2017_2018学年八年级英语下册Unit4Whydon'tyoutalktoyourparents教案
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Unit 4 Why don’t talk to your parents?Section B 2 (3a-Self check)教学过程Step 1 RevisionReview the expressions and sentences.1. 一个典型的美国家庭 a typical American family2. 足球训练football training3. 删除cut out4. 比较;对比compare…with5. 逼得太紧push…so hard6. 一个儿童的成长 a kid’s development7. 疲惫的孩子们直到晚上七点钟后才到家。
The tired children don’t get home until after 7:00 p.m.8. 他们总是将自己的孩子与其他的孩子相比较。
They always compare their children with other children.9. 他们为什么不让孩子们顺其自然呢?Why don’t they let their kids be kids?10. 所有这些活动会给孩子们导致很大的压力。
All these activities can cause a lot of stress for children.Step 2 TalkingWork on3a:A magazine interviewed some parents about after-school classes for children. Read the opinions below and make notes on your own opinions.List the main views:1. After-school classes can help kids get into a good university.2. I want my child to be a successful person.3. It’s good for children to start learning from a young age.Ss talk with their partners about these views.Step 3 Asking and answering1. Ss say if they agree or disagree with the views above. Then give their reasons.2. Let some Ss say their reasons:S1: I disagree. Many factors may influence in one’s life. Even though one goes to a good university, he may still not be successful.S2: I agree. Many great people learn things from a very young age. If the child is gifted in some area, it’s helpful to learn it from a young age.S3: I disagree. People shouldn’t push their kids so hard. Parents shouldn’t send their small kids to all kinds of classes. They shouldn’t always compare their children with other children. I believe it’s better to let the kids be kids.3. Let some more Ss to tell their opinions.Step 4 WritingWork on 3b:1. Ask Ss what’s the common problem for Chinese and American families?Ss: They have to go to many after-school classes.2. OK. What’s your opinion about after-school classes? Now think about it and writea short article about to a magazine.写作指导:本文为写自己对课后辅导班的看法,故应为议论文。
Unit 4 Why don’t talk to your parents?(No.16---20)Section B 1 (1a-2e)教学过程Step 1 Revision1. Daily greeting.2. 复习提建议的表达方式,并完成相关任务。
3. Check the homework. Let some Ss give advice.Step 2 Warming up1. T: Show a picture of student.—What’s wrong with the girl?—She’s too stressed out.—What should she do? Can you give her some advice?2. Ss discuss the problem and give some advices:e.g.S1: Why not hang out with her friends.S2: She could play sports.S3: She could play computer games.S4: She should listen to music and read some books.Step 3 WritingWork on 1b1. Ask one student read the sentences in1a. Explain some main sentences.2. What activities do you like to help lower your stress? Order them from 1-8 with being the most favorite thing you do to lower stress.3. Ss discuss with their desk mates then order them.4. Let some Ss say their answersStep 4 TalkingLet some Ss talk about their answers.S1: I always hang out with my friends to lower stress.S2: I like to listen to music to lower stress best.Step 5 ListeningWork on1c:1. Tell Ss to read the sentences1cfirst.2. Play the recording for the Ss. Ss just listen for the first time. Play the recording again and check the problems Wei Ming talks about.3. Check the answers:Work on 1d:1. Let Ss read the sentences in 1d first. Tell Ss to listen again and fill in the blanks.2. Play the recording again for the Ss to listen and write.3. Ss listen to the recording carefully and try to write the words in the blanks.4. Check the answers with the class.Step 6 Pair work1. Work in pairs. Suppose your partner is Wei Ming. You try to tell her some advice and say why.2. Let two students make a model for the Ss.3. Ss practice their conversations4. Teacher can walk around the classroom, and give some help to the Ss.Step 7 Thinking1. T: There are some after-school activities. What activities do you and your classmates usually do? Check them.2. Ss check the activities they usually do.3. Ask some Ss say their choices.Step 8ReadingWarming upWhat did you do after school?Do you have stress in your life?How do you relax yourself?Fast Reading1. T: Now let’s work on 2b. First, let’s read the questions and make sure we know the meanings of all the questions. Then read the passage quickly and find the answers to the questions.1) What is the common problem for Chinese and American families?2) Who gives their opinions about the problems?2. Ss read the letter quickly and try to find the answers to the two questions.3. Check the answers with the class.Careful Reading1. T: Now let’s read these sentences about the letter. Read the passage again. Judge if the sentences are True or False. Please underline under the main sentences.1) Chinese children have to take so many after-school classes on weekends these days.2) Cathy Taylor really wants her three children to be successful, so she believes these after-school activities are important for them.3) Linda Miller thinks parents should send their small kids to all kinds of classes.4) Linda thinks some parents push their kids too much.5)Alice thinks kids shouldn’t have time to relax and think for themselves2. Ss read the letter again and judge the sentences.3. Check the answers with the class.Post readingWork on2c1. Now look at the words in bold in the article. Can you guess their meanings? Try to match them with the meaning below.2. Let Ss read and try to match the words.3. Give Ss some advice on how to do it.4. Check the answers with the Ss.5. Give some explanation about the difficult words.Work on 2d1. Tell Ss to read the passage again and answer these questions below.1) Does Cathy Taylor think it’s important for kids to join after school activities?2) Does Linda Miller agree with Cathy? What’s her opinion?3) Does Dr. Green agree with Cathy or Linda? What does she say?2. Ss work by themselves.3. Check the answers together.Homework1. Read the article again after school.2. Write a short passage about Cathy’s daily life and her opinions about the education of the kids.教后反思:。
Unit 4 Why don’t you talk to your parents?I. 单项选择1. —Boy, didn’t you see people were waiting in line? Don’t _______________ in!—I am sorry, sir.A. pushB. pullC. putD. carry2. You can’t wear shoes inside this place. It _______________.A. doesn’t allowB. isn’t allowedC. hasn’t allowedD. wasn’t allowed3. My younger sister isn’t _______________ to go to school.A. enough oldB. old enoughC. young enoughD. enough young4. One of the best ways for people to keep healthy is to _______________ good eating habits.A. growB. developC. increaseD. find5. Many students didn’t realize the importance of study _______________ they left school.A. whenB. untilC. asD. after6. After school he didn’t go home. _______________, he went to the Internet bar.A. ButB. WhileC. InsteadD. Instead of7. Don’t worry! Things will _______________ sooner or later.A. work outB. give outC. take outD. look out8. The food safety is a serious _______________ at present. We should try to solve it.A. subjectB. programC. problemD. opinion9. My mother always compares me _______________ others. I am very annoyed.A. withB. toC. forD. about10. In _______________ opinion, health is more important than wealth(财富).A. IB. meC. myD. mineII. 根据句意及首字母填入恰当的单词1. Sally is an honest girl. I believe w________ she says to us.2. You shouldn't c________ my homework. You should do it by yourself.3. She is always ready to help others, and she often o______ money to homeless people4. You can borrow this book from the library,but you must r__________ it on time.5. I am very busy. I have little time to c________ with my son.III. 用所给单词的正确形式填空1. I’m not going. Firstly I haven’t a ticket, and _______________ (second) I don’t like the play.2. When I came into the room, I found him _______________ (look) through my diary.3. _______________ (take) care of the patients is her job.4. If someone is in trouble, we should offer _______________ (help).5. A good educatio n is very important to children’s _______________ (develop).IV. 完成句子根据汉语意思完成英语句子,每空词数不限。
Unit 4 Why don’t you talk to your parents(Section B 3b-self-check)学习目标:1.我要能够准确、流利的朗读文章。
2. 我要识记并运用in one,s opinion perhaps 等词的使用。
3.我要识记并运用 so that ,although ,until 等词汇的使用。
4.我要学会通过复习,熟练掌握本单元的知识点。
4.我要学会谈论自己在生活及学习中遇到的问题并能用shoud及could提示建议5. 我要利用教材或工具书查看生词的读音和真正含义,再读Self check 中绿色方框中的句子,弄清其意思,总结本单元的语法。
重、难点:熟读课文并能正确熟练的掌握短语。
独学准备:1.试读。
试读文本和Self check 3b,用红笔划出文章中的生词,完成随堂笔记一;2.再读。
利用教材或工具书查看生词的读音和真正含义,再读文本;当堂测评分层达标一.复习提建议的表达方式1.直接建议法Let’s+动词原形2.委婉建议法Shall we+动词原形3.征求性建议法How/What about+名词,代词或者动名词.4.劝告性的建议法You’d better do/not do5.责备性的建议法Why don’t you/Why not+动词原形二.翻译下列短语。
1. 看电影___________________2. 进行运动_______________3. 读书____________________4. 独处_____________________5. 玩电脑游戏_____________6. 和朋友闲逛______________7. 比较_____________________8. 解决___________________和睦相处_______________10. keep on happening _________ 11. be afraid of _____________12.have a fight with__________ 13. give back _________14. hang over _________ 15. be good at _________三.完成句子1为什么不在电话上谈论呢?_____2 我的问题是我不能和家人相________3我妈妈不允许我和朋友们闲逛__________4 我和我最好的朋友打架了5 他应当怎么办呢?6 你最好大声的讲以便于我们都能够听到四.书面表达成长中每个人都要面对烦恼,解决问题。
人教新目标八年级英语下册Unit 4 Why don’t you talk to your parents说课稿一. 教材分析人教新目标八年级英语下册Unit 4 Why don’t you talk to your parents是一篇关于日常交流和沟通的文章。
本篇文章主要讲述了在遇到问题时,如何与父母沟通,寻求解决方案。
通过本节课的学习,学生能够掌握情态动词why not的用法,以及如何运用交际策略进行日常交流。
教材内容贴近学生生活,有利于激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性。
二. 学情分析八年级的学生已经掌握了基本的英语语法和词汇,具备一定的听说读写能力。
但在实际交流中,学生往往因为害羞、紧张等原因不敢开口说英语,本题正好可以引导学生学会如何与父母沟通,提高他们的交际能力。
同时,学生在这个年龄段开始关注家庭和社交问题,对本节课的内容会产生浓厚兴趣。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标:学生能够掌握情态动词why not的用法,了解日常交际中的沟通策略。
2.能力目标:学生能够运用所学知识进行日常交流,提高口语表达能力。
3.情感目标:学生学会与父母沟通,增进家庭关系,培养良好的交际习惯。
四. 说教学重难点1.重点:情态动词why not的用法和日常交际策略。
2.难点:如何运用所学知识进行实际交流,克服羞涩、紧张等心理障碍。
五. 说教学方法与手段1.情景教学法:通过设定情景,让学生在实际语境中学习英语,提高交际能力。
2.任务型教学法:学生分组完成任务,激发学习兴趣,培养合作精神。
3.互动式教学法:教师与学生互动,引导学生积极参与课堂讨论,提高口语表达能力。
六. 说教学过程1.导入:用一段关于家庭沟通的短片引出本节课的主题,激发学生的学习兴趣。
2.新课呈现:教师展示文章,引导学生关注文章标题和关键词,预测文章内容。
3.课堂讲解:教师讲解情态动词why not的用法和日常交际策略,让学生通过例句理解并掌握。
4.实践环节:学生分组进行角色扮演,运用所学知识进行实际交流,教师巡回指导。
2021-2021 学年度第二学期八年英Unit 4 Why don ’ t you talk to your parents(无答案〕1.I_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ 〔不得不用功学〕soI_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ 〔睡眠缺乏〕 .2.I_____________ _____________ ______________ ______________ 〔有太多的家庭作〕 so I __________________________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ______________ __________________________ ______________ _______________ 〔没有空做我喜的事〕 .3.My parents _____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ___________________________ _____________ ______________ 〔不允我和朋友一起逛〕 .4.I_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ 〔有太多的外班〕 .5.I_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ___________________________ _____________ 〔和我最好的朋友打架了〕 .6._____________ _____________ ______________/ _____________ _____________ ______________/_____________ _____________ 〔怎么了〕 ? I _____________ _____________ ______________ 〔真的很累〕because I_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ 〔昨晚学到午夜〕 .7._____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ___________________________ _____________ ______________ 〔什么今晚你不早点儿去睡呢〕?8.What’ sthe matter, Peter? I _____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ ___________________________ _______________ 〔和我最好的朋友打架了〕 .9._____________ _____________ ______________ _______________ 〔我怎么〕? Well, you_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ___________________________ _____________ ______________ ____________ 〔他打个,以便你可以声抱歉〕 .10.You _____________ _____________ 〔看上去很〕 , Kim. What ’ s wrong?11.Well, I _____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ ______________________________________ 〔我妹妹在翻我的西〕yesterday. She __________________________ ___________________________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________〔拿了我几本新志和几光〕.12.Hmm ⋯ _____________ _____________ ______________ _______________ 〔那不是很好〕 .13._____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ______________ ________〔她把它你了〕? Yes, but _____________ _____________ _____________ ___________________________ _____________〔我是生她的气〕.14. What should I do? Well, I guess _____________ _____________ ________________________________________ ______________ ________________ 〔你可以叫她声抱歉〕.15.But _____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ___________________________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ______________ ________ 〔什么不忘掉件事以便你能在做朋友呢〕?16.__________________________ ______________, _____________ _____________ ________________________________________ 〔尽管她不,但它不是什么大不了的事〕.17.You’ re right._____________ ______________ ______________ 〔你的建〕 . No problem.__________________________ ______________ _____________ 〔希望事情会好起来〕 .18.My problem is I_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ ___________________________〔不能和我的家人和睦相〕 .19._____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ______________〔我父母之的关系已得不易相〕. They _____________ _____________ ______________〔常吵架〕 , and I really don ’ t like it.20._____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ______________〔是他有的唯一沟通〕. I don’t know _____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ______________ 〔我是否就件事他点什么〕 .1 / 41 / 42021-2021 学年度第二学期八年级英语Unit 4 Why don’ t you talk to your parents词组练习 (无答案〕21._____________ _____________ ______________, _____________ _____________ ________________________ ,_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ______________〔当他们争吵的时候,就像一大块乌云悬在我们家的上方〕.22.Also, my elder brother is not very nice to me. He always_____________ _____________ ___________________________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ______________ 〔拒绝让我看我喜欢的电视节目〕 .23._____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ____________________________ _____________ _____________ ______________ 〔相反,晚上无论他想看什么就看到很晚,我认为这不公平〕 .24._____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________ ___________________________ _____________ . _____________ _____________ ______________? 〔在家里我总是觉得孤独和焦虑。
Unit 4Why don't you talk to your parents?第1课时Section A(1a~2d)(一)自主学习1.自学生词,并记住拼读及拼写。
根据句意及首字母提示完成单词。
(1)Her parents allow__ her to hang out with her friends on weekends.(2)She told me to guess__ who was in the living room.(3)Don't be angry. It's not a big deal__.(4)I watched the Voice of China until__ midnight last night.2.预习课本,找出重点短语及句子。
(1)允许某人做某事__allow__sb.__to__do__sth.__(2)与某人争吵__get__into__a__fight__with__sb.__(3)快速查看;浏览__look__through__(4)重要的事__big__deal__(5)为什么不忘记它,这样你们能再次成为好朋友?__Why__ __don't__ you __forget__ about it so that you can be friends again?(二)课堂导学Step 1情景导入Let one student dress up as a worried one and the teacher has a conversation with him.T:What's wrong?You look worried.S1:Yes. I got into a fight with my best friend. But I don't know how to do it. So I need your help.T:I think you should talk to him.(towards other students) Do you have any other advice?S2:I think you should say sorry to him.S3:Why don't you write a letter to him?S4:…环节说明:通过贴近现实生活的情景教学,激起学生的表达欲望。
Unit 4 Why don't you talk to your parents?◆必记单词1.allow v. 允许;准许高频2.wrong adj. 有毛病的;错误的3.guess v. 猜测;估计4.deal n. 协议;交易5.relation n. 关系;联系;交往→relate v. 与……有联系6.communication n. 交流;沟通7.argue v. 争吵;争论8.cloud n. 云;云朵→cloudy adj. 多云的9.elder adj. 年纪较长的→older adj. 年长的10.instead adv. 代替;反而;却高频11.whatever pron. 任何;每一→what pron. 什么12.nervous adj. 焦虑的;担忧的→nervousness n. 紧张感13.offer v. 主动提出;自愿给予高频n. 提议;出价14.proper adj. 正确的;恰当的→properly adv. 合适地15.secondly adv. 第二;其次→second num. 第二16.communicate v. 交流;沟通17.explain v. 解释;说明→explanation n. 解释;说明18.clear adj. 清楚易懂的;晴朗的→clearly adv. 清晰地19.copy v. 抄袭;模仿;复制;复印n. 份;副本20.return v. 归还;回来;返回21.anymore adv. (常用于否定句和疑问句末)再也(不);(不)再高频22.member n. 成员;分子→membership n. 成员资格23.pressure n. 压力→press v. 按;压24.compete v. 竞争;对抗→competition n. 竞争;对抗→competitor n. 竞争者;对手25.opinion n. 意见;想法;看法高频26.skill n. 技艺;技巧→skilled adj. 技艺娴熟的27.typical adj. 典型的28.football n. (美式)橄榄球;足球29.quick adj. 快的;迅速的;时间短暂的高频→quickly adv. 快速地→slow adj. 缓慢的(反义词)30.continue v. 持续;继续存在31.compare v. 比较高频32.crazy adj. 不理智的;疯狂的→mad adj. 疯狂的33.push v. 鞭策;督促;推动→pull v. 拉34.development n. 发展;发育;成长→develop v. 发展35.cause v. 造成;引起36.usual adj. 通常的;寻常的高频→usually adv. 通常→unusual adj. 不平常的(反义词) 37.perhaps adv. 可能;大概;也许◆重点短语1.allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事高频【拓展】let sb. do sth.让某人做某事2.call up 打电话3.have a fight with 与……打架/争吵【拓展】fight with sb.与……打架4.look through 快速查看;浏览高频【拓展】look out 小心look for 寻找look after 照看look like 看起来像look up 查阅5.big deal 重要的事6.work out 成功地发展;解决7.get on with 和睦相处;关系良好高频【拓展】get along with 与……相处8.refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事高频9.communicate with 与……交流高频10.compare...with... 比较;对比高频【拓展】compare...to...把……比作……11.not...anymore 不再【拓展】not...any longer 不再no longer 不再12.worry about 担心高频【拓展】be worried about 担心13.cut out 删除;删去【拓展】cut off 切断cut down 砍倒;削减cut up 切碎14.be good for 对……有好处高频【拓展】be good to 对……有好处do harm to 对……有害be harmful to 对……有害15.think of 想到16.in one's opinion 依……看高频◆重点句子1.I have too much homework so I don't have any free time to do things I like.我有太多的家庭作业,所以我没有任何空闲时间做我喜欢的事。
Unit 4 Why don’t you talk to your parents?Section A 1 (1a-2d)一、教学目标:1. 语言知识目标:1) 能掌握以下单词:allow, wrong, guess, deal, work out能掌握以下句型:① —What’s wrong?—I’m reall y tried because I studied until midnight last night.② You could give him a ticket to a ball game.③ I think you should ask your parents for some money.④ Why don’t you talk to him about it?2) 能了解以下语法:(1)能够运用所学知识谈论问题和困难、提出建议并做出选择;(2)能根据对方所提出的问题,给出一些合理的建议。
2. 情感态度价值观目标:培养学生良好的合作意识,鼓励学生大胆表达自己的想法和意愿。
正确认识生活中的一些困难,能采用正确的方式解决生活中的问题。
二、教学重难点1. 教学重点:1) Talk about the problems.2) Learn the new language points.2. 教学难点:能根据对方所提出的问题,给出一些合理的建议。
学会表达建议的一些方式。
三、教学过程Step 1 Warming up1. 导入学生们平时在学校和生活中存在的问题。
T: What’s the matter/What’s wrong?S: He has too much homework to do.T: Do he like to do it?S1:No, he doesn’t. Because he doesn’t have any free time to do things he likes.…Step 2 Talking1. Look at these problems. Do you think they are serious or not? Ss discuss with their partners and give some advice.① I have to study too much so I don’t get enough sleep.② I have too much homework so I don’t have any free time to do things I like.③ My parents don’t allow me to hang out with my friends.④ I have too many after-school classes.⑤ I got into a fight with my best friend.Step 3 Listening1. T: Tell Ss to read the sentences in 1a again. Make sure they know the meaning ofthe sentences.2. Play the recording for the Ss to listen and circle the problems you hear in 1a.3. Play the recording again. Check the answers with the Ss.Step 4 Pair work1. Let Ss read the conversation in the box.2. Use the information in 1a to make other conversations.3. Let some pairs act out their conversations.e.g. A: What’s wrong?B: I’m really tied because I studied until midnight last night.A: Why don’t you go to sleep earlier this evening?4. Language points1) allow v. 允许;准许allow sb. (not) to do sth. (不)允许某人做某事e.g. My parents don’t allow me to stay up late. 我父母不允许我熬夜。
Mr. Smith allowed Mike to drive there. 史密斯先生允许迈克开车去那里。
2) wrong adj.错误的;不对的= not righte.g. Some words on the advertisement are wrong. 广告上的一些字错了。
Step 5 ListeningWork on 2a:T: Peter has some problems. What advice does his friend give him? Fill in the blanks with could or should.1. Let Ss read the sentences in 2a.2. Play the recording for the Ss to listen and write the words in the blank.3. Play the recording again to check the answers.Work on 2b:1. Let Ss read the sentences below. Explain some main sentences for the Ss. Make surethey know the meaning of each sentence.2. Play the recording for the Ss to write the letters (a-e) next to the advice in 2a.3. Play the recording again to check the answers.Answers: 1. d 2. e 3. a 4. c 5. bExercise:Listen again. Fill in the blanks.Boy 2 had a ______ with his best friend. He could ______ him a letter. But he isn’t good at writing letters. He ______ call him ____, but he doesn’t want to talk about it on the ______. He ______ talk to him so that he can say he’s sorry but it’s not ____. He ______go to his house but he doesn’t want to _______ him. He could take him to the _____________, but he doesn’t want to wait that long.Step 6 Pair work1. Tell Ss to make a conversation using the information in 2a and 2b.2. Let one pair to read out their conversation first.3. e.g. A: What’s the matter, Peter?B: I had a fight with my best friend. What should I do?A: Well, you should call him so that you can say you’re sorry.B: But I don’t want to talk about it on the p hone.4. Ss act the conversation in pairs. Ask some pairs to act out their conversations. Step 7 Role-play1. Ss read the conversations and try to understand the meaning.2. Read the conversation after the teacher.3. Practice the conversation with their partner. Then let some pairs to act out theconversation.4. Explain some new words and main points in the conversation.(1) guesse.g. Let us guess the height of the building.让我们来猜一下这个建筑物的高度。
(2) big deal, dealbig deal是英语中的一个固定搭配,表示“重要的事情或状况”,多用于非正式交流。
作否定用法时,常说It’s not a big deal或It’s no big deal.表示说话人并不认为某事有什么了不起。
e.g. There's a soccer game on TV this evening but I don’t have to watch it.It’s no big deal. 今天晚上电视上有一场足球赛,但我不一定要看。
没什么大不了的。
It’s a big deal, David, bigger than you k now.这事挺重要的,戴维,比你所知道的要重要。
What's the big deal? It’s only a birthday, not the end of the world.有什么了不起的?这不过是个生日,又不是世界某日。
(3) work outwork out 解决(问题);算出e.g. Mike worked out the difficult problem by himself.迈克自己算出了那道难题。
Is it possible to work out the problem? 有可能解决这个问题吗?Homework:Write three conversations about your problems and your friends’ suggestions.A: I have too many after-school classes.What could I do?B: You could …Section A 2 (3a-3c)一、教学目标:1. 语言知识目标:1) 学习掌握下列词汇:get on with; relation, communication, argue, cloud, elder,instead, whatever, nervous, offer, proper, secondly, communication, explain, clear 2)阅读短文,能按要求找到相应的信息。