初中英语现在完成时学案
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1 现在完成时
1 现在完成时的定义
(1)表示过去发生或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果;常与时间副词already(已经),
yet(还、已经), just(刚刚、仅仅), ever(曾经), never(从不), before(以前)等连用
----It’s so dark
----Someone has turned off the light.(有人把灯关了,对现在造成的结果时太黑了)
(2) 表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
常与for +时间段,since+时间段+ago,since+过去的时间点,since+一般过去时的句子
例如:I have lived here for 11 years.(从11年前开始,持续到现在还住在这里)
I have lived here since 2002.(从2003年开始,持续到现在还住在这里)
2 现在完成时的构成及句式变化
构成:主语+助动词 have/has +过去分词+其它
说明:这里的have/has是助动词,没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。has, have的缩略式分别为’s或’ve。
实例:
1) I’ve just copied all the new words.我刚抄写了所有的生词。(表示不要再抄了)
2) She has lost her books.她丢失了她的书。(表示到目前为止还没有找到)
(如果用过去时:She lost her books.则强调书是过去丢的这一动作,而不知现在有没有找到。)
3) We’ve just cleaned the classroom. 我们刚好打扫了教室。(表明现在教室是干净的)
否定句:have/has +not+过去分词,的缩略式分别为haven’t, hasn’t
句式转换
疑问句:Have you +过去分词....? 或 Has she/he+过去分词...?
注意:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定时要分别改成any, yet
例句:
① I have finished my homework. (肯定句)
否定句:
2 疑问句:
②He has lived here for 2 years.(肯定句)
否定句:
疑问句:
③I haven already finished my homework.
否定句:
疑问句|:
3 动词过去分词的变化规则
(1)规则变化:
①一般情况下加-ed,如finish- turn-
②以e结尾的加-d,如live- arrive-
③以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i加-ed,如carry- cry-
④以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词,双写最后一个辅音字母加-ed 如stop-
(2)不规则变化;
动词原形 过去分词 动词原形 过去分词
go teach
see meet
forget find
know get
4 现在完成时的标志词
1.常与just,already,yet,ever,never,before等联用,强调动作的完成,不强调动作的持续。
①.already意为“已经”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。
实例:
I’ve already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
(“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。)
I’ve washed my clothes already. 我已经洗了衣服。
(洗衣服的动作已完成,其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。)
注意:在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时,already也可用于(口语)疑问句中。例:
3 Have you met him already? 你(真的)已经见过他了?
②.yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。实例:
1)—Has he found his watch yet? 他已经找到他的手表了吗?
—No, not yet.不,还没有。
2)The woman hasn’t found her dog yet.
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)
③.just意为“刚刚”,表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
He has just come back from school. 他刚从学校回来。
④.ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong? 你曾去过香港吗?
2)I haven’t ever spoken to her. 我未曾和她说过话。
⑤.never意为“从来没有”常与before连用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间)。例:
I have never travelled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
校校校.before意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。实例:
1)Have you been to Hainan before? 你以前去过海南吗?
2)I haven’t eaten Guangdong food before.我以前没吃过广东菜。
例句:
I have just finished my homework. 意思:
Have you ever been to Japan? 意思:
I have already read the book. 意思:
Have you found your key yet? 意思:
(2) for +时间段,since+时间段+ago,since+过去的时间点,since+一般过去时的句子。
in/during the last/past...years 在过去的...年中,in one’s life 在某人的一生中
They have known each other for five years.
1)I’ve lived here since 1990. 自从1990年以来我就住在这里。
= I’ve lived here since 13 years ago.
= I’ve lived here for 13 years.
= It is 13 years since I began to live here.
4 2)I haven’t seen him for three years.我三年没有看见他了。
= I haven’t seen him since three years ago
= I haven’t seen him since 2000.
= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.
3)Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city.
自从到这个城市以来,王先生一直在这家工厂工作。
4)She’s been at this school since five years ago.
自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。
注意:①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。非延续性动词(瞬间动词)由于动作不能持续,故不能与for(达到;累计)或since(自从……到现在)引出的时间状语连用。
②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long。
练习:
改成:①用since+时间段+ago
②用since+过去的时间点
He has lived here since 2014
改成:①用since+时间段+ago
②for+时间段
I have had this bike since 3 years ago.
改成:①for+时间段
② since+过去的时间点
Since he was a child,he_____ in China.
A lived B has lived C was living
5 现在完成时的延续性动词和非延续性动词
(1)表示从过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示“从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用”,如:
for+时间段,since+时间段+ago,since+过去的时间点,since+从句(一般过去时),how long等He has worked here ________ (5年了)
My uncle has taught in England _______(自从2010年)、
5 How long have you been here?
意思:
(2)此种意思的动词:在此种用法表示持续性的动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词,
(否定句除外)。例如:
① 这本书我买了3年了
I have bought the book for three years
I have had the book for three years
②你哥哥参军多长时间了
How long has your brother joined the army?
How long has your brother been in the army?
(3)现在完成时中的延续性动词与非延续性动词;
①非延续性动词
也称为终止性动词,瞬间性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open ,die, close ,begin ,finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend ,buy等
1)非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用,如two years ago,at 5:00,而不能与how long,since+时间点,for+时间段等表示时间段的时间状语连用。
He died five years ago
He has died for five years
2)用于句式:It is/has been+时间段+since引导的谓语动词为非延续性的动词
It is/has been five years since I bought the book
3)用于“时间段+has passed+since 引导的谓语动词为非延续性动词的从句”句型