牛津常用英语词典Oxford Dictionary of Idioms
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On Translation of Idioms in Chinese and English from CulturalPerspectiveIntroductionIdioms are the essence of language, which have strong national colors and distinctive cultural connotation. Both in Chinese and English, there are various idioms. The differences are significant. The main reason is that the idioms are culture-loaded. Language is a great part of culture, and idioms are considered as the cream of a language. Therefore, culture is fully reflected in the images and emotions of idioms. Hence, it is necessary to have a comparative study of English and Chinese idioms from the perspective of cultural sources. When exploring English and Chinese idioms,one should pay attention to the cultural background of idioms. In this paper, the author will make an analysis of cultural resources between English idioms and Chinese idioms. Besides, this paper discussed the translation methods such as the literal translation, liberal or free translation, the method of borrowing, literal translation plus annotation and addition and omission. The aim is to enrich language learners' knowledge on cultural sources of English and Chinese idioms. So it is helpful to avoid misunderstanding in cross culture communication.1. Literature reviewMany Chinese scholars have made lots of researches on English and Chinese idioms. Their studies are mostly related to the classifications, features, structures, semantics, and so on. Only a few of them focus on their cultural sources. There are some examples. LianShuneng (2002) has discussed the different ways of thinking among Chinese and English users. According to Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing's studies (1995), the proverbs might provide little clues to a people's geographical environment, history, social customs, social values, and their attitudes. However, their studies have only touched part of the influence of culture on ChineseandEnglishidioms. But they have not made systematic studies on idioms from the perspective of cultural sources. In this paper, the author will analyze the idioms from cultural aspects.2. Definition of IdiomsIn most languages, there are idioms. However, in different languages, the ranges and forms of idioms are not the same. Even in a certain kind of language, such as English, there are many different kinds of definitions for“idiom”. So it is very hardto give a preciseand widely accepted definition of “idiom”. There are basic criteria to decide whether anexpression is an idiom or not. Firstly, an idiom mustbewell-established and acceptedthrough common practice; secondly, an idiom usually has an implied meaning. Sogenerally speaking, an idiom is expressions, which is a term or phrase or sentence whosemeaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts. It can be known from the commonually some peoplewould natural ly associate "idiom” with “chengyu” and they think that idiom is the equivalent of“chengyu”. In fact, English idioms and "chengyu”are not equivalent. It is more similar to that of "shuyu" in Chinese. We may find thatthey share quite a lot of common features. So they are corresponding linguistic and cultural phenomena. We can use with a contrastive approach to study them. In New Oxford Dictionary of English, (1998) idioms are a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words.In Ci-ha i (1999), “shuyu” is defined as“熟语是语言中定型的词组或者词句,使用时一般不能改变其组织。
英语习语词典条目编排顺序概述作者:李喻梅来源:《青年文学家》2013年第23期摘要:英语习语词典条目的编排顺序长久以来一直是词典编纂学家探讨的问题。
而当今市面上习语词典纷繁复杂,条目编排顺序各不相同,对读者使用造成一定的不便。
本文通过对大量英语习语词典条目编排顺序的考查,根据其编排顺序将英语习语词典分为四大类,希望这种分类能够让英语学习者在查阅习语词典时效率更高。
关键词:习语词典;条目编排顺序;字母顺序;中心词;习语意义[中图分类号]: H316[文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2013)-23--02和英语词典不同,习语词典收录的条目(entry)是英语习语,而不是单词。
所谓习语,就是意义不是其构成词意义之和,因此“构成词至少得有两个单词”(骆世平,2005)。
尽管大多数习语是固定的,但也有相当一部分习语内部单词可以随主语或者时态的改变而发生改变,有些习语内部的单词甚至可以删掉而不影响习语意义。
针对习语构成单词不止一个,一些构成词可以发生形变或者增删的情况,以什么样的顺序将习语编排进习语词典成为了许多词典编纂家们讨论的话题。
市面上充斥着各类习语词典,但其条目编排顺序真是各不相同,令人眼花缭乱。
通过对市面上的习语词典进行考查分类,笔者认为可以将目前比较通行的条目编排顺序分为四类。
1.1 按照字母编排顺序按照字母顺序编排条目是习语词典最为普遍的一种编排顺序,这种编排顺序也是其他所有编排顺序的基础。
字母编排顺序一般分为两种情况:一种是严格按照习语构成词内部字母顺序编排,既习语构成单词的每个字母都成为排序的依据;另一种是以习语构成单词的首字母作为排序依据。
不管是哪一种情况,习语词典排序都不可能严格按照字母顺序来进行。
尽管大多数习语构成词和结构都是固定不变的,但是仍然有相当一部分习语内部单词可以随着主语的改变而改变,这就成为了习语的不确定性,因而成为了习语条目排序时比较棘手的问题。
因此,有一些词典在排序时便不考虑代词的缩写形式,而是按照实词进行排序。
英语idiom与汉语成语对比分析摘要通过对比分析英语idiom与汉语成语的相同点和不同点,最后得出结论:idiom不适合译作成语。
关键词英语idiom;汉语成语;跨文化交际中图分类号:h313 文献标识码:b 文章编号:1671-489x(2013)09-0119-02英语中的idiom数量浩繁,在英语中有不可或缺的地位,对于中国的英语学习者来说,掌握这些idiom也成为他们成功进行跨文化交际的要点和难点。
英语中的idiom有如此重要的地位,但在语言学界,它的中文译名却至今仍未达成共识。
英语idiom一词常被译成“成语”,甚至一些专门性的词典也将idiom译成“成语”,如:english colloquial idioms(英国语言学家f.t.伍德)的译本《英语通俗成语词典》(云南人民出版社,1980),a dictionary of common english idioms with chinese translation的译本《常用英语成语双解词典》(四川人民出版社,1986),chinese idioms and their equivalents的汉译名为《汉英对照成语词典》(商务印书馆,1983)。
但究竟idiom是否能译作“成语”?下文将对英语idiom和汉语成语进行对比分析。
1 英语idiom与汉语成语的相同点1.1 地位相同英语是世界上使用范围最广、词汇最多的语言,英语中的idiom 数量浩繁,应用广泛,有的学者把它们比喻为食物中的维生素,有的专家甚至把它们视为语言的生命和灵魂,这些说法都从不同的角度阐明了idiom在英语中占着毋庸置疑的重要地位。
汉语源远流长,词汇丰富多彩,它言简意赅、生动形象,比一般的词语有着更强的表现力。
汉语成语还是汉语言文化的“活化石”和“全息块”。
由此可以看出,汉语成语与英语idiom都是两种语言中的精华部分。
1.2 都具有结构的稳固性英语idiom和汉语成语在结构上都有稳固性这一特点。
各类英文词典介绍及推荐希望能够给找寻字典的人一点基本的认识,希望对你有所帮助.想学好语言, 词典是毕不可少的工具、伙伴加老师。
如何选择一本或几本得心应手的词典, 是一个十分重要的问题。
一本好的词典会使你事半功倍, 而一本质量粗糙的字典也会令你不知所云。
因而作为一名英语学习者, 应该具备一点关于词典的知识, 这样就可以在众多的词典里选到有用且质量上乘的词典。
这里简单向大家介绍一些有用的知识, 以及几本好的词典。
英文字典的种类很多, 有综合词典、学术词典、专门词典、学生词典等, 下面便对这四种词典做一下介绍。
1.综合词典(general-purpose dictionary)综合词典的范围很广, 即使被称为“综合词典”, 每本词典也是以一定范围的读者为目标的。
一般收五万词条左右的是袖珍字典, 七八万词条的是简明字典。
十五万词条左右的是中型词典, 二十万词条以上的是大型词典。
2.学术性词典(scholarly dictionary)学术性词典以其大而全为特征。
最为突出的是《牛津英语词典》和其美国的姐妹篇A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principle《按照历史原则编纂的美国英语词典》。
3.专门词典(specialized dictionary)专门词典的种类繁多, 几乎关于词汇的每一领域都有专门词典。
例如:词源词典(其中最为有名的Walter W. Skeat编的Etymological Dictionary of English Language 和Charles T. Onions编的The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology)。
同义词词典(例如:A Dictionary of English Synonymous Expressions, Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms)。
12本国外孩子最常用的插图英文词典(适合4学英文,自然需要一本词典。
虽然现在手机、iPad上也有不少免费的词典App,一扫一查释义读音都出来了,很方便。
不过在英美国家,每个孩子仍然会至少有一本纸本的英文词典。
大多数都带图,不同年龄的选择也很多。
这些词典比起“新华字典” 这类“严肃认真” 的工具来说,更像故事百科,趣味性强太多了。
对于国内孩子来说,这些带图的英英词典,不仅是作为查找准确释义的工具,还能帮孩子锻炼英语思维,再加上有趣的图片辅助,“背单词”这事听起来好像都可以没那么苦恼了~有那么多好的中英字典为什么还要用英英词典呢?有位叫@魏剑峰的网友给出了静僻解释:学英语为什么要使用英英词典?打个比方,英汉词典就好比是一个人学走路时用的拐杖,在刚开始的时候可能还有点用,但如果要真正学会走路最终还是要扔掉拐杖,去接触英英词典,去接触真实的英语环境。
使用英英词典至少有以下几个好处:1、更加深刻地理解词汇(中文和英文并非就真能一一对应,很多词非常微妙,细微差别在中文翻译中体察不出来)2、学到更多丰富、地道的表达(英英词典中对应的例句和表达往往非常丰富)3、更加全面地掌握单词的各种搭配以及切合语境的应用(动词和介词如何搭配?形容词如何用更贴切?常用词一词多义,活学活用等问题都可以在字典里找到答案)举个例子,Pride and Prejudice 里面有这样一个句子They returned, therefore, in good spirits to Longburn, the village where they lived, and of which they were the principal inhabitants想一想,这里为什么要用inhabitant 这个词?可不可以用resident来代替?在英汉词典里面这两个词都解释为“居民”,但是在英英词典里面这两个词的解释分别是:inhabitantn. [C]one of the people who live in a particular place.residentn.[C]someone who lives or stays in a place such as a house or hotel.两者一比较就能看出它们的细微差别了,一个是表示“居民“,一个是“住民”。
新译林版牛津英语八年级上册英语单词一、Introduction1.1 Overview1.2 Importance of learning English vocabulary 1.2.1 Communication1.2.2 Academic and professional success1.2.3 Cultural understanding二、The structure of English vocabulary2.1 Word families2.2 Parts of speech2.3 Synonyms and antonyms2.4 Collocations2.5 Idioms and phrasal verbs三、Learning and memorizing English vocabulary3.1 Contextual learning3.2 Mnemonics3.3 Flashcards and spaced repetition3.4 Regular practice and review四、New Oxford English 8A vocabulary list4.1 Nouns4.1.1 Common nouns4.1.2 Proper nouns4.1.3 Countable and uncountable nouns4.2 Verbs4.2.1 Regular verbs4.2.2 Irregular verbs4.2.3 Modal verbs4.3 Adjectives4.3.1 Adjectives to describe personality4.3.2 Adjectives to describe appearance4.4 Adverbs4.4.1 Adverbs of manner4.4.2 Adverbs of frequency4.5 Phrases and expressions五、Tips for effective vocabulary acquisition5.1 Reading extensively5.2 Keeping a vocabulary journal5.3 Using English in d本人ly life5.4 Engaging in meaningful conversations六、Conclusion6.1 Recap of the importance of English vocabulary6.2 Encouragement for continuous learning6.3 Suggestions for further resources and practice以上是新译林版牛津英语八年级上册英语单词的内容,学习英语单词要多多练习,才能更好地掌握英语单词。