美国文学中的自然主义

NATURALISM IN AMERICAN LITERATURE

Contents

1. introduction ........................................................................................................... 1

2. Naturalism Literature in American .................................................................... 2

2.1 Origin of Naturalism Literature ........................................................................ 2

2.2 The Development of Naturalism Literature in the USA ................................... 3

3. Stephen Crane and Naturalism ........................................................................... 4

3.1 The ―Precursors‖ Stephen Crane....................................................................... 4

3.2 The Create Background of The Open Boat ....................................................... 5

4. An analysis on American Naturalism Literature from The Open Boat ........... 6

4.1 Nature in The Open Boat .................................................................................. 6

4.2 The Fight between Human and Nature ............................................................. 9

4.3 The Relationship between Man and Man ....................................................... 10

4.4 Life of Hope .................................................................................................... 12

4.5 The Growth of Personal and the Sublimation of Sprint .................................. 13

5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 14

6. Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 15

1. introduction

Naturalism theory is based on the theory of positivism presented by a famous French

philosopher Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (1798-1857). As a product

of social development to a certain stage, naturalism is regarded as a new development

of positivism. It is also been called light realism or pessimistic realism. Instead of

reveal the nature authentically which recognized by individuals, it presents a power,

for example the social power, social reform, inheritance and environment, that cannot

be control, conveying a theory that the human beings are living in a mechanized

world. American naturalism could trace back to the transition of social values in the

process of American industrialization.It promulgates the deep-seated problems of

modern American society core values and explores the historical changes of intricate

cultural mode, social mentality and individual behavior during the process of

industrialization and the post-industrialization. As the representative work of

naturalism in American literature, ―The Open Boat (1898)‖ is created by famous

American writer Stephen Crane (1871-1900) who creates this work through his own

experience of marine perils on the way to Cuba. It is a famous short story of American

literature, depicting how four men struggle and fight to the ocean for surviving with a

delicate description. In the story of ―The Open Boat‖, the relationship between natural

and human, hope and desperate, human and human and individual growth present the

naturalism vividly. The article will discuss the origin and the development of

naturalism literature in the USA, and then give an introduction of Stephen Crane as

well as his representative work ―The Open Boat‖ and make an analysis with

naturalism.

Key words: Naturalism; American literature; The Open Boat

2. Naturalism Literature in American

Naturalismis regarded as a type of literature that aims at applying scientific principles

of objectivity and detachment to the study of human beings. Unlike realism, which

focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position. In relation

to this objective study of human beings, naturalistic writers believed that the laws

behind the forces that govern human lives. Naturalistic writers thus used a version of

the scientific method to write their novels; they studied human beings governed by

their instincts and passions as well as the ways in which the characters' lives were

governed by forces of heredity and environment. Although they used the techniques

of accumulating detail pioneered by the realists, the naturalists thus had a specific

object in mind when they chose the segment of reality that they wished to convey.

2.1 Origin of Naturalism Literature

Since the renaissance of European literature, the naturalism, a new literature

ideological trend, has sprung out, experiencing the evolution of the classicism,

enlightenment and Romanticism. It is an ideology originated from France and