专题6专题综合检测

教科版2021版六年级上册语文期中复习专题：06 综合题（III）卷姓名:________ 班级:________ 成绩:________小朋友，带上你一段时间的学习成果，一起来做个自我检测吧，相信你一定是最棒的！一、综合运用 (共30题；共316分)1. （15分）漫步句子关。

在搬运战象的尸体时，人们发现一头浑身是血的公象。

缩句：________2. （16分）根据要求写句子。

①扩写句子（至少两处）手打着拍子。

②缩写句子。

从琴弦上飘出来的声音完全破坏了老人平静的心情。

③给下面句子换一种说法，但不要改变句子的意思。

您怎么能让他们这样对待妈妈?3. （20分）把陈述句换成把字句文宗让柳公权等人“欣赏”他的龙袍4. （15分）缩句。

①稻草人听见他们咬嚼稻叶的声音。

②一大片浓绿的稻子全不见了。

5. （5分）整理乱句，在括号内填上合适的序号。

（）研究小组花了一年多时间，他们发放了调査问卷，咨询了林业、科技、环保等专家学者，掌握了大量资料。

（）母亲告诉她，运到城里作绿化了，女孩当下对着母亲伤心地哭了。

（）几年前的一个中午放学回家，欧苏红发觉院子中央的大桂花树不见了。

（）擦干眼泪，欧苏红决定：写一篇论文，为决策层遇到类似问题找到解决办法。

（）研究小组得出结论：由于城镇生活环境不同于农村，移植到城镇的大树，其成活率大打折扣。

（）在老师的帮助下，欧苏红成立了研究小组，开始了实地调研。

6. （15分）(2019·东莞) 按要求写句子。

（1）老师反复强调下课要避免不发生安全事故。

（修改病句）（2）为什么瓜秧开了花不结瓜？是水浇得不够，是肥施得不足，还是土壤根本不行？（用下划线字仿写句子）7. （15分）修改病句。

①他的革命精神时刻浮现在我眼前。

②纪念三八节的到来。

8. （15分）按要求改写句子。

①范仲淹是北宋初年杰出的政治家、文学家。

（缩句）②这是个千载难逢的好机会。

（改成反问句）③范仲淹的志向，要么当个好大夫，要么当个好宰相。

单元综合检测六圆(120分钟150分)1.如图,☉O中,弦AB,CD相交于点P,∠A=42°,∠APD=77°,则∠B的大小是A.35°B.42°C.43°D.44°2.如图,已知在☉O中,OA⊥BC,∠AOB=70°,则∠ADC的度数为A.30°B.35°C.45°D.70°3.如图,☉O的半径为2,A为☉O上一点,半径OD⊥弦BC于点D.如果∠BAC=60°,那么OD 的长是A.2B.C.1D.【解析】∵OD⊥弦BC,∴∠BDO=90°.∵∠BOD=∠A=60°,∴OD=OB=1.4.如图,△ABC的内切圆☉O与AB,BC,CA分别相切于点D,E,F,且AD=2,△ABC的周长为14,则BC的长为A.3B.4C.5D.6【解析】∵☉O与AB,BC,CA分别相切于点D,E,F,∴AF=AD=2,BD=BE,CE=CF.∵△ABC 的周长为14,∴AD+AF+BE+BD+CE+CF=14,∴2(BE+CE)=10,即BC=5.5.如图,☉O的直径BA的延长线与弦DC的延长线交于点E,且CE=OB.已知∠DOB=72°,则∠E等于A.36°B.30°C.26°D.24°【解析】如图,连接OC,则CE=OB=CO,∴∠E=∠1,∴∠2=∠E+∠1=2∠E.∵OC=OD,∴∠D=∠2=2∠E.∴∠3=∠E+∠D=∠E+2∠E=3∠E.又∠3=72°,∴3∠E=72°,解得∠E=24°.6.把球放在长方体纸盒内,球的一部分露出盒外,其截面如图所示.已知EF=CD=4 cm,则球的半径长是A.2 cmB.2.5 cmC.3 cmD.4 cm【解析】取EF的中点M,连接OM,OF.设球的半径为r cm,易得Rt△OFM中,OF=r,OM=4-r,FM=EF=2,(4-r)2+22=r2,解得r=2.5,则球的半径长为2.5 cm.7.一个圆锥的高为3 cm,侧面展开图是一个半圆,则圆锥的侧面积是A.6π cm2B.9π cm2C.6π cm2D.9π cm2【解析】设圆锥的底面圆的半径为r,母线长为l,由题意得2πr=πl,即l=2r,又∵r2+32=l2,解得r=,l=2,∴圆锥的侧面积是πrl=×2π=6π(cm2).8.如图,在半径为5的☉O中,弦AB=6,C是优弧上一点(不与点A,B重合),则cos C的值为A. B.C. D.【解析】连接OA,OB,过点O作OD⊥AB于点D,∴BD=AB=3,∠BOD=∠AOB=∠C.在Rt△BOD中,OB=5,BD=3,∴OD=4,∴cos ∠BOD=,即cos C=.9.小颖同学在制作手工时,把一个边长为12 cm的等边三角形纸片贴到一个圆形的纸片上,若三角形的三个顶点恰好都在这个圆上,则圆的半径为A.2cmB.6cmC.4cmD.8cm【解析】如图,☉O是等边△ABC的外接圆,连接OB,作OD⊥BC于点D,∵△ABC是等边三角形,∴∠ABC=60°.∵☉O是等边△ABC的外接圆,∴∠OBD=∠ABC=30°.∵OD⊥BC,∴BD=BC=6,∴OB==4(cm).10.如图,在平面直角坐标系xOy中,直线AB经过点A(6,0),B(0,6),☉O的半径为2(O为坐标原点),P是直线AB上的动点,过点P作☉O的一条切线PQ,Q为切点,则切线长PQ的最小值为A. B.3C.3D.【解析】连接OQ,OP,在Rt△OPQ中,PQ=.∵OQ=2,当OP取最小值时,PQ最小,且OP≥3,∴PQ≥.二、填空题(本大题共4小题,每小题5分,满分20分)11.如图,已知扇形的圆心角∠AOB=120°,半径OA=2,则扇形的弧长为.【解析】由弧长公式得扇形的弧长=.12.(2019·四川雅安)如图,△ABC内接于☉O,BD是☉O的直径,∠CBD=21°,则∠A的度数为69°.【解析】∵△ABC内接于☉O,BD是☉O的直径,∴∠BCD=90°.∵∠CBD=21°,∴∠A=∠D=90°-21°=69°.13.如图,AB是☉O的直径,弦CD⊥AB,∠BCD=30°,CD=4,则S阴影=.【解析】连接OC,设AB与CD交于点E,∵AB是☉O的直径,弦CD⊥AB,∴CE=DE=CD=2.∵∠BCD=30°,∴∠DOE=60°.又∵∠DEO=90°,∠ODE=30°,∴△CEB ≌△DEO(ASA),∴S△CEB=S△DEO,∴S阴影=S扇形BOD.∵sin ∠EOD=,∴OD=4,∴S阴影=S=π.扇形BOD14.如图,在△ABC中,∠ACB=90°,CD为AB边上的高,P为AC的中点,连接PD,BC=6,DP=4.O为边BA上一点,以点O为圆心,OB为半径作☉O,当☉O与∠PCD的边所在直线相切时,☉O的半径等于.【解析】∵∠ADC=90°,P是AC的中点,∴AC=2DP=8,又∵BC=6,∴AB=10,∴CD=,∴BD=.如图1,若☉O与CD相切,则☉O的半径r=BD=.如图2,若☉O与CP相切,则BO=OE=r,AO=10-r,由OE⊥AC知OE∥BC,∴△AOE∽△ABC,∴,即,解得r=.综上,☉O的半径等于.三、(本大题共2小题,每小题8分,满分16分)15.如图,四边形ABCD的顶点都在☉O上,∠ABC=135°,AC=4,求☉O的半径长.解:∵四边形ABCD的顶点都在☉O上,∠ABC=135°,∴∠D=180°-∠ABC=45°,∴∠AOC=2∠D=90°.∵OA=OC,且AC=4,∴OA=OC=AC=2,即☉O的半径长为2.16.如图,已知一条圆弧经过点A(0,4),B(4,4),C(6,2),在图中作出点A,B,C所确定的圆的圆心M,并直接写出圆心M的坐标.解:图略,圆心M(2,0).四、(本大题共2小题,每小题8分,满分16分)17.如图,在△ACE中,AC=CE,☉O经过点A,C,且与边AE,CE分别交于点D,F,B是劣弧上的一点,且,连接AB,BC,CD.求证:△CDE≌△ABC.证明:∵,∴∠DCE=∠BAC.∵四边形ABCD内接于☉O,∴∠CDE=∠ABC.又∵CE=AC,∴△CDE≌△ABC.18.如图,☉O是△ABC的外接圆,CA=CB,连接BO并延长交AC于点D.(1)求证:∠C=2∠CBD;(2)若AB=6,sin C=,则☉O的半径为5.解:(1)连接CO,AO.∵CA=CB,OA=OB,OC=OC,∴△COA≌△COB,∴∠ACO=∠BCO.∵OC=OB,∴∠BCO=∠CBD,∴∠C=2∠CBD.(2)提示:如图,作☉O的直径AK,连接BK,∴∠ABK=90°,∠C=∠K.∵AB=6,sin C=,∴sinK=,∴AK=10,∴☉O的半径为5.五、(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,满分20分)19.如图,△ABC内接于☉O.(1)作∠B的平分线与☉O交于点D;(用尺规作图,不写作法,保留作图痕迹)(2)在(1)中,连接AD,若∠BAC=60°,∠C=66°,求∠DAC的大小.解:(1)如图所示,BD即为所求.(2)∵∠BAC=60°,∠C=66°,∴∠ABC=180°-∠BAC-∠C=54°.由作图可知BD平分∠ABC,∴∠DAC=∠DBC=∠ABC=27°.20.如图,有一座拱桥是圆弧形,它的跨度AB=60米,拱高PD=18米.(1)求圆弧所在圆的半径r的长.(2)当洪水泛滥到跨度只有30米时,要采取紧急措施.若拱顶离水面只有4米,即PE=4米时,是否要采取紧急措施?解:(1)连接OA.由题意得AD=AB=30,OD=r-18.在Rt△ADO中,由勾股定理得r2=302+(r-18)2,解得r=34.(2)连接OA',OE=OP-PE=30.在Rt△A'EO中,由勾股定理得A'E2=A'O2-OE2,即A'E2=342-302,解得A'E=16,∴A'B'=32.∵A'B'=32>30,∴不需要采取紧急措施.六、(本题满分12分)21.如图,四边形ABDC内接于☉O,∠BAC=60°,AD平分∠BAC交☉O于点D,连接OB,OC,BD,CD.(1)求证:四边形OBDC是菱形;(2)若∠ABO=15°,OB=1,求弦AC的长.解:(1)连接OD,由圆周角定理得∠BOC=2∠BAC=120°.∵AD平分∠BAC,∴,∴∠BOD=∠COD=60°.∵OB=OD,OC=OD,∴△BOD和△COD都是等边三角形,∴OB=BD=DC=OC,∴四边形OBDC是菱形.(2)连接OA,∵OB=OA,∠ABO=15°,∴∠AOB=150°,∴∠AOC=360°-150°-120°=90°,∴AC=.七、(本题满分12分)22.如图,点E是△ABC的内心,AE的延长线交BC于点F,交△ABC的外接圆☉O于点D,连接BD,CD,过点D作直线DM,使∠BDM=∠DAC.(1)求证:直线DM是☉O的切线;(2)若DF=2,AF=5,求BD的长.解:(1)连接OD.∵点E是△ABC的内心,∴∠BAD=∠CAD,∴,∴OD⊥BC.∵∠BDM=∠DAC,∠DAC=∠DBC,∴∠BDM=∠DBC,∴BC∥DM,∴OD⊥DM.又∵OD为☉O的半径,∴直线DM是☉O的切线.(2)∵,∴∠DBF=∠DAB.又∵∠BDF=∠ADB(公共角),∴△DBF∽△DAB,∴,即BD2=DF·DA.∵DF=2,AF=5,∴DA=DF+AF=7,∴BD2=14,∴BD=.八、(本题满分14分)23.如图,AB是☉O的直径,过☉O上一点C作☉O的切线,交AB的延长线于点E.过点A作CE的垂线,垂足为D,AD交☉O于点F,设∠ABC=α(0°<α<90°).(1)用含α的代数式表示∠DAC;(2)若AB=10,sin α=,求AD的长;(3)若α=60°,AB=10,求图中阴影部分的面积.解:(1)连接OC.∵AB为☉O的直径,∴∠ACB=90°.∵OB=OC,∴∠OCB=∠ABC=α,∴∠ACO=90°-α.∵DE切☉O于点C,∴OC⊥DE.∵AD⊥CE,∴AD∥OC,∴∠DAC=∠ACO=90°-α.(2)在Rt△ABC中,∵sin α=,AB=10,∴AC=8.易得∠ACD=α,∴sin ∠ACD=sin α=,即,∴AD=.(3)连接OF,交AC于点G.∵∠DAC=90°-α=90°-60°=30°,∴∠FOC=2∠DAC=60°.∵OB=OC,∠ABC=60°,∴△OBC是等边三角形,∴∠BOC=60°,∴∠AOF=60°.∵OA=OF,∴△OAF是等边三角形,∴AF=OF=OC,∠AFO=60°.在△AFG和△COG中,∴△AFG≌△COG,∴S△AFG=S△COG.∵AB=10,∴☉O的半径r=5,∴S阴影=S扇形OFC=.。

八年级下册英语外研版Module 6综合能力检测卷时间:60分钟满分:100分一、单项填空(每小题1分,共10分)1.The teacher hurried into the classroom a book in his right hand.A. inB. byC. forD. with2.My grandpa who knows the medical of many plants is very glad to help others.A. moneyB. priceC. valueD. cost3.—When will your new book?—It has not been decided yet.A. find outB. come outC. look upD. set up4.—Hi, Li Mei. How is your new school?—Fantastic. We can choose the courses according to our . I love operas, so I took the Beijing Opera class.A. gradesB. talentsC. interestsD. experiences5.It is not polite to ask questions like age and pay.A. sillyB. publicC. smartD. personal6. As the story, the secret of the castle is discovered little by little.A. endsB. beginsC. developsD. happens7.—What are you doing?—I'm the room. It's so messy.A. tidying upB. looking afterC. taking offD. getting on8.He drove too fast., the policeman stopped his car.A. What's worseB. For exampleC. As a resultD. In short9.This pair of glasses be Tony's. He's the only one who wears glasses.A. mustB. mightC. can'tD. shouldn't10.—My car is broken.I don't know how to repair it.—.There might be something wrong with the engine.A. Of course notB. Don't say soC. I'm afraid notD. Let me have a look二、完形填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)I'm a student. My hobbies are enjoying music and watching some educational(有教育意义的)TV programmes.I have been interested in music since 2008. I used to 11 my favourite songs on the radio 12 CDs were too expensive for me to buy then. But now, I cango to 13 shops to buy good CDs. There are different kinds of CDs and I can choose 14 I like. Of all kinds of music, I 15 folk music(民间音乐) best.I also spend an hour 16 news and documentary(纪录片) programmes after dinner. I 17 enjoy the programme Every Treasure Tells a Story(《如果国宝会说话》) because I can get lots of information of 18 and human civilizations(文明). I always feel tired after one day's study and watching TV can 19 me relaxed.I think that my hobbies are very 20. They can relax my mind and make me know more about the world.11.A. hear B. listen to C. sing D. look at12.A. because B. although C. so D. but13.A. book B. clothes C. music D. food14.A. this B. they C. it D. those15.A. carry B. teach C. watch D. like16.A. watching B. reading C. speaking D. pouring17.A. immediately B. clearly C. especially D. nearly18.A. nature B. history C. sun D. land19.A. bring B. make C. improve D. give20.A. healthy B. impossible C. boring D. helpful三、阅读理解(每小题2分,共30分)ASharing WallDear readers,Where do you usually read books? Please share your ideas. Thank you!21.The readers share their ideas by writing a(n).A. emailB. poemC. noteD. report22. thinks home is the best place to read books.A. RoseB. EmmaC. DickD. Bill23.Dick enjoys reading in the reading club because he can .A. listen to the sound of rainB. sit on the floor or lie on the sofaC. talk about books with friendsD. watch different people pass by24.The ideas above are mainly about .A. how to choose booksB. when to borrow booksC. where to read booksD. which books to buy25. Where does the passage probably come from?A. An ad.B. A report.C. A noticeboard.D. A guidebook.BMy favourite hobby is swimming. I go swimming every Monday and Tuesday fromfive to six at the swimming club. At the swimming club we do the breaststroke, butterfly, backstroke and sidestroke. We also do diving and tumble turns. And I have won a bronze medal and a silver medal so far.My favourite stroke is breaststroke. In this stroke the arms and legs work in turn. First the arms pull. Then the legs kick and the whole body glides forward with arms and legs straight.I also like butterfly. In butterfly you hold your legs together and move them up and down while moving your arms together over your head.I used to go to have swimming lessons on Friday night with Sinead. My father isa very good swimmer. He is the one who taught me how to swim. Sinead is also a very good swimmer. We both go to the swimming club now.26.The writer swims for hours at the swimming club every week.A. twoB. fourC. fiveD. six27.The underlined word "glides" means in Chinese.A. 消逝B. 滑动C. 颤抖D. 静止28. Which of the following does the writer like best?A. Breaststroke.B. Butterfly.C. Backstroke.D. Sidestroke.29.The writer used to go to have swimming lessons on .A. MondayB. TuesdayC. FridayD. Sunday30.Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?A. The writer's father is the one who taught the writer how to swim.B. The writer has won a bronze medal and a silver medal so far.C. The writer also does diving and tumble turns at the swimming club.D. When having breaststroke, the legs are held together.CTravelling AloneIf you've ever travelled with other people, maybe you've had to make compromises. When you want to get up early to watch the sunrise, for example, your friends may think that getting enough sleep is more important.This is probably why more people these days are choosing to travel alone. According to reports on holiday habits from the Association of British Travel Agents, the percentage(百分比) of people in the UK who take trips alone has been increasing. Most of these people said they choose to travel alone because this allows them to "do what they want".In fact, travelling alone is only a part of a recent trend(趋势) of people wanting to take more time alone — or what's called "me time".However, it's still widely believed that those who do things alone are losers and that they're alone simply because they don't have anybody to be with. But why can't people just be enough for themselves?The now Duchess of Sussex Meghan Markle once wrote on her blog about how she enjoyed taking herself out to dinner and travelling alone."It's not easy. But it's important," she wrote. "To be present and to power through the feelings that fill your head and heart of loneliness and boredom. Let that stuff go. Enjoy it alone."31.What do many people choose to do according to the reports?A. Travel alone.B. Watch the sunrise.C. Eat dinner out.D. Get enough sleep.32.What does the underlined word "compromises" mean in Chinese?A. 成绩B. 快乐C. 同意D. 妥协33.What does "me time" refer to according to he passage?A. The time to be together with others.B. The time to travel by themselves.C. The time to take more time alone.D. The time to get away from cities.34.Meghan Markle thinks that doing things alone is .A. hard but importantB. exciting but hardC. interesting but hardD. boring but important35.What's the main idea of the passage?A. It's important to travel with others.B. Travelling alone is getting popular.C. We should do what we want at all times.D. We should think more of ourselves.四、从方框中选择最佳选项补全对话(有两项多余)(每小题1分,共5分)Sophie: What's your hobby, Tony?Tony:36Sophie: What kind of music do you like best?Tony:37Sophie: Who's your favourite classical composer?Tony: Mozart. What's your hobby, then?Sophie:38Tony: And Grimm's Fairy Tales is your favourite book, isn't it?Sophie:39Tony: I have seen you read it several times. 40五、任务型阅读(每小题2分,共10分)It was a summer afternoon in the countryside. Wan Bo, a university student, was painting while his classmate Tang Qi was making a wooden box by the river. A little boy riding on a rocking horse caught their eye by chance. It brought them back to their childhood, warm and happy."Why not try to make one by ourselves?" said Wan Bo. "You are good at making things and I am interested in painting.""Actions speak louder than words," Tang Qi said. Then, the two young men began to collect some information about it. During those days, watching videos about carving(雕刻) and shaping wood into horse shapes on the Internet became animportant part of their life.Several months later, a wooden rocking horse appeared. They felt so excitedthat they put the picture of it on the Internet right away. To their surprise, it attracted lots of people's attention and some even hoped to order one.The two young men thought it might be a good chance. They sent some forms to the customers to make a survey. According to the result, they made each customer aspecial rocking horse. These horses were quite different from those produced in other factories, and they soon became popular among the customers.In the first year of their new hobby, Wan and Tang made thirteen rocking horses. Sometimes, they also repaired rocking horses for people. They made the old ones look new again. Wan and Tang helped those people bring back many happy memories.Their hobby has now become a successful and busy business.根据短文内容回答下列问题41.What caught Wan and Tang's attention on the summer afternoon?(不超过10个词)42.How long did it take Wan and Tang to finish the first rocking horse?(不超过5个词)43.How many rocking horses did Wan and Tang make in the first year of their new hobby?(不超过5个词)44.What did the forms help Wan and Tang to know about?(不超过15个词)45.Do you think it is a good idea to start a business with the hobby like the two young university students? Why or why not?(不超过20个词)My hobby is 46 chess — the greatest game in the world. My mum 47 me how to play it when I was seven years old. She 48 me every time for the first year. But then, on my eighth birthday, I 49 for the first time. I nearly always beat her now.It 50 about a day to learn the rules. But if you want to be good, you have to 51 for years. You don't need much to play chess — just a chess set and someone to play 52. Chess sets can be quite cheap, or incredibly expensive. Some people 53 chess sets as a hobby, but I prefer to play.There is a chess club in our school. We meet every week to play with each other. I am the best player in the club, and the captain(队长) of the school chess team. This year we won the all England schools' championship(冠军). I54 onto the stage in front of the whole school to collect the prize.I'm saving up my money to 55 a chess computer. It's very good for practice. That way I'll always have someone to play with, and I'm sure I'll make more progress.46.47.48.49.50.51.52.53.54.55.七、书面表达(20分)HAPPY WEEKENDS向中学生征稿。

Module 6 Problems模块综合检测（含答案）单项选择1.—Have you found your lost mobile phone?—No, I haven’t. But I bought ______ yesterday.A. itB. oneC. anotherD. other2. She’s not strong enough ______walking up mountains.A. to goB. goingC. goD. went3. The English teacher suggests all of the students ______English every morning.A. readB. readsC. readingD. to read4. —Hi, Ann! I won the first prize in the English Speech Contest.—Congratulations! And I guess your parents must ______you.A. be mad atB. be proud ofC. be angry withD. be impolite to5. The boy offered ______an old lady cross the road.A. helpB. to helpC. helpedD. helps6. Finish your homework first, then you’ll ______watch TV for an hour.A. canB. be able toC. able toD. could7. Parents always ______their children ______play football in the street.A. warn; not toB. say; toC. say; not toD. warn; to8.—I am getting fatter and fatter these days.—You should have more vegetables and fruit ______so much meat.A. instead ofB. because ofC. plenty ofD. instead9.—Don’t give yourself ______stress.—I know, but this case is ______important for me.A. too much; much tooB. too much; too muchC. much too; too muchD. too many; much too10. —We’re going to hold a party next Saturday, and I’d like you to come.—______! I have a meeting to attend that day.A. Good luckB. What a pityC. It’s greatD. Well done完形填空Ted sat next to me when we were in primary school. He had serious problems when he talked with people. One always 1 guess what he was saying. Besides, most of my classmates did not like to be with him 2 his hands and shirts were 3 dirty. I tried to let him know the importance of being clean by 4 him several times a day to wash his hands. 5 he just could not understand.One day, our teacher Miss Li walked up to Ted. Without saying 6 , she took Ted to the washroom. Slowly, Miss Li 7 his hands and told him that he should keep himself clean. She did that every day for one 8 . Finally, Ted understood.Miss Li’s love has given me a good example to follow when I am doing my9 . I always remember to teach my students 10 showing them the right ways to do things. And most important of all, I always remember to give them more time to learn and to grow up.1. A. should B. had to C. might D. could2. A. although B. after C. before D. because3. A. always B. sometimes C. seldom D. never4. A. telling B. killing C. hurting D. feeding5. A. And B. Or C. But D. So6. A. nothing B. everything C. something D. anything7. A. touched B. washed C. moved D. caught8. A. hour B. second C. day D. month9. A. job B. homework C. travel D. business10. A. with B. in C. to D. by阅读理解She is a cute, quiet girl. As a daughter, she has no secrets from her mother, who is very pleased with her. But recently she has become rather mysterious, not so open as her. What if she falls in love, which is too early of her age? After all, she is reaching the“dangerous time”. These thoughts have caused trouble in the mother’s mind.One weekend the girl came to tell her mother that she was going to the cinema with her schoolmate and would return late. This was the first time her mother agreed, and she couldn’t help worrying because her daughter had never been away at night before. The mother waited till nine and decided to go out to meet her daughter. Just at that time the noise of a car pulling up drew her to the window and—there was her daughter, waving goodbye to a boy. Her heart missed a beat. When the girl came in, the mother was watching TV, pretending nothing had happened. “Mum. I’m back. ”“Yeah. ”“Sorry to be late. Still sitting up? ”“Yes. Oh, that. . . Who’s that boy? ”The daughter was stunned for some time. “Ah. It’s my monitor. He gave me a lift on his way home. Mum, I’m going to bed. ”“All right. Go to sleep early. ”Next morning when the mother went to the daughter’s room to do some tidying, she found her diary, left at her pillow. After a few minutes’ hesitation, she finally opened it to the entry of the night before. It reads: Mum, it’s love that made you ask, but it would show your understanding of me if you hadn’t.1. Which is the correct order according to the story?a. The girl took a lift back in her monitor’s car.b. The girl went to see a film with her schoolmate.c. The girl wrote a diary to her mother.d. The mother pretended to be watching TV.e. The mother worried about her daughter’s returning late.A. b, e, a, d, cB. e, b, a, d, cC. b, a, e, d, cD. b, e, a, c, d2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the story?A. The girl knew her mother would ask her the question about the boy.B. What the daughter did these days worried her mother.C. The mother was eager to read her daughter’s diary the next day.D. The girl’s diary was always unlocked.3. From the diary, we can see the girl ______.A. thanked her mother for asking herB. thought her mother cared about her very muchC. thought it was her mother’s duty to ask herD. thought understanding is better than simple love4. The main purpose of this article is to show that parents should ______.A. talk with their children about their early loveB. not give much freedom to their childrenC. care about what their children really think and feelD. keep silent about their children’s secrets根据句意及首字母或汉语提示完成单词1. I want to learn a kind of i __________, for example, guitar.2. —I’ll look for some material, and you’ll make a PPT.—It’s a d __________.3. It’s n __________to wear a mask(口罩)in hazy(薄雾蒙蒙的)weather.4. The boy is __________(诚实的). He tells the truth all the time.5. (东台创新学校质检)His father is one of the best __________(工程师)in his factory.完成句子1. 我养成了每天晚上听音乐的习惯。

高中数学专题复习
《矩阵与变换二阶矩阵平面逆变换等》单元过关检测
经典荟萃，匠心巨制！独家原创，欢迎下载！
注意事项：
1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息
2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上 评卷人
得分 一、填空题
1．已知以,x y 为变量的二元一次方程组的增广矩阵为211120-⎛⎫ ⎪-⎝⎭
，则这个二元一次方程组的解为____________.
2．在直角坐标系中，已知椭圆22
41x y +=，矩阵阵⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=0110M ，0210N ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦，求在矩阵MN 作用下变换所得到的图形的面积. 评卷人
得分 二、解答题
3．（本小题满分10分，矩阵与变换）
已知矩阵21n A m ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦
的一个特征根为2λ=，它对应的一个特征向量为12α⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦． （1）求m 与n 的值； （2）求1A -．
4．选修42-：矩阵与变换。

一、选择题(本题包括15小题，每小题3分，共45分)1．(2011年温州高二检测)下列是摘取学生实验报告单中的语句，其中说法正确的是( ) A．日常生活中不能用粥汤检验碘盐中是否含有KIO3B．将铁屑、浓溴水、苯混合可制得溴苯C．用蒸馏方法除去乙醇中的水D．洗涤沉淀时，应用玻璃棒轻轻搅拌，使得沉淀表面上的杂质溶于水中解析：选A。

粥汤只能检验碘单质的存在，而不能检验KIO3的存在，故A项正确；B项，制溴苯需要液溴而不是浓溴水；C项中需加入氧化钙后，再进行蒸馏方可除去水，否则会形成乙醇、水二元恒沸体系；洗涤沉淀不能搅拌，否则会捅破滤纸，D项错误，正确的操作是向沉淀中加蒸馏水，使水没过沉淀，等水自然流完后再重复操作几次。

2．下列混合物的分离和提纯方法中，主要是从溶解性的角度考虑的是(双选)( )A．蒸发B．蒸馏C．过滤D．萃取解析：选CD。

蒸发和蒸馏主要是从物质沸点的角度考虑，过滤主要是除去液体中不溶性固体，要考虑溶解性，萃取是利用溶质在互不相溶的溶剂里溶解度的不同，用一种溶剂把溶质从它与另一溶剂所组成的溶液里提取出来的操作，要考虑溶解性。

3．(2011年漳州高二检测)以下关于纸层析的叙述，错误的是( )A．纸层析法适用于分离和检验化学性质十分相近的分子或离子B．用纸层析法可以检验氯化铁溶液中是否混有少量氯化铜C．纸层析法是利用试样中各种离子随展开剂在滤纸上展开的速率不同而形成不同位置的色斑D．为了看到色斑，只有有色离子的检验才可以用纸层析法解析：选D。

纸层析能够分离和检验化学性质十分相近的分子或离子，但并不是只有有色离子的检验才可以用纸层析法，无色离子的检验可以先纸层析后再利用显色反应检验。

4．下列各组固体物质中，可按照溶解、过滤、蒸发的实验操作顺序将它们相互分离的是( ) A．NaNO3和NaCl B．MnO2和KClC．CuO和木炭粉D．BaSO4和AgCl解析：选B。

由不溶性物质与可溶性物质组成的混合物，可采取溶解、过滤、蒸发的实验操作顺序进行分离。

专题检测六现代中国特色的民主政治与外交一、选择题1.(2022四川成都蓉城名校联考)学者竺可桢的日记记载:“午后三点至怀仁堂……通过……人民共和国第一个宪法……票写好后分为八组……票上有汉、藏、蒙、畏吾儿四种文字……主席团开会……说明廿二号的政治报告因翻译蒙、藏文需时,延期到廿三日。

”该日记可以佐证()A.社会主义法律体系形成B.基层民主政治建设效果显著C.人民民主统一战线建立D.新中国的民族政策得以落实2.有民主人士在中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议上说,这个纲领综合了革命的历史经验,主要根据《新民主主义论》《论联合政府》《论人民民主专政》等著作拟定出来。

这表明建设法治中国()A.是抗日战争的胜利成果B.应着力健全权力机关C.有赖于坚持中国共产党的领导D.必须调动各民主力量3.1954年6—9月,中国有组织地开展了宪法草案讨论和宣传工作。

据统计,许多地区的参与者超过当地成年人口的70%,有些地方甚至超过90%,共收到118万多条意见、建议和问题。

这一活动()A.保证了宪法的社会主义性质B.增强了人们的民主参与意识C.标志着社会主义时代的到来D.反映了过渡时期的根本任务4.(2022云贵川藏四省名校大联考)20世纪末21世纪初,一些法制节目受到了观众超乎寻常的期待和欢迎。

下面是2010年某一个月一个法制节目内容主题图表。

这反映出()A.社会治理法制化趋势增强B.所举案例具有巨大冲击力C.电视成为主要的传媒手段D.国家法律制度形成了体系5.据学者统计,1953年到1956年,《人民日报》使用“和平共处”一词每年都成倍地增长,尤其是1954年后使用频率增长更快。

这一现象()A.直接推动了日内瓦会议召开B.说明和平共处理念成为国际共识C.反映了意识形态影响的减弱D.体现了中美关系的调整与缓和6.(2022安徽淮北一模)1949年12月,印度总理尼赫鲁表示:承认中华人民共和国,希望与新中国建立外交关系。

高中数学专题复习
《矩阵与变换二阶矩阵平面逆变换等》单元过关
检测
经典荟萃，匠心巨制！独家原创，欢迎下载！
注意事项：
1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息
2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上 评卷人
得分 一、填空题
1．若矩阵11122122a a a a ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭ 满足：11122122,,,{1,1},a a a a ∈-且11122122
0a a a a ＝　，则这样的互不相等的矩阵共有＿＿＿＿＿＿个.
2．行列式cos
sin 36
sin cos 36πππ
π的值是 0 。

评卷人
得分 二、解答题
3．二阶矩阵M 对应的变换将点(1,1)-与(2,1)-分别变换成点(1,1)--与(0,2)-.
(1)求矩阵M 的逆矩阵1-M ；
(2)设直线l 在变换M 作用下得到了直线:24m x y -=，求l 的方程．
4．已知二阶矩阵A 有特征值11λ=及对应的一个特征向量111⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦e 和特征值22λ=及。

【成才之路】2021 -2021高中生物专题6 植物有效成分的提取综合检测新人教版选修1(时间：60分钟总分值：100分)一、选择题(1－30每题1.5分 ,31－35每题1分 ,共50分)1．利用微生物发酵法生产β－胡萝卜素时 ,将合成β－胡萝卜素基因导入的正确方法是( )A．将合成β­胡萝卜素的酶导入到菌种细胞内B．将合成β­胡萝卜素的基因直接导入菌种细胞内C．将合成β­胡萝卜素的基因与质粒重组 ,导入菌种细胞内D．将合成β­胡萝卜素的酶 ,通过运载体 ,导入菌种细胞内[答案] C[解析]此题的实质是考查目的基因的导入过程 .2．有关植物精油的提取 ,说法正确的选项是( )①从颜色方面来评价②从气味方面来评价③课题只是对植物精油进行了粗提取④课题提取的植物精油纯度很高A．①③④B．①②③C．②③④ D．①②④[答案] B3．食品添加剂中的鲜味剂和色素分别是( )A．谷氨酸、胡萝卜素B．苹果酸、红曲素C．高果糖浆、胡萝卜素D．肌苷酸、柠檬酸[答案] A[解析]食品添加剂中的鲜味剂通常是谷氨酸 ,色素通常是胡萝卜素 .4．以下对胡萝卜素的提取过程的分析 ,正确的选项是( )A．把新鲜的胡萝卜切成米粒大小的颗粒 ,置于烘箱中烘干时 ,温度越高、枯燥时间越长 ,烘干效果越好B．在萃取过程中 ,在瓶口安装冷凝回流装置 ,是为了防止加热时有机溶剂的挥发C．在浓缩前 ,没有必要进行过滤D．将滤液用蒸馏装置进行蒸馏 ,要收集蒸发出去的液体 ,蒸发出去的是胡萝卜素 ,留下的是有机溶剂[答案] B5．胡萝卜素可以划分为α、β、γ三类 ,其划分的主要依据是( )A．层析后出现在滤纸上的位置B．根据其在人和动物体内的功能和作用部位C．根据其分子式中碳碳双键的数目D．根据其分解后产生的维生素A的分子数[答案] C[解析]胡萝卜素的化学分子式中含有多个碳碳双键(如β－胡萝卜素含9个双键) ,根据双键的数目可以将胡萝卜素划分为α、β、γ三类 ,其中β－胡萝卜素是最|主要的组成成分 ,也与人类的关系最|密切 .6．作为萃取胡萝卜素的有机溶剂 ,哪一项不符合实验要求( )A．能充分溶解色素B．与水混溶C．对人无毒害作用D．易与产品别离[答案] B[解析]选择萃取剂的根本原那么是：具有较高的熔点、能充分溶解色素、不与水相混溶、萃取效率高、对人无毒害作用、易与产品别离、不影响产品质量 .7．萃取法提取的胡萝卜素粗品可通过纸层析法进行鉴定 ,其原理是( )A．色素提取液中不同色素已分层B．阳光的照射使各种色素已分层C．各种色素随层析液的扩散速度不同D．石油醚中丙酮使色素溶解 ,并使彼此别离的扩散速度不同[答案] C[解析]纸层析法是利用不同色素在滤纸上随层析液扩散的速度不同 ,到达别离的目的 .8．以下对植物有效成分提取方法的表达不正确的选项是( )A．萃取法提取胡萝卜素B．纸层析法鉴定提取胡萝卜素的样品C．水蒸气蒸馏法提取玫瑰精油D．压榨法提取胡萝卜素[答案] D[解析]胡萝卜素的含量较小 ,很难用压榨法提取出来 .9．以下哪项不能获得好的萃取效果( )A．原料颗粒小B．萃取时间短C．萃取时间长D．萃取温度高[答案] B[解析]萃取时间过短 ,难以保证萃取效果 .10．提取玫瑰精油除水时 ,应参加( )A．NaCl B．无水Na2CO3C．无水Na2SO4D．MgCl2[答案] C[解析]玫瑰精油除水时 ,应参加无水Na2SO4 .11．胡萝卜素用纸层析法鉴定时 ,滤纸两边不能接触 ,因为( )A．不出现层析带B．层析带颜色浅C．由于毛细现象而使溶液前沿不齐D．阻碍色素上升[答案] C[解析]纸层析过程中 ,假设滤纸两边接触滤液 ,很容易因为毛细现象而使滤液前沿不齐 .12．安装蒸馏装置的顺序是( )A．自上而下 ,从左到右B．自上而下 ,从右到左C．自下而上 ,从左到右D．自下而上 ,从右到左[答案] C13．如果萃取的胡萝卜素样品层析后 ,层析带颜色比标准样品的浅 ,最|有可能的原因是( )A．萃取的时间不够B．选择的萃取剂不恰当C．提取物中含有杂质D．浓缩过程操作不当[答案] C[解析]假设提取物中含杂质 ,那么层析带颜色比标准样品浅 .14．玫瑰油提取中 ,收集锥形瓶中的乳白色的乳浊液 ,向锥形瓶中参加( )A．无水硫酸钠B．苯C．乙醇D．氯化钠[答案] D[解析]向乳浊液中参加氯化钠 ,可降低玫瑰油的溶解度 ,盐析的结果使水和油分开 ,这样有利于玫瑰油的纯化与回收 .15．对玫瑰油提取操作表达错误的一项为哪一项( )A．应取刚采摘的玫瑰花瓣 ,不能取放置时间很长的花瓣B．提取时花瓣与清水的质量比为4 1C．蒸馏温度太高、时间太短 ,提取的玫瑰油品质就差D．向别离的油层中参加无水硫酸钠 ,然后过滤就可以得到玫瑰油了[答案] B[解析]最|好选用当天采摘的鲜玫瑰花 ,提取时花瓣与清水的质量比为14；如果蒸馏温度大高、时间太短 ,那么玫瑰油中杂质较多；向别离的油层中参加无水硫酸钠 ,吸收油层中的水分 ,从而得到比拟纯洁的玫瑰油 .16．制取橘皮精油的过程 ,需先后进行A、B两次过滤 ,那么橘皮精油为( )A．经过A后的滤液B．经过A和B后的滤液C．经过B后的滤液D．经过A后静置处理的上清液和B后的滤液[答案] D[解析]橘皮压榨先用普通布袋过滤 ,静置后别离出上清液M ,将M在5～10℃下静置5～7d ,使杂质沉淀 ,别离出上清液N ,剩余局部用滤纸过滤 ,得到滤液P ,P＋N即为最|终的橘皮精油 .17．提取玫瑰精油的过程中 ,油水混合物中要参加氯化钠 ,不属于其目的的是( ) A．增大玫瑰油的溶解度B．盐析 ,使玫瑰油和水分开C．利于玫瑰油的纯化D．利于玫瑰油的回收[答案] A[解析]水蒸气蒸馏后 ,收集到玫瑰油与水的乳浊液 ,参加氯化钠可增加水层的密度 ,降低玫瑰油的溶解度 ,从而使玫瑰油和水分开 ,而不是增大玫瑰油的溶解度 ,这样有利于玫瑰油的纯化与回收 .18．玫瑰精油提取时 ,分液漏斗的作用是( )A．别离油层和水层B．除水C．水蒸气蒸馏D．别离杂质[答案] A[解析]分液漏斗的作用主要是别离油层和水层 .19．以下图是胡萝卜素粗品鉴定装置示意图 ,请据图分析 ,以下说法中错误的选项是( )A．①的作用是防止空气进入B．⑤为样品原点C．⑥的量不能没及⑤D．④不能让纸的两边接触[答案] A[解析]别离胡萝卜素的层析液有挥发性 ,而且是有毒的物质,①的作用是防止层析液挥发 .20．在植物橘皮芳香油的提取选取的原料、相应精油的名称及适宜的提取方法不正确的选项是( )A．玫瑰花、玫瑰精油、压榨法B．橘皮、橘皮精油、压榨法C．茉莉花、茉莉浸膏、萃取法D．薰衣草茎叶、熏衣草油、蒸馏法[答案] B21．有关植物芳香油的提取方法的表达正确的选项是( )①植物芳香油具有较强的挥发性 ,能随水蒸气蒸发 ,因此可利用蒸馏法提取②压榨法是利用机械压力榨出芳香油③将新鲜的植物材料浸泡在用于萃取的有机溶剂中 ,然后蒸去溶剂 ,即可获得植物芳香油 ,此为萃取法A．①② B．①③C．②③ D．①②③[答案] A[解析]水蒸气蒸馏法适用于提取挥发性较强且不溶于水的芳香油；压榨法是用机械压力榨出芳香油；萃取法那么是用有机溶剂提取芳香油 ,材料需经粉碎、枯燥 .22．植物芳香油是天然香料 ,以下有关说法不正确的选项是( )A．植物芳香油是从植物不同器官提取的B．植物芳香油易溶于有机溶剂 ,具有挥发性C．植物芳香油组成简单 ,主要由苯组成D．用玫瑰提取的玫瑰精油是植物芳香油的一种[答案] C[解析]植物芳香油的成分主要包括萜类化合物及其衍生物 .23．安装水蒸气蒸馏装置时 ,除要注意安装的顺序外 ,还应使整个装置具有好的密封性能 ,其主要原因是( )A．防止水蒸气泄漏B．防止芳香油的挥发C．防止有机溶剂的挥发D．减少对人体的毒害[答案] B[解析]植物芳香油在高温时容易挥发 ,如果装置漏气 ,芳香油可能通过挥发泄漏 ,因此要密封 .24．玫瑰精油的化学特性为( )A．稳定、易溶于水、易溶于有机溶剂B．不稳定、难溶于水、难溶于有机溶剂C．稳定、难溶于水、易溶于有机溶剂D．不稳定、易溶于水、难溶于有机溶剂[答案] C[解析]玫瑰精油的化学特性与提取方法密切相关 ,它的化学性质稳定 ,难溶于水 ,易溶于有机溶剂 ,能随水蒸气一同蒸馏 .25．对于胡萝卜素的提取过程 ,表达错误的选项是( )A．萃取过程中应该防止明火加热 ,采用水浴加热B．为了防止加热时有机溶剂挥发 ,还需要在加热瓶口安装冷凝回流装置C．萃取液的浓缩可直接使用蒸馏装置D．在浓缩前 ,不需要过滤 ,因为萃取液中没有不溶物[答案] D[解析]在浓缩之前 ,还要进行过滤 ,除去萃取液中的不溶物 .26．炒胡萝卜时为什么要多加些油( )A．胡萝卜素不溶于植物油B．油能使胡萝卜素转变为维生素AC．胡萝卜素易于吸收D．油多产生的胡萝卜素多[答案] C[解析]多加些油 ,可以多溶解些胡萝卜素 ,便于吸收 ,提高利用率 .27．根据什么标准 ,将水蒸气蒸馏法划分为水中蒸馏、水上蒸馏和水气蒸馏( ) A．原料的种类B．原料的特性C．原料放置的位置D．原料的成分[答案] C[解析]此题考查蒸馏方法的种类及分类标准 ,目的是要求学生能根据具体情况 ,具体分析 ,选择适宜的方法 .28．在芳香油的提取过程中 ,能够提高芳香油的品质的措施是( )A．高温下短时间蒸馏B．高温下长时间蒸馏C．低温下短时间蒸馏D．低温下长时间蒸馏[答案] D[解析]低温下长时间蒸馏可以防止玫瑰精油被破坏 ,能够提高玫瑰精油的品质 .29．在工业生产中提取薄荷、香草、桉树叶等植物中的植物精油 ,通常将其置于蒸馏锅内的筛板上 ,筛板下盛放一定水量以满足蒸馏操作所需的足够的饱和蒸气 ,水层高度以水沸腾时不溅湿原料底层为原那么 .然后采用直接火加热、直接或间接蒸气加热等方式提取此类植物的精油 ,这种方法叫( )A．水中蒸馏法B．水上蒸馏法C．水气蒸馏法D．既叫水上蒸馏法 ,也叫水气蒸馏法[答案] B[解析]根据题干 "水层高度以水沸腾时不溅湿原料底层为原那么〞判断应为水上蒸馏法 .30．提取胡萝卜素和提取玫瑰油时都需要加热 ,但用萃取法提取胡萝卜素时 ,采用的是水浴加热法 ,而用水蒸气蒸馏法提取玫瑰油时是直接加热 .其原因是( ) A．前者需保持恒温 ,后者不需要恒温B．前者容易蒸发 ,后者不容易蒸发C．胡萝卜素不耐高温 ,玫瑰油耐高温D．前者烧瓶里含有有机溶剂 ,易燃易爆 ,后者是水[答案] D[解析]用萃取法提取胡萝卜素时 ,由于在烧瓶中参加的萃取剂含石油醚等有机溶剂 ,因此应防止明火加热 ,采用水浴加热 .用水蒸气蒸馏法提取玫瑰油时 ,烧瓶内参加的是水 ,直接加热不会出现燃烧、（爆|炸）等现象 .31．以下橘皮精油提取操作中 ,应该注意的问题是( )①橘皮在石灰水中浸泡时间为10小时以上②橘皮要浸透 ,压榨时才不会滑脱③压榨液的黏稠度要高 ,从而提高出油率④压榨时参加0.25%的小苏打和5%的硫酸钠A．①②③ B．②③④C．①②④ D．①③④[答案] C[解析]橘皮在石灰水中充分浸泡 ,使橘皮浸透而不会滑脱 ,并且压榨液的黏稠度不应太高 ,否那么过滤时会堵塞筛眼 .为了使橘皮精油与水别离 ,压榨时需要参加小苏打和硫酸钠 .32．以下实验流程中 ,错误的选项是( )A．鲜玫瑰花＋清水→水蒸气蒸馏→油水混合物→别离油层→除水→玫瑰油B．胡萝卜→粉碎→枯燥→萃取→过滤→浓缩→胡萝卜素C．胡萝卜→粉碎→枯燥→萃取→浓缩→过滤→胡萝卜素D．挑选葡萄→冲洗→榨汁→酒精发酵(果酒)→醋酸发酵(果醋)[答案] C[解析]胡萝卜素的提取中 ,在浓缩前 ,应先过滤 ,以除去萃取液中的不溶物 .33．选择石油醚作提取胡萝卜素的萃取剂的主要原因是( )A．石油醚为水溶性有机溶剂B．石油醚挥发性强C．石油醚不易燃烧D．石油醚的沸点较高[答案] D[解析]由于石油醚的沸点较高 ,能够保证萃取时有较高的温度 ,使胡萝卜素能够充分溶解 .34．萃取前往往要将胡萝卜烘干、粉碎 ,并且原料颗粒越小越好 ,这样做的目的是( )A．让胡萝卜尽快溶解成胡萝卜素B．让原料与萃取剂充分接触 ,提高萃取效率C．让原料颗粒尽快溶于萃取剂中D．节省萃取剂的使用量[答案] B[解析]这样做的目的是让原料形成小的颗粒 ,以便与萃取剂充分地接触 ,保持萃取的彻底性 ,提高萃取的效率 .35．橘皮精油的提取过程中 ,过滤得到水、果蜡和橘皮油的混合物 ,静置5～7d后 ,用吸管吸出的物质是( )A．上层的果醋B．下层的果醋C．下层的水和果醋D．上层的橘皮油[答案] D[解析]橘皮精油的提取过程中 ,过滤得到水、果蜡和橘皮油的混合物 ,静置5～7d ,使杂质沉淀 ,用吸管吸出上层澄清的橘皮油 ,其余局部通过滤纸过滤 ,滤液与吸出的上层橘皮油合并 ,成为最|终的橘皮精油 .二、非选择题(共50分)36．(8分)(2021·广州)今年我国柑橘大丰收 ,提取橘皮精油是提高其经济价值的重要途径 .请分析答复提取过程的有关问题：(1)提取橘皮精油 ,常采用________法而不用蒸馏法 ,原因是_______________ .(2)提取橘皮精油时 ,为了提高出油率 ,首|先将橘皮________ ,并用石灰水浸泡 ,石灰水的作用是______________________________________________________________ .(3)压榨过程 ,为了使橘皮油易与水别离 ,常参加________________________________________________________________________________________________ .(4)得到压榨液后 ,过滤除去固体物和残渣 ,然后________进一步除去质量较小的残留固体物 ,再用分液漏斗或吸管将上层的橘皮精油别离出来 .此时 ,橘皮精油中含有少量的水和果蜡,需________使杂质沉淀,用吸管吸出上层澄清橘皮精油,其余局部过滤 ,________混合合并后成为最|终的橘皮精油 .[答案] (1)压榨水中蒸馏会导致原料焦糊或有效成分局部水解等问题(2)枯燥去水破坏细胞结构 ,分解果胶 ,防止橘皮压榨时滑脱 ,提高出油率(3)相当于橘皮质量0.25%的NaHCO3和5%的Na2SO4(4)离心在5℃～10℃下静置5～7天滤液与吸出的上层橘油37．(12分)以下是与芳香油提取相关的问题 ,请答复：(1)玫瑰精油适合用水蒸气蒸馏法提取,其理由是玫瑰精油具有______________________的性质 .蒸馏时收集的蒸馏液________(是、不是)纯的玫瑰精油 ,原因是______________________________________ .(2)当蒸馏瓶的水和原料量一定时 ,蒸馏过程中 ,影响精油提取量的主要因素有蒸馏时间和________ .当原料量等其他条件一定时,提取量随蒸馏时间的变化趋势是________________________________________________________________________ .(3)如果蒸馏过程中不进行冷却,那么精油提取量会_______ ,原因是_______________ .(4)密封不严的瓶装玫瑰精油保存时最|好存放在温度________的地方 ,目的是____________________ .(5)某植物花中精油的相对含量随花的不同生长发育时期变化趋势如下图 .提取精油时采摘花的最|适宜时间为________天左右 .(6)从薄荷叶中提取薄荷油时________(能、不能)采用从玫瑰花中提取玫瑰精油的方法 ,理由是______________________________ .[答案] (1)易挥发、难溶于水、化学性质稳定不是玫瑰精油随水蒸气一起蒸馏出来 ,所得到的是油水混合物(2)蒸馏温度在一定的时间内提取量随蒸馏时间的延长而增加 ,一定时间后提取量不再增加(3)下降局部精油会随水蒸气挥发而流失(4)较低减少挥发(5)a(6)能薄荷油与玫瑰精油的化学性质相似[解析](1)玫瑰精油易挥发、难溶于水、化学性质稳定 ,适于用水蒸气蒸馏法提取 .所得蒸馏液是油水混合物 .(2)蒸馏过程中 ,蒸馏时间和蒸馏温度影响精油的提取量 ,蒸馏时间越长提取的油量越多 ,直至|原料中所含精油殆尽 . (3)蒸馏过程中假设无冷却过程 ,局部精油会随水蒸气挥发 ,导致提取量减少 .(4)玫瑰精油易挥发 ,应存放在温度较低的地方 .(5)由题图知 ,在a天左右花中精油含量相对较高 .(6)薄荷油与玫瑰精油化学性质相似 ,也可用水蒸气蒸馏法提取 .38．(8分)胡萝卜素是一种常用的食用色素 ,可分别从胡萝卜或产胡萝卜素的微生物菌体中提取获得 ,流程如下：(1)筛选产胡萝卜素的酵母菌R时 ,可选用________或平板划线法接种 .采用平板划线法接种时需先灼烧接种环 ,其目的是__________________ .(2)培养酵母菌R时 ,培养基中的蔗糖和硝酸盐可分别为酶母菌R的生长提供________和________ .(3)从胡萝卜中提取胡萝卜素时 ,枯燥过程应控制好温度和________以防止胡萝卜素分解；萃取过程中宜采用________方式加热以防止温度过高；萃取液浓缩前需进行过滤 ,其目的是______________ .(4)纸层析法可用于鉴定所提取的胡萝卜素 ,鉴定过程中需要用胡萝卜素标准品作为________ .[答案] (1)稀释涂布平板法(或稀释混合平板法) 灭菌(或防止杂菌污染)(2)碳源氮源(3)时间水浴滤去不溶物(4)(实验)对照[解析](1)筛选纯化产胡萝卜素的酵母菌R时 ,可用平板划线法或稀释涂布平板法 ,接种时需先灼烧接种环 ,目的是去除上面附着的杂菌 .(2)微生物的生长需要碳源、氮源、水、无机盐等 ,蔗糖可提供碳源 ,硝酸盐可提供氮源 .(3)提取胡萝卜素时 ,枯燥过程需要控制好温度和时间 ,防止胡萝卜素分解 .萃取过程中易采用水浴方式加热 ,以防止温度过高 .过滤的目的是滤去不溶物 .(4)鉴定过程需要用胡萝卜素标准品作为对照 .39．(11分)以下图为提取胡萝卜素的装置示意图 ,请答复有关问题 .(1)该装置表示的方法为________ ,要想效果好 ,必须保证原粒颗粒小 ,________ .(2)操作过程中应该防止明火加热 ,采用________加热 ,其原因是________ .(3)在加热瓶口安装冷凝回流装置的目的是________________________ .(4)如以下图是胡萝卜素提取结果示意图 .请据图答复 .该色素别离的方法是________ ,实验组是________ ,对照组是________ .实验得出的结论是什么 ?(5)科学家通过现代生物技术获得了一株品质优良的胡萝卜植株 ,要想快速扩大种植规模 ,通常采用________技术 ,其原理是_______________________________ .[答案] (1)萃取法萃取温度高、时间长(2)水浴有机溶剂都是易燃物 ,直接使用明火加热容易引起燃烧或（爆|炸）(3)防止加热时有机溶剂挥发(4)纸层析法B、C A、D 萃取样品中含有β－胡萝卜素(5)植物组织培养细胞的全能性[解析]胡萝卜素的化学性质比拟稳定 ,不溶于水 ,易溶于石油醚等有机溶剂 ,可用有机溶剂进行萃取 .萃取时 ,如果原料颗粒小 ,萃取温度高 ,时间长 ,需要提取的物质就能够充分溶解 ,萃取效果就好 .萃取过程中 ,由于有机溶剂都是易燃物 ,直接使用明火加热容易引起燃烧、（爆|炸） ,要采用水浴加热 .纸层析法是根据不同物质在同一种溶剂中溶解度不同而进行别离的方法 .从图示可看出B、C是实验组 ,A、D是对照组 .结论是萃取样品中含有β－胡萝卜素 .离体的植物组织细胞在一定的条件下 ,能够表现出全能性 ,可用植物组织培养技术进行快速大规模的生产 .40．(11分)用水蒸气蒸馏法从薄荷叶中提取薄荷油的装置图 ,请据图补充完成下面的实验并答复有关问题 .(1)实验步骤：①安装好如下图的装置 ,特别要注意将冷凝器夹好 .②将薄荷叶尽量剪碎 ,取适量的薄荷叶放入________瓶内 .③向________瓶内加水 ,至|容积的________左右 .为防止出现水碱 ,可参加数滴稀硫酸 .此时应向瓶中放入几粒________以防暴沸 .④向冷凝器中通入________ .⑤放好连接管 ,将连接管的出口放在接收瓶中 .接收瓶口上盖一小块铝箔或牛皮纸 .⑥将蒸汽发生器加热 ,至|瓶中的水沸腾 ,然后调节火的大小 ,以维持水稳定的沸腾为宜 .⑦当接收瓶内漂在水上的油状物(即精油)不再增多时即可停止实验 .(2)答复有关问题：①A蒸馏瓶通入B蒸馏瓶中的连接管为什么插入蒸馏瓶底部 ?②冷凝器的作用是____________________________________________________ .③接收瓶口上盖一小块铝箔或牛皮纸 ,其目的是___________________________ .[答案] (1)②B③A2/3 沸石或碎玻璃、碎砖瓦④自来水(2)①让水蒸气由下而上进行蒸馏. ②使混合气体冷却分层③薄荷油具有挥发性 ,以减少薄荷油的散失[解析]水蒸气蒸馏法的原理是利用水蒸气将挥发性较强的植物芳香油携带出来 ,形成油水混合物 ,冷却后混合物又重新分出油层和水层 .用水蒸气蒸馏法提取芳香油时 ,原料放入B瓶中 ,通入水蒸气的玻璃管到达瓶底 ,让水蒸气由下而上进行蒸馏；A瓶中水量不能加满 ,约占2/3就行 ,为防止水暴沸 ,可向A瓶内放入几粒沸石或碎玻璃、碎砖瓦等；薄荷油具有挥发性 ,因此要在收集瓶口盖一小块铝箔或牛皮纸 .。