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上外综合教程4Unit10电⼦教案UNIT 10 THE IDIOCY OF URBAN LIFESection One Pre-reading Activities (2)I. Audiovisual supplement (2)II. Cultural background (2)Section Two Global Reading (4)I. Structural analysis of the text (4)II. Rhetorical features of the text (4)Section Three Detailed Reading (5)I. Questions (6)II. Words and Expressions (7)III. Sentences (9)Section Four Consolidation Activities (11)I. Vocabulary (11)II. Grammar (13)III. Translation (14)IV. Exercises for integrated skills (16)V. Oral activities (17)VI. Writing (18)Section Five Further Enhancement (19)I. Text II (19)II. Memorable quotes (22)Section One Pre-reading ActivitiesI. Audiovisual supplementFrom MultiplicityWatch the movie clip and answer the following questions.Script:Doug:Then I get resentful because l feel like I should have, you know maybe a little time for myself.It’s like work is first, my family is a close second and I’m a distant third,bringing up the rear. You know?Is that crazy?Dr. Leeds:I don’t know. I’m not a psychiatrist. Anyway, you don’t need one. If the problems on your mind are real, that requires real solutions.Doug:Well, then ... What do you do?Dr. Leeds:I told you. I make miracles. l create time. l make clones. Doug, sit down. I’m a geneticist. Fifteen years ago I started cloning viruses. And then, ten years ago, I clonedan earthworm.Doug:God bless you, sir.Dr. Leeds:And then ... a chimp. And last year ... Last year ...Man #1:H i there.Dr. Leeds:Just in time.Man #1:H ello.Dr. Leeds:This is Doug Kinney. He is doing our new offices.Man #1:O h, sure, I know Doug. You know, he and I went over the plans one day.Dr. Leeds:Oh?Man #1:Y ou were sailing.Doug: Wait, wait, wait …Dr. Leeds:You understand what I’m suggesting?Doug:Yeah, sure. What’s not to understand? You xerox people.Dr. Leeds:In a way.Man #1:S ort of.Dr. Leeds:The procedure takes about two hours. It takes more or less two hours. And in the end, you have everything you need. What is it that, you know, I need?Doug:Time!Dr. Leeds:All you need. For everything.Doug:Say, I’m interested, you know. What would a ... you know, nothing fancy, just a basic, you know, just a basic ... clone-job cost?Questions:1. What is Doug’s compliant?Answer: Doug feels guilty for his family because he is too overworked and overscheduled to find time for his wife and kids, let alone for himself. He is becoming resentful about the heavy burden.2. What is Dr. Leeds solution to Doug’s problem?Answer:Dr. Leeds offers a solution: Doug obviously needs to be cloned.II. Cultural background1.The author －Henry FairlieHenry Fairlie (1924－1990) was a British expatriate journalist and social critic. He spent 36 years as a prominent freelance writer on both sides of the Atlantic, appearing in The Spectator, The New Republic, The Washington Post, The New Yorker, and many other papers and magazines. He was also the author of five books, most notably The Kennedy Promise, an early revisionist critique of the U.S.presidency of John F. Kennedy.In 2009, Bite the Hand That Feeds You: Essays and Provocations, was published as an anthology of his work. He wrote in a manner that was often “tongue-in-cheek” (intended to be humorous and not meant seriously) to point to some of the amusing things about city life.2.Thoreau’s WaldenModern people have long been tired and bored by the idiocy of city life. So they seek other possible ways of living away from city life. Thoreau’s Walden is an influential work of this type, in which the author isolates himself from society to gain a more objective understanding of it. Simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau’s other goals, and the whole project wasinspired by transcendentalist philosophy, a central theme of the American Romantic Period. Through the following quote, we may see his stance better.“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion.”Section Two Global ReadingI. Structural analysis of the textThis text falls in the generic category of argumentation. Most argumentation consists of three parts: the thesis of the author, the evidence to support the thesis, and summary or conclusion of the argument.This text follows this pattern too.Part I (Paragraphs 1－2): The author presents the thesis of his argument: aggressively individualistic and atomized urban life today goes against both the purpose of the city and human nature, and thus is foolish.Part II (Paragraphs 3－9): The author provides evidence for the idiocy of urban life, such as people living outside the city boundaries, maintaining the pointless frenzy of their work hours in their hours off, and isolating themselves from nature.Part III (Paragraph 10): The author reiterates his point.II. Rhetorical features of the textIn any argumentation, the author has a thesis of his own. So does the author of this text. We can see from the title and the text proper that he takes a negative attitude towards urban life by using a lot of attitudinal words and expressions.The following italicized words and expressions are used to express the author’s attitude towards city life:The Idiocy of Urban LifeUrban life is aggressively individualistic and atomized.Cities are not social places.lunacy of modern city lifecreate simulations of it (rural life)a pretence to bosky woodlandsCity dwellers take their filth with them ...Practice:Can you find more such expressions?... they maintain the pointless frenzy of their work hours in their hours off.work at their play with the same joylessnessThese windows are a scandal ...... the urban worker has no knowledge of the seasons.fetid central heatingno true sense of the rhythms of the seasonsThe city dweller reels from unreality to unreality.... city dwellers don’t know it (a Douglas fir) once had roots.Section Three Detailed ReadingTHE IDIOCY OF URBAN LIFEHenry Fairlie1 Between about 3 a.m. and 6 a.m. the life of the city is civil. Occasionally the lone footstepsof someone walking to or from work echo along the sidewalk. All work that has to be done at those hours is useful －in bakeries, for example. Even the newspaper presses stop turning forests into lies. Now and then a car comes out of the silence and cruises easily through the blinking traffic lights. The natural inhabitants of the city come out from damp basements and cellars. With their pink ears and paws, sleek, well-groomed, their whiskers combed, rats are true city dwellers. Urban life, during the hours when they reign, is urbane.2 These rats are social creatures, as you can tell if you look out on the city street during aninsomniac night. But after 6 a.m., the two-legged, daytime creatures of the city begin to stir;and it is they, not the rats, who bring the rat race. You might think that human beings congregate in large cities because they are gregarious. The opposite is true. Urban life today is aggressively individualistic and atomized. Cities are not social places.3 The lunacy of modern city life lies first in the fact that most city dwellers try to live outsidethe city boundaries. So the two-legged creatures have created suburbs, exurbs, and finally rururbs (rubs to some). Disdaining rural life, they try to create simulations of it. No effort is spared to let city dwellers imagine they are living anywhere but in a city: patches of grass in the more modest suburbs, broader spreads in the richer ones further out; prim new trees planted along the streets; at the foot of the larger backyards, a pretense to bosky woodlands.4 The professional people buy second homes in the country as soon as they can afford them,and as early as possible on Friday head out of the city they have created. The New York intellectuals and artists quaintly say they are “going to the country”for the weekend or the summer, but in fact they have created a little Manhattan-by-the-Sea around the Hamptons, spreading over the Long Island6 potato fields whose earlier solitude was presumably the reason why they first went there. City dwellers take the city with them to the country, for they will not live without its pamperings. The main streets of America’s small towns, which used to have hardware and dry goods stores, are now strips of boutiques. Old-fashioned barbers become unisex hairdressing salons. The brown rats stay in the cities because of the filth the humans leave during the day. The rats clean it up at night. Soon the countryside will be just as nourishing to them, as the city dwellers take their filth with them.5 Work still gives meaning to rural life, the family, and churches. But in the city today workand home, family and church, are separated. What the office workers do for a living is not part of their home life. At the same time they maintain the pointless frenzy of their work hours in their hours off. They rush from the office to jog, to the gym or the YMCA pool, to work at their play with the same joylessness.6 Even though the offices of today’s businesses in the city are themselves moving out to thesuburbs, this does not necessarily bring the workers back closer to their workplace. It merely means that to the rush-hour traffic into the city there is now added a rush-hour traffic out to the suburbs in the morning, and back around and across the city in the evening. As the farmer walks down to his farm in the morning, the city dweller is dressing for the first idiocy of his day, which he not only accepts but even seeks －the journey to work.7 In the modern office building in the city there are windows that don’t open. This is perhapsthe most symbolic lunacy of all. Outdoors is something you can look at through glass but not to touch or hear. These windows are a scandal because they endanger the lives of office workers in case of fire. But no less grievous, even on the fairest spring or fall day the workers cannot put their heads outside. Thus it is not surprising that the urban worker has no knowledge of the seasons. He is aware simply that in some months there is air conditioning, and in othersthrough the same vents come fetid central heating. Even outside at home in their suburbs the city dwellers may know that sometimes it’s hot, and sometimes it’s cold, but no true sense of the rhythms of the seasons is to be had from a lawn in the backyard and a few spindly trees struggling to survive.8 The city dweller reels from unreality to unreality through each day, always trying to recoverthe rural life that has been surrendered for the city lights. No city dweller, even in the suburbs, knows the wonder of a pitch-dark country lane at night. Nor does he naturally get any exercise from his work.9 Every European points out that Americans are the most round-shouldered people in theworld. Few of them carry themselves with an upright stance, although a correct stance is the first precondition of letting your lungs breathe naturally and deeply. Electric typewriters cut down the amount of physical exertion needed to hit the keys; the buttons of a word processor need even less effort, as you can tell from the posture of those who use them. They rush out to jog or otherwise Fonda-ize their leisure to try to repair the damage done during the day.10 Everything in urban life is an effort either to simulate rural life or to compensate for its lossby artificial means. It is from this day-to-day existence of unreality, pretence, and idiocy that the city people, slumping along their streets even when scurrying, never looking up at their buildings, far less the sky, have the insolence to disdain and mock the useful and rewarding life of the country people who support them. Now go out and carry home a Douglas fir, call it a Christmas tree, and enjoy 12 days of contact with nature. Of course city dwellers don’t know it once had roots.I. Questions1. What is the purpose of mentioning rats as true city dwellers? (Paragraph 1)Answer: The author mentions rats at the beginning of the article for the purpose of contrasting rats with human beings. In a sense, both rats and human beings are city dwellers, but there are differences between them in terms of life in the city. As natural inhabitants of the city, rats are social creatures and lead a stable urban life. By contrast, most human dwellers do not enjoy urban life but try to live outside the city boundaries; and they live an individualistic and atomized rather than gregarious life. Therefore, relatively speaking, rats are true city dwellers.2.What idiocy is there in the city dwellers’ trying to live outside the city boundaries? (Paragraph 3) Answer: The idiocy of the practice lies in the pretence of the city dwellers. For one thing, they disdain rural life on the one hand, and on the other hand they try to simulate it by creating large or small patches of greenery around their suburb, exurb or rururb residences. For another, while they intend to live a rural life by going to the country, they have in fact spoiled the natural features of the rural areas and created urban surroundings where they have settled down. As a result their purpose fails in the end.3. Why does the author call the city dweller’s journey to work “the first idiocy of his day”? (Paragraph 6)Answer: The author’s saying so reflects his attitude towards office work in the city. Unlike farming which is part of rural home life, joyless work in the city is separated, both physically and emotionally, from home life and consequently causes unnecessary frenzy. The worker’s going to and returning from work wastes a lot of time and thus is pointless, yet the worker “not only accepts but seeks” it. Hence the idiocy of “the journey to work”.4. How do you understand the sentence “The city dweller reels from unreality to unreality through each day”? (Paragraph 8)Answer: The quoted statement describes in what environment the city dweller lives and works. Withthe windows that never open, the modern office, artificially cooled in summer and heated in winter, alienates the worker from the true natural world. The home surroundings are no better. They provide the dweller with no true sense of the seasons either. In general, the city dweller is removed from nature and submerged in a man-made environment every day.5. What accounts for the fact that “Americans are the most round-shouldered people in the world”? (Paragraph 9)Answer: This phenomenon is caused by the demerits of office work. Compared with physical labor in rural life, office work in the city needs very little physical exertion, but it requires long-time sitting with the same posture every day. Even the after-work exercises cannot compensate for the damage done to the physical constitution of the worker during work hours. This accounts for the round-shoulderedness of Americans.Class ActivityGroup discussion:What are the major differences between city life and country life? Where do you prefer to live, in the city or in the country? Why?II. Words and ExpressionsParagraphs 1-2civil: a.(1) polite and formale.g.His manner was civil, though not particularly friendly.He’d been careful to be civil to everyone.(2) applying to ordinary citizense.g.civil rights: basic rights that all people in a society should havecivil aviation: aviation relating to ordinary people rather than military forces(3) of or occurring within the state or between or among citizens of the statee.g.civil war: war between groups in a countrycivil servant/serviceDerivation:civilize v. raise from a barbaric to a civilized statee.g.Schools will help to civilize the wild tribes there.cruise: v. & n.(1) (of a vehicle or its driver) travel smoothly at a moderate speede.g. The plane is cruising at an altitude of 35,000 feet.(2) sail or drive for pleasuree.g. They will be going cruising the Greek islands next week.insomniac(1) n. sb. who cannot sleepe.g.Insomniacs do not sleep because they worry about it, and they worry about it because they do not sleep.(2) a. experiencing or accompanied by sleeplessnesse.g.insomniac old peopleinsomniac nights: sleepless nightThe word “insomniac” here is used as a transferred epithet to modify something inanimate.More examples of transferred epithet:Even so, the risk of discovery was beginning to cause Pettit sleepless nights.He threw a reassuring arm round my shoulder.rat race:fierce competitionThe rat race is a term often used to describe excessive work. In general terms, if one works too much, one is in the rat race. It implies that many people see work as an endless pursuit with little reward or purpose.e.g.I really want to get out of the rat race.我真的想要远离这种你争我夺的⽣活。
Aabide by the contract 遵守合同absolute advantage 绝对利益，绝对优势absolute contract 不附加条件的合同absolute inflation 绝对通货膨胀absolute priority 绝对优先absolute profit 绝对利润absolute quota 绝对配额absorb foreign capital/funds 吸收外资absorb idle fund 吸收游资accelerate growth 加速增长acceleration in money-circulation 货币流通的加快acceptance 承兑acceptance credit 承兑信用证account analysis 账目分析account balance 账户结余account of assets 资产账account of business 营业账account of cash 现金账户account of countries 国别账户accumulate funds 积累资金acting manager 代理经理acts of God 自然力actual total loss 实际全险additional tax 附加税adjustment调整，矫正ad valorem tax 从价税advancement 预付，垫付advertising 广告，广告业，广告学，广告法advertising war广告战advertising-media 广告媒介advising bank，notifying bank 通知行advisory service 咨询服务affiliated company 附属公司，联营公司affirmation of contract批准合同affix one’s signature to an agreement 在协议上签字after-sales service 售后服务after-tax income 纳税后收入agency abroad 国外代办处，国外代理agency agreement 代理协定，代理合同agent 代理人aggregate consumption/demand/efficiency 总消费/总需求/总效率aggregate GNP 国民生产总值aging-industry 落后工业，过时工业agreement 协议agreement between labor and management 劳资协议agreement on economical aid 经济援助协定agreement on scientific and technical cooperation 科学技术合作协定aid to trade贸易的四大辅助部门（指运输，银行，报销，会计或广告）aid without conditions attached 无附加条件的援助Air transport航空运输airway bill 航空运单all risks 一切险，全险，综合险allocate quota分配配额，国别配额allocation of expenditures 费用的分摊，支出分摊allocation of resources 资源分配allowance 折扣，减价，津贴，补助费already-issued bond已发行债券amount of export/import 出口额，输出额/进口额，输入额annual budget年度预算annual report 年度报告anticipatory L/C预支信用证ante-dated B/L 倒签提单anti-dumping tariff 反倾销关税税则anti-boycott law 反经济抵制法anti-subsidy duties 反补贴税anti-trust law 反托拉斯法applicant 申请人application for export/import license 进出口许可证申请applied economics 应用经济学appreciated currency 增值货币approval of export/import 批准出口/批准进口arbitration clause 仲裁条款arbitral decision /arbitral award 仲裁裁决arbitration committee仲裁委员会arbitration law 仲裁立法arbitration organization仲裁机构article prohibited for export 禁止出口物品Asiadollar 亚洲美元Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行assembling with imported components 来件装配assessment资产评估，税款评定，损失计算asset 资产asset liability ratio 资产负债比率associate company 联营公司，联号association of consumers 消费者协会attract funds 吸引资金auction 拍卖auctioneer 拍卖人auditing审计学，审核，查账Australian dollar 澳大利亚元average quality 平均质量Bback door dealing后门销售back to back credit 背对背信用证balance a budget 平衡预算balance amount 差额，余额balance between import and export 收支平衡balance of payment 国际收支平衡，国际收支差额表ban on export/import 禁止出口/禁止进口bank account 银行往来账户bank crisis 银行危机banker’s draft 银行汇票banking 银行业，金融，银行学barrier to trade 贸易壁垒barter 物物交换，以货易货basic commodities 基本商品basic industry基础工业basic law 基本法basic norms of the international order 国际秩序的基本准则be conducive to （peace）有益于（平和）bear expenses/risk 负担费用/承担风险bearer B/L不记名提单become debt-ridden 债台高筑Belgian Francs比利时法郎beneficiary受益人bid 递盘bidder 竞卖者bill of exchange（draft）汇单bill of lading提单bilateral trade/treaty 双边贸易/双边条约block and embargo 封销与禁运board of directors 董事会bond债券，公债，证券，契约，合约bonded warehouse 报税仓库bottleneck industry 薄弱环节产业brain drain 人才外流brand name 品牌breach of contract 违约Bretton Woods Agreement 布雷顿森林协定brokerage 经纪费business consolidated tax 工商统一税business correspondence 商业信函business law 商法business negotiation 洽谈业务business reputation 商业信誉business tax 商业税，营业税buyer’s credit 买方信贷CCanadian dollar 加拿大元capital 资本，股本，资方capital construction projects 基本建设项目cartel 卡特尔cease to be effective 停止生效census 人口普查，统计调查CIF(Cost，Insurance and Freight) 成本加保险费加运费CIF Ex Ship’s Hold 成本加保险费、运费、舱底交接CIF Landed 成本加保险费、运费、卸货费CIF Liner Terms成本加保险费、运费班轮条件CIP（Carriage Insurance Paid to）运费、保险费付至CFR(Cost and Freight) 成本加运费CFR landed 成本加运费、卸货费charter party B/L 租船提单CCPIT(China Council for the Promotion of International Trade)中国对外贸易促进委员会check（cheque）支票claim 索赔，债权，赔偿金额，要求权clean bill 光票clean B/L 清洁提单clean credit 光票信用证collecting bank 代收银行collective economy 集体经济collection 托收combat inflation 反通货膨胀combined transport 多式联运combined transport B/L 多式联运提单come into force/effect 生效commercial and industrial law and regulation 工商法规commercial counselor 商务参赞commercial credit 商业信用，商业信贷commercial invoice （commercial draft）商业发票commission 佣金Commodity Inspection Bureau 商检局common market 共同市场common progress and prosperity 共同进步，共同繁荣company credit 公司信贷company law 公司法comparative advantage 比价优势compatriot 同胞compensation agreement 补偿贸易协定compensation trade 补偿贸易comprehensive agreement全面协定concerted effort 共同努力conciliation commission 调解委员会，协调委员会conclude business 成交conditional acceptance 有条件的接受conditioned weight 公重confirmation 确认书confirming bank 保兑行confirmed letter of credit 保兑信用证congestion of port 港口拥挤consignment 寄售consignment note 寄售单，托运通知书consolidated industrial and commercial taxes 工商统一税consignee 收货人consignor，shipper托运人constructive total loss 推定全损consular invoice 领事发票consumer goods 消费品，生活资料container B/L 集装箱提单contract 合同contract responsibility system 承包责任制contract terms 合同条件，合同条款contracting parties 契约当事人，立约双方，立约各方contractor承包商，承造商，认约人contribution from member states 会员国缴纳的会费contributor 资助国，捐助人，纳税人cooperation and collaboration 合作与协作cooperative venture 合作企业counter offer 还盘counter sample对等样品，回样counter purchase 互购counter trade 对销贸易credit first 信誉第一creditor country 债权国C.T.D.（Combined Transport Documents）多式联运单据currency exchange 货币兑换currency regulation 外汇管理条例current market price 现时市价current price 现行价customary packing习惯包装customs barrier 关税壁垒customs duties关税customs invoice海关发票customs law 海关法，关税法律customs regulations 海关规章，海关条例customs seizures 海关扣押customs union 关税同盟cut throat competition你死我活的竞争，残酷竞争DDAF(Delivered At Frontier) 边境交货damage caused by heating and sweating 受热受潮险D/A（Documents against Acceptance）承兑交单D/D（Remittance by Banker’s Demand Draft）票汇D/P（Documents against Payment）付款交单D/P sight (Documents against Payment at Sight) 即期付款交单DDP(Delivered Duty Paid) 完税后交货DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid) 未完税交货DES(Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港传上交货DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay) 目的港码头交货debt 欠款，债务debt service ratio 还本付息比，偿债比率declaration for import/export 进口申报/出口申报defendant 被诉方Deferred Payment Credit 延期付款信用证deferred payment 延期付款demand over supply 供不应求，求过于供destabilizing factor不稳定因素developed country 发达国家developing country 发展中国家development of manpower/resources 人力开发，资源开发diplomatic immunities 外交豁免权diplomatic mission abroad 驻外使团direct B/L 直达提单discount 折扣，减价，体贴，铁水，贴现率dishonor 拒付disparity between the price of primary product and those of manufacture 初级产品与制成品价格之间的剪刀差distributor 分销商Documentary credit 跟单信用证donation country 捐赠国，援助国Dow Jones Average 道琼斯平均指数draft contract 合同草案，草约drain of foreign exchange 外汇消耗drain on supplies 脱销drastic reduction 大幅度削减drawee 受票人drawer 出票人drawing rights of IMF （国际货币基金的）特别提款权dual exchange market 两种外汇市场dual tariff system 双重关税率制dumping policy 倾销政策dumping price 倾销价格durable consumer goods耐用消费品dutiable 应缴税的，应征税的duty free goods 免税货物Eearning in foreign trade 外汇收入ease of credit 放款信贷，放款信用economic aid 经济援助economic complementarity 经济上互补economic order 经济秩序economic performance 经济成效economic planning 经济计划embargo and blockade 封锁禁运embezzlement and theft 贪污盗窃emerging nation 新兴国家employment rate 就业率EMP(European Main Ports) 欧洲主要口岸encourage investment 鼓励投资endorsement 背书enter into a contract签订合同enter into force 生效enterprise企业enterprise group 企业集团entrepot trade 转口贸易entrepreneur 企业家equality and mutual benefit 平等互利established international practice 公认的国际惯例established principle of international law 公认的国际法准则European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系European Union欧洲联盟，欧盟examination and approval 审批excessive growth 过度增长exclusive agent；sole agent 独家代理exclusive buyer 独家买主exclusive sales agreement 独家经销协定export permit 出口许可证export quota 出口配额export volume 出口量export-oriented 外向型，出口型EXW(Ex Works) 工厂交货Ffail to keep one’s promise 违约fair competition 公平竞争fake and inferior goods 伪劣产品F．A．Q.（Fair Average Quality）良好平均品质FAS(Free Alongside Ship) 装运港船边交货favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差favored treatment 优惠待遇FCA（Free Carrier）货交承运人final and binding on both parties 不可更改对双方均有约束力的finalize the business 成交financial center 金融中心Financial Times 英国《金融时报》firm offer 确盘，实盘FOB(Free On Board) 装运港船上交货FOB Liner Terms 装运港船上交货班轮条件FOB Under Tackle装运港吊钩下交货FOB Stowed 包括理仓费在内的装运港船上交货FOB Trimmed 包括平仓费在内的装运港船上交货FOBST(FOB Stowed and Trimmed)包括理仓费、平仓费在内的装运港船上交货First National City Bank 美国花旗银行first priority 第一优先项目Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 联合国粮农组织force majeure 不可抗力foreign currency外汇foreign exchange reserve 外汇储备foreign investment law 外资法，外国投资法foreign trade 对外贸易foreign trade law 外贸法formal agreement/clause正式协定/正式条款forward contract 远期交货合同Forty Eight Group 英国外贸48家集团framework 框架free trade zone 自由贸易区freight 运费freight prepaid 运费已付freight to collect；freight to be paid 运费待付French Francs 法国法郎futures commission merchant 期货佣金商futures exchanges 期货交易所futures trading；future transaction 期货交易Ggain and loss 损益gain profit 获利general agent 总代理general sanction 全面制裁Generalized System of Preference（GSP）普惠制generally accepted 公认的get into debt 负债give priority to 给……以优先government aid 政府援助government at all levels 各级政府government intervention 政府干预government loans政府贷款grade of goods 商品的等级grass-roots organization 基层组织gross domestic product（GDP）国内生产总值，国内总产值gross for net 以毛做净gross national product （GNP）国民生产总值gross weight 毛重HHague Rules 海牙规则half-finished goods 半成品handling capacity of ports 港口吞吐能力harbor facilities 港口设备hard currency 硬通货，硬货币hard times 萧条时期，不景气head office 总公司，总部hedging套期保值high commissioner 高级商务代表high-grade 品质优良的，第一流的high income country 高收入国家high standard of living 高生活水平hinterland 腹地，内地holdup in the sale of commodity 商品滞销home currency 本国货币home market 本国市场，国内市场Hong Kong dollar 港币，港元hook damage 钩损险host country 东道国human and non-human resources 人力物力资源Iill manage 管理不善illegal transaction 非法交易imbalance in the international economy 国际经济失调imbalance of trade 入超，贸易不平衡imitation brand 冒牌import license 进口许可improve the investment environment 改善投资环境in bulk 散装incorporated enterprise 法人企业indemnify 赔偿indent 订单independence and self-reliance 独立自主和自力更生indicative mark 指示性标志indirect trade 间接贸易individual enterprise 个人企业individual income tax 个人所得税individual international commodity agreement 单项商品协定industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税industrial property 工业产权industrialization 工业化industrialized country 工业化国家inflation通货膨胀inflation rate 通货膨胀率inflow of fund 资金流入infrastructure 基础设施infringement of trade mark 商标权的侵犯injured party 遭受损失方inland market 内地市场inland water transportation 内河航运inner packing 内包装inquiry 询价，询盘inquiry sheet 询价单input 投入insecure investment 不安全的投资inspection of import and export commodities 进出口商品检验installment 分期付款institutional reform 体质改革insurance 保险insurance broker 保险经纪人insurance policy 保险单insurance certificate 保险证书insurer 承保人integrated regional cooperation 一体化区域合作integration of industry and trade 工贸结合intellectual property 知识产权interest-free 无息的interest rate 利息率interested parties 当事人，有关方面International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD)国际复兴开发银行international banking 国际银行业务International Chamber of Commerce（ICC）国际商会International Standard Organization（ISO）国际标准局international convention 国际公约International Court of Justice 国际法庭International Customs Union 世界关税同盟International Development Association(IDA) 国际开发协会international economic order 国际经济秩序international finance 国际金融International Finance Corporation (IFC) 国际金融公司international investment 国际投资International Investment Bank 国际投资银行international market 国际市场International Monetary Fund (IMF) 国际货币基金组织International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms（Incoterms）国际贸易术语解释通则International Trade Center国际贸易中心international trust and investment 国际信托投资introduce foreign investment 引进外国投资investment 投资investment environment 投资环境investment in fixed assets 固定资产投资investor 投资者invisible export 无形出口，劳务出口invisible hand 无形之手invitation to bid 招标invitation to offer邀请发盘invitation to tender 招标invoice 发票issue bonds 发行债券issued stocks 已发行的股票Italian Lira意大利里拉Jjob creation 创造就业joint communique，joint declaration 联合公报，联合申明joint enterprise 合资企业joint venture 合资企业jointly operated by government and private individual 合资合营Klabor intensive 劳动密集型land bridge ，continental bridge 大陆桥large and medium-sized state-owned enterprise 国营大中型企业laws and regulations 法规lay time 装卸时间leading industries领先行业leasing 租赁least developed world 最不发达国家legal advisor 法律顾问lending country 贷款国length，capacity and weight 度量衡letter of guarantee 保函level of consumption 消费水平level of income 收入水平limited liability company 有限公司lift the embargo on 解禁liner bill of lading 班轮提单line of business 经营范围liner transport 班轮运输liner’s freight tariff 班轮运输表loan 贷款Lodge a claim 提出索赔Lome Convention 洛美协定long form bill of loading 全式提单long ton 长吨lose and gain 损益low income level 低收入水平low interest 低息legal weight 法定重量Mmacroeconomic policy 宏观经济政策mail transfer （M/T）信汇main business line 主要经营项目main currency 主要货币main industrial sectors 主要工业部门maintain good growth momentum 保持良好增长势头major items 大宗商品major project 重点工程make a bid 投标，递价make up each other’s dificiencies 取长补短make use of foreign funds 使用外资malignant inflation 恶性通货膨胀manufacturer’s invoice 厂商发票manufactured goods制成品market analysis 市场分析market control 市场管理marketing 销售学，营销学measurement ton 尺码吨measures of expediency 权益之计meet demand 满足需求member nation 成员国memorandum 备忘录，纪要，通知单merchandise trade 商品贸易metric ton 公吨Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation对外贸易经济合作部momentum of development 发展势头monetary and financial crisis 货币金融危机monopolize the market 垄断市场most favored nation （MFN）最惠国motive of international short-term capital国际短期资本流动multi-facet ，multi-channel cooperation 多层次，多渠道的合作multilateral agreement 多边协定multilateral trade 多边贸易multinational 多国的，跨国的，多国公司（的）mutually beneficial cooperation 互惠互利的合作mutually complementary 互补的mutual exchange of needed goods 互通有无municipalities with independent economic planning 计划单列市Nnational assets 国家资产national budget 国家预算national economy 国民经济national income 国民收入nationalization 国有化negotiating bank 议付银行net weight 净重neutral packing 中性包装new international economic order 国际经济新秩序newly added production capacity新增生产能力non-government trade agreement 民间贸易协定non-tariff measure/barrier 非关税措施/壁垒non-transferable L/C 不可转让信用证North America Free Trade Area （NAFTA）北美自由贸易区North-south trade 南北贸易nude packing 裸装Oobserve contractual obligation 遵守契约义务ocean and rail 海陆联运，海轮铁路联运ocean transport；marine transport 海洋运输offer 发盘office of commercial attache 商务专员处office of commercial counselor 商务参赞处office of commercial representative商务代表处official aid program 官方援助方案offshore trade transaction 境外贸易往来oil dollar 石油美元oil producing country 产油国old and unequal international economic order 旧的，不平等的国际经济秩序on board B/L；shipped B/L 已装船提单on deck B/L 舱面提单open a business 开业，开始营业open bidding 公开招标open coastal cities 沿海开放城市open negotiation credit 公开议付信用证opening bank，issuing bank 开证行opening wider to the outside world 进一步开放operate under capacity 开工不足operation and management 经营管理optional port 选择港order B/L 提示提单original B/L 正本提单original data原始数据overcapacity 开工不足overseas business 海外业务overseas investment 海外投资ownership system 所有权，所有制Ppackage deal 一揽子交易packing list 装箱单parcel post receipt 邮包收据parcel post transportation 邮包运输parent company 母公司，总公司，上级公司Paris House 巴黎证券交易所partial shipment 分批装运participating country参加国patent 专利patent law 专利法patent license 专利权，专利许可证pattern of trade 贸易格局，贸易方式payee 受款人payer 付款人paying bank 付款银行payment by installments 分期付款payment in advance 预付货款penalty 罚金People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行People’s Insurance Company of China（PICC）中国人民保险公司per capita income 人均收入permanent member of the Security Council 安理会常任理事国peso 比索（拉美一些国家主币）physical assets 有形资产physical delivery实际交货planned economy 计划经济political economics 政治经济学population explosion人口爆炸port of destination 目的港port of shipment 装运港potentialities in foreign trade 外贸潜力poverty-stricken area 贫困地区preferential system 特惠制度preferential treatment 优惠待遇premium 保险费presentation 提示primary，secondary and tertiary sectors in the economy 经济中初级、第二和第三产业部门primary exporting country 初级产品出口国principle of equal pay for equal work 同工同酬原则private business（enterprise）私营企业private sector of the economy 私有经济部门privatization私有化processing industry 加工工业processing trade 加工贸易product buyback产品回购prohibited goods禁运品prohibition and restricton禁运和限制promissory note本票protectionism保护主义protectionist measures 保护主义措施protective duty 保护性关税provisional treaty 临时条款public welfare 公共福利purchase contract（confirmation）购货合同（确认书）Qquality as per buyer’s sample 质量以买方样品为准quality as per seller’s sample 质量以卖方样品为准quality control 质量管理quality of labor force 劳动力素质quota 配额quotation 报价Rrail transport 铁路运输railway bill 铁路运单raise an embargo 解除禁运range of commodities 商品范围ratification of the budget 预算批准raw material 原料reach a compromise 达成妥协ready market 畅销real estate 房地产rebate 回扣received for shipment bill of lading 备运提单recipient country 受援国reciprocal agreement 互惠协定reciprocal credit 对开信用证rectification 调整，整顿rectify the economic order 治理经济秩序red figure 赤字reduction and exemption of taxes 税收减免reform of economic system 经济体制改革regional cooperation 区域合作regional development 区域发展regionalization 区域化registered trade mark 注册商标regulate the market 维持市场，整顿市场rely on one’s own efforts 自力更生remain in force 继续生效remittance 汇付remitting bank 汇出行renew a contract 续订合同research on markets 市场调查研究resort to arbitration 诉诸仲裁responsible for one’s own profits and losses 自负盈亏responsibility system 责任制restructure foreign trade 改革外贸体制retail price 零售价retaliatory tariff 报复性关税return of investment 投资收益率revise a contract 修改合同revocable letter of credit 可撤销信用证right of enterprise to independent action 企业独立自主权right of management 管理权right of recourse 追索权risk of clash & breakage 破损破碎险risk of leakage 渗漏险risk of odor 串味险risk of rust 锈损险risk of shortage 短量险road transport 公路运输round of negotiation 谈判回合Ssale by descriptions and illustrations 凭说明书和图样买卖sale by grade 凭等级买卖sale by specification 凭规格销售sale by sample 凭样销售sale by standard 凭标准买卖sales confirmation 销售确认书sales contract 销售合同sales volume 销售量sanction 制裁，批准，许可scissors difference 剪刀差scope of business 经营范围SDR（Special Drawing Right）特别提款权seaworthy packing 适合海运的包装seek a fair and reasonable solution 求得公平合理的解决seek common ground while reserving differences 求同存异self-employed person 个体经营者service business 服务性行业settlement of claim 理赔share-holder 股东，股票持有人shipping advice 装运通知shipping by chartering租船运输shipping mark 运输标志，唛头short from B/L 简式提单，略式提单short ton 短吨side-line business 副业Sight Credit 即期信用证sight draft 即期汇票signatory country 签约国Sino-foreign joint venture ，enterprises with Sino-foreign cooperation，and foreign enterprises中外合资企业，中外合营企业，外资企业（合称三资企业）small and medium-sized enterprises 中小型企业S/O（shipping order）装货单solely-owned enterprises 独资企业special economic zones 经济特区specification of goods 商品规格spot exchanges balance 现汇结存Standard International Trade Classification （联合国）标准国际贸易分类stale B/L 过期提单state treasury 国库券Standby Letter of Credit 备用信用证stock exchange 股票交易所storage and transportation 储运straight B/L记名提单strikes risk 罢工险submission to tender 投标supply over demand 供过于求surplus country 顺差国家sustained growth 持续增长symbolic delivery 象征性交货Swiss France 瑞士法郎Ttariff and non-tariff barrier 关税和非关税壁垒tariff custom union 关税同盟tax exemption 免费technological transfer 技术转让terms and conditions条款the metric system 公制theoretical weight 理论重量through B/L 联运提单time charter 期租船time draft（usance bill）远期汇票T. T.(telegraphic transfer) 电汇toll processing business with materials，sample or technical drawings supplied by buyers，and compensation trade 三来一补（来料、来样、来图加工和补偿贸易）total industrial output value 工业总产值total loss 全部损失，全损trade act 贸易法trade agreement 贸易协定trade embargo 禁止通商trade liberalization 贸易自由化trade mark 商标，商标专用权trade pattern 贸易格局trade protection 贸易保护trade terms 贸易术语，贸易条款trade volume 贸易额tramp 不定期租船transferable credit 可转让信用证transshipment 转船transshipment B/L 转船提单transit trade 过境贸易，转口贸易turnover 营业额two-way trade 双向贸易U unfavorable balance of trade 国际贸易逆差US dollar 美元unclean B/L; Foul B/L 不清洁提单unconfirmed letter of credit 不保兑信用证underwriter 保险公司usance letter of credit 远期信用证Vvalue-added tax 增值税volume of trade 贸易额，营业额voluntary offer 主动发盘voyage charter 程租船Wwar risk 战争险warning mark 警告性标志weak currency 弱币，软币weather working days 晴天工作日weight memo 重量单weight ton 重量吨wholesale price 批发价without recourse 无追索权World Bank 世界银行world monetary system世界货币制度world of industry and commerce工商界WPA(with particular average) 水渍险WTO(World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织W/W(warehouse to warehouse) 仓至仓条款Yyen 日元yield returns 利润收益yuan 元（中国货币）。
商务英语信件常用句型1. 称呼和结束句：Dear Sir Yours faithfullyDear Madam Yours faithfullyDear Sirs Yours faithfullyDear Madam Yours faithfullyDear Madam Yours faithfullyDear Ms Brown Yours sincerelyDear Mr Mith Yours sincerely2. 介绍这封信的背景：With reference to:With reference to your advertisement in the Times of 12th December,…With reference to your phone call today,…3. 解释写信原因：I am writing to…I am writing to confirm the arrangement.I am writing to enquire about the price and discount of your products.I am writing to inform you that we have sent your goods on July 21.I am writing to apologise for the delay of the goods.4. 提出要求：I would be grateful if you could send me a catalogue.I would appreciate it if you could deliver them as soon as possible.Could you possibly give a presentation at the annual sales conference?5. 表示感谢Thank you for…Thank you for your telephone call today.Thank you for sending the catalogue to me.6. 随信寄去的材料Please find enclosed a cheque.I am enclose a price list.We enclose a brochure.7. 表示抱歉I am sorry that our cashier charged you too much.I apologize for not attending the meeting.I am sorry for not replying to your letter.8. 确认某事I am pleased to confirm the booking of the conference room on Monday ,March 3—5 .I can assure you that we can deliver the goods by the required date.9. 讲述不好的消息Unfortunately, the handles of the teapots were missing.I am afraid that only two of the ten microphones can work.10. 结束一封信Thank you for your help.Please contact us again if we can help in any way. / you have any questions.I look forward to hearing from you soon. /meeting you ./ seeing you next Friday. 货运英语货物goods | | freight | | cargo运输transportation | | transit | | conveyance运送to transport | | to carry | | to convey运输业transportation business | | forwarding business | | carrying trade运输代理人a forwarding agent承运人a freight agent | | a carrier船务代理人a shipping agent陆上运输transportation by land海上运输transportation by sea货物运输goods traffic | | freight traffic | | carriage of freights | | carriage of goods 货轮cargo boat | | freighter | | cargo steamer | | cargo carrier火车goods-train | | freight-train卡车goods-van | | goods wagon | | freight car | | truck货运办公室goods-office | | freight-department运费率freight | | freight rates | | goods rate运费carriage charges | | shipping expenses | | express charges车费cartage | | portage运费预付carriage prepaid | | carriage paid运费到付carriage forward | | freight collect运费免除||免费carriage free协定运费conference freight | | freight rate运费清单freight account托运单way-bill | | invoice运送契约contract for carriage装运shipment | | loading装上货轮to ship | | to load | | to take on a ship装运费shipping charges | | shipping commission装运单||载货单shipping invoice装运单据shipping documents大副收据mate's receipt装船单shipping order提货单delivery order装船通知shipping advice包裹收据parcel receipt准装货单shipping permit租船契约charter party租船人charterer程租船||航次租赁voyage charter期租船time charter允许装卸时间lay days | | laying days工作日working days连续天数running days | | consecutive days滞期费demurrage滞期日数demurrage days速遣费despatch money空舱费dead freight退关short shipment | | goods short shipped | | goods shut out | | shut-outs 赔偿保证书(信托收据) letter of indemnity | | trust receipt装载loading卸货unloading | | discharging | | landing装运重量shipping weight | | in-take-weight卸货重量landing weight压舱ballasting压舱货in ballast舱单manifest船泊登记证书ship's certificate of registry航海日记ship's log船员名册muster-roll(船员，乘客)健康证明bill of health光票clean bill不清洁提单foul bill有疑问提单suspected bill出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT 实用生活英语1. I'm not myself 我烦透了2、Don't bother me！别烦我！3、Give me five more minutes please。
（1）原文：中国银行、中国建设银行、中国工商银行、国家外汇治理局、国际信托投资公司以及中国人民保险公司等均在宁波设有分支机构。
译文：The following financial institutions and corporations maintain their affiliated organizations in Ningb the Bank of China，the Construction Bank of China，the Industrial & Commercial Bank of China，the State General Administration of Exchange Control，China‟s International Trust & Investment Corporation and the People‟s Insurance Company of China. （宁波市经济技术开发区宣传册，p. 17）。
从表面上看，译文尚通顺。
对照“忠实”的原则，我们发现了几点欠缺：第一，原文的“分支机构”这个信息在译文中成为“affiliated organiza tions”，信息内容有所改变。
原文的“分支机构”使读者得知这些地方是可以办理相关的经营业务的，而译文“affiliated organization”给读者提供的却不完全是这样的信息。
affiliated organization 可指“下属的协会、刊物”等，经营功能则被弱化。
第二，“国家外汇治理局”的通用译名是：the State Administration of Exchange Control，其中无General 一词。
“国际信托投资公司”的通用译名是：China International Trust and Investment Corporation （CITIC），其中的China并没有‟s。
Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese. (10%)1. in a detour 迂回2. competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值3. consignor 寄售人4. customer mobility 客户流动性5. escape clauses 豁免条款6. share holders 股东7. potential loss 潜在损失8. carrying vessel 运载船只9. negligent 粗心大意10. specific duty 从量税Ⅱ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English. (10%)11.债权国The credit country12.国际合同International contract13.定期付款/分阶段付款Term payment14.被保险人The insured15.人口计划The population plan16.特惠税The preferential duty17.基础设施项目Infrastructure construction project18.装箱单Shipping list19.破产Disrupted20.土地和劳动力Land and labor forceⅢ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right. (10%)21. facilities( d )a. the price or cost of transportation22. premises( g ) b. easily to go bad23. middleman( f ) c. not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon24. perishable ( b ) d. something designed, built or installed to serve a specificfunction or perform a particular service25. access( j ) e. the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc.26. controversy( i ) f. trader through whom goods pass between the producer andthe customer27. carriage( a ) g. a tract of land including its buildings28. settlement( e ) h. an official group of persons who direct or supervise someactivities of a firm29. board( h ) i. public argument about something which many peopledisagree with30. cancel( c ) j. a way by which a place, esp. property can be reached orentered or usedⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English. (10%)31. term draft 远期汇票A draft which requires to pay after sight or in a given period of time after representation of relevant documents.32. transferable credit 可转让信用证Credit which can be transferred to other parties during the transportation of goods.33. direct quote 直接报价A certain amount of foreign currency, usually one unit or one hundred unit, is marked with equivalent amount of homecurrency.34. acquisition 收购Buying existing facilities35. GA TT 关税和贸易总协定The General Agreement of Tariff and Trade.V. Answer the following questions in English. (20%)36. What are the five major modes of the modern freight transportation system?Water, air, road, rail, pipeline37. What do “valued” policies mean?Valued policies mean that a country provide investors with preferential policies for insured return in order to attract foreign investment.38. What is the purpose to establish GSP(the Generalized System of Preference)?The purpose of GSP is to help development of developing countries by provide tariff concession to them.39. What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?The relationship of MNEs and their host countries is interdependable and interactive.Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese. (15%)40. The Bank for International Settlement (BIS) is a unique institution. Many of its operations are of types normallyperformed by a commercial bank, but it is owned principally by central banks, and managed by central banks and its principal customers are central banks. The objects of BIS are to promote the cooperation among central banks and to provide additional facilities for international operations.国际结算银行是一个独特的机构。
Lesson 1exacerbated=deteriorated 恶化came into force=took effect 生效objective=purpose 目标buoyant=brisk 上涨的scope=opportunity 机会accelerating=speeding up 加速outcome=result 结果breakdown=analysis record 分类overhang=threat 威协reinforce 加强concessionary 优惠的减让的recognition=realization 认识到surplus=excess 盈余industrialization programme 工业化项目national income 国民收入volume of foreign trade 对外贸易额visible trade account 有形贸易收支invisible trade account 无形贸易收支growth rate 增长率foreign exchange 外汇trade fair 贸易展览会trade surplus 贸易顺差compensation trade 补偿贸易joint venture 合资企业planned economy 计划经济export quota 出口定额growth point 增长点high tech industries 高科技产业most favored nation status/treatment最惠国地位/待遇current account 经常项目stock taking=evaluating 盘点Production goods 生产资料customs duties 关税capital stock 实际资本infrastructure 基础设施foreign trade reserves 外汇储备customer goods 消费品saturation point 饱和点showpiece 优秀样品industrial crops 经济作物special economic zone 经济特区income tax rate 所得税税率technology transformation 技术改造technology transfer 技术转让capital equipments 资本设备preferential tax rate 优惠税率cooperative enterprise 合作企业imports of capital 资本进口services industry 服务业foreign exchange control 外汇管制capital intensive investment 劳动密集型投资Lesson 3farfetched=improbable 不大可能的nose=move slowly 缓慢的bound=heading 满载dynamic=booming 有活力的radiates=spreads 辐射bustling=booming 繁荣的surpass=exceed 超越slight=neglect 轻视bloc=group 集团laggard=backward 落后的per capita 人均preferred status 优先权competitive advantage 竞争优势trade bloc 贸易集团newly raising enterprise 新兴企业container plant 集装箱工厂consortium 国际财团bounce back 反弹free market 自由市场Lesson 4stagnated=stopped 停滞的aggregate=total 总计robust=strong 强健的meun=arrangements 安排adverse=unfavorable 不利的dampened=reduced 减小降低slackened= weakened 变缓慢deflator=index 指数curtailing=cutting off 消减catch up=competition 竞争in a row= in succession 连续的per capita income 人均收入hard currency 硬通货commodities market 商品市场portfolio investment 证券投资nominal terms 名义价constant terms 不变价debt restructuring 债务调整deinflationary policies 反通胀政策anti-inflationary monetary policy 反通胀货币政策industrial and agricultural productiobnuoyed=supported 支撑domestic demands 国内需求工农业生产Lesson 2assembled=formed 形成incentives=inducements 诱因promulgated=announced 发布couple with=together with 结合cope with=deal with 处理，应付uniform=same 统一的waive=exempt 免除afflicting=troubling 困扰的deftly=cleverly 巧妙地passage=pass 通过reaping=harvesting 收获gross national product 国民生产总值economic power 经济强国punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税securities and real estate markets 证券和房地产市场conglomerate 跨行业工公司private business 私人企业high tech，high wage econom高y科技高薪经济commercial hub 商业中心transfer component 资本转移部分direct investment 直接投资budget deficit 预算赤字interest rate 利率primary commodity price 初级产品价格high rates of growth 高增长率the group of seven 7 国集团workers remittance 工人侨汇monetary policies 货币政策primary goods 初级产品per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值Lesson 5retaliating=taking revenge 报复sanctions=punishments 制裁misgivings=doubt 疑惑expires=become due 期满underpinnings=evidence 根据，证据divergent=different 有分歧的seething=troubled 困惑的peeved=irritated 恼怒的mollify=relieve 减轻amenable=responsive 有责任的trade sanctios 贸易制裁trade barriers 贸易壁垒trade agreements 贸易协议government procurement 政府采购North America Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定trade priority 贸易优先权trade partner 贸易伙伴trade in deficit 贸易赤字trade discrimination 贸易歧视trade concession 贸易让步unblock 扫除……障碍stall 拖延turn up 升级live with consequence 承担后果bully 威吓instigate 挑动Lesson 6dour=severe 严厉的soured=worsened 恶化directive=instructions 指令over-nigh=suddenly 突然justifications=reasons 正当的理由wind up=end 结束skidding=reducing suddenly 急剧下降breach=breaking 违反European community 欧共体European union 欧盟the single market 统一大市场free trade zone 自由贸易区plant modernization 工厂现代化European integration 欧洲一体化economic integration 经济一体化political integration 政治一体化barrier-freed market 无壁垒市场economic benefits 经济利益anticipate 预料accomplish 完成实现stake 利害关系merger 兼并Lesson 7die down=disappear 消失foreshadows=predicts 预示capitulating=giving in 屈服geared=adapted 使……适应amplified=strengthened 增强的withstood=resisted 经受misconceived=misunderstood 设想错误的caved in=given in 屈服come up with=put forth 拿出obtain access to a market 获得市场准入机会trade reprisal 贸易报复trade representative 贸易代表import targets 进口指标fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划multilateral rules 多边规则quantifiable results 定量结果managed trade 管理贸易trade balance 贸易差额trade deficit 贸易赤字market share 市场份额white paper 白皮书bilateral surplus 双边顺差be bound to 肯定be opposed to 反对compound 加重Lesson 8poised=ready 作好准备的delve=study 钻研puts=expresses 解释trendy=fashionable 时髦的volatile=changeable 不稳定的clout=influence 影响力shuddered=trembled 战栗edge=advantage 优势eroding=disappearing 消融beset=troubled 困扰bolstered=supported 支撑siphon=draw out 抽取state of the a rt=markedly advanced 目前最先进的sprawl 规模庞大petrochemical complex 石油化工综合企业glistening 闪闪发光的jostle with 贴近eke out 勉强维持routinely 按常规chaebol 大企业集团know how 技术技能leviathan zaibatsu 大财团The lion ’s share 最大的份额antidumping 反倾销annual growth rates 年增长率investment capital 投资资本tax breaks 税额优惠financial system 金融体制embargo 禁运economic liberalization 经济自由化market force 市场力量Lesson 9was outed from=was d riven out 离开soaring=rising 上涨wary=cautious 谨慎的compromise=harm 妥协、危害materialise=realize 实现impressive=great 印象深刻unduly=excessively 过份地seesawed=rised and fell 动荡head off =prevent 阻止capacity expansion 生产能力扩张loss leader 亏本出售的商品carbon tax 双重税CECF 中国出口商品交易会impose import surcharge 征进口附加税re-export 再出口certifications of origin 产地证明书Lesson 10spur=promote 促进squandered=wasted 浪费bedeviled=perplexed 困惑的allowing for=taking … …intoconsideration 考虑到detached=disconnected 分离的pose a threat=form 形成一种威胁sensible=reasonable 合理的awkward=improper 不适宜的countervailing duty 反补贴税intellectual property rights 知识产权trade in service 服务贸易common agriculture polic共y 同农业政策on a conservative estimate据保守估计economic growth 经济增大the Uruguay round talk 乌拉圭回合谈判farm protection 农业保护Lesson 11proceeds=earnings 收入steered=introduced 引导convertible=exchangeable 可变的antiquated=old fashioned 过时tap=choose 选择camouflage=disguised 违装的perpetuate=make everlasting 持续的access=opportunity 机会convertible currency 可兑换货币debt service 偿还贷款counterpurchase 反向购买debtor nations 债务国creditor nations 债权国reformulation 重新配方franchise 特许经销权coupons 优惠券exclusive contract 独家经销合同bottler 经销商test market 试销市场market share 市场份额Lesson 13eightfold=eight times 八倍outlets=markets 市场promote sales 促销商品USDA 美国农业部luck dray 幸运抽奖competitive edge 竞争优势Lesson 14yields=profits 利润elapsed=passed 时间消逝tumble=slump 下降boost=accelerate 促进impeded=hindered 阻碍的offset=balance 分支volatility=fluctuation 价格变化spin-offs 副产品liquid assets 流动资产surplus produce 生产过剩financial futures 期货currency movements 货币流通price index 价格指数soft commodities 软商品UNCTAD 贸发会incentive=stimulus 激励monopolize= dominate 垄断discrimination=prejudice 偏见located=found 建立balance of payment 国际收支closing price 收盘价merge of banks 银行兼并brain trust 智囊团good resistance 良好的性耐性cash crops 经济作物equivalent value 等值short supply 供应短缺the world bank 世界银行productivity 生产力exchange revenue 外汇收入import duty 进口税profit remittance 利润汇款vested interests 既得利益buzzword 专业术语insolvency 破产take title 取得所有权market regulation 市场规则public tender 公开投标market power 市场动力transferor/assignor 转让人entrepreneurship 企业家精神headquarters 总部the new and expanding industry新兴工业trade balance 贸易平衡/差额The international financial institutiop n rice cutting war削价战国际金融机构currency reserves 货币储存currency exchange 货币交换clearing agreements 清算协定compensation agreements 补偿协定leverage 杠杆机构Lesson 12live up to=tally with 符合precipitate=accelerate 促成flagship=no.1 佼佼者poses=offerspony up=pay 付账gauge=judge 衡量take it hands down 轻易接受niches=status 合适的地位soft drink 软饮料retail sales 零售investment funds 投资基金export quota system 出口配额制度Lesson 15aggravated=worsened 恶化prompted=exacerbate 加剧rallied=increase after a fall 渐缓eased=fell 下跌dampened=reduced 挫伤undertone=underlying trendat origin=at the place of origin underpinned=supported 支撑spot market 现货市场futures market 期货市场base metal 贱金属precious metals 贵金属discount rate 贴现率历年。
体验商务英语综合教程4课本答案Unit 1Language reviewA: 1.c 2.h 3.d 4.a 5.b 6.e 7.f 8.gUnit 2VocabularyA:1. monetary regulations ernment bureaucracy3. political stability4. buying habits5. economic situation6. income distribution C:1.d 2.b 3.c 4.b 5.c 6.d 7. d 8. c 9. d 10.d ReadingF: 1 . a 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. aUnit 3P23 vocabularyAPositive meaning: build up, cement, develop, encourage, establish, improve, maintain, promote, restore, resume, strengthen Negative meaning: the rest～～～～～BVery bad Very goodStormy strained cool amicable friendly close excellentC1—5: e d b a eP26 LanguageAa---J: 9 3 2 4 8 1 5 7 10 6B1—5 get on count on build up hold on to put(it) off 6—10 sounded out let(us)down set up draw up call(it)offUnit 4P33Language review1—4: present simple past simple present continuous present perfect P34Vocabulary C1—5: overtook outstripped outbid outvote outmaneuvered6—10: outnumber overbooked overran overcharged oversubscribedUnit 5P40VocabularyA 2—4: e b f h 6—8: g c dB 1. satisfied dissatisfied satisfaction2. motivating motivated motivation3. fulfillment fulfilled unfulfilled4. inspiring inspiration uninspiring5. frustration frustrating frustratedP42 Language reviewA 1—4: c e h b 5—8: d g a fB 1—4: have been conducted be perceived are entered were given5—7: were paid were paid is reducedUnit 6VocabularyB:1. e 2 . f 3 .g 4 . d 5 . c 6 . b 7 . a ReadingB: 1.e 2.g 3. d 4. f 5. a 6. c 7. bP50AWeak moderate stronga bit fairly entirelyslightly increasingly exceptionallymoderately highlyreasonably totallyquite veryrather extremelysomewhatB1. exceptionally, extremely, very2. exceptionally, entirely, highly, totally, very3. fairly, moderately, quite, rather, somewhat4. entirely, totally5. fairly, moderately, quite, reasonablyUnit 7VocabularyB: 2. search engines 3. traffic4, site 5. search 6. key word 7. hits 8.surfers9.on-line 10.directories 11. browse 12.locateC: 1.b 2.a 3. cP58 Language reviewA (先为所有单词排序，从左至右为A到F)A promiseB invitation/requestC speculating about the futureD bargaining 1—6:EF A C D 7—12: C B A/D F E B中的request RevisionP62 Adjective1 persuasive2 coherent articulate eloquent3 inhibited hesitant4 succinct5 lucid6 responsible7 fluent1. fluent2. articulate3. lucid4. inhibited5. succinct6. responsibleP63 Reading1—5: b c d c b 6—10: d b c d bP64 Reading1—7: c b c d c c aP64 Multi-word verbs1.去掉off2.去掉about3.全对4. 去掉for5. 去掉on P65 Prefixes1—4: underperforming overestimated outbid outsource 5—8: undercharged overextended outmaneuvered overrun Passives1. promotion改为promoted2. isolating改为 isolated3. were改为 was4. discussion改为 discussed5. love改为loved6. motivating改为motivated7. be改为being8. assess改为assessedTactful and less~~~~ 1 c,j 2. a,d 3. b,h 4. e,f 5.g,i Intensifying adverbs 1—7:b a e f g d cConditionals1—5:b c b a c 6—12:c a b b c a cReading1—7: c b b a c d aUnit8P69 VocabularyA1-5 b b c a c b 6-12 b b a c a b bB1. ex-president2. bilateral3. predicted4. pro-European5. underdeveloped6. mismanagement7. dishonestCuncommunicative indecisive inefficient unenthusiastic inflexible unfocussedunimaginative disloyal disorganized unpopular impractical unsociable unstable intolerantP72 Language review A1-8 no yes yes no no not sure not sure noB1. should2. might or could3. correct4. must5. correct6. correct7. must8. shouldUnit 10VocabularyA:1. complaints …e2. rapport ...d3. reassure …a4. standards …b5. products . …cB:1.c2. d3. f4.e5.a6. b7. gC:1. get to the bottom of the problem2. pass the buck3. it was the last straw4. slipped my mind5. talking at across purposes6. ripped off7. got straight to the pointLanguage reviewB:1. b 2.a 3.d 4.c Unit 11VocabularyB:1.speed of response2.press conference3.press release4.flow information5.action plan6.contingency plan7.legal action8.admission of liability9.loss of confidence10.damage limitationP96 Language review B1. far2. much3. nowhere near as (远不及)4. slightly5. substantial6. nothing likeUnit 12P101 VocabularyA1. Adjective2. Opposite adjective3. Noun form considerate inconsiderate consideration /considerateness creative uncreative creativity/ creativeness decisive indecisive decisiveness diplomatic undiplomatic diplomacy efficient inefficient efficiency flexible inflexible flexibilityinspiring uninspiring inspiration interested un/disinterested interestlogical illogical logic/logicality organized disorganized organization rational irrational rationality responsible irresponsibleresponsibility sociable unsociable sociability supportive unsupportive supportD1-6 dcabfeP104 Language reviewA 3.empty subjectthe Royal Mail reportpeopleJohn Nicholsonthe reason women don’t like to work for other women the reason women don’t like to work for other women the situation of giving work to other womentry to assert themselves by giving menial tasksB1-7 them they it they we their theyUnit 13Vocabulary1.f2.c3.e4. d5.b6.aListeningA: 1. d 2.a 3. e 4.f 5.c 6.b ReadingC: 1.b 2.b 3.a 4. a 5.a 6.b 7.b D: patible2.odds are stacked againstplementary4.replicateLanguage reviewC:1.d 2. f 3.g 4.l 5.c 6.b7.j 8.a 9.k 10.i 11.e 12.hUNIT B Revision Fixed pairsA: 1.b 2. e 3. c 4.a 5.d 6. f 7. gB: 1.wax and wane2.loud and clear3.hard and fast4.nuts and bolts5.boom and bust6.touch and go7.pros and consNegotiating expressions1.d2. c3.b4.e5.g6.a7.f Reading(P125) 1.d 2.c 3.b 4.a 5. c 6.b 7.d Reading(P126) 1.c 2.d 3.b 4.b 5.c 6.b 7.c8.a Comparisons 1.g 2.e 3. d 4.f 5.a 6.c 7.b OppositesB:1.disobedience2.illegalities3.impatiencermality5.irresponsibility6.unfairnessText reference1.b2.c3. e4.aPresentation language1.h2.f3.g4.e5.a6.d7.b8.c Reading(P129) 1.b 2.a 3.c 4.a 5.c 6.b 7.d。
《世纪商务英语——综合教程IV》（第三版）教案Unit 1 Import and ExportRelated InformationProcedures for Import and ExportAs import from one country means export of that country, take the procedures of export transaction as an example to illustrate the general procedures for import and export:1. Market researchThe most difficult part of exporting is taking the first step. Any exporter who wants to sell his products in a foreign country or countries must first conduct a lot of market research. Market research is a process of conducting research into a specific market for a particular product. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products can be supplied. The exporter needs to know which foreign companies are likely to use his products or might be interested in marketing and distributing the products in their country. He must think whether there is a potential for making a profit.2. Business negotiationIf a foreign company is interested in buying the exporter’s products, negotiation should be organized. Business negotiation plays a very important role in the conclusion and implementation of a sales contract. It has a great bearing on the economic interests of the parties concerned. No matter what way the negotiations are held, in general, they consist of the following links: enquiry, offer, counter offer, acceptance and conclusion of sales contract, among which offer and acceptance are two indispensable links for reaching an agreement and concluding a contract.3. Conclusion of sales contractAs soon as an offer is accepted, a written sales contract or sales confirmation is usually required to be signed between the buyer and the seller to confirm the sales and stipulate their rights and obligations respectively. A sales contract or sales confirmation contains some general terms and conditions as well as the specific terms that vary with the commodity. But such terms as the names of the seller and the buyer, the description of the goods, quality and specification, quantity, packing, unit price, amount, payment, date of delivery, shipping, insurance, inspection, claim and arbitration are indispensable. The sales contract or salesconfirmation is normally made out in two originals, one for the buyer and the other for his seller.4. Implementation of contractUnder CIF contract with terms of payment by L/C, the implementation of export contract usually goes through the steps of goods preparation, inspection application, reminding of L/C, examination and modification of L/C, chartering and booking shipping space, shipment, insurance, documents preparation for bank negotiation and the settlement of claims, etc.①Preparing goods for shipmentAfter a contract is made, it is the main task for the exporter to prepare the goods for shipment and check them against the terms stipulated in the contract. The quality, specification, quantity, marking and the packing should be in line with the contract or the L/C, the date for the preparation should agree with the shipping schedule.②Inspection applicationIf required by the stipulations of the states or contract, the exporter should obtain a certificate of inspection from the institutions concerned where the goods are inspected. Usually, the commodity will be released only after the issuance of the inspection certificate by the inspection organization.③Reminding, examining and modifying L/CIn international trade, a banker’s letter of credit is commonly used for the payment of purchase price. In the course of the performance of contract, one of the necessary steps for the seller is to urge the buyer to establish an L/C. According to the contract, the buyer should establish the L/C on time, but sometimes he may delay for various reasons. For the safe collection of payment, the seller has to urge the buyer to expedite the opening of the L/C. Upon receipt of a letter of credit, the seller must examine it very carefully to make sure that all terms and conditions are stipulated in accordance with the contract. If any discrepancies exist, the seller should contact the buyer immediately for necessary amendments so as to guarantee the smooth execution of the contract.④Chartering and booking shipping spaceAfter receiving the relevant L/C, the exporter should contact the ship’s agents or the shipping company for the chartering and the booking of shipping space and prepare for the shipment in accordance with the importer’s shipping instruction. Chartering is required for goods of large quantity which needs full shipload; and for goods in small quantities, space booking would be enough.⑤Customs formalitiesBefore the goods are loaded, certain procedures in customs formalities have to be completed. As required, completed forms giving particulars of the goods exported together with the copy of the sales contract, invoice, packing list, weight memo, commodity inspection certificate and other relevant documents, have to be lodged with the customs.After the goods are on board, the shipping company or the ship’s agent will issue a bill of lading which is a receipt evidencing the loading of the goods on board the ship.⑥Find a customs brokerTo different countries, import customs clearance procedures may differ. In some countries, the customs service does not require an importer to have a license or permit and an individual may make his own customs clearance of goods imported for personal use or business. You’d better, however, have a licensed customs broker (or a freight forward er) act as the clearing agent for you unless you’re very familiar with the import customs clearance formalities in your country.Therefore, the first tip is to find a licensed customs broker who can work with you on a long term basis. They are especially valuable to you when your business is not located in the destination air/sea port which is usually the port of entry —if you’re unable to be there to prepare and file your entry, the customs broker may act as your agent, pick up and deliver the shipment to your door.⑦InsuranceThe export trade is subject to many risks. For example, ships may sink or consignments may be damaged in transit, exchange rates may alter, buyers default or government suddenly impose an embargo, etc. It is customary to insure goods sold for export against the perils of the journey. The cover paid for will vary according to the type of goods and the circumstances. If the exporter has bought insurance for the goods, he will be reimbursed for the losses.⑧Documents preparation for bank negotiationAfter the shipment, all kinds of documents required by the L/C shall be prepared by the exporter and the importer and presented, within the validity of the L/C to the bank for negotiation. As to the shipping documents, they include the commercial invoice, bill of lading, insurance policy, packing list, weight memo, certificate of inspection, and, in some cases, consular invoice, certificate of origin, etc. Documents should be correct, complete, concise and clean. Only after the documents are checked to be fully in conformity with the L/C, the opening bank makes the payment. Payment shall be disregarded by the bank for any discrepancies in the documents.⑨Settlement of disputesIn international trade, it’s not uncommon for imports to be de layed, or to find that when goods arrive the shipment is incomplete or contains damaged goods. It may be the supplier’s responsibility, the importer’s fault, or caused by shipping or customs delays. In any case, it’s worth agreeing in advance how deliveries will be inspected and how problems will be handled. In most cases, returning incorrect shipments and waiting for a new delivery is too expensive and time consuming.Lead-in1. Listening1. F2. T3. T4. TTape Script:International Trade is One of the Hot Industries of the New Millennium International trade is one of the hot industries of the new millennium. But it’s not new. Think Marco Polo. Think the great caravans of the biblical age with their cargoes of silk and spice. Think even further back to prehistoric man trading shells and salt with distant tribes. Trade exists because one group or country has a supply of some commodity or merchandise that is in demand by another. And as the world becomes more and more technologically advanced, as we shift in subtle and not so subtle ways toward one world modes of thought, international trade becomes more and more rewarding both in terms of profit and personal satisfaction.2. Spot Dictationplicated2. conclude a transaction.3. in the course of4.undergoes four stages5.implementing the contract6.illustrateText ALanguage Study1. merchandise①n. commercial goods; commodities 商品，货物◆There is much discount merchandise on holidays.◆Merchandise first should be the products of labour.②vt. to engage in the commercial purchase and sale of (goods or services); trade 做生意，交易◆He is merchandising auto parts.merchandise broker 商品经纪人merchandise budget 商品预算merchandise export 商品出口merchandise cost 商品成本2. brokern.an agent who, acting on behalf of a principal, buys or sells goods, securities, etc, in return for a commission (股票债券等的)经纪人,(买卖的)中间人,代理人◆He set up in business as an insurance broker.brokerage n. 经纪业，佣金，回扣，经纪费broker agent 经纪人兼代理人broker insurance 保险代理人3. prospectivea. looking towards the future 将来的，未来的；盼望中的；预期的；有希望的◆The foreign investor withdrew funds without getting his prospective benefits.◆She demonstrates an article to a prospective buyer.prospective buyer 可能的买主prospective damage 预计的损失prospective market 未来的市场prospective return 预期收益prospective benefits 预期利益4. outlayn. an expenditure of money, effort, etc 费用，花费；支出◆The weekly outlay on day-to-day operation in the company was enormous.◆This will involve high expenses and nonrecoverable outlays.outlay accounts 支出账户outlay cost 支出成本outlay for loan payment 偿还债务支出outlay of liquidation 清理支出5. attorneyn. a person appointed to act for another in business or legal matters (业务或法律事务上的)代理人◆The attorney’s summation was telling.◆He has been appointed as the attorney of the company to sign the contract with itspartner.attorney at law 律师attorney fee 律师公费attorney general 首席检察官power of attorney 委托权; 委任书6. substantiala. large in amount or number 很多的，大量的◆The man incurred substantial losses during the stock market crash.◆The existence of substantial invisible income suggests that the income distributionsystem should be standardized.substantial cost differentials 巨大成本差额substantial increase 大幅度增长substantial labour surplus market 劳动力大量剩余市场7. identifyvt. recognize sb/sth and be able to say who or what they are 确认、证明某人（某事物）；鉴别出◆The man refused to identify himself as the person who should have been in full chargeof the accident.identification n.识别，证实，核对dentification card 身份证dentification dimensions 船舶文件规定的尺度identify oneself with 支持，参与8. make a commitment (to sb/sth) 作出承诺◆I’d like to make sure if it is acceptable to the factory before making a commitment toyou.9. relieve...of... 免除某人的职务；解除某人的(负担等)；减轻某人的(痛苦等)◆The company relieved Mr. Brown of his post as manager.◆The workers are relieving of burdens from the ship.Translation of the Text商品进出口对大多数国家来说，进出口是国际收入和支出的主要来源。
