2023届上海市高三英语二模汇编-概要写作

2023杨浦区二模

Humans Evolved to Be Lonely

Loneliness hurts and, over time, it can put the body into a state that increases our risk of

everything from heart attack to diabetes and cancer. So, evolutionarily speaking, why do we

experience it? Stephanie Cacioppo, a neuroscientist, says that countless studies have helped

researchers formulate a holistic（全面的）purpose for loneliness.

Being social had its downsides even back then-competition for food, for example, or

contribution to the spread of pathogens（病原体）.But scientists think we evolved to feel loneliness

because it was more important to work with one another to accomplish tasks and protect everyone.

“The pain of loneliness drove us to renew the social structure so we could survive and promote key

features like trust, cooperation and collective action,” explains Cacioppo.

She says that, for years, researchers thought of loneliness as a “disease with no compensatory

features.” But now, they’re realizing that it's more of a biological hunger signal that reminds us

when it's time to reconnect with those around us to promote our short-term survival. If the outcomes

of loneliness were entirely negative, it would no longer be a part of our DNA. “Hunger and thirst

protect our physical body while loneliness protects our social body,” says Cacioppo.

Interestingly, while loneliness sends a signal to the brain that it's time for connection, at the

same time it's also looking for danger. This “contradictory signal,” according to Cacioppo,

reminds us to be careful of whether the people we are connecting with are enemies or friends. She

calls this need to be watchful even as we're socializing a “self-protection mechanism.” That means

in situations where you feel lonely even when surrounded by others, you’re subconsciously thinking

that this crowd might not be a good evolutionary fit for your survival.

Key：

Loneliness is a painful feeling negatively influencing the body, but it may have evolved as a

biological hunger signal to promote short-term survival through renewed social connections.

Studies demonstrate loneliness helps drive the evolution of social structures by promoting crucial

features. While signaling for connection, loneliness also reminds us to be careful of potential

danger, serving as a self-protection mechanism.

2023崇明区二模

The Dunning-Kruger Effect

In 1999, social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger did a series of studies

evaluating people’s competence in certain areas. The people in the studies were also asked to

evaluate their own abilities in each area. Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored very

low on the test tended to overestimate their abilities. Later research has indicated that a similar

principle applies to other areas as well. This principle has become known as the Dunning-Kruger

effect after the researchers who discovered it. The Dunning-Kruger effect occurs because only when

people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills. For example, in

some situations it takes a scientist to recognize bad science.

The opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate

view of their own abilities, and sometimes they even underestimate themselves. An extreme case of

this would be impostor syndrome, which is when a skilled person feels as if they are faking their

skills despite knowing what they are doing.

It’s tempting to think of the Dunning-Kruger effect as a problem that other people have. People

may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they are. But everyone has

areas where they lack competence — and the Dunning-Kruger effect means they may be especially

bad at identifying those areas. Even if someone is very intelligent in general, there are still things

they don’t know much about. Expertise (专业知识) in one area cannot always be transferred to

other areas.

That’s why it’s important to keep digging for information even when you think you’ve found

answers. It can also be helpful to check your ideas with other people. Receiving negative feedback

can hurt, but if you’re willing to listen, it can help you grow. Even just keeping in mind that the

Dunning-Kruger effect exists can help you stay humble, accept criticism and, thus, keep learning

throughout your life.

Key:

The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to a principle where people who don’t know much in certain areas

tend to overestimate themselves. The opposite situation can also happen where capable people

underestimate themselves. However, many people may not realize where they lack competence, so

it’s advisable to admit the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect and keep humble and learning.

(57 words)

2023奉贤区二模

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