高级英语1何兆熊_unit1

英语语⾔学笔记1-何兆熊第⼀章Chapter 1 Invitations to LinguisticsTeaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguistics Teaching procedures1. languageWhy study language?为什么学习语⾔A tool for communication交流的⼯具An integral part of our life and humanity ⼈类⽣活和⼈性中不可或缺的⼀部分.If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.如果不能完全理解语⾔的本质和结构,我们就会对⼈类的本质⼀⽆所知.What is language?什么是语⾔different senses of language 语⾔的不同意义1. what a person says( concrete act of speech)a person‘s consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract system2. A webster‘s New Dictionrary offers a frequently used sense of the word ―language‖:a. human speech ⼈类的⾔语b. the ability to communicate by this means 通过⾔语来交流的能⼒c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed,used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; ⽤来表达或交流思想和感觉的⼀套声⾳及这些声⾳互相结合的系统d. the written representation of such a system 系统的⽂字表达3. the barest of definition, language is a means of verbal communication.最简洁的定义:语⾔是⾔语交流的⼀种⽅式.Language is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiostic and communication canonly take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interactionincluding such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.Language distinguishes us from animals.因为说和写的交流⽅式是⼀种有⽬的的⾏为,所以语⾔是实⽤性的;因为语⾔是社会符号,语⾔的交流只能在所有参与者⼴泛理解了⼈类的那些⾮⾔语的暗⽰,动机,社会⽂化⾓⾊等等互相关联的因素之后才能有效进⾏,因此语⾔⼜是社会的,约定俗成的.语⾔使⼈类区别于动物.definitionsLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.What is communication?A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiveror listener).A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather thanrandomly. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. (×) bkli (×) Why do we say language is arbitrary? Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. Thisexplains and is explained by the fact that different language have different words for thesame object, it is good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language . it is only our tacitagreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound upin the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the arbitrary of language is a famousquotation from shakepeare‘s play:‖ Romeo and Juliet: A rose by any other name wouldsmell as sweet.⼀朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字,闻起来都是⼀样⾹的.Symbols----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or voval forms to symbolize what they wishto refer to.Vocal-------- the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The factthat small children learn and can only learn to speak and listen before they write or readalso indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written.Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms.People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.Human ----language is human-specific.Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity.―Language Acquisition Device‖(LAD)⼆.What characteristics of langauge do you think should be included in a good ,comprenhensive definition of language? Language is a rule-governed system; langauge is basically vocal; langauge is arbitrary ; langague is used for human communication.1.3 Design features of language 语⾔的结构特征Design features------ refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity/ productivity, displacement, clutural transmission and interchangeability.Design features----- are features that define our human languages,such asarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.(指决定了⼈类语⾔性质的特征.例如任意性,⼆重性,创造性,移位性,⽂化转移性等.)The American linguist Charles Hockett specified twelve design features.What is arbitrariness?任意性a. arbitrariness【'ɑ?b?tr?r?n?s】----arbitrariness(任意性): one design feature of humanlanguage,which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no naturalrelationship to their meaning.(⼈类语⾔的本质特征之⼀,指语⾔符号的形式与意义之间没有⾃然的联系.)It was discussed by Saussure first.The link between them is a matter of convention.E.g. ―house‖ uchi (Japanese)Mansion (French)房⼦(Chinese)(1) arbitrary between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning语⾔的⾳和义之间的任意性a. By ―arbitrary‖, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 语⾔的意义和语⾳之间没有逻辑关系。

Unit 1 Chines‎e Humani‎s m1. To unders‎tand the Chines‎e ideal of life one must try to unders‎t and Chines‎e humani‎s m. The term 'humani‎s m' is ambigu‎ous. Chines‎e humani‎s m, howeve‎r, has a very defini‎t e meanin‎g. It implie‎s, first a just concep‎t ion of the ends of human life; second‎l y, a comple‎t e devoti‎o n to these ends; and the thirdl‎y, the attain‎m ent of these ends by the spirit‎of human reason‎a blene‎s s or the Doctri‎n e of the Golden‎Mean, Which may also be called‎the Religi‎o n of common‎sense.要了解中国人‎的人生理想，就必须先了解‎中国的人文主‎义。

“人文主义”这个词含义模‎糊含混，然而中国的人‎文主义却有它‎明确的界说。

它的意思是：第一，对人生目的的‎确切认识；第二，为实现这一目‎的而行动；第三，实现的方式是‎心平气和，即中庸之道，也可称作“庸见的崇拜”。

2.The questi‎o n of the meanin‎g of life has perple‎x ed Wester‎n philos‎o phers‎, and it has never been solved‎- natura‎l ly, when one starts‎out from the techno‎l ogica‎l point of view, accord‎ing to which all things‎, includ‎ing mosqui‎t oes and typhoi‎d germs, are create‎d for the good of this cocksu‎r e humani‎t y. As there is usuall‎y too much pain and misery‎in this life to allow a perfec‎t answer‎to satisf‎y man's pride, teleol‎o gy is theref‎o re carrie‎d over to the next life, and this earthl‎y life is then looked‎upon as a prepar‎a tion for the life hereaf‎t er, in confor‎m ity with the logic ofSocrat‎e s, which looked‎upon a feroci‎o us wife as a natura‎l provis‎i on for the traini‎n g of the husban‎d's charac‎t er. This way of dodgin‎g the homes of the dilemm‎a someti‎m es gives peace of mind for a moment‎,but then the eterna‎l questi‎o n, “what‎is‎the‎meanin‎g‎of‎life?”comes back. Others‎,like Nietzs‎c he, take the bull by the horns and refuse‎to assume‎that life must have a meanin‎g and believ‎e that progre‎s s is in a circle‎,and human achiev‎e ments‎are a savage‎dance, instea‎d of a trip to the market‎, but still the questi‎o n comes back eterna‎l ly, like the sea waves lappin‎g upon‎the‎shore:‎“what is the meanin‎g of the life?”人生的意义是‎什么，这个问题一直‎使西方哲学家‎备受困惑。

第一单元1. I haven't seen it myself, but it is supposed to be a really good movie. (suppose)2. The hostess cut the cheese into bite-size pieces.3. No one can function properly if they are deprived of adequate sleep. (deprive)4. He carefully copied my pretense that nothing unusual had occurred. (copy)5. It was scorching outside; all the tourists escaped into the fan-cooled hut.6. I've come to see his fabled footwork that people talk so much about.7. I'm not a teacher proper, since I haven't been trained, but I've had a lot of teaching experience.8. Students tend to anticipate what questions they will be asked on the examination.如果美国对此时此刻的迫切性视而不见，低估黑人的决心，那么这对美国的命运将是休戚相关的。

自由平等、令人心旷神怡的秋天遥遥无期，黑人正当愤怒的闷热夏季就不会消失。

1963年并不是终结，而是开端。

只要黑人得不到公民权益，美国就不可能有安宁和稳定。

反抗的旋风会继续撼动这个国家的根基，直到正义光明的日子的来临。

第二单元1 .Nowadays, some parents are hard on their sons and daughters, asking them to learn English, to learn to play the piano, to learn painting, and to learn many things. (be hard on)2. He is determined to give up gambling, so when he sees his former gambling friends, he is more than eager to disassociate. (disassociate oneself from)3. The reporters received a stern warning not to go to the earthquake-stricken area without official permission.4. Life is tough for parents whose kids fail to keep up in school.5. The suspect considered sneaking away, but his family managed to dissuade him.6. The cables are all bright yellow to prevent pedestrians from tripping over them. (trip over)7. Infuriated by the decision, he threw up his arms in exasperation.8. The paint on the door of this old house has been blotched and striped by years of weathering. (blotch)第三单元1. My daughter started jumping up and down with rage when she heard she couldn't go.2. The party was in full tide when the police burst in.3. Helen reached out and took a glass from the cupboard. (reach out)4. Parents are more toleran t of children in public places than at home.5. The discussion threw up a lot of interesting ideas. (throw up)6. It isn't polite to poke fun at your colleagues in public.7. This room could do with a good cleaning for distinguished guests. (do with st)8. The fashion festival passed off peacefully, despite all sorts of fears the local government had. (pass off)每天下午都有一队年迈的妇女在我屋前的马路上走过，每个人都背着一担柴火。

Unit 1 一课千金（一语抵千金）成长在二战期间战火连天的曼彻斯特意味着生活艰辛，金钱紧缺，整日焦虑不安，当铺成了大多数家庭经常去的地方，当然也包括我家。

然而，我不能对已经很有进取心和积极乐观的父母有更多的要求了。

他们艰辛地工作，用尊严和快乐来支撑着这个家庭。

我刚毅而又智慧的父亲几乎无所不能，而且从不缺木匠和手工艺活。

为了满足家庭开支，他甚至参加了非法组织的拳击比赛。

至于我的母亲，她勤劳节约，极爱干净。

即使条件艰苦，在母亲的照料下，她的五个孩子总能吃得饱饱地，穿得干干净净地去学校。

尽管我的衣服熨得很平整，鞋子擦得发亮，还是不符合学校的着装标准。

尽管妈妈勤俭持家，想办法为我们做衣服，但是我还是没有学校指定的蓝色校服和帽徽。

由于战争，政府实施定量配给制。

很多学校都放宽了对学生着装的要求，因为他们知道在那个时候弄到衣服是一件很困难的事情。

尽管如此，我所在的女子学校对着装的要求依旧很严格，每个学生必须要穿学校指定的校服。

所以，每天主持校会的副校长就把教我一个人如何着装当成了他的工作。

虽然我努力地向老师说明我不能遵守的理由，并且事实上，我也在努力地改进，但是每天老师都会把我从队伍中拉出来，然后让我站到台上，作为不穿校服到学校的学生的典型。

每天，当我独自一人尴尬地站在同学们的面前时，我都会强忍住泪水。

为了惩罚我，老师甚至不允许我参加体操队，也不允许我参加我最喜欢的每周一次的交易舞会。

我多么希望在这所可怕的学校里，能有这样一位老师，他会睁开双眼，然后看看我会做什么，而不是不断地告诉我不能做什么。

然而，在我十二岁的记忆中，除了接受惩罚我别无选择。

不要让我善良的母亲知晓这种惯例的惩罚对我而言是很重要的，我不敢冒险让她来学校为我说情，因为我知道心胸狭隘、不讲情面的教员会同样地使她难堪，那意味着我们俩都会不愉快、会有失颜面。

千万不要啊，如果她告诉我父亲的话，他将会立即为我大动干戈。

后来有一天，我们家赢得了一个报刊比赛，可以免费照相。

第一单元1. I haven't seen it myself, but it is supposed to be a really good movie. (suppose)2. The hostess cut the cheese into bite-size pieces.3. No one can function properly if they are deprived of adequate sleep. (deprive)4. He carefully copied my pretense that nothing unusual had occurred. (copy)5. It was scorching outside; all the tourists escaped into the fan-cooled hut.6. I've come to see his fabled footwork that people talk so much about.7. I'm not a teacher proper, since I haven't been trained, but I've had a lot of teaching experience.8. Students tend to anticipate what questions they will be asked on the examination.如果美国对此时此刻的迫切性视而不见，低估黑人的决心，那么这对美国的命运将是休戚相关的。

自由平等、令人心旷神怡的秋天遥遥无期，黑人正当愤怒的闷热夏季就不会消失。

1963年并不是终结，而是开端。

只要黑人得不到公民权益，美国就不可能有安宁和稳定。

反抗的旋风会继续撼动这个国家的根基，直到正义光明的日子的来临。

第二单元1 .Nowadays, some parents are hard on their sons and daughters, asking them to learn English, to learn to play the piano, to learn painting, and to learn many things. (be hard on)2. He is determined to give up gambling, so when he sees his former gambling friends, he is more than eager to disassociate. (disassociate oneself from)3. The reporters received a stern warning not to go to the earthquake-stricken area without official permission.4. Life is tough for parents whose kids fail to keep up in school.5. The suspect considered sneaking away, but his family managed to dissuade him.6. The cables are all bright yellow to prevent pedestrians from tripping over them. (trip over)7. Infuriated by the decision, he threw up his arms in exasperation.8. The paint on the door of this old house has been blotched and striped by years of weathering. (blotch)第三单元1. My daughter started jumping up and down with rage when she heard she couldn't go.2. The party was in full tide when the police burst in.3. Helen reached out and took a glass from the cupboard. (reach out)4. Parents are more toleran t of children in public places than at home.5. The discussion threw up a lot of interesting ideas. (throw up)6. It isn't polite to poke fun at your colleagues in public.7. This room could do with a good cleaning for distinguished guests. (do with st)8. The fashion festival passed off peacefully, despite all sorts of fears the local government had. (pass off)每天下午都有一队年迈的妇女在我屋前的马路上走过，每个人都背着一担柴火。

*作者：风骤起*作品编号：31005C58G01599625487创作日期：2020年12月20日实用文库汇编之Unit1The Fourth of JulyThe first time I went to Washington D.C. was on the edge of the summer when I was supposed tostop being a child. At least that’s what they said to us all at graduation from the eighth grade. Mysister Phyllis graduated at the same time from high school. I don’t know what she was supposed tostop being. But as graduation presents for us both, the whole family took a Forth of July trip toWashington D.C., the fabled and famous capital of our country.我第一次到华盛顿的时候是初夏那时我想我不应该再当一个孩子。

至少这是他们在八年级的毕业典礼上对我们说的。

我的姐姐菲利斯在同一时间从高中毕业。

我不知道她应该不再当一个什么。

但当作是送给我们俩的毕业礼物,我们全家在国庆日前往华盛顿旅游,那是传奇而著名的我国首都。

It was the first time I’d ever been on a railroad train during the day. When I was little, and we used to go to the Connecticut shore, we always went at night on the milk train, because it was cheaper.这是我第一次真正意义上在白天时乘坐火车。

第一单元1. I haven't seen it myself, but it is supposed to be a really good movie. (suppose)2. The hostess cut the cheese into bite-size pieces.3. No one can function properly if they are deprived of adequate sleep. (deprive)4. He carefully copied my pretense that nothing unusual had occurred. (copy)5. It was scorching outside; all the tourists escaped into the fan-cooled hut.6. I've come to see his fabled footwork that people talk so much about.7. I'm not a teacher proper, since I haven't been trained, but I've had a lot of teaching experience.8. Students tend to anticipate what questions they will be asked on the examination.如果美国对此时此刻的迫切性视而不见，低估黑人的决心，那么这对美国的命运将是休戚相关的。

自由平等、令人心旷神怡的秋天遥遥无期，黑人正当愤怒的闷热夏季就不会消失。

1963年并不是终结，而是开端。

只要黑人得不到公民权益，美国就不可能有安宁和稳定。

反抗的旋风会继续撼动这个国家的根基，直到正义光明的日子的来临。

第二单元1 .Nowadays, some parents are hard on their sons and daughters, asking them to learn English, to learn to play the piano, to learn painting, and to learn many things. (be hard on)2. He is determined to give up gambling, so when he sees his former gambling friends, he is more than eager to disassociate. (disassociate oneself from)3. The reporters received a stern warning not to go to the earthquake-stricken area without official permission.4. Life is tough for parents whose kids fail to keep up in school.5. The suspect considered sneaking away, but his family managed to dissuade him.6. The cables are all bright yellow to prevent pedestrians from tripping over them. (trip over)7. Infuriated by the decision, he threw up his arms in exasperation.8. The paint on the door of this old house has been blotched and striped by years of weathering. (blotch)第三单元1. My daughter started jumping up and down with rage when she heard she couldn't go.2. The party was in full tide when the police burst in.3. Helen reached out and took a glass from the cupboard. (reach out)4. Parents are more toleran t of children in public places than at home.5. The discussion threw up a lot of interesting ideas. (throw up)6. It isn't polite to poke fun at your colleagues in public.7. This room could do with a good cleaning for distinguished guests. (do with st)8. The fashion festival passed off peacefully, despite all sorts of fears the local government had. (pass off)每天下午都有一队年迈的妇女在我屋前的马路上走过，每个人都背着一担柴火。

综合英语Unit 2 Whatever Happened to Manners?pull out•(of a motor vehicle, boat, etc.) move out of a sideways• A car suddenly pulled out in front of me.•leave or depart•When I arrived, the train was pulling out of the station.do wonders for•work wonders for, create wonders for, be remarkably successful in achieving positive results forEg: This medicine will do wonders for your depression.Eg: She looked so tired a month ago, but she looks healthy now. Obviously, her holiday has done wonders for her.I bet• a slang expression meaning I am sure, I am certain, surely, certainly•bet: to risk money on a race or on some other event of which the result is doubtfulEg: He spends all his money betting on horses.Eg: She bet me 20 yuan that I wouldn't be able to give up smoking.go by•(of time) pass, elapseEg: As time goes by, my memory seems to get worse.Eg: Since China began to be open to the outside world, twenty-five years have gone by, in which brilliant achievements have been scored.melt away•disappear by melting or dissolvingEg: The sun has melted the snow away.Eg: All his support melted away when we really needed it.a wee bit• a little bit, ratherEg: He is not feeling a wee bit drunk, though he has been drinking quite a lot of alcohol.for heave n’s sake•used as an interjection to express irritationEg: For heaven’s sake! How can you be so stupid!For heaven’s sake! Shut up! No more talking!…will go a long way:•…will produce wonderful effects./ …will bring about very good results/…will lead to gratifying effects.take the other person for granted•be so familiar with the other person(your spouse) that you no longer appreciate his or her full value, treat the other person will little attention or concern, not recognize his or her true valueEg: We must not take out family members for granted.翻译题1、对不起，我迟到了，我刚才在开会脱不开身。

Unit 11.Thanks to the modern technology; the film about that ancientbattle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves.2.That ancient city was devastated by the fire; but fortunatelythe stone tablet survived.3.The videotape and the story by the women filled them withsympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake.4.in that earthquake; we heard many stories of teachers whohad refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives.5.the construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558; but itwas not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money.6.in 1980; when I met up with her;; she had just returned fromabroad with a master’s degree.7.It was my first visit to New York; but I managed to find myway to the little firm.8.It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry; but as adirector Xie Jin did it.Unit 21.many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despitethe fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them.2.their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with anotherwoman was found out by his wife.3.for artistic inspiration; the artist lived in the country for threeyears; where he denied himself many comforts of life.4.I’m not sure if we can have the excursion to ChongmingIsland tomorrow. It’s at the mercy of the weather.5.when he was young he went to Japan to learn medicine; butafter he returned to China he changed his mind and pursued a career as a writer all his life.6.She’s taken up with a man old enough to be her father; whichis a disgrace to her parents.7.since 1978; our economy has witnessed a rapid development;in contrast that of some developed countries has declined. 8.the earthquake isolated the city from other areas. Their foodsupplies will not hold out through the winter.Unit 31.the fans waited anxiously in the rain for two hours before the‘super girl’ finally showed up.2.they had been in love for 8 years and gone through manyagonies; before they finally got married.3.I was upset by the loss of my wallet; but I could only consolemyself-it could have been worse. What if I had lost my passport at the airport4.given that he was young and inexperienced; his performancein his first movie was excellent.5.every time he left on business; the manager would authorizehis assistant to act for him; as the business of the company couldn’t wait.6.the poor old man did not have much to eat; but he kepthealthy because he believed in the benefit of doing exercise.7.of all the ancient civilization; only that of China enduredthrough the ages and is still full of vitality.8.like many other writers; this young writer focuses on theeternal theme of love. What sets him apart from others is his keen observation of rural life in China.Unit 41.children may swim here provided that they are accompaniedby adults;2.this American journalist made a fool of himself over hisremarks about China; because he’s been out of touch with what’s been happening in the country in the past three decades;3.every person has the right to education; regardless of hisfamily background; sex; and age.4.the invention of the Internet; despite the fact that it has givenrise to some problems;; has greatly facilitated almost every aspect of our life; including education; medicine; and business.5.never overlook your travel insurance when you are planningto spend your holiday abroad; otherwise you might find yourself in great trouble if any accident should occur;6.in the movie that billionaire was faced with a dilemma-eitherdivorce his wife; who would then carve out half of his financial empire; or murder her at the risk of being found out by the police;7.as the husband lost his job in the financial crisis; the newcouple had to cut down on a lot of things-furniture; clothes;records; books; and so on.8.over 30 years ago; right after the Cultural Revolution; DengXiaoping told the people that the only way out laid in reform and opening up to the outside world.Unit 51.this film actor is more inclined than most people to help thehandicapped because he himself suffered a stroke ten yearsago.2.the old man is afflicted with rheumatism; but he still goesjogging and climbs mountains every day.3.some of the flaws in the American financial system; whichhad never received due attention; eventually led to disastrous consequences.4.he held on to his shares of that company when the prices weredropping sharply last year. Now he has made a fortune.5.just dismiss the idea from your mind-it’s crazy and not worththinking about at all.6.we were all set to leave for the holiday in New York when the9/11 incident shook the world.7.if you think I have a magic formula to solve the problem; youare bound to be disillusioned.8.that Japanese company succeed in penetrating the US TVmarket.Unit 61.our group was assigned to decorate the garden while theothers were preparing the food in the kitchen.2.on the battlefield the young man was delighted to meet along-lost brother who came out of the blue.3.who has used up the milk There is none to put in my coffee.4.rumor has it that this painting is fake and that the original onewas stolen three years ago.5.one person may not be able to change much; but workingtogether we’ll be able to make a great difference to our country.6.many burglaries took place because the owners failed to takethe precaution of locking their doors and windows.7.the minster flew to the front to negotiate with the rioters in aneffort to prevent a civil war.8.I assumed you knew each other because I saw you talking toeach other at the party.Unit 71.he was hospitalized with acute appendicitis; with the resultthat he missed the final exam.2.as many more people came to the lecture than expected; therewere not enough handouts to go round.3.no matter what a long day he may have; he makes a point ofchecking his e-mail inbox before going to bed.4.unemployment is found in all countries in the world; butgovernments vary in their way to handle the problem.5.anyone who has come to a foreign country for the first time isapt to find everything around him both strange andinteresting.6.the football fans were very disappointed at the performanceof the players of both teams.7.never take what he says at face value. Think it over yourself.8.the doctor’s words removed his fears about the operation. Unit 81.after months of negotiation; the two company finally came upwith a solution; which was in essence our original proposal.2.the people of that African tribe worship the moon in much thesame way that our ancestors worshipped the sun.3.it is still a puzzle as to how the ancient Egyptian pyramidswere built over 4000 years ago. Some people speculate that they were built by supernatural beings.4.the illegal use of inferior building materials eventuallyresulted in the collapse of the hotel.5.at present; many countries are taking action to mitigate theimpact of the financial crisis on their economy.6.the couple finally divorced after years of incessant quarrels;which had resulted from a lack of understanding.7.the government of the two countries agreed to set up amilitary hotline to reduce the risk of war due to incorrect information.8.some Chinese students were not very successful in Americanuniversities because they failed to adapt to the environment there.Unit 91.in October; 1935; the Chinese Red Army; having endured allthe hardships and sacrifices; finally made their way to the north of Shanxi Province.2.in the economic crisis; the government released a statement;calling upon the people to buy local products as far as possible.3.the politicians in various countries are trying to harnessnuclear energy and restore the safe environment for the human race.4.he didn’t hear the doorbell because he was rapt in his work.5.this country suffers from frequent riots because of widespreadextreme poverty; as well as people’s inherent distrust of the corrupt government.6.in his lecture on the current economic situation; theeconomist used a lot of figures on the PPT to underline the seriousness of the crisis.7.he answered with a smile; ‘Not at all. I did this as much foryou as for myself.8. a man is measured not by what ha says; but by what ha doesfor his country and people.Unit 101.he can’t even draw a distinction between French and Spanish;not to say speaking them.2.in a craze for cultural relics in the 1990s; old chinaware; suchas those handed down from the Ming and Qing Dynasties;were much sought after by collectors.3.despite the opposition of most of his advisors; the generaldecided to take his chances on the battle and suffered a total defeat in the end.4.the Chinese nation has stood up to the vicissitudes ofthousands of years and is now in the process of rejuvenation.5.I wish you would confine your talk to the facts rather thanspread word about the biased report in that newspaper.6.the first thing he did after his arrival in Paris was to convertall his money into Euros.7.that Shakespearean play was tailored to the taste of theChinese audience when it was put on the Chinese stage; so much so that it was more like a Chinese play than an English one;8.you must abandon your native language for some time;if youreally want to acquire a good competence in English.Unit 111.as my article was over 10;000 words; I finally had to cut outseveral paragraphs to satisfy the requirements of the academic journal.2.there is no running away from the facts; so we must face upto the truth and pay for our mistakes.3.that year; despite the car accident; he was promoted to thenext grade after he passed all the exams required by the school.4.the intellectuals of that country were very critical of thegovernment’s new social welfare policy because; according to them; it would bring down the living standards of the working people.5.it is; to be sure; difficult to remove the resentment betweenthem; but it is at least worth trying.6.the government is taking all possible measurement to bringdown the prices lest inflation should get out of control7.as the murderer denied all the charges; we had to convincethe jury with more evidence that he was guilty.8.finally he managed to forgive his wife for her infidelity andwas reconciled with her after years of separation.Unit 121.his father died when he was only nine years old; leaving thewhole family helplessly at the mercy of others.2.her story stirred many beautiful memories of my childhood;which I have always cherished in my heart.3.the two countries held several rounds of negotiation to settletheir differences.4.more and more students are opting for his course because ofhis humor and energy as well as his effective way of teaching.5.in his speech the premier vowed to address the seriousproblem of unemployment and to boost the income of the common people.6.the former Nazi officer who was arrested last year inArgentina was prosecuted for the crimes that he had committed during the Second World War.7.the great value of this book rests in the fact that it hasinfluenced and encouraged a whole generation of young people in their struggle against imperialism and feudalism. 8.with regard to the silent students; the teacher should try toenhance their self-confidence and encourage them to voiace their idea in class.。