curl命令详解
curl 是⼀种命令⾏⼯具,作⽤是发出⽹络请求,然后获取数据,显⽰在"标准输出"(stdout)上⾯。它⽀持多种协议,下⾯列举其常⽤功
能。
⼀、查看⽹页源码
$ curl www.sina.com
301 Moved Permanently
301 Moved Permanently
如果要把这个⽹页保存下来,可以使⽤ -o 参数:
$ curl -o [⽂件名] www.sina.com
⼆、⾃动跳转
有的⽹址是⾃动跳转的。使⽤ -L 参数,curl 就会跳转到新的⽹址。
$ curl -L www.sina.com
三、显⽰头信息
-i 参数可以显⽰ http response 的头信息,连同⽹页代码⼀起。-I 参数则只显⽰ http response 的头信息。
$ curl -i www.sina.com
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx
Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:30:16 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Location: http://www.sina.com.cn/
Expires: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:32:16 GMT
Cache-Control: max-age=120
Age: 102
Content-Length: 178
X-Cache: HIT from xd33-83.sina.com.cn
301 Moved Permanently
301 Moved Permanently
四、显⽰通信过程
-v 参数可以显⽰⼀次 http 通信的整个过程,包括端⼝连接和 http request 头信息。
$ curl -v www.sina.com
* Rebuilt URL to: www.sina.com/
* Hostname was NOT found in DNS cache
* Trying 202.108.33.60...
* Connected to www.sina.com (202.108.33.60) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.35.0
> Host: www.sina.com
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
* Server nginx is not blacklisted
< Server: nginx
< Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:48:14 GMT< Content-Type: text/html
< Location: http://www.sina.com.cn/
< Expires: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:50:14 GMT
< Cache-Control: max-age=120
< Age: 40
< Content-Length: 178
< X-Cache: HIT from xd33-81.sina.com.cn
<
301 Moved Permanently
301 Moved Permanently
* Connection #0 to host www.sina.com left intact
如果觉得上⾯的信息还不够,那么下⾯的命令可以查看更详细的通信过程。
$ curl --trace output.txt www.sina.com
或者
$ curl --trace-ascii output.txt www.sina.com
运⾏后,打开 output.txt ⽂件查看。
五、发送表单信息
发送表单信息有 GET 和 POST 两种⽅法。GET ⽅法相对简单,只要把数据附在⽹址后⾯就⾏。
$ curl example.com/form.cgi?data=xxx
POST ⽅法必须把数据和⽹址分开,curl 就要⽤到 --data 或者 -d 参数。
$ curl -X POST --data "data=xxx" example.com/form.cgi
如果你的数据没有经过表单编码,还可以让 curl 为你编码,参数是 --data-urlencode 。
$ curl -X POST--data-urlencode "date=April 1" example.com/form.cgi
六、HTTP动词
curl 默认的 HTTP 动词是 GET,使⽤ -X 参数可以⽀持其他动词。
$ curl -X POST www.example.com
$ curl -X DELETE www.example.com
七、User Agent字段
这个字段是⽤来表⽰客户端的设备信息。服务器有时会根据这个字段,针对不同设备,返回不同格式的⽹页,⽐如⼿机版和桌⾯版。 浏览器
的 User Agent 是:
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.84 Safari/537.36
curl 可以这样模拟:
$ curl --user-agent "[User Agent]" [URL]
⼋、cookie
使⽤ --cookie 参数,可以让 curl 发送 cookie。$ curl --cookie "name=xxx" www.example.com
⾄于具体的 cookie 的值,可以从 http response 头信息的 Set-Cookie 字段中得到。
九、增加头信息
有时需要在 http request 之中,⾃⾏增加⼀个头信息。 --header 参数就可以起到这个作⽤。
$ curl --header "Content-Type:application/json" http://example.com
⼗、HTTP认证
有些⽹域需要 HTTP 认证,这时 curl 需要⽤到 --user 或者 -u 参数。
$ curl --user name:password example.com
附录 curl 命令完整的参数
Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only
--anyauth Pick "any" authentication method (H)
-a, --append Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)
--basic Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)
--cacert FILE CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)
--capath DIR CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)
-E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)
--cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
--ciphers LIST SSL ciphers to use (SSL)
--compressed Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)
-K, --config FILE Specify which config file to read
--connect-timeout SECONDS Maximum time allowed for connection
-C, --continue-at OFFSET Resumed transfer offset
-b, --cookie STRING/FILE String or file to read cookies from (H)
-c, --cookie-jar FILE Write cookies to this file after operation (H)
--create-dirs Create necessary local directory hierarchy
--crlf Convert LF to CRLF in upload
--crlfile FILE Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
-d, --data DATA HTTP POST data (H)
--data-ascii DATA HTTP POST ASCII data (H)
--data-binary DATA HTTP POST binary data (H)
--data-urlencode DATA HTTP POST data url encoded (H)
--delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission
--digest Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)
--disable-eprt Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)
--disable-epsv Inhibit using EPSV (F)
-D, --dump-header FILE Write the headers to this file
--egd-file FILE EGD socket path for random data (SSL)
--engine ENGINGE Crypto engine (SSL). "--engine list" for list
-f, --fail Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
-F, --form CONTENT Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
--form-string STRING Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
--ftp-account DATA Account data string (F)
--ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND String to replace "USER [name]" (F)
--ftp-create-dirs Create the remote dirs if not present (F)
--ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)
--ftp-pasv Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)
-P, --ftp-port ADR Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)