Quotations from Chinese Classics

《孔乙己》英文译本比较赏析——陈丝丝顾佳音顾韵雯李敏魏佳莉张虹我们小组选用了译文3，4进行比较，译文3是由杨宪益、戴乃迭译，译文4是由William A Lyell翻译，看了他们对《孔乙己》的翻译，两个版本各具特色。

一译文主要特色1 杨译用词准确，语言风格平实，以异化为主，保留了汉语的文化因素，尽可能完整、准确地传达原作特有的文化意向。

在他的眼里，孔乙己里的内容不仅仅是文学作品, 更是中国文化的承载。

涉及了中国文化的点点滴滴。

2而莱尔作为一个美国的本土以英文为母语的译者，其译本则以多美式俗语见长，贴近美国读者，对英语的应用也很流畅，他对人物的性格、心理把握的很到位，并通过译文将其生动地展现了出来。

二词汇翻译：1描红纸上的“上大人孔乙己”杨：Kong Yiji from kong, yi, ji, the first three characters in the old-fashioned children’s copybook莱尔：the first six words of a copybook 1that was used in teaching children how to write characters: ABOVE-GREAT-MAN-KONG-YI-JI“描红纸”是中国古代儿童用于学习写字的临摹工具，为中国文化所特有，在英语里并没有对应的词汇，两个版本的翻译都用了“copybook”描述了它的功能。

而“上大人”这一中国古时的官位，杨选择了直接省译，莱尔则是用“ABOVE-GREAT-MAN”分别与“上、大、人”三个字对应，虽然没能翻出具体官职，但实现了很好的对应。

2穿长衫唯一的人杨：the only long-gowned customer莱尔：he only customer in a long gown仅从词的排序上来看，就能看出中国翻译家和国外翻译者的区别。

杨用了连字符把“穿长衫的”翻成“long-gowned”，因为在中国人对英语的研究里，这类的形容词应该用连字符吧两个形容词连起来从而表达另一个包含的意思。

Lesson 8 Chinese idioms汉语习语There exist in both spoken and written Chinese a great number of idioms also called chengyu, literally “set language” or “set expressions”, which are translated in English as “idiom”.These may be general in nature or they may reflect famous events or stories from Chinese history, or they may be direct quotations from famous works of Chinese literature. The great majority of Chinese idioms are composed of four characters, which usually –though not always- can be parsed in groups of two.Chinese idioms are usually composed in Classical Chinese and thus typically have a different grammatical structure from that of Modern Chinese. In their speech and writing, Chinese people make frequent use of idioms, since these often sum up briefly a meaning which it would otherwise take many words to express.Contextually appropriate use of idioms tends to impress hearers as tothe educational level and eloquence of the speaker. Since idioms arefrequently used in formal speech and higher-level written materials, such asnewspaper editorials and commentaries, they serve as a useful medium forhelping learners move up on the proficiency ladder.Familiarity with idioms can also be helpful for the non-native in gaining credibility in Chinese society. Indeed, almost nothing impresses a Chinese person more than a properly used idiom coming from the mouth of a foreigner.There are a great number of idioms in Chinese, with certain dictionaries of idioms including well over 20,000 entries. All Chinese people know idioms, even though the total number known by any one individual will depend on her or his education, linguistic talent, general intelligence, etc…Idioms are such an important part of Chinese popular culture that there even exists a game called chengyu jielong that involves someone calling out an idiom, with someone else then being supposed to think of another idiom to link up with the first one, so that the last character of the first idiom is the same as the first character of the second idiom, and so forth.According to the Chinese search engine Baidu, the longest idiom chain ever created was all of 1,788 idioms long!For the learner of Chinese as a second/foreign language, idioms are not so easy to understand, since the functional meaning of idioms is often different from the surface meaning and may, to quote an English idiom, be “greater than the sum of its parts”.This is because Chinese idioms frequently involve literary allusions, extended meanings, and metaphors.For example, consider the following idiom: 雪中送炭xuě zhōng sòng tànThis could be translated literally as “in the snow to deliver charcoal”; however, the actual meaning usually has nothing at all to do with “snow” or “charcoal”, but rather involves the rendering of aid to someone at time of need.Idioms have a long history in Chinese, with some having existed for well over 2,000 years. Indeed, the grammatical structure of most Chinese idioms is that of Classical Chinese.There are three common origins of idioms: ancient fables and historical tales; Buddhist and Confucian classics as well as other works of ancient Chinese literature; and habitual collocations of terms that gradually came to be stable and used in a certain way, even though their exact origin is not known today. To use a Chinese idiom, we could say there are in the Chinese language as many idioms “as there are hairs on an ox”.（598 words）◆Helper:quotation[kwəuˈteiʃən]引用，引证compose[kəmˈpəuz] 组成，构成contextually[kən'tekstʃʊəl]文脉上的，前后关系的eloquence[ˈeləkwəns]口才，辩才proficiency[prəˈfiʃənsi] 熟练，精通familiarity[fəˌmɪlɪ'ærətɪ] 熟悉, 通晓credibility [ˌkredəˈbɪləti]可靠性，可信性allusion [əˈlu:ʒn] 影射, 典故metaphor [ˈmetəfə(r)]隐喻，暗喻habitual [həˈbɪtʃu:əl] 习惯的◆Chinese Brief Introduction:成语（chengyu, idioms, set phrase）是我国汉字语言词汇中一部分定型的词组或短句。

KUNG I-CHIThe wine shops in Luchen are not like those in other parts of China. They all have a right-angled counter facing the street, where hot water is kept ready for warming wine. When men come off work at midday and in the evening they buy a bowl of wine; it cost four coppers twenty years ago, but now it costs ten. Standing beside the counter, they drink it warm, and relax. Another copper will buy a plate of salted bamboo shoots or peas flavoured with aniseed, to go with the wine; while for a dozen coppers you can buy a meat dish. But most of these customers belong to the short-coated class, few of whom can afford this. Only those in long gowns enter the adjacent room to order wine and dishes, and sit and drink at leisure.At the age of twelve I started work as a waiter in Prosperity Tavern, at the entrance to the town. The tavern keeper said I looked too foolish to serve the long-gowned customers, so I was given work in the outer room. Although the short-coated customers there were more easily pleased, there were quite a few trouble-makers among them too. They would insist on watching with their own eyes as the yellow wine was ladled from the keg, looking to see if there were any water at the bottom of the wine pot, and inspecting for themselves the immersion of the pot in hot water. Under such keen scrutiny, it was very difficult to dilute the wine. So after a few days my employer decided I was not suited for this work. Fortunately I had been recommended by someone influential, so he could not dismiss me, and I was transferred to the dull work of warming wine.Thenceforward I stood all day behind the counter, fully engaged with my duties. Although I gave satisfaction at this work, I found it monotonous and futile. Our employer was a fierce-looking individual, and the customers were a morose lot, so that it was impossible to be gay. Only when Kung I-chi came to the tavern could I laugh a little. That is why I still remember him.Kung was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine standing. He was a big man, strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his face. He had a large, unkempt beard, streaked with white. Although he wore a long gown, it was dirty and tattered, and looked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years. He used so many archaisms in his speech, it was impossible to understand half he said. As his surname was Kung, he was nicknamed "Kung I-chi," the first three characters in a children's copybook. Whenever he came into the shop, everyone would look at him and chuckle. And someone would call out:"Kung I-chi! There are some fresh scars on your face!"Ignoring this remark, Kung would come to the counter to order two bowls of heated wine and a dish of peas flavoured with aniseed. For this he produced nine coppers. Someone else would call out, in deliberately loud tones:"You must have been stealing again!""Why ruin a man's good name groundlessly?" he would ask, opening his eyes wide."Pooh, good name indeed! The day before yesterday I saw you with my own eyes being hung up and beaten for stealing books from the Ho family!"Then Kung would flush, the veins on his forehead standing out as he remonstrated: "Taking a book can't be considered stealing, . . . T aking a book, the affair of a scholar, can't be considered stealing!" Then followed quotations from the classics, like "A gentleman keeps his integrity even in poverty," and a jumble of archaic expressions till everybody was roaring with laughter and the whole tavern was gay.From gossip I heard, Kung I-chi had studied the classics but had never passed the official examination. With no way of making a living, he grew poorer and poorer, until be was practically reduced to beggary. Happily, he was a good calligrapher, and could get enough copying work to support himself. Unfortunately he had failings: he liked drinking and was lazy. So after a few days he would invariably disappear, taking books, paper, brushes and inkstone with him. After this had happened several times, nobody wanted to employ him as a copyist again. Then there was no alternative for him but to take to occasional pilfering. In our tavern his behaviour was exemplary. He never failed to pay up, although sometimes, when he had no ready money, his name would appear on the board where we listed debtors. However, in less than a month he would always settle, and his name would be wiped off the board again.After drinking half a howl of wine, Kung would regain his composure. But then someone would ask:"Kung I-chi, do you really know how to read?"When Kung looked as if such a question were beneath contempt, they would continue: "How is it you never passed even the lowest official examination?"At that Kung would look disconsolate and ill at ease. His face would turn pale and his lips move, but only to utter those unintelligible classical expressions. Then everybody would laugh heartily again, and the whole tavern would be merry.At such times, I could join in the laughter without being scolded by my master. In fact he often put such questions to Kung himself, to evoke laughter. Knowing it was no use talking to them, Kung would chat to us children. Once he asked me:"Have you had any schooling?"When I nodded, he said, "Well then, I'll test you. How do you write the character hui in hui-xiang (aniseed—Translator) peas?"I thought, "I'm not going to be tested by a beggar!" So I turned away and ignored him. Afterwaiting for some time, he said very earnestly:"You can't write it? I'll show you how. Mind you remember! You ought to remember such characters, because later when you have a shop of your own, you'll need them to make up your accounts."It seemed to me I was still very far from owning a shop; besides, our employer never entered hui-xiang peas in the account book. Amused yet exasperated, I answered listlessly: "Who wants you as a teacher? Isn't it the character hui with the grass radical?"Kung was delighted, and tapped two long fingernails on the counter. "Right, right!" he said, nodding. "Only there are four different ways of writing hui. Do you know them?" My patience exhausted, I scowled and made off. Kung I-chi had dipped his finger in wine, in order to trace the characters on the counter; but when he saw how indifferent I was, he sighed and looked most disappointed.Sometimes children in the neighbourhood, hearing laughter, came to join in the fun, and surrounded Kung I-chi Then he would give them peas flavoured with aniseed, one apiece. After eating the peas, the children would still hang round, their eyes on the dish. Flustered, he would cover the dish with his hand and, bending forward from the waist, would say: "There isn't much. I haven't much as it is." Then straightening up to look at the peas again, he would shake his head. "Not much! Verily, not much, forsooth!" Then the children would scamper off, with shouts of laughter.Kung I-chi was very good company, but we got along all right without him too.One day, a few days before the Mid-Autumn Festival, the tavern keeper was laboriously making out his accounts. Taking down the board from the wall, he suddenly said: "Kung I-chi hasn't been in for a long time. He still owes nineteen coppers!" That made me realize how long it was since we had seen him."How could he come?" one of the customers said. "His legs were broken in that last beating.""Ah!""He was stealing again. This time he was fool enough to steal from Mr. Ting, the provincial scholar! As if anybody could get away with that!""What then?""What then? First he had to write a confession, then he was beaten. The beating lasted nearly all night, until his legs were broken.""And then?""Well, his legs were broken.""Yes, but after that?""After? . . . Who knows? He may be dead."The tavern keeper did not pursue his questions, but went on slowly making up his accounts.After the Mid-Autumn Festival the wind grew colder every day, as winter came on. Even though I spent all my time by the stove, I had to wear my padded jacket. One afternoon, when the shop was empty, I was sitting with my eyes closed when I heard a voice:"Warm a bowl of wine."The voice was very low, yet familiar. But when I looked up, there was no one in sight. I stood up and looked towards the door, and there, facing the threshold, beneath the counter, sat Kung I-chi. His face was haggard and lean, and he looked in a terrible condition. He had on a ragged lined jacket, and was sitting cross-legged on a mat which was attached to his shoulders by a straw rope. When he saw me, he repeated:"Warm a bowl of wine."At this point my employer leaned over the counter and said: "Is that Kung I-chi? You still owe nineteen coppers!""That . . . I'll settle next time," replied Kung, looking up disconsolately. "Here's ready money; the wine must be good."The tavern keeper, just as in the past, chuckled and said:"Kung I-chi, you've been stealing again!"But instead of protesting vigorously, the other simply said:"You like your joke.""Joke? If you didn't steal, why did they break your legs?""I fell," said Kung in a low voice. "I broke them in a fall." His eyes pleaded with the tavern keeper to let the matter drop. By now several people had gathered round, and they all laughed. I warmed the wine, carried it over, and set it on the threshold. He produced four coppers from his ragged coat pocket, and placed them in my hand. As he did so I saw that his hands were covered with mud—he must have crawled here on them. Presently he finished the wine and, amid thelaughter and comments of the others, slowly dragged himself off by his hands.A long time went by after that without our seeing Kung again. At the end of the year, when the tavern keeper took down the board, he said, "Kung I-chi still owes nineteen coppers!" At the Dragon Boat Festival the next year, he said the same thing again. But when the Mid-Autumn Festival came, he did not mention it. And another New Year came round without our seeing any more of him.Nor have I ever seen him since—probably Kung I-chi is really dead.______[Note: classics] From The Analects of Confucius.March 1919。

《孟子》及其英译编者按：任何学术研究都离不开特定时代语境。

在多远文化、多级世界并存并且竞争日益激烈的当今，通过翻译来外宣中国传统文化，进而复兴中华文化，是我国所有翻译工作者不可推卸的历史使命，季红琴的文章就属此列。

同时，运用语料库推动翻译研究是另一种有效的研究方法，戈玲玲、王青与秦洪武、王家义的文章属于顺应这一趋势的阶段性成果。

提要：本文分两部分对《孟子》及其英译进行综述性总结。

第一部分集中阐述注疏；第二部分探讨几个世纪以来国内外《孟子》英译的情况以及各个时期较具影响的《孟子》英译本，并进行客观评述。

Mencius and Its Translation into EnglishJiHongqin(Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410004, China)The present paper makes a literature review of Mencius and its translation into English. The first part states the authors of Mencius, the origin of Mencius, as well as its contents, status and commentaries. The second part makes a summary of the translation of Mencius into English and its influential English versions in each stage as well as comments on them.《孟子》属于典籍。

典籍翻译不仅仅是词、句、章等语言单位之间的简单转换，而需要“善译”（夏廷德 2009:96），善译的基础是理解。

就《孟子》英译而言，理解则体现为各种注疏。

传统艺术—新高考英语“中国元素”之书面表达距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的传统艺术—新高考英语“中国元素”之书面表达希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附靠前30天复习方法。

一、假定你是李华,你的英国笔友Lucy在学习中国书法(Chinese calligraphy)时,因为太难学而打算放弃。

请你发一封电子邮件鼓励她,内容包括:1.中国书法的意义;2.鼓励她不要放弃;3.提出你的建议。

注意:1.词数为100词左右;2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

Dear Lucy,_____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________Yours,Li Hua 二、假定你是李华,暑期在纽约学习,得知当地博物馆要举办中国瓷器(china) 展。

本科毕业论文论文题目：论阮籍《咏怀诗》的艺术特色及其成因论文作者：刘丽红指导教师：张保宁专业名称：汉语言文学班级：（2）班学号：0508010227提交时间：2009年5 月5日中国语言文学学院西安外国语大学毕业论文开题报告说明：本表填写后由学生妥善保存，毕业论文写成后将本表排放在论文封面之后装订存档。

论阮籍《咏怀诗》的艺术特色及其成因摘要：本文旨在介绍阮籍《咏怀诗》的艺术特色及其成因，分四部分进行论证。

首先，从诗人所处的时代背景尤其是政治现实下的处境来分析咏怀诗的内容；其次，从创作宗旨和体制结构论证咏怀诗对前人的借鉴和发展；再次，从三方面论证传统艺术手法如比兴、象征、典故引用等在咏怀诗中的具体体现；最后，论证魏晋之际崇尚博物和异学风气的影响对咏怀诗的促进作用。

关键词：阮籍；咏怀诗；艺术特色；成因The Artistic Traits and Forming Reasons of Ruan Ji’s Yonghuai Poems Abstract：The thesis will demonstrate the artistic traits and forming reasons of Ruan Ji’s Yonghuai Poems from four aspects. First, to find out what effect the certain background, especially the special political environment has had on the poems. Second, to study the writing motive and the whole structure of these poems, so as to prove the inheritation and the development of them. Third, to explain such ways of rhetoric as describing other things before pointing to the real object, symbolizing and using quotations from classics applied to these poems from three different angles. lastly, to demonstrate the accelerating influences of the erudited and heretical views of Wei and Jin dynasty on Yonghuai Poems.Key Words:Ruan Ji;Yonghuai Poems;Artistic traits; Forming reasons论阮籍《咏怀诗》的艺术特色及其成因阮籍《咏怀》八十二首是具有宏大的艺术结构的抒情组诗，其中或者描述诗人内心的孤独与悲苦，或者寄托对时政的抨击或感慨，或者表达对自由人格的向往，都无不渗入了阮籍对生命存在的体验与思考。

“前景化”理论下赏析《孔乙己》两个英译本本文档格式为WORD,感谢你的阅读。

摘要：《孔乙己》作为鲁迅的短篇小说名篇，具有很高的文学价值和历史意义，其中文章塑造的“孔乙己”这个人物，与阿Q一道成为鲁迅笔下最具民族代表性的典型形象。

因此，在英译《孔乙己》一文时，应当注意对文章中人物以及具有文学、艺术价值的东西前景化、突出化。

本文将按照文体学中的“前景化”概念，比较赏析杨宪益、戴乃迭和威廉・莱尔两个译本的《孔乙己》，并从中探究高质量的译本应该在文学翻译时注意的前景化处理方式。

关键词：前景化；小说翻译；文体学；译本比较；假象等值I206.6 A 1006-026X（2014）01-0000-02一、《孔乙己》简介《孔乙己》是鲁迅先生在1919年创作的一篇白话文小说佳作，原文最初登载于《新青年》杂志，后收入《呐喊》一书，成为鲁迅白话文小说中的经典之作。

全书以“我”――酒店小伙计的视角出发，通过“我”对酒客孔乙己的大量动作、语言描写以及“我”自身的心理活动描写，呈现了孔乙己――一个深受封建文化毒害的读书人的短暂而又不幸的一生，表现了旧中国的穷困潦倒的读书人的悲惨命运，而他的遭遇表现的则是是当时整个社会的病态。

这篇小说的艺术价值在于：叙述角度独特，全文出自“我”这个酒店小伙计之口；典型人物自身矛盾纠葛，生活状态食不果腹却依旧不屑于与短衣主顾为伍，深受封建思想熏陶毒害；语言文字老辣深刻，文笔冷硬但充满批判性。

因此，在翻译这篇小说时，应把握以上特点，努力做到把作者着力传达的信息突出放大，达到同等的艺术效果。

二、前景化理论作为文体学的一个重要术语，“前景化”概念的发展先后经历了俄国的形式主义、布拉格学派和英国文体学家等的理论创造和规范而形成完整的理论系统。

雅各布森认为前景化就是把“文学性”是文学研究的对象。

韩礼德把前景化称作“有动因的突出”，利奇则认为“前景化就是一种对艺术的偏离”。

各位学者对于前景化的表述不同，但该概念的内涵却很明确。

英语求职信范文80词【导语】下面是作者为大家准备的英语求职信内容80词（共17篇），欢迎阅读借鉴。

篇1：英语作文80词左右My favourite season is spring. Spring is a lovely season, I think. There is a garden behind my house.In spring, the trees bee green and the flowers give off fragrance(芳香). There are many butterflies and bees over the flowers.The butterflies are dancing and the bees are singing. Sometimes it rains.It usually rains quietly. The rain moistens(滋润) the trees and the flowers. I think they may say, “We’re very thirsty. The rain is very good. It can help us.”What a beautiful scene! Don’t you think so?我最喜欢的是春天。

我觉得春天是个可爱的季节。

在我家后门有个花园。

在春天，树变绿了，花也散发着芳香。

有许多蝴蝶和蜜蜂在花丛中飞舞。

蝴蝶在跳舞，蜜蜂在歌唱。

有时候，会下雨，常常都是下得轻轻的。

雨水滋润了树木和花朵。

我想他们会说，“我们好渴，这雨水真是及时。

”真是一幅美丽的画面!你不这样认为吗?篇2：英语作文80词My school is at Haimen Town. It is very big and beautiful. There are forty-three classes in it. When you e to our school, you can see the modern teaching building. Our teachers work and do practice in it. Behind the building, there are two classroom buildings and a school library. In the library there are thousands and thousands of books. After class you canborrow the books you want and also you can read them in the reading room at any time. Beside our classroom, there is a big playground. At about 4:30 . every day, many students play football, basketball and some of them play tennis. All the playground is alive.篇3：圣诞节英语作文80词Christmas Day,the 25th of December,is the biggest festival celebrated in the Christian countries of the everyone enjoys Christmas Day,it is particularly enjoyed by children,who get very excited because of the presents they know they are going to children believe that their presents are brought by Santa Claus. Santa Claus (also called“ Father Christmas)is a kind of old man songfeng ho,the children are told,lives at the North travels through the sky on a sleigh which is pulled by reindeers and loaded with on the roof of houses,he enters by climbing the small children go to bed on Christmas Eve,they hang a stocking at the end of their parents warn them not to try to look at Father Christmas,or he will not leave them they wake,they find their stockings filled with are very excited on Christmas morning and always wake up early. Christmas is also a family any members of the family as possible gather to eat,play party games and watch the special Christmas programmes on TV.篇4：圣诞节英语作文80词On the twenty-fourth of December, all children are very excited. Usually they are sent to bed early so that their parents can get the presents ready. The younger children think that Father Christmas will e down the chimney or fireplace , so they hang up a sock for him to put presents in. The greedy ones even hang up a pillow-case④ or a sack⑤ to try to get more presents. Later that night, Father or Mother will put presents in the sock, and leave others at the side of the bed.On Christmas morning, the children wake up very early. Some even turn on the light at two o‘clock, and most of them are awake by six o‘clock although it is not light in England for another hour or two at this time of the look for their presents , and the young ones play while the dinner is prepared. At ab out one o‘clock in the afternoon, the Christmas dinner is brought in . The turkey or chicken is quickly eaten . Children search in their Christmas pudding for new coins which are hidden in it . The rest of the day is full of games and eating until the happiest of all Christmas hollidays es to an end.篇5：英语自我介绍作文80词My name is have a happy are three people in my are my father,my mother,and love me,and I love them,too. I like having any favourite food is are very usually have it for my lunch. And Im a basketball like basketball very much. I have a dog called only eats often play with he always runs around are 。