, then he achieved fame with his novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” (1891).Wilde’s Main WorksThe Pictures of Dorian Gray《道林.格雷的画像》Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》An Ideal Husband《理想的丈夫》The Importance of Being Earnest《埃耐斯特的重要性》The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子故事集》THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAYThe hero Dorian was at first a handsome and innocent youth, and the painter Howard Basil drew a picture of him. Then Dorian met Lord Henry, an extremely immoral and degenerate hedonist, and fell under the latter’s vicious influence, and he became a hedonist and indulged in all sorts of depravity, frequented the opium dens, until he even killed Howard who tried to give him advice. Dorian continued to look as innocent and as handsome as before, but the picture painted by Howard now looked terrible. Then one night he stabbed at the picture which is a terrible record of his life, but the result was that he had stabbed himself and now he looked terrible but the picture appeared as handsome and innocent as before.Neo-RomanticismAnother literary trend prevailing at the end of 19th century was neo-romanticism. Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions, some writers adopted this new trend which laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the reading public.Robert Louis Stevenson (Scottish) was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. (Treasure Island, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde《化身博士》)Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)the last and one of the greatest Victorian novelists and poetsone of the representatives of English critical realism and naturalism at the turn of the 19th centuryFamous for his description of the imaginary county “Wessex”. His principal works are the Wessex novels.Hardy’s work reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.The Hardy cottage in Higher Bockhampton, Dorchester多尔切斯特郡上博克汗普顿村He was born in Dorset, a southern county of England, which he called Wessex in his books. His father, a stone mason砌石工, wanted him to follow in his steps. Therefore, from an early age he was bound apprentice to an architect. At the age of 22, Hardy went to London, where he studied architecture for five years but at the same time also became interested in literature and philosophy. On his return to his native countryside in 1867, he worked as an architect for several years. When he gained fame for his works, he made literature his profession.Hardy was a prolific writer. His principal works are the Wessex novels, that is, the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside. These novels have for their setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England. He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who became hired fieldhands and roamed the country in search of seasonal jobs.The author was pained to see the deterioration of the patriarchal mode of life in rural England. This was one of the reasons accounting for the growing pessimistic vein which runs throughout his works. According to his pessimistic philosophy, mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfortune into human life.Hardy’s Major WorksHardy himself divides his novels into three groups:1) Romances and fantasies浪漫与幻想小说A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873)The Trumpet Major (1880), etc.2)Novels of Ingenuity爱情阴谋小说Desperate Remedies (1871)《非常手段》The Hand of Ethelberta (1876) 《埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻》.3)Novels of character and Environment性格与环境小说Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)The Return of the Native (1878)The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)The Woodlanders (1887)Wessex Tales (1888)Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891)Life's Little Ironies (1894)Jude the Obscure (1895)Among his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure could be regarded as the summit of his realism. Both novels met with harsh criticism from the bourgeois public. The malicious criticism which they incurred discouraged the author to such an extent that he ceased writing novels altogether. At the end of the nineties, almost at the age of 60, Hardy turned to poetry.遗言争执哈代留下的遗言是死后葬在故乡的家墓里。
19世纪的英国文学英本1班陈亚云 111020109浪漫主义诗歌的第一个大诗人是布莱克。
这个靠镌版谋生的手工匠人是法国革命的热烈的拥护者，但又反对它的哲学基础理性主义，所写的诗也大异于18世纪的优雅含蓄,而着重想象力和神启式的宗教感,初期的《天真之歌》(1789)写得纯真，《经验之歌》(1794)写得沉痛；后来诗风一变，转而写作篇幅巨大的长诗如《四天神》(1804)，其中有一套独特的象征和神话系统。
华兹华斯的小诗清新,长诗清新而又深刻，他的十四行诗雄奇,他的《序曲》(1805)首创用韵文来写自传式的“一个诗人的心灵的成长”，无论在内容和艺术上都开了一代新风。
柯尔律治另有特长。
他的《古舟子咏》(1798)借用了一个充满了奇幻之美的航海故事，探索了罪和赎罪的问题；他的短诗《忽必烈□》(18 16)发掘了诗的音乐美和人心的联想作用；他的理论著作《文学传记》(1817)吸收了德国哲学家谢林的论点，对浪漫主义诗歌的特色，尤其是想象力在诗歌创作中的重要作用，作了精辟的论述，使他成为英国文学批评史上最敏锐的理论家之一。
然而这人的诗才在短期的闪耀之后相继熄灭了，另一代诗人在1815年左右起来，把浪漫主义诗歌带进了更广阔的境界。
拜伦、雪莱、济慈三人各有特色，但是都忠于法国革命的理想。
拜伦是出于对暴政的反感,雪莱是着眼于未来的理想社会。
拜伦在他的杰作《唐璜》(1818～1823)里一反欧洲旧传说，把主人公从纨□子弟转变成热血青年,让他两度横越欧陆,通过他的眼睛见证了又评论了广阔的欧洲现实。
拜伦诗如其人，始终为自由而斗争，产生了超越英国和欧洲的文化和政治上的重大影响。
雪莱的抒情诗情思专注而意境高远，《西风颂》(1819)鼓舞了当时和后世的革命志士；他的哲理诗探讨人类解放和理想的男女关系等重大问题，以议论入诗而诗句依然绚烂多采；他有志于复兴希腊式的诗剧，在《解放了的普罗米修斯》（1820）里他师法埃斯库罗斯而又不取其懦弱，重申人的复兴的胜利，诗句挺拔，取得了辉煌成就。
