Sociolinguistics.ppt
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Sociolinguistics社会语言学
5). Social dialect: language use among different social groups in a variety of
social contexts. ①～⑧
1
研究范围的大小或角度分别如下:
1.Diglossia and bilingualism
2. Standard and nonstandard language
2)The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must interact linguistically with other members of the community.
3. Five sections
1). Language variation: general introduction regarding language variation and the situational use of language.①～⑥
2). Standard and nonstandard language: examine language variation in
language variation and language use.
Contents:
1. Speech community
2. Speech variety
3. Regional variation
4. Social variation
5. Stylistic variation
6. Idiolectal variation
2) A social group: besides regionally, a social group may distinguish
超全sociolinguistics
Chapter 8: SociolinguisticsLearning objectives●I. Sociolinguistics●II. Language variation●III. Language and gender●IV. Language and class●⏹Throughout the 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat theinquiry of linguistics as a Monistic or Autonomous Pursuit of an independent science.⏹The resurrection of a Dualistic View of linguistic inquiry, came into being in the1960s, along with the development of sociolinguistics as an opposition to the dominant theory of Chomskyan linguistics.I. Sociolinguistics⏹Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation❑between language and society,❑between the uses of language and the social structures in which the language users liveTwo perspectives⏹Micro-studies:❑To look at society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm’s-eye view of language in use.⏹Macro-studies:❑To look at society as a whole and consider how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations, a bird’s eye view of the languageused in society.⏹Sociolinguistics is interested in how social factors influence the structure and use oflanguage.⏹Potential influencing social factors?❑class, gender, age, ethnic group, educational background, occupation, religion, etc.❑Comment on: You are what you say. (Lakoff 1991).⏹II. Language varieties⏹The key issue in sociolinguistics study is variation.❑ 1. Standard language❑ 2. Dialect❑ 3. Register❑ 4. Pidgin and Creole❑ 5. Lingua Franca❑ 6. Slang, jargon, and argot1. Standard language⏹George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion⏹ A particular variety of a language is better than any other.⏹This dominant, or prestigious variety is often called standard variety orstandard language/dialect⏹Quote: A language is a dialect with an army and navy.⏹Question: what is the definition of the standard language in China?⏹普通话的定义：❑以北京语音为标准音, 以北方话为基础方言, 以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语。
sociolinguistics
• One of the principal uses of language is to communicate meaning, but it is also used to establish and to maintain social relationships. • It is the second function of language use that sociolinguists study.
• Regional/geographical dialects: • Varieties of a language spoken in a geographical area, such as Cockney dialect, and Yorkshire dialect in Britain, or North Midland dialect and South Midland dialect in the United States, and Guangdong dialect in China.
• Sociolects and standard dialects are often confused because they are interpreted only in terms of prestige. • In due course the sociolect with the highest status in a country often acquires the status of the standard dialect.
• A regional dialect is a variation of language different enough to be classed as a separate entity, but not different enough to be classed as a separate language. • Sometimes a dialect rises in status and becomes the standard variety of a country, becoming standard dialect, e.g. standard English, standard Chinese.
Sociolinguistics1
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A First Introduction to Sociolinguistics
By Qin Jie FLS of SXNU
Course Outline
Goals
• Understanding the basic concepts of sociolinguistic terminology • Grasping the research methods used in sociolinguistic studies • Developing basic competence in critical reading of sociolinguistic works • Obtaining the ability to do some small-scale sociolinguistic research or projects
Course line
Evaluation
• Attendance: roll checking (10%) • Classroom performance: discussion contribution, question answering (10%) • Critical reading, writing and report (20%) • Project work: course paper (60%) • Mailbox: sxnulinguistics@
2 Difficulties for Sociolinguistic study
• 2.1 Variation/Deficiency in theory
Smith (1989: 190): Language use is highly varied, which is too elusive. Rickford (1988): Sociolinguistics is more about observation and description, less about theoretical explanation and prediction. Chomsky (1979:57): Sociolinguistic work is like collecting butterfly specimen. But it is not scientific study.
A First Introduction to Sociolinguistics
By Qin Jie FLS of SXNU
Course Outline
Goals
• Understanding the basic concepts of sociolinguistic terminology • Grasping the research methods used in sociolinguistic studies • Developing basic competence in critical reading of sociolinguistic works • Obtaining the ability to do some small-scale sociolinguistic research or projects
Course line
Evaluation
• Attendance: roll checking (10%) • Classroom performance: discussion contribution, question answering (10%) • Critical reading, writing and report (20%) • Project work: course paper (60%) • Mailbox: sxnulinguistics@
2 Difficulties for Sociolinguistic study
• 2.1 Variation/Deficiency in theory
Smith (1989: 190): Language use is highly varied, which is too elusive. Rickford (1988): Sociolinguistics is more about observation and description, less about theoretical explanation and prediction. Chomsky (1979:57): Sociolinguistic work is like collecting butterfly specimen. But it is not scientific study.
Sociolinguistics and language teaching 优质课件
done, actually performed , and what its doing entails.
Social system Semantic networks Grammatical system
Why should we teach cultural things in our classroom?
4) Culture is always reflected in language and there is no separation between understanding language and understanding culture.
1) Due attention should be paid to sociological and cultural studies.
2) Cultural study can arose great interest of language learners in language leaning.
Selection to produce a certain social meaning
Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance.
Social system Semantic networks Grammatical system
Why should we teach cultural things in our classroom?
4) Culture is always reflected in language and there is no separation between understanding language and understanding culture.
1) Due attention should be paid to sociological and cultural studies.
2) Cultural study can arose great interest of language learners in language leaning.
Selection to produce a certain social meaning
Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance.
Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics
Temporal dialects varieties of a language used at particular stages in its historical development. There are two major temporal dialects in Chinese — classical Chinese and modern Chinese. In English, there are marked differences between Old English and Middle English, and between Middle English and Modern English.
Many linguists have tried to work out theories to describe the relationship between social variables and linguistic features. A well-known version of these theories is M. A. K. Halliday’s register theory.
When we study language in relation to society, it is called sociolinguistics. In sociolinguistics we are interested in how social factors influence the structure and use of language. It is the field that studies the relations between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. It is also a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistic.
Sociolinguistics (1)1
• Having studied The introduction to Linguistics (Syntax, Semantics), the students have learned the internal structure of language. Now they should extend their attention further to the external factors that may influence language, that is, the elements causing language to change into different varieties.
3) In 1949, an American linguist Mario Pei published a book “The Story of Language”, in which he mainly discussed about the social factors that might influence language.
• The students, therefore, should first of all get to know the development in sociolinguistic study and renowned sociolinguists and their specific areas of the study in the recent decades.
but linguists started to notice that language was a social phenomenon or a social behavior long before this sub-discipline was established. The interaction between language and society has existed ever since people began using language, hence there has been the variation of the language.
3) In 1949, an American linguist Mario Pei published a book “The Story of Language”, in which he mainly discussed about the social factors that might influence language.
• The students, therefore, should first of all get to know the development in sociolinguistic study and renowned sociolinguists and their specific areas of the study in the recent decades.
but linguists started to notice that language was a social phenomenon or a social behavior long before this sub-discipline was established. The interaction between language and society has existed ever since people began using language, hence there has been the variation of the language.
Sociolinguistics.ppt
Tenor of discourse(话语意旨)
Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication group are and in what relationship they stand to each other. It answers the question of “to whom ” the speaker is communicating. This dimension to a great extent determines the level of formality and the level of technicality of the language we use.
Three social variables that determine the register
Field of discourse(话语范围) Field of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the
purpose role of the language user in the situation in which a text has occurred. In other words, it is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communication. It answers the question of ‘Why’ and ‘About what’ communication takes place. Field of discourse may be non-technical or technical. Shopping, game-playing and a personal letter are instances of non-technical fields. Technical fields refer to the specialist fields such as a linguist giving a lecture in class and meteorologists talking about the weather.
Sociolinguistics社会语言学
the Research Contents 研究内容
t h e characteristics of l a n g u a g e varieties
t h e characteristics of their functions
the characteristics of their speakers
它试图揭示出那些能解释和限制言语社团中语言行为和作用于语 言行为的社会规则和规范，同时，也努力去确定语言多样性对于说 话者的符号性价值。而这种由语言的多样性产生的符号性或象征性 特征，是语言功能差异的必然结果。
as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.
社会语言学研究语言多样性的特征，他们的功能特征和说话者的 特征以及这三者在言语社团中持续的交互作用和变化。
It seeks to discover the societal rules and norms that explain and constrain language behaviour and the attitudes toward language in speech communities. It also seeks to determine the symbolic value of language varieties for their speakers.That fact that language varieties come to take on symbolic or symptomatic value,in and of themselves,is an inevitable consequence of their functional differentiation.
自考 chapter 8 Sociolinguistics
• • • • •
Example 1 (Ray, a student, comes home after school.) Ray: Hi, mum. Mum: Hi. You‟re late. Ray: Yeah, that bastard Sootbucker Kept us in again. • Mum: Nana‟s here. • Ray: Oh sorry. Where is she? • • • • • Example 2 (Leaving school, Ray runs into the school principal.) Ray: Good afternoon, sir. Principal: What are you doing here at this time? Ray: Mr. Sutton kept us in, sir.
• Linguistic phenomena are placed in the general context of society. • People‟s use of language is in part determined by his social background.
8.1.1 Speech community (言语社团)
8.1.3.1 Geographical variation
Geographical variation, which refers to the variation of languБайду номын сангаасge across geographical regions, can be generally divided into international variation and regional dialects. International variation refers to the variation of a language among different nations and is best exemplified by the American English and British English. Regional dialect denotes the variations within one country.
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Sociolinguistics
(B)
Instructor: Hua Xianfa
Chapter III Language and Context
3.1. Varieties of language related to the use 3.1.1. Speech repertoire(言语语库) In any speech community there is no single style
speaker. Any individual controls a number of varieties of a language or of two or more language, that is, he or she has a speech repertoire. “A speech repertoire is the range of linguistic varieties which the speaker has at his disposal and which he may appropriately use as a member of his speech community.”(Platt and Platt)
r of discourse(话语意旨)
Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication group are and in what relationship they stand to each other. It answers the question of “to whom ” the speaker is communicating. This dimension to a great extent determines the level of formality and the level of technicality of the language we use.
3.1.2.Register(语域)
Language variability is not haphazard as is usually assumed, it is rule-governed, and constrained by social variables. There are many social constraints that come into play in controlling which variety from the speech repertoire of a speaker is to be used on a particular occasion. Apart from speech community context from which are derived various dialectal varieties, there is another kind of situational factor which can be described by Halliday’s register theory.
Three social variables that determine the register
Field of discourse(话语范围) Field of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the
purpose role of the language user in the situation in which a text has occurred. In other words, it is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communication. It answers the question of ‘Why’ and ‘About what’ communication takes place. Field of discourse may be non-technical or technical. Shopping, game-playing and a personal letter are instances of non-technical fields. Technical fields refer to the specialist fields such as a linguist giving a lecture in class and meteorologists talking about the weather.
What is register?
The term “register” is used by some linguists in a restricted sense, referring to the language used in pursuance of one’s job, whereas Halliday uses “register” in a much broader sense. According to Halliday, “Language varies as its function varies,; it differs in different situations.” The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a type of situation is a register. Registers are simply a rather special case of a particular kind of language being produced by the social situation.
(B)
Instructor: Hua Xianfa
Chapter III Language and Context
3.1. Varieties of language related to the use 3.1.1. Speech repertoire(言语语库) In any speech community there is no single style
speaker. Any individual controls a number of varieties of a language or of two or more language, that is, he or she has a speech repertoire. “A speech repertoire is the range of linguistic varieties which the speaker has at his disposal and which he may appropriately use as a member of his speech community.”(Platt and Platt)
r of discourse(话语意旨)
Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication group are and in what relationship they stand to each other. It answers the question of “to whom ” the speaker is communicating. This dimension to a great extent determines the level of formality and the level of technicality of the language we use.
3.1.2.Register(语域)
Language variability is not haphazard as is usually assumed, it is rule-governed, and constrained by social variables. There are many social constraints that come into play in controlling which variety from the speech repertoire of a speaker is to be used on a particular occasion. Apart from speech community context from which are derived various dialectal varieties, there is another kind of situational factor which can be described by Halliday’s register theory.
Three social variables that determine the register
Field of discourse(话语范围) Field of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the
purpose role of the language user in the situation in which a text has occurred. In other words, it is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communication. It answers the question of ‘Why’ and ‘About what’ communication takes place. Field of discourse may be non-technical or technical. Shopping, game-playing and a personal letter are instances of non-technical fields. Technical fields refer to the specialist fields such as a linguist giving a lecture in class and meteorologists talking about the weather.
What is register?
The term “register” is used by some linguists in a restricted sense, referring to the language used in pursuance of one’s job, whereas Halliday uses “register” in a much broader sense. According to Halliday, “Language varies as its function varies,; it differs in different situations.” The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a type of situation is a register. Registers are simply a rather special case of a particular kind of language being produced by the social situation.