初中英语现在完成时学案

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1 现在完成时

1 现在完成时的定义

(1)表示过去发生或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果;常与时间副词already(已经),

yet(还、已经), just(刚刚、仅仅), ever(曾经), never(从不), before(以前)等连用

----It’s so dark

----Someone has turned off the light.(有人把灯关了,对现在造成的结果时太黑了)

(2) 表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

常与for +时间段,since+时间段+ago,since+过去的时间点,since+一般过去时的句子

例如:I have lived here for 11 years.(从11年前开始,持续到现在还住在这里)

I have lived here since 2002.(从2003年开始,持续到现在还住在这里)

2 现在完成时的构成及句式变化

构成:主语+助动词 have/has +过去分词+其它

说明:这里的have/has是助动词,没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。has, have的缩略式分别为’s或’ve。

实例:

1) I’ve just copied all the new words.我刚抄写了所有的生词。(表示不要再抄了)

2) She has lost her books.她丢失了她的书。(表示到目前为止还没有找到)

(如果用过去时:She lost her books.则强调书是过去丢的这一动作,而不知现在有没有找到。)

3) We’ve just cleaned the classroom. 我们刚好打扫了教室。(表明现在教室是干净的)

否定句:have/has +not+过去分词,的缩略式分别为haven’t, hasn’t

句式转换

疑问句:Have you +过去分词....? 或 Has she/he+过去分词...?

注意:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定时要分别改成any, yet

例句:

① I have finished my homework. (肯定句)

否定句:

2 疑问句:

②He has lived here for 2 years.(肯定句)

否定句:

疑问句:

③I haven already finished my homework.

否定句:

疑问句|:

3 动词过去分词的变化规则

(1)规则变化:

①一般情况下加-ed,如finish- turn-

②以e结尾的加-d,如live- arrive-

③以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i加-ed,如carry- cry-

④以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词,双写最后一个辅音字母加-ed 如stop-

(2)不规则变化;

动词原形 过去分词 动词原形 过去分词

go teach

see meet

forget find

know get

4 现在完成时的标志词

1.常与just,already,yet,ever,never,before等联用,强调动作的完成,不强调动作的持续。

①.already意为“已经”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。

实例:

I’ve already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。

(“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。)

I’ve washed my clothes already. 我已经洗了衣服。

(洗衣服的动作已完成,其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。)

注意:在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时,already也可用于(口语)疑问句中。例:

3 Have you met him already? 你(真的)已经见过他了?

②.yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。实例:

1)—Has he found his watch yet? 他已经找到他的手表了吗?

—No, not yet.不,还没有。

2)The woman hasn’t found her dog yet.

那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)

③.just意为“刚刚”,表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:

He has just come back from school. 他刚从学校回来。

④.ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:

1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong? 你曾去过香港吗?

2)I haven’t ever spoken to her. 我未曾和她说过话。

⑤.never意为“从来没有”常与before连用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间)。例:

I have never travelled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。

校校校.before意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。实例:

1)Have you been to Hainan before? 你以前去过海南吗?

2)I haven’t eaten Guangdong food before.我以前没吃过广东菜。

例句:

I have just finished my homework. 意思:

Have you ever been to Japan? 意思:

I have already read the book. 意思:

Have you found your key yet? 意思:

(2) for +时间段,since+时间段+ago,since+过去的时间点,since+一般过去时的句子。

in/during the last/past...years 在过去的...年中,in one’s life 在某人的一生中

They have known each other for five years.

1)I’ve lived here since 1990. 自从1990年以来我就住在这里。

= I’ve lived here since 13 years ago.

= I’ve lived here for 13 years.

= It is 13 years since I began to live here.

4 2)I haven’t seen him for three years.我三年没有看见他了。

= I haven’t seen him since three years ago

= I haven’t seen him since 2000.

= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.

3)Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city.

自从到这个城市以来,王先生一直在这家工厂工作。

4)She’s been at this school since five years ago.

自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。

注意:①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。非延续性动词(瞬间动词)由于动作不能持续,故不能与for(达到;累计)或since(自从……到现在)引出的时间状语连用。

②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long。

练习:

改成:①用since+时间段+ago

②用since+过去的时间点

He has lived here since 2014

改成:①用since+时间段+ago

②for+时间段

I have had this bike since 3 years ago.

改成:①for+时间段

② since+过去的时间点

Since he was a child,he_____ in China.

A lived B has lived C was living

5 现在完成时的延续性动词和非延续性动词

(1)表示从过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示“从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用”,如:

for+时间段,since+时间段+ago,since+过去的时间点,since+从句(一般过去时),how long等He has worked here ________ (5年了)

My uncle has taught in England _______(自从2010年)、

5 How long have you been here?

意思:

(2)此种意思的动词:在此种用法表示持续性的动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词,

(否定句除外)。例如:

① 这本书我买了3年了

I have bought the book for three years

I have had the book for three years

②你哥哥参军多长时间了

How long has your brother joined the army?

How long has your brother been in the army?

(3)现在完成时中的延续性动词与非延续性动词;

①非延续性动词

也称为终止性动词,瞬间性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open ,die, close ,begin ,finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend ,buy等

1)非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用,如two years ago,at 5:00,而不能与how long,since+时间点,for+时间段等表示时间段的时间状语连用。

He died five years ago

He has died for five years

2)用于句式:It is/has been+时间段+since引导的谓语动词为非延续性的动词

It is/has been five years since I bought the book

3)用于“时间段+has passed+since 引导的谓语动词为非延续性动词的从句”句型