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理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. ____1____Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2____ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.____4____ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equal ly deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. ____5____People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.词汇：affectionate adj. 深情的dexterity n. 灵巧，敏捷anthropomorphize v. 赋于人性，人格化grumpy adj. 脾气暴躁的cyber adj. 计算机的tend v. 照料bot n. 机器人subservient adj. 屈从的，奉承的注释：1．Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn：计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。
职称英语理工类C级新增文章文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年职称英语理工类C级新增文章完形填空（2篇）第三篇 Germs on Banknotes第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food FightsLoneliness阅读理解（2篇）第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1第三篇 Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .。
34Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池 What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It’s no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病 有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引 起的疾病。
病毒是能够在人与人之间传染 的微生物。
难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首 先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge ， Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the world’s smallest rechargeable batteries. 然 而， 并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带 者。
在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有 些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。
他们使病 毒开始工作， 使病毒构成世界上最小的充 电电池。
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virusbuilt batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology ， technology and production techniques. 病毒和电池的搭档 似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉 拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。
“Don't Drink Alone”Gets New Meaning“不要再就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义(177)“Life Form Found”on Saturn's Titan土卫六上发现了生命迹象(179)“Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage “液化”是日本地震破坏的关键(260)A Memory Drug? 记忆药物(227)A Record-Breaking Rover破纪录的漫游车(212)A Sunshade for the Planet地球防晒霜(137)Affectionate Androids深情机器人(224)An Essential Scientific Process一个至关重要的科学过程(122) An Intelligent Car智能汽车(242)Animal’s “Sixth Sense”动物的“第六感”(236)Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大(196) Avalanche and Its Safety雪崩和安全问题(232)Batteries Built by Viruses 病毒电池(171)Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光(255)Bill Gates: Unleashing Your Creativity 比尔盖茨：发挥你的创造力(67)Captain Cook Arrow Legend库克船长弓箭的传说(230)Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely远程制止偷车贼(240) Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities手机增加交通行人死亡(204)Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感(248)Citizen Scientists公民科学家(110)Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities气候变化给不备城市带来重大风险(251)Clone Farm克隆农场(181)Compact Disks光盘(82)Dangers Await Babies with Altitude 高海拔地区婴儿的风险(64) Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed捍卫净化论仍有必要(192)Digital Realm数码王国(163)Driven to Distraction分散注意力驾驶(157)Dung to Death施肥致死(214) Eat to Live为生存而食(153) Eiffel Is an Eyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔(119)El Nino 厄尔尼诺(52) Engineering Ethics工程道德(55) Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for RadioactiveWaste专家呼吁局部或区域控制放射性废物投放地点(169)Explorer of the Extreme Deep深海探索器(143)Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu 口罩也许无法预防感冒(99)Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击(127) Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles福特放弃电动汽车(106) Forecasting Methods天气预报的方法(190)Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk快餐加免费降胆固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险(253)Giant Structures巨型建筑(233)How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear如何让失聪的人更容易听见(219)How We Form First Impression对别人的第一印象是怎么形成的(86) Hurricane Katrina 卡特里娜飓风(165)I’ll Be Bach我也能成为巴赫(161)Icy Microbes冰冻微生物(80)Image Martian Dust Panicles观测火星上的尘粒(75)Inventor of LED LED发明者(51) Invisibility Ring 隐形环(130) Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车(131)Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth 日本人的地心旅行(135) Late-Night Drinking在深夜饮咖啡(114)LED Lighting 发光二极管(84)Lightening Strikes雷击(218) Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警(175) Listening to Birdsong倾听鸟鸣(198) Maglev Trains磁悬浮列车(103) Making Light of Sleep不要太在意睡眠(116)Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently 男女飞行员引起飞行事故的差异(155)Microchip Research Center Created 微芯片研究中心成立(58) Mind-reading Machine 读心机(167)Mobile Phones移动电话(207)Moderate Earthquake Strikes England 中度地震袭击英国(60) More Rural Research Is Needed需要进行更多的农业研究(91) More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing 每晚只需8小时，睡眠过多非益事(77)Motoring Technology汽车技术(112)Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience 音乐机器人伴侣提升音乐欣赏体验(141)Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills音乐训练可以提高交流技能(223)Plant Gas 植物，沼气的又一来源(145)Powering a City ? It's a Breeze 风力发电？轻而易举(148) Putting Plants to Work植物效能(173)Real-World Robots现实世界中的机器人(147)Reinventing the Table重新发现元素周期表(210) Renewable Energy Sources可再生能源(187)Rescue Platform 救生平台(57)Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因(200)Robotic Highway Cones机器人高速路锥形路标(226)Screen Test透视检查(87)Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters鲨鱼有益于地球水系(258) Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind警报器救盲人(238) Sleep Lets Brain File Memories随眠促使记忆归档存储(159) Small But Wise小而聪明(194) Smoking吸引(54)Soot and Snow a Hot Combination煤灰与白雪：“火热”的组合(79)Stage Fright如何避免怯场(73)Strong Greenhouse Gas一种强烈的温室气体(97)Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean Quake科学家研究预测地中海大地震(69)Sugar Power for Cell Phones用糖为手机发电(117)Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety教数学，教焦虑(183)The Bilingual Brain双语大脑(211)The Biology of Music音乐生物学(66)The Magic Io Personal Digital Pen 神奇的IO私人数字笔(101) The Mir Space Station和平号空间站(89)The Northern Lights北极光(71)The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World世界上最小的电动机(95) The World’s Longest Bridge世界上最长的桥(208)Thirst for Oil 石油匮乏(139)Time in the Animal World动物界中的时间(215)Too Little for Global Warming全球变暖“缺油”(185)U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars美国科学家确认火星上有水(202)Underground Coal Fires -a Looming Catastrophe地下煤着火-即将来临的灾难(150)Virtual Driver虚拟驾驶员(221)Washoe Learned American Sign Language WASHOE学会了美国手语(93)Watching Micro currents Flow观察微电流流程(217)What Is a Dream? 梦是什么(62)When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口(125)Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰(244)Winged Robot Learns to Fly肋生双翅机器人学飞行(133) Wonder Webs奇妙的网(246)World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than SomePredict世界原油产量可能提前10年达到峰值(108) Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers年轻雌猩猩学习优于他们的弟兄(123)。
2015年职称英语考试《理工A》真题Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn‟t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth‟s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoi c period, about 800 million years ago —but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasn‟t so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth‟s atmosphere couldn‟thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advance mentswere poised to occur.“There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherRein hard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We‟re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth‟s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen‟srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today‟sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surfa ce Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.”Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation‟s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; ThomasJohnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth‟s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned据网友提供信息，2015年职称英语考试理工A概括大意与完成句子真题及答案，广大考生可以参考本帖，对照答案。
Small But WiseOn December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born. "I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before,"said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project. Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky. The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs,however. WISE stands for"Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer."As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they're processed by the camera,which then puts the image together. Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't. Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them. They don't reflect light,so they're difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures. These objects are"failed" stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spe ctrum they glow.小而聪明12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)，大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。
2015年职称英语综合类理工类B级新增文章：The Romance of Arthur第二十四篇 The Romance of ArthurMost cultures have some sort of hero whorepresents the best values of what its people believe in. The unusual thingabout King Arthur is that legend s of his heroism have persisted for severalcenturies and spread far beyond England, the place where they began. The earliest stories of King Arthur represent himas a warrior who fought and subdued the invading Norsemen in the years aroundA. D. 700. This much of the Arthurian tale is probably based on fact. Whethercalled Arthur or not, there is a body of evidence supporting the existence ofsuch a warrior. It is the later embellishments of the tale whose authenticityis questionable. According to these, Arthur was born in a castle in Tintagel onthe stormy western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son ofKing Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by the magician Merlin and his trueidentity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur fromthe stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere andassembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot,with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeatedin battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away tothe isle of A Valon. This romantic tale greatly appealed to the Englishand the French in the Middle Ages, when the code of chivalry-ideal qualities ofknighthood-constituted an important part of many stories. Tales of the heroismof Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthur's knights werecirculated as well. In England today, there are many sites claiming apiece of the Arthurian an legend. There is a mined castle at Tintagel. NearGlastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthur’s and Guinevere'sbodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these provesthat the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.P>词汇： Arthurn.亚瑟（中世纪传奇故事中的不列颠国王，圆桌骑士团的首领）authenticityn.可靠性，真实性 spiritv.偷偷地带走；拐走；绑架 warriorn. 战士，勇士chivalryn. 骑士 subduev. 制服，慑服 embellishmentn. 美化，修饰 mystiquen. 神秘气氛注释： 1. This much of theArthurian tale……：许多这类亚瑟王的故事 2. ...was spirited awayby ……被偷偷地带走……练习： 1. King Arthur’s famer was ______ A. Lancelot B. Avalon C. Mordred D. Uther Pendragon 2. The writer seems to feel that the truth aboutArthur is that he ______.A. existedB. was married to GuinevereC. had many knightsD. was born at Tintagael3. The information in the second paragraph ismostly presented in ______. A. spatialorder B. order from latest to earliest C. order from earliest to latest D. order from least persuasive 4. In the last paragraph the word “exhumed” means_____ A. dug up from the grave B. buried C. quarreled over D. built a church around 5. Another good title for this passage would be ______ A. Kings in the Seventh Century B. The Knights of the Round Table C. Real or Legend? D. Arthur’s Marriage to Guinevere.。
第三篇Across the Deserts(阅读判断)The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the waterof the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.词汇：stretch v. 延伸，伸展calorie n. 卡(路里)，小卡，大卡quit v. 停止，放注释：1. ... made the decision to run across ...：......决正跑步横跨......练习：1. It’s not always hot m the Sahara Desert.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned4. They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned5. Sometimes they couldn't see the road because it was windy.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned6. Luckily, they never got lost.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned答案与题解：1. A文中提到撒哈拉沙漠白天很热晚上有时很冷，所以不是总是很热。
2015职称英语备考2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材新增文章详情2015年职称英语教材新增文章详情的对比目录如下：理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s no t all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows2015职称英语备考carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。
第二十四篇 The Romance of ArthurMost cultures have some sort of hero whorepresents the best values of what its people believe in. The unusual thingabout King Arthur is that legends of his heroism have persisted for severalcenturies and spread far beyond England, the place where they began.The earliest stories of King Arthur represent himas a warrior who fought and subdued the invading Norsemen in the years aroundA. D. 700. This much of the Arthurian tale is probably based on fact. Whethercalled Arthur or not, there is a body of evidence supporting the existence ofsuch a warrior. It is the later embellishments of the tale whose authenticityis questionable. According to these, Arthur was born in a castle in Tintagel onthe stormy western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son ofKing Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by the magician Merlin and his trueidentity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur fromthe stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere andassembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot,with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeatedin battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away tothe isle of A Valon.This romantic tale greatly appealed to the Englishand the French in the Middle Ages, when the code of chivalry-ideal qualities ofknighthood-constituted an important part of many stories. Tales of the heroismof Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthur's knights werecirculated as well.In England today, there are many sites claiming apiece of the Arthurian an legend. There is a mined castle at Tintagel. NearGlastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthur’s and Guinevere'sbodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these provesthat the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.词汇：Arthurn.亚瑟(中世纪传奇故事中的不列颠国王，圆桌骑士团的首领)authenticityn.可靠性，真实性spiritv.偷偷地带走;拐走;绑架warriorn. 战士，勇士chivalryn. 骑士subduev. 制服，慑服embellishmentn. 美化，修饰mystiquen. 神秘气氛注释：1. This much of theArthurian tale……：许多这类亚瑟王的故事2. ...was spirited awayby ……被偷偷地带走……练习：1. King Arthur’s famer was ______A. LancelotB. AvalonC. MordredD. Uther Pendragon2. The writer seems to feel that the truth aboutArthur is that he ______.A. existedB. was married to GuinevereC. had many knightsD. was born at Tintagael3. The information in the second paragraph ismostly presented in ______.A. spatial orderB. order from latest to earliestC. order from earliest to latestD. order from least persuasive4. In the last paragraph the word “exhumed” means_____A. dug up from the graveB. buriedC. quarreled overD. built a church around5. Another good title for this passage would be ______A. Kings in the Seventh CenturyB. The Knights of the Round TableC. Real or Legend?D. Arthur’s Marriage to Guinevere答案：1 D 2 A 3 C 4 A 5 C第九篇 Style, Not FashionStyle goes way beyondfashion: It is the distinctive way we put ourselves together. It is a uniqueblend of spirit and substance-personal identity imposed oil and created throughthe world of things. _____ (1) It is what people really want when they aspireto be fashionable. (if they aren't just adorningthemselvesin status symbols).Through clothes, wereinvent ourselves every time we get dressed. Our wardrobe is our visual vocabulary. Style is ourdistinctive pattern of speech, our individual poetry.Fashion is the least of it.Style is, for starters, one part identity:self-awareness and self-knowledge._____ (2) And style requires security-feeling at home in your body, physically andmentally. Of course, like all knowledge,self-knowledge must be updated as yougrow evolve; style takes ongoingself-assessment.Style is also one partpersonality: spirit: verve, attitude, wit, inventiveness. It demands the desireand confidence to express whatever mood one wishes. Such variability is notonly necessary but a reflection of a person's unique complexity as a humanbeing. _____ (3) In order to work, style must reflect the real self, thecharacter and personality of the individual; anything less appears to be acostume?Lastly, style is one partfashion. It's possible to have lots of clothes and not an ounce of style. Butit’s also possible to have very few clothes and lots of style. Yes, fashion isthe means through which we express style, but it takes fewer clothes to bestylish than you might imagine.Whatever else it is, styleis optimism made visible. Style presumes that you are a person of interest:that the world is a place of interest that life is worth making the effort for.It also shows that you are morally responsible. It shows that you don't buythings at the whim of the marketplace or the urging of marketers. _____ (4) Styleexposes people's ambivalence over good looks. It always demonstrates that appearancesdo count. Deep down we suspect this, since we ourselves make judgments aboutothers from how they look.No one should be penalizedfor not having style, of course, but those who have it are distinctive and thusmore memorable. _____ (5) They announce to the world that they are in commandof themselves.词汇：adorn v.装饰，使更美观wardrobe n. (个人的)全部服装suspect v.怀疑，猜想wit n.风趣，说话风趣的人blend v.混在一起，混合ambivalence n.矛盾心理，矛盾心态注释：1.aspire to be fashionable:渴望赶上时尚潮流2.an ounce of style: 一丁点的风格3.atthe whim of:心血来潮(突发奇想)练习：A It is a way of capturing something vibrant,making a statement about ourselves in clothes.B Fashion is part of sty1e.C Rather, you focus on what is personallysuitable and expressive.D You can’t have style until you have a senseof who you are.E They create a unique identity for themselvesand express it through grooming and a few well-chosen clothes.F People want to be themselves and to be seenas themselves.答案与题解：A 第一段都在解释什么是风格，六个选项中A、B、D三项都涉及风格，根据文章内容和句式的排比可以看出答案是选项A。
学派网2015年职称英语直播课主讲人：王霞2015年职称英语教材分析会1.2015年职称英语变化情况介绍2.2015年职称英语考试出题趋势预测2015年职称英语综合教材变化情况删除内容新增内容综合C 阅读判断第三篇：TV Game Shows第三篇：Across the Desert阅读理解第六篇“TV Shows and LongBus Trips第六篇：Native American Pottery 补全短文第三篇：Are Online FriendsReal Friends?第三篇：The Value of Tears综合B 阅读理解第二十四篇：Clone Farm第二十四篇：The Romance ofArthur补全短文第九篇Heat Is Killer第九篇：Style, Not Fashion综合A补全短文第十二篇：Obesity CausesGlobal Warming第十二篇：Men Smell of Cheeseand Women of onions删除内容新增内容综合C阅读判断第三篇：TV Game Shows第三篇：Across the Desert阅读理解第六篇“TV Shows and Long Bus Trips第六篇：Native American Pottery 补全短文第三篇：Are Online Friends RealFriends?第三篇：The Value of Tears (Native American pottery)2. The second paragraph inthis passage is developedmainly through ____?Acrossthedesert•热点话题/主题陈旧•考点沿袭往年风格NativeAmericanPottery•综合类热点话题(文化)/主题陈旧•出现新考点(e.g. 文章/段落写作结构等)Thevalue oftears•综合类热点话题（健康）Do you have a sense of humor?(2014/C)I know how you feel? (2010/A)•考点沿袭往年风格(The value of tears)A. It may explain why people areafraid to cry often suffer moreheart attacks than people whocry more freely.删除内容新增内容综合B 阅读理解第二十四篇：Clone Farm第二十四篇：The Romance of Arthur 补全短文第九篇Heat Is Killer第九篇：Style, Not Fashion(The Romance of Arthur)3. The information in thesecond paragraph is mostlypresented in ___. (Orderfrom earliest to latest)(Style, Not fashion)2. …. Style is, for starters, one partidentity: self-awareness and self-knowledge. ____ (2).D. You can’t have style until you havea sense of who you are.TheRomanceof Arthur•热点话题/主题陈旧•出现新考点(e.g. 文章/段落写作结构等)•综合类热点话题(社会与文化)•英文常见写作特点(e.g. 概念词+ 解释) Style,NotFashion删除内容新增内容综合A补全短文第十二篇：Obesity Causes GlobalWarming (2014/A级完形填空)第十二篇：Men Smell ofCheese and Women of onions(Men smell of cheese and women of onions)5. Some researchers are skeptical thatgender is the main decidingfactor,…__(5).F. “Other factors include what you eat,what you wash with, what you wear and ….”One…another…Some…others/other…One/a/an… others/other…now…in the past Men smell ofCheese andwomen ofonions•综合类热点话题(健康)•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)2015年职称英语理工教材变化情况删除内容新增内容理工C 阅读理解第九篇：Egypt Felledby Famine第九篇：An EssentialScientific Process补全短文第五篇：The Magic ofSound第五篇：A Record-Breaking Rover理工B 阅读理解第二十二篇：Snowflakes第二十二篇：Real-WorldRobots补全短文第九篇：Heat Is Killer第九篇：LighteningStrikes理工A补全短文第十三篇：SleepingGiant第十三篇：AffectionateAndroids(An essential scientific process)4. This passage is primarily developed by ___.A. Explaining a process(A Record-breaking Rover)During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its camera. ___ (4).A. It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks and…删除内容新增内容理工C阅读理解第九篇：Egypt Felled by Famine 第九篇：An Essential ScientificProcess 补全短文第五篇：The Magic of Sound (2014/理工C 试题)第五篇：A Record-BreakingRoverAnessential scientific process•理工热点话题/主题陈旧•出现新考点(e.g. 文章/段落写作结构等)•理工热点话题•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)Arecord-breaking rover(2008年理工A 试题)1. The writer begins the passage by comparing ___.(√)2. The word "humanoid" in Paragraph 1 means(√)3. According to the first and second paragraphs, artificial intelligence is___.(√)4. The last paragraph suggests that future robots will___.(√)5. Another good title for this passage would be ___. (√)删除内容新增内容理工B阅读理解第二十二篇：Snowflakes第二十二篇：Real-World Robots (2008年理工A 阅读理解试题)补全短文第九篇：Heat Is Killer第九篇：Lightening Strikes (×lightening strikes)Real-world Robots•理工热点话题/主题陈旧•往年试题•理工热点话题•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)Lightning strikes(Lightning strikes)4….Since that time, she has been a strictly fair weather golfer. ____(4)B. In fact, a golf course is (to be ) one of the most dangerous places (to be ) during a thunderstorm .(Affectionate Androids)B. But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.D. However , few owners willprogram their robots to point out their flaws.删除内容新增内容理工A 补全短文第十三篇：Sleeping Giant 第十三篇：Affectionate AndroidsAffectionate Androids•理工热点话题•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)2015年职称英语卫生教材变化情况删除内容新增内容卫生A 阅读理解第十二篇：First Self-containedHeart Implanted第十二篇：Inquest Told ofHospital Error补全短文第十二篇More Efforts Urgedto Empower Women at AIDSConference第十二篇：The EnemyWithin卫生B补全短文第七篇Reinventing the Table 第七篇：Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.卫生C 阅读理解第五篇：U.S. Eats Too MuchSalt (2010年卫生C阅读理解试题)第五篇：Tracking DownHIV补全短文第二篇Bedwetting (2014年卫生C完形填空试题)第二篇：The HopeChildren’s Hospice(Inquest told of hospital error)7. Mr. Newbold’s family’s lawyerwas not qualified.C: Not mentioned题干设置特点：“部分信息不相关”Inquest toldof hospitalerror•热点新话题(医患纠纷)•考点沿袭往年风格•热点新话题(过敏症)•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)删除内容新增内容卫生A 阅读理解第十二篇：First Self-containedHeart Implanted(2014年卫生A阅读理解试题)第十二篇：Inquest Told ofHospital Error补全短文第十二篇More Efforts Urgedto Empower Women at AIDSConference第十二篇：The EnemyWithinThe EnemyWithin(The enemy within)B. In other words our immunesystems have become over-sensitive. (概括总结句)(Power napping is good for the I.Q.)F. That’s why , without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks.删除内容新增内容卫生B 补全短文第七篇Reinventing the Table第七篇：Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.PoweringNapping is good for the I.Q.•热点话题•考点沿袭往年风职称英语等级考试情况介绍词汇选项阅读判断概括大意与完成句子阅读理解补全短文完形填空15分7分8分45分10分15分基础重点答题技巧通过考试2015年职称英语考试出题趋势预测1.2015年职称英语考试出题特点很可能基本与2014年出题特点一致,试题难度基本相当(文章主题难度, 考点设置难度, 考查内容);2.教材中仍可能会有30分左右的送分题: 1篇阅读理解+ 1篇完形填空;3.词汇选项部分仍然会有8-12分左右的题可以通过翻查带有近义词注释的词典直接找到答案;如何顺利通过职称英语考试?1.把握教材中的复习重点(阅读理解+ 完形填空=30分)2.答好送分题(词汇选项：10-12分)3.答好来自书外的阅读理解(争取拿到15分以上)4.用好答题技巧, 在小分值题上多拿分(阅读判断：2-4分；概括大意与完成句子：3-5分；补全短文：4-6分)预祝顺利通过2015年职称英语等级考试^_^。
2015年职称英语考试理工类教材对比题型2015新增文章2014被替换文章第一部分词汇选项无变化无变化第二部分阅读判断无变化无变化第三部分概括大意与完成句子无变化无变化第四部分阅读理解第九篇 An Essential Scientific Process 第九篇 Egypt Feled by Famine 第二十二篇 Real-World Robots 第二十二篇 Snowflakes第五部分补全短文第九篇 Lightening Strikes 第九篇 Heat Is Killer第五篇 A Record-breaking Rover 第五篇 The Magic of Sound 第十三篇 Affectionate Androids 第十三篇 Sleeping Giant第六部分完形填空无变化无变化2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类阅读理解第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless,box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.【词汇】envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的【注释】1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。
Graphene's Superstrength1Big technology comes in tiny packages.New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these components，and they've turned their eyes to graphene，a superthin2material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics.This year's Nobel Prize for Physics3has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester4，UK.for the discovery of graphene.Graphene isn't just small,it's"the thinnest possible material in this world，"says Novoselov.He calls it a"wonder material."It's so thin that you would need to stack about25,000sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers5，you'd have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Every known kind of life contains carbon.Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick.You don't have to look far to find grapheme-it's all around you.If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesive e the pencil to shade a small area on the paper,and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area7.When you pull up the tape，you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world.Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up-there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper.Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper.This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn't be able to see it.Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，you've found graphene.词汇：graphene n.石墨烯abundant adj.丰富的，充裕的atom n.原子adhesive n.胶粘剂;adj.黏着的stack v.使成堆，堆放graphite n.石墨注释：1.superstrength：超强的力量。
理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. ____1____Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2____ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.____4____ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the pe rfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. ____5____People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.词汇：affectionate adj. 深情的dexterity n. 灵巧，敏捷anthropomorphize v. 赋于人性，人格化grumpy adj. 脾气暴躁的cyber adj. 计算机的tend v. 照料bot n. 机器人subservient adj. 屈从的，奉承的注释：1．Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn：计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。
练习：A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.答案与题解：1．C前文讲到David在书中认为人与机器人的关系在几十年后将变得普遍，因此接下来应该继续讲这种普遍性是怎样的。
2．F前文讲在圣地亚哥的一个实验，研究人员将机器人放在儿童游乐园里，要填的句子应该是介绍这个机器人。
3．E前文提了几个问题，是关于我们对人与机器人关系的看法，而后文讲“他们”会乐于接受，因此要填的句子应该是两类人的对比。
E项讲我们这一代人可能会反对，但下一代人就不一定了，符合意思。
4．B前文讲有人和宠物发展深厚关系，后面讲的是与机器人发展深厚关系的吸引人之处，因此这里应该讲机器人做伴侣的好处。
5．D前文讲好朋友会在你犯错的时候指出来，这里应该是表示对比——机器人不会这么做。
理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate.A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae a ttached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. T o determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actio ns. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.词汇：envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的注释：1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。
