高二上学期英语语法总结

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Don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。 The viewers wish the serial 片继续下去。 She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow.他要此项工程明天以前完成。
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高二上学期英语语法总结
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一、不定式
不定式的被动式,
①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作 主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:
不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下:
由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语 等。今天只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用法讲解一下。
1)作主语。如: To see is to believe.眼见为实。 To serve the people is our duty.为人民服务是我们的职责。 在日常英语中,常用 it 作为语法上的主语,即形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面。 It is our duty to serve the people.为人民服务是我们的职责。 2)作宾语。如: I couldn't afford to buy a new car.我买不起汽车。 Have you decided to marry him?你决定嫁给他吗? 有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask, offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect, desire 等。 另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用 it 代表不定式作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如: I thought it right to do this test.我认为做这项实验是对的。 3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如: This is the best way to solve this problem.这是解决这个问题的最好办法。 I have a lot of work to do.我有许多工作要做。
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如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且这个不定式是不及物动词,则它后面需有必要的介词。如: He is a good comrade to work with.他是一个很好共事的同志。 There is nothing to think about.没什么值得考虑的。 4)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。如: He went home to see his parents.他回家看望父母。(表目的) I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you.我把收音机音量调小,以免打扰你。(表目的) The problem is too hard to understand.这问题太难了,理解不了。(表结果) What have I done to make you unhappy?我做了什么事使你不高兴?(表结果) I'm glad to hear the news.听了这消息,我很高兴。(表原因) I was surprised to see him there.我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因)
We need more qualified teachers.我们需要更多的合格老师。 He stepped carelessly on some broken glass.他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。 The letter written by my brother is on the desk.我兄弟写的信在桌子上。 The TV set made in China are good quality.中国制造的电视机质量很好。 You can drink boiled water,not boiling water.你可以喝白开水,但不可以喝沸腾的水。 From his disappointed look,I knew he didn't pass the examination.从他的失望表情看,我知道他没通过考试。 2)作表语,过去分词作表语,多表示主语的状态。如: This machine part is broken.这个机器零件坏了。 He looked very excited.他看起来很激动。 有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused, astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled, upset 等。
4)用作状语的过去分词
无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应 是被动关系。过去分词作状语,表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等,这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。下面我将举 例说明。
1)表时间 (When the metal is)Heated,the metal expands.加热后,这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work.这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。 像第二句那样当强调实践概念时,过去分词之前可用连词 when,while。 2)表原因 (As he was)Greatly surprised,he couldn't say a word. 他大吃一惊,一时说不出话来。 (Because she was)Scolded by the teacher,the girl felt unfair.那姑娘因受老师责备,而愤愤不平。 3)表让步 Even if(I were)invited,I wouldn't go.即使受邀请,我也不愿去。 Though(they were)defeated again and again,they went on fighting.尽管一再遭受挫败,他们仍然继续战斗。 4)表伴随 He stared at me(he was)astonished.他两眼瞪着我,惊恐万状。 Einstein walked along the street,(he was)lost in thought.爱因斯坦漫步街头,沉浸在思索中。
3)用作宾补的过去分词
过去分词作宾补,与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。 1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补,它们是:see,hear,watch,feel,find,think 等 We hear the music played by the band.我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。 I found her greatly changed.我发现她变化很大。 Everybody thought the battle lost.人人都认为这场战役输掉了。 2)作使役动词的宾补,它们是:make,keep,leave,have,get,help 等 When you speak,you have to make yourself understood.说话时要让人听懂。 Please keep us informed of the latest development.请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。 I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修自行车。 3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补,它们是:want,like,wish,prefer,need,declare,report,order,acknowledge 等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。
That we shall be late is certain.=It is certain that we shall be late.我们要晚了,这是确定无疑的。 It is said that he's got married.听说他结婚了。 How strange it is that the children are so quiet!真奇怪孩子们如此安静。 He told me(that)he would come to Gu'an the next day.他告诉我第二天他来固安。 He did come here in that he had another thing to do.他没来是因为他有其他事要做。 You can depend on it that he is a millionaire.你就放心吧,他是百万富翁。 The fact is that he doesn't understand English at all.事实上他根本不懂英语。 I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all.我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。
To be obeyed was natural to her.她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语) The problem remained to be solved.这个问题还有待解决。(作表语) It needs not to be said that they are very happy together. 不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语) There were plans to be made at once.要立即制定计划。(作定语) He has returned only to be sent away again.他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语) The captain ordered the flag to be raised.船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语) The book is intended to be read and not to be torn.这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语) ②在某些句子中,不定式虽表被动,但仍用主动形式。如: What is to pay?要付多少钱? The reason is not far to seek.道理很浅显。 He gave me some books to read.他给了我一些书读。 We found the report easy to understand.我们发现这些报告很容易懂。