高级会计学英文课件(12)

Cui Zhe School of Business Nantong University
OBJECTIVE
• To ensure you have the skills necessary to produce an excellent dissertation
STRUCTURE
• From developing the idea to presenting the completed piece of research
COURSE OUTLINE
Part 1:Research Methods in ACC/FIN
Part 2: Basic Theoretical Issues in ACC/FIN
Part 3: Special Topic in ACC/FIN
ACC/FIN RESEARCH METHODS
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
• Findings will be tentative • Human beings are complex we can only model part of
their behaviour • They are not consistent • They learn • Data are always difficult and expensive to obtain • Linearity is often misleading asymmetry, big vs small
GETTING STARTED
• Don’t rush • Choose something you are interested in • Something which is useful to the rest of your

Management accounting (next page)
Management accounting:
use both historical data in assisting management daily operations and in planning future operations.
concepts one more time. • Combine both freely but English is more
important.
二 Improve English by ….
– Read textbook in class and after class – Remember new words – Answer questions in exercise is important – Overlook some parts while emphasizing some
• Financial accounting: provides external reports o outsiders, financial information.
2 Reporting management information to internal users
Internal users are senior management-level personnel.
• What do you think?
二 Functions
1 Reporting financial information to outside interested users
• Outside users are:investors,banks and other creditors,government agencies,general publics

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Consolidation Theories, Push-Down Accounting and Corporate Joint Ventures
1: Consolidation Theories
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11-5
Income Reporting
• Parent company theory and traditional theory – Consolidated net income is income to the parent company shareholders • Entity theory – Total consolidated income is to be shared between the controlling and noncontrolling interests
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11-1
Theories, Push-Down Accounting, and Joint Ventures: Objectives
1. Compare and contrast the elements of consolidation approaches under traditional theory, parent-company theory, and contemporary entity theory. 2. Adjust subsidiary assets and liabilities to fair values using push-down accounting. 3. Account for corporate and unincorporated joint ventures. 4. Identify variable interest entities. 5. Consolidate a variable interest entity.

Consolidated Entity
Company S2
Profit (loss) that has not been realized through subsequent sales to third parties must be eliminated in the preparation of consolidated financial statements.
Slide 6-4
LO 4 Upstream and downstream sales.
Elimination of intercompany sales of goods
Group
Purchases 10
P Comp
Sales 15
S Comp
Sales 20
Downstream Sales
Elimination of intercompany sales of goods
Slide 6-1
6
Elimination of Unrealized Profit on Intercompany Sales of Inventory
Advanced Accounting, Fourth Edition
Slide 6-2
Learning Objectives
1. 2. 3. Describe the financial reporting objectives for intercompany sales of inventory. Determine the amount of intercompany profit, if any, to be eliminated from the consolidated statements. Understand the concept of eliminating 100% of intercompany profit not realized in transactions with outsiders, and know the authoritative position.

Controller
Other Vice Presidents
11-7
Corporate Organization Chart
Contractual and legal representation Custodian of funds
Stockholders Board of Directors President
11-26
Accounting by the investor.
The return based on the market value is called the “dividend yield.”
11-27
Factors affecting market price of common stock: l Investors’ expectations of future profitability. l Risk that this level of profitability will not be achieved.
11-24
11-25
Accounting by the issuer.
Common stock is carried at original issue price. Investments in marketable securities are carried at market value.
11-11
Authorized Shares
The maximum number of shares of capital stock that can be sold to the public.
11-12
Authorized Shares
Usually shares are sold through an underwriter.

Accounting: Information for Decision Making
• The primary objective of accounting – to provide information that is useful for making decisions.
Users of Accounting Information
why they need the information; • Understand the types of accounting information; • Have a general idea of the professional fields of
accounting and their duties. • Learn the accounting terms in this chapter and use them
Suggestions for study
• Previewing the text is very important.
• 《An English –Chinese Dictionary of Accounting》，《英汉双解财会词典》，外 语教学与研究出版社， [英] P.H. Collin, Adrian Joliffe 编，张炜等译，2002年9 月第1版
– Company – Corporation
Definition of Accounting
• Accounting is an information system designed to record, classify and summarize systematically significant financial and other economic information about business firms, and analyses and interprets its results, with monetary unit as its main criterion.

accounting element _会__计_要__素__
2. Complete the following sentences.
❖ 1)Accounting is a _s_pe_c_ia_l l_a_ng_u_age of business. ❖ 2) The purpose of accounting is to provide
❖Is Accounting English difficult?
Suggestions for study
❖ Previewing the text is very important.
❖ 《An English –Chinese Dictionary of Accounting》，《英汉双解财会词典》
❖ Economic resources = equities ❖ Economic resources =creditor’s equity + owner’s
equity ❖ Accounting equation: assets = liabilities of transactions that affect owner’s equity
and know why they need the information; ❖ Understand the types of accounting information; ❖ Have a general idea of the professional fields of
accounting and their duties. ❖ Learn the accounting terms in this chapter and
use them in the translation task.

managers and other users of its financial statements.The
accounts within the chart of accounts are numbered for use
as references.
Balance Sheet Accounts
accounts.
Prepare an unadjusted trial
balance and explain how it can be used to discover errors.
Using Accounts to Record Transactions
As a result,accounting systems are designed to show the increases and decreases in each accounting equation element as a separate record.This record is
accounts.
Describe and illustrate
journalizing transaction using the double-entry
accounting system.
Describe and illustrate the journalizing and
posting of transactions to
Examples ——wages expense, rent expense, utilities expense, supplies expense, and miscellaneous expense.
A chart of accounts should meet the needs of a company’s

第2章 长期资产减值
2. Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
学习目标
❖ 1．掌握：单项资产减值的可收回金额的计算。
❖ 2．理解：资产减值的设计思路。 ❖ 3．了解：总部资产减值的计算规则。
❖
❖ 本章讲解《企业会计准则第8号——资产减值》的设计理念及操 作要领。该准则是借鉴《国际会计准则第36号——资产减值》 （International Accounting Standard 36: Impairment of Assets）制定而成的。而后者又是借鉴美国证券市场上的《财 务会计准则公告第121号——长期资产减值和待售长期资产的会 计处理》（Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 121：Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of）制 定而成的。
Renmin University of China
13
Continued
❖ 准则规定，企业管理层应当合理地、有依据地对资产的后续使 用情况进行最佳估计。应当以经企业管理层批准的最近时期的 财务预算或者预测数据为基础，以稳定的或者递减的增长率为 基础进行计算。企业管理层如能证明递增的增长率是合理的， 也可采用递增的增长率。
Renmin University of China
2
2.1 准则的设计思路 2.1.1 资产减值规则概览
❖ 企业会计准则体系规定有许多资产减值会计规则，散见于不同 的准则（见表2—1）。《企业会计准则第8号——资产减值》并 未涵盖所有资产项目，其中的“资产”项目是特指的，如采用 成本模式计量的投资性房地产（investment property carried at cost）、对子公司的投资和对联营企业或合营企业的长期股 权投资（investments in subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures）、固定资产、生产性生物资产、油气资产（探明矿 区权益、井及相关设施）、无形资产（包括资本化的开发支出 ）和商誉。为明晰起见，本章将该准则所规定的减值称为“长 期资产减值”。常见的资产减值处理规则如表2—1所示。

• What is the objective of external financial reporting?
• Operation performance 经营成果 • Financial position 财务状况 • Cash flow 现金流 • Return of investment 投资回收 • Return on investment 投资回报 • 课后自学P8第2和第4段 • 练习：P13 Exercises 1
• Confirm to/with 与…相一致 • Minimize the tax burden 使税负最小化
Profession Fields of Accounting
public accounting
private accounting
accounting for governments and nonprofit organizations
• Question:
– Which decisions are to be made by internal users except for management?
External users of accounting information
• Question:
– How to define external users of accounting information?
• Management accountants 管理会计师
– The Institute of Management Accountants （美国管理会计师协会 ，简称IMA ）
– Certified Management Accountant (美国注册 管理会计师，简称CMA)

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Forward Contract Impact
If Sam’s fixed costs are $50,000, and the variable cost is $3 per unit, Sam will lock in profit of $20,000 ($100,000 revenue less $50,000 fixed costs less $30,000 variable costs). If the market price for the item increases, Sam can sell at the higher market price and settle with Irene by paying her the difference, or simply sell the items to Irene at the contracted price. Either way, Sam has profit of $20,000.
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 12-10
Swaps
Swaps are contracts to exchange an ongoing stream of cash flows, commonly swapping interest rates. Swap variable- for fixed-rate debt, or Swap fixed- for variable-rate debt Swaps are commonly negotiated on an individual basis like forward contracts, but may be standardized and exchange-traded like futures.

executives 高级(gāojí)管理人员
professional judgment
职业判断力
第六页，共八十四页。
ethical standard 道德(dàodé)准那么
integrity 整合性
AICPA
美国(měi ɡuó)注册会计师 协会
第七页，共八十四页。
Chapter 2
第四十六页，共八十四页。
weight average
加权平均
(píngjūn)
第四十七页，共八十四页。
Chapter 7
第四十八页，共八十四页。
accumulated depletion
累计折耗(shéhào)
accumulated depreciation
累计折旧
acquisition cost 取得(qǔdé)本钱
第二十九页，共八十四页。
bad debt recovery 已确认(quèrèn)坏账的收
回
bed debt expense 坏账费用
bank charges 银行(yínháng)手续费
bank credit memorandum
银行贷项通知
第三十页，共八十四页。
bank debit memorandum
closing the accounts
结账
(jié zhànɡ)
closing entry 结账分录
credit balance 贷方余额
第十八页，共八十四页。
debit balance 借方余额
depreciation expense 折旧费用
double-entry accounting
第二十七页，共八十四页。

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14
Going Concern Concept
• Assumes that the entity will remain in operation for the foreseeable future
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28
Exercise 1-17
5
Ethics
• Audit
– Examination of company’s financial situation – Performed by independent accountants
• Sarbanes-Oxley Act
– Criminal offense to falsify financial statements
• AICPA – Code of Professional Conduct for Accountants
• IMA – Standards of Ethical Conduct
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7
Types of Business Organizations
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2
Decision Makers
• Individuals • Businesses • Investors • Creditors • Taxing Authorities

► (1) supplies ► (2) prepaid insurance ► (3) prepaid advertising ► (4) prepaid interest
► ㈡ Deferred revenues (unearned revenue) → become revenues over time
( cash received or paid )
► 2 All adjusting entries affect at least one income statement account and one balance sheet account.
四 Examples:
►1 Assuming that on December 31 the amount of supplies on hand is $760, the amount to be transferred from the asset account to the expense account is $1240.(supplies used is the amount of adjustment)
►Deferrals --------- are created by recording a transaction in a way that delays or defers the recognition of an expense or a revenue.
►㈠ Deferred expenses (prepaid expenses) → become expense over time
► ㈢ Accrued expenses (accrued liabilities) →
► expense have been incurred but not recorded

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16-9
Bonus or Goodwill on Initial Investment
Partner initial investments may not represent ownership percentage. Partners may bring Individual talent Business connections Customer base Intellectual know-how Partners choose method to record their capital Bonus method Adjustment within the capital accounts Goodwill method Goodwill is recorded on the books
Additional investments increase Capital.
Drawings and withdrawals reduce Capital.
Income Summary (Revenue and Expense Summary) is closed to Capital.
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50
50
16-13
Additional Partner Transactions
Each partner has his/her own accounts for Capital (the balance of a partner’s equity) Drawings (periodic amounts, similar to a salary) Withdrawals (other large or unusual amounts)