GCSE Mathmatics B Modular Delivery Options

国外优秀的高等数学教材高等数学是大多数理工科学生必修的一门课程，它涵盖了微积分、线性代数、概率统计等多个重要概念和技巧。

为了提高学生的数学素养和应用能力，选择一本优秀的高等数学教材至关重要。

在国外，有很多备受推崇的高等数学教材，它们以其严谨的理论体系、易于理解的讲解方式和丰富的例题，成为了学生们学习和研究的宝贵资源。

本文将介绍几本国外优秀的高等数学教材，希望能为学生们在学习高等数学时提供参考和借鉴。

一、《Calculus: Early Transcendentals》《Calculus: Early Transcendentals》是由美国数学家詹姆斯·斯图尔特（James Stewart）所著的一本高等数学教材。

这本教材几乎成为了全球许多大学的高等数学教材标准教材，并且荣获了多个数学教育奖项。

其主要特点包括：1. 结构清晰：教材按照章节和节的结构编排，便于学生系统地学习和复习微积分的各个概念。

2. 知识严谨：该教材注重理论证明和逻辑推导，帮助学生深入理解微积分的原理和定理。

3. 真实应用: 《Calculus: Early Transcendentals》在理论讲解之外，还提供了大量真实世界中的应用例题，帮助学生理解微积分在物理、工程等领域的相关应用。

二、《Linear Algebra and Its Applications》《Linear Algebra and Its Applications》由美国数学家大卫·莱(David C. Lay)所著，是一本系统全面讲解线性代数的经典教材。

其主要特点包括：1. 清晰易懂：教材注重讲解线性代数的基本概念、定理和相关技巧，以简明易懂的语言指导学生。

2. 应用广泛：该教材将线性代数与现实生活中的问题相结合，以应用为导向，帮助学生更好地理解并应用线性代数的概念。

3. 丰富例题：《Linear Algebra and Its Applications》提供了大量的例题和习题，旨在让学生通过实战来加深对线性代数知识的理解和掌握。

SAT Subject Test Practice - Results Summary Mathematics Level 21Your answer Omitted!What is the distance in space between the points with coordinates and ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: EasyThe correct answer is D.The distance between the points with coordinates and is given by the distance formula: .Therefore, the distance between the points with coordinates and is:,which simplifies to .2Your answer Omitted!If , what value does approach as gets infinitely larger?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: EasyThe correct answer is E.One way to determine the value that approaches as gets infinitely larger is to rewrite the definition of the function to use only negative powers of and then reason about the behavior of negative powers of as gets infinitely larger. Since the question is only concerned with what happens to as gets infinitely larger, one can assume that is positive. For , theexpression is equivalent to the expression . As gets infinitely larger, the expression approaches the value , so as gets infinitely larger, the expression approaches the value . Thus, as gets infinitely larger, approaches .Alternatively, one can use a graphing calculator to estimate the height of the horizontal asymptote for the function . Graph the function on an interval with “large”, say, from to .By examining the graph, the all seem very close to . Graph the function again, from, say, to .The vary even less from . In fact, to the scale of the coordinate plane shown, the graph of the function is nearly indistinguishable from the asymptotic line . This suggests that as gets infinitely larger, approaches , that is, .Note: The algebraic method is preferable, as it provides a proof that guarantees that the value approaches is . Although the graphical method worked in this case, it does not provide a complete justification; for example, the graphical method does not ensure that the graph resembles a horizontal line for “very large”such as .3Your answer Omitted!If is a factor of , then(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: EasyThe correct answer is A.By the Factor Theorem, is a factor of only when is a root ofthat is, , which simplifies to . Therefore, .Alternatively, one can perform the division of by and then find a value for so that the remainder of the division is .Since the remainder is , the value of must satisfy . Therefore, .4Your answer Omitted!Alison deposits into a new savings account that earns percent interest compounded annually. If Alison makes no additional deposits or withdrawals, how many years will it take for the amount in the account to double?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumAfter year, the amount in the account is equal to . After years, the amount isequal to , and so on. After years, the amount is equal to . You needto find the value of for which . There are several ways to solve this equation. You can use logarithms to solve the equation as follows.Since , it will take more than years for the amount in the account to double. Thus, you need to round up to .Another way to find is to use your graphing calculator to graph and . From the answer choices, you know you need to set the viewing window with values from to about and values extending just beyond . The of the point of intersection is approximately . Thus you need to round up to .5Your answer Omitted!In the figure above, when is subtracted from , what is the length of the resultant vector?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumThe resultant of can be determined by . The length of the resultant is:6Your answer Omitted!In the -plane, what is the area of a triangle whose vertices are , , and ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumIt is helpful to draw a sketch of the triangle:The length of the base of the triangle is and the height of the triangle is . Therefore, the area of the triangle is . The correct answer is B.7Your answer Omitted!A right circular cylinder has radius and height . If and are two points on its surface, what is the maximum possible straight-line distance between and ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumThe maximum possible distance occurs when and are on the circumference of opposite bases: You can use the Pythagorean Theorem:The correct answer is (B).8Your answer Omitted!Note: Figure not drawn to scale.In the figure above, and the measure of is . What is the value of ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumThere are several ways to solve this problem. One way is to use the law of sines. Since ,the measure of is and the measure of is . Thus, and . (Make sure your calculator is in degree mode.)You can also use the law of cosines:Since is isosceles, you can draw the altitude to the triangle.9Your answer Omitted!The function is defined by for .What is the difference between the maximum and minimum values of ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumIt is necessary to use your graphing calculator for this question. First graph the function. It is helpful to resize the viewing window so the -values go fromto . On this interval the maximum value of is and the minimum value of is. The difference between these two values is , which rounds to .10Your answer Omitted!Suppose the graph of is translated units left and unit up. If the resulting graph represents , what is the value of ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumIt may be helpful to draw a graph of and .The equation for is . Therefore,. The correct answer is B.11Your answer Omitted!A sequence is recursively defined by , for . If and , what is the value of ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumThe values for and are given. is equal to . is equal to. is equal to . is equal to.If your graphing calculator has a sequence mode, you can define the sequence recursively and findthe value of . Let , since the first term is . Define . Let , since we have to define the first two terms and . Then examining a graph or table, you can find .12Your answer Omitted!The diameter and height of a right circular cylinder are equal. If the volume of the cylinder is , what is the height of the cylinder?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumThe correct answer is A.To determine the height of the cylinder, first express the diameter of the cylinder in terms of theheight, and then express the height in terms of the volume of the cylinder.The volume of a right circular cylinder is given by , where is the radius of the circular base of the cylinder and is the height of the cylinder. Since the diameter and height are equal, . Thus . Substitute the expression for in the volume formula to eliminate :. Solving for gives . Since the volume of the cylinder is , theheight of the cylinder is .13Your answer Omitted!If ,then(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumThe correct answer is E.One way to determine the value of is to apply the sine of difference of two angles identity: . Since and , the identity gives . Therefore, .Another way to determine the value of is to apply the supplementary angle trigonometric identity for the sine: . Therefore, .14Your answer Omitted!A line has parametric equations and , where is the parameter. The slope of the line is(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumThe correct answer is B.One way to determine the slope of the line is to compute two points on the line and then use the slope formula. For example, letting gives the point on the line, and letting gives the point on the line. Therefore, the slope of the line is equal to .Alternatively, one can express in terms of . Since and , it follows that . Therefore, the slope of the line is .15Your answer Omitted!What is the range of the function defined by ?(A) All real numbers(B) All real numbers except(C) All real numbers except(D) All real numbers except(E) All real numbers between andExplanationDifficulty: MediumThe correct answer is D.The range of the function defined by is the set of such thatfor some .One way to determine the range of the function defined by is to solve the equation for and then determine which correspond to at least one . To solve for , first subtract from both sides to get and then take the reciprocal of both sides to get . The equation shows that for anyother than , there is an such that , and that there is no such for . Therefore, the range of the function defined by is all real numbers except .Alternatively, one can reason about the possible values of the term . The expression can take on any value except , so the expression can take on any value except . Therefore, the range of the function defined by is all real numbers except .16Your answer Omitted!The table above shows the number of digital cameras that were sold during a three-day sale. The prices of models , , and were , , and , respectively. Which of the following matrix representations gives the total income, in dollars, received from the sale of the cameras for each of the three days?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: MediumThe correct answer is C.A correct matrix representation must have exactly three entries, each of which represents the total income, in dollars, for one of the three days. The total income for Day is given by the arithmetic expression , which is the single entry of the matrix product; in the same way, the total income for Day is given by, the single entry of ; and the total income for Day is given by , the single entry of. Therefore, the matrix representationgives the total income, in dollars, received from the sale of the cameras for each of the three days. Although it is not necessary to compute the matrix product in order to answer the question correctly, equals .17Your answer Omitted!The right circular cone above is sliced horizontally forming two pieces, each of which has the sameheight. What is the ratio of the volume of the smaller piece to the volume of the larger piece?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: HardIt is helpful to label the figure.The top piece is a cone whose height is one-half the height of the original cone . Using the properties of similar right triangles, you should realize the radii of these two cones must be in the same ratio. So if the top cone has radius , the original cone has radius .The volume of the top piece is equal to . The volume of the bottom piece is equal to the volume of the original cone minus the volume of the top piece.The ratio of the volume of the smaller piece to the volume of the larger piece is .18Your answer Omitted!In the figure above, is a regular pentagon with side of length . What is the -coordinate of ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: HardThe sum of the measures of the interior angles of a regular pentagon is equal to . Each interior angle has a measure of . Using supplementary angles, has a measure of . You can use right triangle trigonometry to find the -coordinate of point .Since , is about . Since the length of each side of the pentagon is , the -coordinate of point is . Putting the information together tells us that the -coordinate of point is . The correct answer is (B).19Your answer Omitted!For a class test, the mean score was , the median score was , and the standard deviation of the scores was . The teacher decided to add points to each score due to a grading error. Which of the following statements must be true for the new scores?I. The new mean score is .II. The new median score is .III. The new standard deviation of the scores is .(A) None(B) only(C) only(D) and only(E) , , andExplanationDifficulty: HardFor this type of question you need to evaluate each statement separately. Statement is true. If you add to each number in a data set, the mean will also increase by . Statement is also true. The relative position of each score will remain the same. Thus, the new median score will be equal to more than the old median score. Statement is false. Since each new score is more than the old score, the spread of the scores and the position of the scores relative to the mean remain the same. Thus, the standard deviation of the new scores is the same as the standard deviation of the old scores.20Your answer Omitted!A game has two spinners. For the first spinner, the probability of landing on blue is . Independently, for the second spinner, the probability of landing on blue is What is the probability that the first spinner lands on blue and the second spinner does not land on blue?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: HardSince the two events are independent, the probability that the first spinner lands on blue and the second spinner does not land on blue is the product of the two probabilities. The first probability is given. Since the probability that the second spinner lands on blue is the probability that thesecond spinner does not land on blue is Therefore, . The correct answer is (E).21Your answer Omitted!In January the world’s population was billion. Assuming a growth rate of percent per year, the world’s population, in billions, for years after can be modeled by theequation . According to the model, the population growth from January to January was(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: HardThe correct answer is C.According to the model, the world’s population in January was and in January was . Therefore, according to the model, the population growth from January to January , in billions, was , or equivalently,.22Your answer Omitted!What is the measure of one of the larger angles of a parallelogram in the that has vertices with coordinates , , and ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: HardThe correct answer is C.First, note that the angle of the parallelogram with vertex is one of the two larger angles of the parallelogram: Looking at the graph of the parallelogram in the makes this apparent. Alternatively, the sides of the angle of the parallelogram with vertex are a horizontal line segment with endpoints and and a line segment of positive slope with endpoints and that intersects the horizontal line segment at its left endpoint , so the angle must measure more than Since the sum of the measures of the four angles of aparallelogram equals , the angle with vertex must be one of the larger angles.One way to determine the measure of the angle of the parallelogram with vertex is to apply the Law of Cosines to the triangle with vertices , , and . The length of the two sides of the angle with vertex are and; the length of the side opposite the angle is . Let represent the angle with vertex and apply the Law of Cosines: , so. Therefore, the measure of one of the larger angles of the parallelogram is .Another way to determine the measure of the angle of the parallelogram with vertex is to consider the triangle , , and . The measure of the angle of this triangle with vertex is less than the measure of the angle of the parallelogram with vertex . The angle of the triangle has opposite side of length and adjacent side of length , so the measure of this angle is . Therefore, the measure of the angle of the parallelogram withvertex is .Yet another way to determine the measure of the angle of the parallelogram with vertex is to use trigonometric relationships to find the measure of one of the smaller angles, and then use the fact that each pair of a larger and smaller angle is a pair of supplementary angles. Consider the angle of the parallelogram with vertex ; this angle coincides with the angle at vertex of the right triangle with vertices at , , and , with opposite side of lengthand adjacent side of length , so the measure of this angle is . This angle, together with the angle of the parallelogram with vertex , form a pair of interior angles on the same side of a transversal that intersects parallel lines, so the sum of the measures of the pair of angles equals . Therefore, the measure of the angle of the parallelogram with vertex is.23Your answer Omitted!For some real number , the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are, and . What is the numerical value of the fourth term?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: HardThe correct answer is E.To determine the numerical value of the fourth term, first determine the value of and then apply the common difference.Since , and are the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence, it must be true that, that is, Solving for gives . Substituting for in the expressions of the three first terms of the sequence, one sees that they are , , and , respectively. The common difference between consecutive terms for this arithmetic sequence is , and therefore, the fourth term is .24Your answer Omitted!In a group of people, percent have brown eyes. Two people are to be selected at random from the group. What is the probability that neither person selected will have brown eyes?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: HardThe correct answer is A.One way to determine the probability that neither person selected will have brown eyes is to count both the number of ways to choose two people at random from the people who do not have brown eyes and the number of ways to choose two people at random from all people, and then compute the ratio of those two numbers.Since percent of the people have brown eyes, there are people with brown eyes, and people who do not have brown eyes. The number of ways of choosing two people, neither of whom has brown eyes, is : there are ways to choose a first person and ways to choose a second person, but there are ways in which that same pair of people could be chosen. Similarly, the number of ways of choosing two people at random from the people is . Therefore, the probability that neither of the two people selected has brown eyes is.Another way to determine the probability that neither person selected will have brown eyes is to multiply the probability of choosing one of the people who does not have brown eyes at random from the people times the probability of choosing one of the people who does not have brown eyes at random from the remaining people after one of the people who does not have brown eyes has been chosen.Since percent of the people have brown eyes, the probability of choosing one of the people who does not have brown eyes at random from the people is . If one of the people who does not have brown eyes has been chosen, there remain people who do not have brown eyes out of a total of people; the probability of choosing one of the people who does not have brown eyes at random from the people is . Therefore, if two people are to be selected from the group at random, the probability that neither person selected will have brown eyes is .25Your answer Omitted!If , what is ?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: HardThe correct answer is E.One way to determine the value of is to solve the equation for . Since , start with the equation , and cube both sides to get. Isolate to get , and apply the cube root to both sides of the equation to get .Another way to determine the value of is to find a formula for and then evaluate at Let and solve for : cubing both sides gives , so , and. Therefore, , and .26Your answer Omitted!Which of the following equations best models the data in the table above?(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)ExplanationDifficulty: HardThe correct answer is D.One way to determine which of the equations best models the data in the table is to use a calculator that has a statistics mode to compute an exponential regression for the data.The specific steps to be followed depend on the model of calculator, but can be summarized as follows: Enter the statistics mode, edit the list of ordered pairs to include only the four points givenin the table and perform an exponential regression. The coefficients are, approximately, for the constant and for the base, which indicates that the exponential equation is the result of performing the exponential regression. If the calculator reports a correlation, it should be a number that is very close , to which indicates that the data very closely matches the exponential equation. Therefore, of the given models, best fits the data.Alternatively, without using a calculator that has a statistics mode, one can reason about the data given in the table.The data indicates that as increases, increases; thus, options A and B cannot be candidates for such a relationship. Evaluating options C, D and E at shows that option D is the one that gives a value of that is closest to In the same way, evaluating options C, D and E at each of the other given data points shows that option D is a better model for that one data point than either option C or option E. Therefore, is the best of the given models for the data.27Your answer Omitted!The linear regression model above is based on an analysis of nutritional data from 14 varieties of cereal bars to relate the percent of calories from fat to the percent of calories from carbohydrates . Based on this model, which of the following statements must be true?I. There is a positive correlation between and .II. When percent of calories are from fat, the predicted percent of calories from carbohydrates is approximately .III. The slope indicates that as increases by , decreases by .(A) II only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and IIIExplanationDifficulty: HardThe correct answer is D.Statement I is false: Since , high values of are associated with low values of which indicates that there is a negative correlation between and .Statement II is true: When percent of calories are from fat, and the predicted percent of calories from carbohydrates is .Statement III is true: Since the slope of the regression line is , as increases by , increases by ; that is, decreases by .28Your answer Omitted!The number of hours of daylight, , in Hartsville can be modeled by , where is the number of days after March . The day with the greatest number of hours of daylight has how many more daylight hours than May ? (March and May have days each. April and June have days each.)(A) hr(B) hr(C) hr(D) hr(E) hrExplanationDifficulty: HardThe correct answer is A.To determine how many more daylight hours the day with the greatest number of hours of daylight has than May , find the maximum number of daylight hours possible for any day and then subtract from that the number of daylight hours for May .To find the greatest number of daylight hours possible for any day, notice that the expressionis maximized when , which corresponds to , so. However, for this problem, must be a whole number, as it represents a count of days after March . From the shape of the graph of the sine function, either or corresponds to the day with the greatest number of hours of daylight, and since, the expression is maximized when days after March . (It is not required to find the day on which the greatest number of hours of daylight occurs, but it is days after March ,that is, June .)Since May is days after March , the number of hours of daylight for May is .Therefore, the day with the greatest number of hours of daylight hasmore daylight hours than May .。

外国数学竞赛书
以下是一些外国数学竞赛的推荐书籍：
1. "The Art of Problem Solving: Volume 1" by Richard Rusczyk and Sandor Lehoczky - 这本书是美国数学竞赛协会推荐的经典教材，适合有一定数学基础的初学者。

2. "The Art of Problem Solving: Volume 2" by Richard Rusczyk and Sandor Lehoczky - 这本书是继《The Art of Problem Solving: Volume 1》之后的延伸教材，更加深入地讲解了数学竞赛中的高级问题。

3. "Problem-Solving Strategies" by Arthur Engel - 这本书是德国数学竞赛教材的经典之作，包含了丰富的数学问题和解题策略。

4. "Mathematical Olympiad Challenges" by Titu Andreescu and Razvan Gelca - 这本书主要面向初中和高中水平的学生，提供了大量的数学竞赛题目和解题技巧。

5. "Mathematical Circles" by Dmitri Fomin, Sergey Genkin, and Ilia Itenberg - 这本书是俄罗斯数学竞赛的教材，注重培养学生的数学思维和创造力。

这些书籍对于提高数学竞赛的解题能力和思维能力都非常有帮助。

然而，建议根据个人的数学水平和兴趣来选择适合的教材。

The Pearson Edexcel Mathematics Awards (Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3)Frequently Asked Questions1. What are the Pearson Edexcel Mathematics Awards?The Pearson Edexcel Mathematics Awards are a suite of stand-alone academicqualifications in mathematics which support the GCSE, International GCSE, BTEC and GCE qualifications that are offered in schools and colleges.Each award:•takes approximately 60-70 hours to deliver as a stand-alone (roughly the size of halfa GCSE)•is assessed externally through written papers•is awarded pass or unclassified•is available at different levels (Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3)2. What Pearson Edexcel Mathematics Awards are available?The following Awards have been accredited:•Pearson Edexcel Level 1 Award in Number and Measure•Pearson Edexcel Level 2 Award in Number and Measure•Pearson Edexcel Level 2 Award in Algebra•Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Award in Algebra3. Which students are these qualifications aimed at?These qualifications are aimed at students who:•need to develop their mathematical skills in a particular area (e.g. number and measure or algebra) and build confidence in the subject before progressing to GCSE or GCE mathematics or further study•want to gain a qualification which demonstrates their mathematical ability.4. Do these qualifications attract performance table points?None of the qualifications receive performance table points.5. How are the Pearson Edexcel Mathematics Awards assessed?The Pearson Edexcel Mathematics Awards are externally assessed. The table below shows the structure of the written papers.More information can be accessed via our dedicated webpage at /edexcelmathsaward.6. Do the level 3 awards get UCAS points?Yes the Level 3 Award in Algebra does attach a total of 3 UCAS points. More information can be found on page 143 of the UCAS Tariff Table document.7. When are the examinations available for students to take?The Pearson Edexcel Awards suite is available in January and May every year.8. How and when are results published?Students will be awarded pass or unclassified. Results from Level 1 and Level 2examinations taken in May will be published on GCSE results day in August. Results from Level 3 examinations taken in May/June will be published on GCE results day in August.Results from examinations taken in January will be published mid-March.9. When can I start teaching these qualifications?The Pearson Edexcel Awards in Number and Measure have been available for firstteaching from September 2011 and the Pearson Edexcel Awards in Algebra have been available for first teaching from October 2012. The content and assessment of thequalifications have been designed to fit flexibly in to the programme of delivery forschools and colleges and because each Award only takes 60-70 guided learning hours you can start straight away or wait until later in the year.10. Do I need approval to offer these qualifications at my centre?If you already run any GCSE or GCE qualifications in your centre then you do not need any additional approval to run these qualifications. If you are not an approved Pearson Edexcel centre, you can apply for approval athttps:///content/demo/en/support/support-topics/centre-administration/becoming-a-centre.html11. How do I make entries for these qualifications?Entries should be made in the same way as entries are made for other qualifications.Our information manual contains all the practical information you need to deliver our qualifications.The table below shows details of the entry codes.More information can be accessed via our dedicated webpage at /edexcelmathsaward.12. What are the entry fees for these qualifications?Entry fees are available on our website here.13. What support is available for these qualifications?•Web support – our dedicated qualification webpages at /edexcelawardnumber and /edexcelawardalgebra. Genericinformation about the suite can be found at /edexcelmathsaward •Mathematics Emporium – sign up for the mailing list to ensure you have all the relevant information and support when you need it. Also register for an account at for access to over 6,000 documents relating to all ourmathematics qualifications and follow us on twitter @EmporiumMaths for all thelatest news and updates from our subject partners.•Teacher support materials and resources – The following teaching and learning support is available for the Edexcel Awards qualifications:- content mappings to the reformed GCSE and GCE qualifications- scheme of work- practice paper and mark schemes- past papers, mark schemes and grade boundaries- paid-for workbooksAll of this support is available under ‘course material’s on each of the qualificationwebpages.•ResultsPlus – as with our GCSE and GCE mathematics qualifications, our free online results analysis tool gives teachers a detailed breakdown of your students’performance in the Awards. More information about ResultsPlus services can befound at /ResultsPlus14. How long will these qualification continue to be offered?These qualifications will continue to be offered indefinitely. If this changes at any time, you will be updated accordingly.15. How can I find information regarding funding for this qualification?All information regarding funding can be found on our website here.More information can be accessed via our dedicated webpage at /edexcelmathsaward.。

数学基础学习阶段◆分析学微积分学教程（1、2、3册）菲赫金哥尔茨数学分析教程（上、下册）史济怀Principles of Mathematical Analysis (Third Edition) Walter Rudin实变函数江泽坚实变函数论周民强复分析导论（上、下册）沙巴特泛函分析讲义（上、下）张恭庆Real and Complex Analysis(Third Edition) Walter RudinFuctional Analysis(Second Edition) Walter Rudin◆代数学高等代数（北京大学数学与力学系）前代数小组代数学引论（聂灵沼、丁石孙）Algebra HungerfordAlgebra Lang美国大学数学参考书目录:第一学年几何与拓扑：1、James R. Munkres, Topology：较新的拓扑学的教材适用于本科高年级或研究生一年级；2、Basic Topology by Armstrong：本科生拓扑学教材；3、Kelley, General Topology：一般拓扑学的经典教材，不过观点较老；4、Willard, General Topology：一般拓扑学新的经典教材；5、Glen Bredon, Topology and geometry：研究生一年级的拓扑、几何教材；6、Introduction to Topological Manifolds by John M. Lee：研究生一年级的拓扑、几何教材，是一本新书；7、From calculus to cohomology by Madsen：很好的本科生代数拓扑、微分流形教材。

代数：1、Abstract Algebra Dummit：最好的本科代数学参考书，标准的研究生一年级代数教材；2、Algebra Lang：标准的研究生一、二年级代数教材，难度很高，适合作参考书GTM；3、Algebra Hungerford：标准的研究生一年级代数教材，适合作参考书GTM；4、Algebra M,Artin：标准的本科生代数教材；5、Advanced Modern Algebra by Rotman：较新的研究生代数教材，很全面；6、Algebra：a graduate course by Isaacs：较新的研究生代数教材；7、Basic algebra Vol I&II by Jacobson：经典的代数学全面参考书，适合研究生参考。

2010 AMC10美国数学竞赛B卷1. What is 10010031001003（）（）?---(A) -20,000 (B) -10,000 (C) -297 (D) -6 (E) 02. Makarla attended two meetings during her 9-hour work day. The first meeting took 45 minutes and the second meeting took twice as long. What percent of her work day was spent attending meetings?(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 30 (E) 353. A drawer contains red, green, blue, and white socks with at least 2 of each color, What is the minimum number of socks that must be pulled from the drawer to guarantee a matching pair?(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 8 (E) 94. For a real number x, define ♡(x) to be the average of x and x2. What is♡(1)+ ♡(2)+ ♡(3)?(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) 12 (E) 205. A month with 31 days has the same number of Mondays and Wednesdays. How many of the seven days of the week could be the first day of this month?(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 66. A circle is centered at O, AB is a diameter and C is a point on the circle with∠COB=50°. What is the degree measure of ∠CAB?(A) 20 (B) 25 (C) 45 (D) 50 (E) 657. A triangle has side lengths 10, 10, and 12. A rectangle has width 4 and area equal to the area of the triangle. What is the perimeter of this rectangle?(A) 16 (B) 24 (C) 28 (D) 32 (E) 368. A ticket to a school play cost x dollars, where x is a whole number. A group of 9th graders buys tickets costing a total of $48, and a group of 10th graders buys tickets costing a total of $64. How many values for x are possible?(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 59. Lucky Larry’s teacher asked him to substitute numbers for a, b, c, d, and e in the expression ((()))---+and evaluate the result. Larry ignored the parent thesea b c d ebut added and subtracted correctly and obtained the correct result by coincidence. The number Larry substituted for a, b, c, and d were 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. What number did Larry substitute for e?(A) -5 (B) -3 (C) 0 (D) 3 (E) 510. Shelby drives her scooter at a speed of 30 miles per hour if it is not raining, and 20 miles per hour if it is raining. Today she drove in the sun in the morning and in the rainin the evening, for a total of 16 miles in 40 minutes. How many minutes did she drive in the rain?(A) 18 (B) 21 (C) 24 (D) 27 (E) 3011. A shopper plans to purchase an item that has a listed price greater than $100 and can use any one of the three coupons. Coupon A gives 15% off the listed price, Coupon B gives $30 off the listed price, and Coupon C gives 25% off the amount by which the listed price exceeds $100.Let x and y be the smallest and largest prices, respectively, for which Coupon A saves at least as many dollars as Coupon B or C. What is y-x?(A) 50 (B) 60 (C) 75 (D) 80 (E) 10012. At the beginning of the school year, 50% of all students in Mr. Wells’ math class answered “Yes” to the question “Do you love math”, and 50% answered “No”. At the end of the school year, 70% answered “Yes” and 30% answered “No”. Altogether, x% of the students gave a difference between the maximum and the minimum possible values of x?(A) 0 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 60 (E) 8013. What is the sum of all the solutions of 2602=--?x x x(A) 32 (B)60 (C)92 (D) 120 (E) 12414. The average of the numbers 1, 2, 3, …, 98, 99, and x is 100x. What is x? (A)49101 (B) 50101 (C) 12 (D) 51101 (E) 509915. On a 50-question multiple choice math contest, students receive 4 points for a correct answer, 0 points for an answer left blank, and -1 point for an incorrect answer. Jesse ’s total score on the contest was 99. What is the maximum number of questions that Jesse could have answered correctly?(A) 25(B) 27 (C) 29 (D) 31 (E) 3316. A square of side length 1 and a circle of radiusshare the same center. What is the area inside the circle, but outside the square?(A)13π- (B) 29π- (C) 18π (D) 14(E) 29π17. Every high school in the city of Euclid sent a team of 3 students to a math contest. Each participant in the contest received a different score. Andrea ’s score was the median among all students, and hers was the highest score on here team. Andrea ’s teammates Beth and Carla placed 37th and 64th , respectively. How many schools are in the city?(A) 22(B) 23 (C) 24 (D) 25 (E) 2618. Positive integers a, b, and c are randomly and independently selected withreplacement from the set {1, 2, 3, …, 2010}. What is the probability that abc ab a++ is divisible by 3?(A) 13(B) 2981(C) 3181(D) 1127(E) 132719. A circle with center O has area 156π. Triangle ABC is equilateral, BC is a chordon the circle, OA=, and point O is outside △ABC. What is the side length of △ABC?(A)(B) 64 (C) (D) 12 (E) 1820. Two circles lie outside regular hexagon ABCDEF. The first is tangent to AB, and the second is tangent to DE, Both are tangent to lines BC and FA. What is the ratio of the area of the second circle to that of the first circle?(A) 18 (B) 27 (C) 36 (D) 81 (E) 10821. A palindrome between 1000 and 10,000 is chosen at random. What is the probability that it is divisible by 7?(A) 1/10 (B) 1/9 (C) 1/7 (D) 1/6 (E) 1/522. Seven distinct pieces of candy are to be distributed among three bags. The red bag must each receive at least one piece of candy; the white bag may remain empty. How many arrangements are possible?(A) 1930 (B) 1931 (C) 1932 (D) 1933 (E) 193423. The entries in a 3×3 array include all the digits from 1 through 9, arranged so thatthe entries in every row and column are in increasing order. How many such arrays are there?(A) 18(B) 24 (C) 36 (D) 42 (E) 6024. A high school basketball game between the Raiders and Wildcats was tied at the end of the first quarter. The number of points scored by the Raiders in each of the four quarters formed an increasing geometric sequence, and the number of points scored by the Wildcats in each of the four quarters formed an increasing arithmetic sequence. At the end of the fourth quarter, the Raiders had won by one point. Neither team scored more than 100 points. What was the total number of points scored by the two teams in the first half?(A) 30(B) 31 (C) 32 (D) 33 (E) 3425. Let a>0, and let P(x) be a polynomial with integer coefficients such that(1)(3)(5)(7),(2)(4)(6)(8).P P P P a and P P P P a ========- What is the smallest possible value of a?(A) 105(B) 315 (C) 945 (D) 7! (E) 8!。

物流专业术语范围本标准确定了物流活动中的基本概念术语、物流作业术语、物流技术装备与设施术语、物流管理术语及其定义.本标准适用于物流及相关领域的信息处理和信息交换,亦适用于相关的法规、文件;引用标准下列标准所包含的条文,通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文;本标准出版时,所示版本均为有效;所有标准都会被修订,使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性;GB/T 1992--1985 集装箱名词术语neq ISO 830：1981GB/T 4122;1--1996 包装术语基础CB/T 17271--1998 集装箱运输术语中文索引AABC分类管理....................................6.9安全库存.......................................4.16B班轮运输.......................................5.34搬运...........................................4.22包装...........................................4.25保管...........................................4.12保税仓库.......................................5.5报关...........................................5.40报关行.........................................5.41C仓库...........................................5.1仓库布局.......................................6.4.仓库管理.......................................6.3叉车...........................................5.19储存...........................................4.11船务代理.......................................5.36D大陆桥运输.....................................5.33单元装卸.......................................4.24第三元物流.....................................3.25电子订货系统...................................6.10电子数据交换...................................3.31定量订货方式...................................6.7定牌包装.......................................4.27定期订货方式...................................6.8定制物流.......................................3.26堆码...........................................4.21F发货区.........................................5.14废弃物物流.....................................3.19分拣...........................................4.37G公路集装箱中转站...............................5.28 供应链.........................................3.29供应链管理.....................................6.21供应商库存.....................................6.26供应物流.......................................3.15共同配送.......................................4.35国际多式联运...................................5.32国际货物运输保险...............................5.39 国际货运代理...................................5.37国际铁路联运...................................5.31国际物流.......................................3.24H海关监管货物...................................5.7换算箱.........................................5.24回收物流.......................................3.18货场...........................................5.16货垛...........................................4.20货架...........................................5.17J集货...........................................4.39集装化.........................................4.31集装箱.........................................5.23集装箱货运站...................................5.29.集装箱码头.....................................5.30集装箱运输.....................................4.7集装运输.......................................4.6计算局付诸订货系统.............................6.25 监管仓库.......................................5.6拣选...........................................4.38检验...........................................4.43进出口商品检验.................................5.42 经常库存.......................................4.15经济订货批量...................................6.6K控湿储存区.....................................5.11.库存...........................................4.14库存控制.......................................6.5库存周期.......................................4.17.库房...........................................5.8快速反应.......................................6.22L冷藏区.........................................5.9冷冻区.........................................5.10冷链...........................................4.42理货...........................................5.38立体仓库.......................................5.3联合运输.......................................4.2连续库存补充计划...............................6.24 料棚...........................................5.15零库存技术.....................................6.13.流通加工.......................................4.41绿色物流.......................................3.20M门到门.........................................4.8P配送...........................................4.34配送需要计划...................................6.17 配送中心.......................................4.36配送资源计划...................................6.18 拼箱货.........................................4.10Q企业物流.......................................3.21企业资源计划...................................6.20 前置期或提前期.............................4.18全集装箱船.....................................5.26S散装化.........................................5.32社会物流.......................................3.22生产物流.......................................3.16收货区.........................................5.13输送区.........................................5.20甩挂运输.......................................4.5T特种货物集装箱.................................5.25铁路集装箱.....................................5.27. 托盘...........................................5.18托盘包装.......................................4.30 W温度可控区.....................................5.12 无形损耗.......................................3.33 物料需要计划...................................6.15 物流...........................................3.2物流成本.......................................3.7.物流成本管理...................................6.14. 物流单证.......................................3.13 物流管理.......................................3.8物流活动.......................................3.3物流技术.......................................3.6物流联盟.......................................3.14 物流模数.......................................3.5物流企业.......................................3.12 物流网络.......................................3.10 物流信息.......................................3.11 物流战略.......................................6.1物流战略管理...................................6.2. 物流中心.......................................3.9物流资源计划...................................6.19. 物流作业.......................................3.4物品...........................................3.1物品储备.......................................4.13. X箱式车.........................................5.22销售包装.......................................4.26 销售物流.......................................3.17 虚拟仓库.......................................5.4虚拟物流.......................................3.27Y业务外包.......................................6.27 有效客户反应...................................6.23 有形损耗.......................................3.32 运输...........................................4.1运输包装.......................................4.29. Z增值物流服务...................................3.28 整箱货.........................................4.9直达运输.......................................4.3直接换装.......................................4.33制造资源计划...................................6.16中性包装.......................................4.28中转运输.......................................4.4装卸...........................................4.23准时制.........................................6.11准时制物流.....................................6.12自动导引车.....................................5.21自动化仓库.....................................5.2租船运输.......................................5.35组配...........................................4.40英文索引AABC classification......................................6.9 Article.................................................3.1Article reserves........................................4.13 Assembly................................................4.40 Automatic guided vehicle AGV .........................5.21 Automatic warehouse.....................................5.3.BBar code................................................3.30Boned warehouse.........................................5.6Box car.................................................5.22CCargo under custom's supervision........................5.8 Chill space.............................................5.9Cold chain..............................................4.42 Combined transport......................................4.2 Commodity inspection....................................5.42 Computer assisted ordering CAO .......................6.25 Container...............................................5.23 Container freight station CFS ........................5.29 Container terminal......................................5.30 Container transport.....................................4.7 Containerization........................................4.31 Containerized transport.................................4.6 Continuous replenishment program CRP .................6.24 Conveyor................................................5.20Cross docking...........................................4.33 Customized logistics....................................3.26 Customs broker..........................................5.41 Customs declaration.....................................5.40Cycle stock.............................................4.15D Distribution............................................4.34 Distribution center.....................................4.36 Distribution logistics..................................3.17 Distribution processing.................................4.41 Distribution requirements planning DRP ...............6.17 Distribution resource planning DRP II ................6.18 Door-to-door............................................4.8Drop and pull transport.................................4.5EEconomic order quantity EOQ ..........................6.6 Efficient customer response ECR ......................6.23 Electronic data interchange EDI ......................3.31 Electronic order system EOS ..........................6.10 Enterprise resource planning ERP .....................6.20 Environmental logistics.................................3.20 Export supervised warehouse.............................5.7 External logistics......................................3.22FFixed-interval system FIS ............................6.8Fixed-quantity system FQS ............................6.7Fork lift truck.........................................5.19Freeze space............................................5.10Full container load FCL ..............................4.9Full container ship.....................................5.26 G Goods collection........................................4.39Goods shed..............................................5.15Goods shelf.............................................5.17Goods stack.............................................4.20Goods yard..............................................5.16HHanding/carrying........................................4.22 Humidity controlled space...............................5.11IIn bulk.................................................4.32Inland container depot..................................5.28 Inspection..............................................4.43 Intangible loss.........................................3.33Internal logistics......................................3.21 International freight forwarding agent..................5.37 International logistics.................................3.24 International multimodal transport......................5.32 International through railway transport.................5.31 International transportation cargo insurance............5.39Inventory...............................................4.14 Inventory control.......................................6.5 Inventory cycle time....................................4.17JJoint distribution......................................4.35Just in time JIT .....................................6.11Just-in-time logistics..................................6.12 LLand bridge transport...................................5.33Lead-time ..............................................4.18Less than container load LCL .........................4.10 Liner transport.........................................5.34 Loading and unloading ..................................4.23 Logistics...............................................3.2Logistics activity......................................3.3Logistics alliance......................................3.14 Logistics center........................................3.9 Logistics cost..........................................3.7Logistics cost control..................................6.14 Logistics documents.....................................3.13 Logistics enterprise....................................3.12 Logistics information...................................3.11 Logistics management....................................3.8 Logistics modulus.......................................3.5 Logistics network.......................................3.10 Logistics operation.....................................3.4 Logistics resource planning LRP ......................6.19 Logistics strategy......................................6.1 Logistics strategy management...........................6.2 Logistics technology....................................3.6MManufacturing resource planning MRP II ...............6.16 Material requirements planning MRP ...................6.15 Military logistics......................................3.23NNeutral packing.........................................4.28OOrder cycle time........................................4.19Order picking...........................................4.38 Outsourcing.............................................6.27PPackage/packaging.......................................4.25 Packing of nominated brand..............................4.27 Pallet..................................................5.18 Palletizing.............................................4.30QQuick response QR ....................................6.22RRailway container yard..................................5.27 Receiving space.........................................5.13 Returned logistics......................................3.18SSafety stock............................................4.16Sales package...........................................4.26 Shipping agency.........................................5.36 Shipping by chartering..................................5.35 Shipping space..........................................5.14 Sorting.................................................4.37Specific cargo container................................5.25 Stacking................................................4.21 Stereoscopic warehouse..................................5.4 Storage.................................................4.12 Storehouse..............................................5.2 Storing.................................................4.11Supply chain............................................3.29 Supply chain management SCM ..........................6.21 Supply logistics........................................3.15T Tally...................................................5.38Tangible loss...........................................3.32 Temperature controlled space............................5.12 Third-part logistics TPL .............................3.25 Through transport.......................................4.3 Transfer transport......................................4.4 Transport package.......................................4.29 Transportation..........................................4.1 Twenty-feet equivalent unit TEU ......................5.24 UUnit loading and unloading..............................4.24VValue-added logistics service...........................3.28 Vendor managed inventory VMI .........................6.26 Virtual logistics.......................................3.27Virtual warehouse.......................................5.5W Warehouse...............................................5.1 Warehouse layout........................................6.4 Warehouse management....................................6.3ZZero-inventory technology...............................6.133．基本概念术语3．1 物品article经济活动中涉及到实体流动的物质资料3．2 物流logistics物品从供应地向接收地的实体流动过程;根据实际需要,将运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机结合;3．3 物流活动logistics activity物流诸功能的实施与管理过程;3．4 物流作业logistics operation实现物流功能时所进行的具体操作活动;3．5 物流模数logistics modulus物流设施与设备的尺寸基准;3．6 物流技术logistics technology物流活动中所采用的自然科学与社会科学方面的理论、方法,以及设施、设备、装置与工艺的总称;3．7 物流成本logistics cost物流活动中所消耗的物化劳动和活劳动的货币表现;3．8 物流管理logistics management为了以最低的物流成本达到用户所满意的服务水平,对物流活动进行的计划、组织、协调与控制;3．9 物流中心logistics center从事物流活动的场所或组织,应基本符合以下要求：a 主要面向社会服务；b物流功能健全；c完善的信息网络；d辐射范围大；e少品种、大批量；f存储\吞吐能力强；g物流业务统一经营、管理;3．10 物流网络logistics network物流过程中相互联系的组织与设施的集合;3．11 物流信息logistics information反映物流各种活动内容的知识、资料、图像、数据、文件的总称;3．12 物流企业logistics enterprise从事物流活动的经济组织;3．13 物流单证logistics documents物流过程中使用的所有单据、票据、凭证的总称;3．14 物流联盟logistics alliance两个或两个以上的经济组织为实现特定的物流目标而采取的长期联合与合作;3．15 供应物流supply logistics为生产企业提供原材料、零部件或其他物品时,物品在提供者与需求者之间的实体流动; 3．16 生产物流production logistics生产过程中,原材料、在制品、半成品、产成品等,在企业内部的实体流动;3．17销售物流distribution logistics生产企业、流通企业出售商品时,物品在供与需方之间的实体流动;3．18 回收物流returned logistics不合格物品的返修、退货以及周转使用的包装容器从需方返回到供方所形成的物品实体流动;3．19 废弃物物流waste material logistics将经济活动中失去原有使用价值的物品,根据实际需要进行收集、分类、加工、包装、搬运、储存等,并分送到专门处理场所时形成的物品实体流动;3．20 绿色物流environmental logistics在物流过程中抑制物流对环境造成危害的同时,实现对物流环境的净化,使物流资料得到最充分利用;3．21 企业物流internal logistics企业内部的物品实体流动;3．22 社会物流external logistics企业外部的物流活动的总称;3．23 军事物流military logistics用于满足军队平时与战时需要的物流活动;3．24 国际物流international logistics不同国家地区之间的物流;3．25 第三方物流third-part logistics TPL由供方与需方以外的物流企业提供物流服务的业务模式;3．26 定制物流customized logistics根据用户的特定要求而为其专门设计的物流服务模式;3．27 虚拟物流virtual logistics以计算机网络技术进行物流运作与管理,实现企业间物流资源共享和优化配置的物流方式; 3．28 增值物流服务value-added logistics service在完成物流基本功能基础上,根据客户需要提供的各种延伸业务活动;3．29 供应链supply chain生产及流通过程中,涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户活动的上游与下游企业,所形成的网链结构;3．30 条码bar code由一组规则排列的条、空及字符组成的,用以表示一定信息的代码;同义词：条码符号bar code symbolGB/T 4122.1-1996中4.173．31 电子数据交换electronic data interchange EDI通过电子方式,采用标准化的格式,利用计算机网络进行结构数据的传输和交换;3．32 有形消耗tangible loss可见或可测量出来的物理性损失、消耗;3．33 无形消耗intangible loss由于科学技术进步而引起的物品贬值;物流作业术语4．1 运输transportation用设备和工具,将物品从一地点向另一地点运送的物流活动;其中包括集货、分配、搬运、中转、装入、卸下、分散等一系列操作; GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.174．2 联合运输combined transport一次委托,由两家以上运输企业或用两种以上运输方式共同将某一批物品运送到目的的运输方式;4．3 直达运输through transport物品由发运地到接收地,中途不需要换装和在储存场所停滞的一种运输方式;4．4中转运输transfer transport物品由生产地运达最终使用地,中途经过一次以上落地并换装的一种运输方式;4．5 甩挂运输drop and pull transport用牵引车拖带挂车至目的地,将挂车甩下后,换上新的挂车运往另一个目的地的运输方式; 4．6 集装运输containerized transport使用集装器具或利用捆扎方法,把裸装物品、散粒物品、体积较小的成件物品,组合成为一定规格的集装单元进行的运输;4．7 集装箱运输container transport以集装箱为单元进行货物运输的一种货运方式; GB/T17271-1998中3.2.14．8 门到门door-to-door承运人在托运人的工厂或仓库整箱接货,负责运抵收货人的工厂或仓库整箱交货;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.14．9 整箱货full container load FCL一个集装箱装满一个托运人同时也是一个收货人的工厂或仓库整箱交货;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.4.24．10 拼箱货less than container load LCL一个集装箱装入多个托运人或多个收货人的货物;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.4.34．11 储存storing保护、管理、贮藏物品; GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.24．12 保管storage对物品进行保存及对其数量、质量进行管理控制活动;4．13 物品储存article reserves储存起来以备急需的物品;有当年储存、长期储存、战略储备之分;4．14 库存inventory处于储存状态的物品;广义的库存还包括处于制造加工状态和运输状态的物品;4．15 经常库存cycle stock在正常的经营环境下,企业为满足日常需要而建立的库存;4．16 安全库存safety stick为了防止由于不确定性因素如大量突发性订货、交货期突然延期等而准备的缓冲库存; 4．17 库存周期inventory cycle time在一定范围内,库存物品从入库到出库的平均时间;4．18 前置期或提前期lead time从发出订货单到货物的时间间隔;4．19 订货处理周期order cycle time从收到订货单到将所订货物发运出去的时间间隔;4．20 货垛goods stack为了便于保管和装卸、运输,按一定要求分门别类堆放在一起的一批物品;4．21 堆码stacking将物品整齐、规则地摆放成货垛的作业;4．22 搬运handing/carrying在同一场所内,对物品进行水平移动为主的物流作业;4．23 装卸loading and unloading物品在指定地点以人力或机械装入运输设备或卸下; GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.54．24 单元装卸unit loading and unloading用托盘、容器或包装物见小件或散装物品集成一定质量或体积的组合件,以便利用机械进行作业的装卸方式;4．25 包装package/packaging为在流通过程中保护产品、方便储运、促进销售,按一定技术方面而采用的容器、材料及辅助物等的总体名称;也指为了达到上述目的而采用容器、材料和辅助物的过程中施加一定技术方法等的操作活动; GB/T 4122.1-1996中2.14．26 销售包装sales package又称内包装,是直接接触商品进入零售网点和消费者或用户直接见面的包装;4．27 定牌包装packing of nominated brand买方要求卖方在出口商品/包装上使用买方指定的牌名或商标的做法;4．28 中性包装neutral packing在出口商品及其内外包装上都不注明生产国别的包装;4．29 运输包装transport package以满足运输贮存要求为主要目的的包装;它具有保障产品的安全,方便储运装卸,加速交接、点验等作用; GB/T 4122.1-1996中2.54．30 托盘包装palletizing以托盘为承载物,将包装件或产品堆码在托盘上,通过捆扎、裹包或胶粘等方法加以固定,形成一个搬运单元,以便用机械设备搬运; GB/T 4122.1-1996中2.174．31 集装化containerization用集装器具或采用捆扎方法,把物品组成标准规格的单元货件,以加快装卸、搬运、储存、运输等物流活动;4．32 散装化containerization用专门机械、器具进行运输、装卸的散装物品在某个物流范围内,不用任何包装,长期固定采用吸扬、抓斗等机械、器具进行装卸、运输、储存的作业方式;4．33 直接换装cross docking物品在物流环节中,不经过中间仓库或站点,直接从一个运输工具换载到另一个运输工具的物流衔接方式;4．34 配送distribution在经济合理区域范围内,根据用户要求,对物品进行拣选、加工、包装、分割、组配等作业,并按时送达指定地点的物流活动;4．35 共同配送joint distribution由多个企业联合组织实施的配送活动;4．36 配送中心distribution center从事配送业务的物流场所或组织,应基本符合下列要求：a 主要为特定的用户服务；b 配送功能健全；c 完善的信息网络；d 辐射范围小；e 多品种、小批量；f 以配送为主,储存为辅;4．37 分拣sorting将物品按品种、出入库先后顺序进行分门别类推放的作业;4．38 拣选order picking按订单或出库单的要求,从储存场所选出物品,并放置指定地点的作业;4．39 集货goods collection将分散的或小批量的物品集中起来,以便进行运输、配送的作业;4．40 组配assembly配送前,根据物品的流量、流向及运输工具的载质量和容积,组织安排物品装载的作业; 4．41 流通加工distribution processing物品在从生产地到使用地的过程中,根据需要施加包装、分割、计量、分拣、刷标志、拴标签、组装等简单作业的总称;4．42 冷链cold chain为保持新鲜食品及冷冻食品等的品质,使其在从生产到消费的过程中,始终处于低温状态的配有专门设备的物流网络;4．43 检验inspection根据合同或标准,对标的物品的品质、数量、包装等进行检查、验收的总称;物流技术装备与设施术语5．1 仓库warehouse保管、储存物品的建筑物和场所的总称;5．2 库房storehouse有屋顶和围护结构,供储存各种物品的封闭式建筑物;5．3 自动化仓库automatic warehouse由电子计算机进行管理和的控制,不需人工搬运作业,而实现收发作业的仓库;5．4立体仓库stereoscopic warehouse采用高层货架配以货箱或托盘储存货物,用巷道队垛起重机及其他机械进行作业的仓库; 5．5 虚拟仓库virtual warehouse建立在计算机和网络通讯技术基础上,进行物品储存、保管和远程控制的物流设施;可实现不同状态、空间、时间、货主的有效调度和统一管理; 5．6保税仓库boned warehouse经海关批准,在海关监管下,专供存放未办理关税手续而入境或过境货物的场所;5．7 出口监管仓库export supervised warehouse经海关批准,在海关监管下,存放已按规定领取了出口货物许可证或批件,已对外买断结汇并向海关办完全部出口海关手续的货物的专用仓库;5．8 海关监管货物cargo under custom's supervision在海关批准范围内接受海关查验的进出口、过境、转运、通关货物,以及保税货物和其他尚未办结海关手续的进出境货物;5．9 冷藏区chill space仓库的一个区域,其温度保持在0'C~10.C范围内;5．10 冷冻区freeze space仓库的一个区域,其温度保持在0'C以下;5．11 控湿储存区humidity controlled space仓库内配有湿度调制设备,使内部湿度可调的库房区域;5．12 温度可控区temperature controlled space温度可根据需要调整在一定范围内的库房区域;5．13 收货区receiving space到库物品入库前核对检查及进库准备的地区;5．14 发货区shipping space物品集中待运地区;5．15 料棚goods shed供储存某些物品的简易建筑物,一般没有或只有部分围壁;5．16 货场goods yard用于存放某些物品的露天场地;5．17 货架goods shelf用支架、隔板或托架组成的立体储存货物的设施;5．18 托盘pallet用于集装、堆放、搬运和运输的放置作为单元负荷的货物和制品的水平平台装置;GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.275．19 叉车fork lift truck具有各种叉具,能够对货物进行升降和移动以及装卸作业的搬运车辆;5．20 输送机conveyor对物品进行连续运送的机械;5．21 自动导引车automatic guided vehicle AGV能够自动行驶到指定地点的无轨搬运车辆;5．22 箱式车box car除具备普通车的一切机械性能外,还必须具备全封闭的箱式车身和便于装卸作业的车门; 5．23 集装箱container是一种运输设备,应满足下列要求：a 具有足够的强度,可长期反复使用；b 适于一种或多种运输方式运送,途中转运时,箱内货物不需换装；c 具有快速装卸和搬运的装置,特别便于从一种运输方式转移到另一种运输方式；d 便于货物装满和卸空；e 具有1立方米及以上的容积;集装箱这一术语不包括车辆和一般包装; GB/T 1992-1985中1.15．24 换算箱twenty-feet equivalent unit TEU又称标准箱;Twenty-feet equivalent unit TEU以20英尺集装箱作为换算单位;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.4.85．25 特种货物集装箱specific cargo container用以装运特种物品用的集装箱; GB/T 4122.1-1996中1.15．26 全集装箱船full container ship舱内设有固定式或活动式的格栅结构,舱盖上和甲板上设置固定集装箱的系紧装置, 便于集装箱左翼及定位的船舶;GB/T GB/T17271-1998中3.1.1.15．27 铁路集装箱场railway container yard进行集装箱承运、交付、装卸、堆存、装拆箱、门到门作业,组织集装箱专列等作业的场所;GB/T GB/T17271-1998中3.1.3.65．28 公路集装箱中转站inland container depot具有集装箱中转运输与门到门运输和集装箱货物的拆箱、装箱、仓储和接取、送达、装卸、堆存的场所;GB/T GB/T17271-1998中3.1.3.95．29 集装箱货运站container freight station CFS拼箱货物拆箱、装箱、办理交接的场所;5．30 集装箱码头container terminal专供停靠集装箱船、装卸集装箱用的码头;GB/T GB/T 17271-1998中3.1.2.25．31 国际铁路联运international through railway transport使用一份统一的国际铁路联运票据,由跨国铁路承运人办理两国或两国以上铁路的全程运输,并承担运输责任的一种连贯运输方式;5．32 国际多式联运international multimodal transport按照多式联运合同,以至少两种不同的运输方式,由多式联运经营人将货物从一国境内的接管地点运至另一国境内指定交付地点的货物运输;5．33 大陆桥运输land bridge transport用横贯大陆的铁路或公路作为中间桥梁,将大陆两端的海洋运输连接起来的连贯运输方式; 5．34 班轮运输liner transport在固定的航线上,以既定的港口顺序,按照事先公布的船期表航行的水上运输方式;5．35 租船运输shipping by chartering根据协议,租船人向船舶所有人租凭船舶用于货物运输,并按商定运价,向船舶所有人支付运费或租金的运输方式;5．36 船务代理shipping agency根据承运人的委托,代办与船舶进出有关的业务活动;5．37 国际货运代理international freight forwarding agent接受进出口货物收货人、发货人的委托,以委托人或自己的名义,为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务,并收取劳务报酬的经济组织;5．38 理货tally货物装卸中,对照货物运输票据进行的理点数、计量、检查残缺、指导装舱积载、核对标记、检查包装、分票、分标志和现场签证等工作;5．39 国际货物运输保险international transportation cargo insurance在国际贸易中,以国际运输中的货物为保险标的的保险,以对自然灾害和意外事故所造成的财产损失获得补偿;5．40 报关customs declaration由进出口货物的收发货人或其代理人向海关办理进出境手续的全过程;5．41 报关行customs broker专门代办进出境保管业务的企业;5．42 进出口商品检验commodity inspection确定进出口商品的品质、规格、重量、数量、包装、安全性能、卫生方面的指标及装运技术和装运条件等项目实施检验和鉴定,以确定其是否与贸易合同、有关标准规定一致,是否符合进出口国有关法律和行政法规的规定;简称"商检";物流管理术语6．1 物流战略logistics strategy为寻求物流的可持续发展,就物流发展目标以及达成目标的途径与手段而制定的长远性、全局性的规划与谋略;6．2 物流战略管理logistics strategy management物流组织根据已制定的物流战略,付诸实施和控制的过程;6．3 仓库管理warehouse management对库存物品和仓库设施及其布局等进行规划、控制的活动;6．4仓库布局warehouse layout在一定区域或库区内,对仓库的数量、规模、地理位置和仓库设施、道路等各要素进行科学规划和总体设计;6．5 库存控制inventory control在保障供应的前提下,使库存物品的数量最少进行的有效管理的技术经济措施;6．6 经济订货批量economic order quantity EOQ通过平衡采购进货成本和保管仓储成本核算,以实现总库存成本最低的最佳订货量;6．7定量订货方式fixed-quantity system FQS当库存量下降到预定的最低的库存数量订货点时,按规定数量一般以经济订货批量为标准进行订货补充的一种库存管理方式;6．8 定期订货方式fixed-quantity system FIS按预先确定的订货间隔期间进行订货补充的一种库存管理方式;6．9 ABC分类管理ABC classification将库存物品按品种和占用资金的多少分为特别重要的库存A类、一般重要的库存B类和不重要的库存C类三个等级,然后针对不同等级分别进行管理与控制;6．10 电子订货系统Electronic order system EOS不同组织间利用通讯网络和终端设备以在线联结方式进行订货作业与订货信息交换的体系; 6．11 准时制just in time JIT在精确测定生产各工艺环节作业效率的前提下按订单准确的计划,消除一切无效作业与浪费为目标的一种管理模式;6．12 准时制物流just-in-time logistics一种建立在JIT管理理念基础上的现代物流方式;6．13 零库存技术zero-inventory logistics在生产与流通领域按照JIT组织物资供应,使整个过程库存最小化的技术的总称;6．14 物流成本管理logistics cost control对物流相关费用进行的计划、协调与控制;6．15 物料需要计划material requirements planning MRP一种工业制造企业内的物资计划管理模式;根据产品结构各层次物品的从属和数量关系,以每个物品为计划对象,以完工日期为时间基准倒排计划,按提前期长短区别各个物品下达计划时间的先后顺序;6．16 制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning MRP II从整体最优的角度出发,运用科学的方法,对企业的各种制造资源和企业生产经营各环节实行合理有效地计划、组织、控制和协调,达到既能连续均衡生产,又能最大限度地降低各种物品的库存量,进而提高企业经济效益的管理方法;6．17 配送需要计划distribution requirements planning DRP一种既保证有效地满足市场需要,又使得物流资源配置费用最省的计划方法,是MRP原理与方法在物品配送中的运用;6．18 配送资源计划distribution resource planning DRP II一种企业内物品配送计划系统管理模式;是在DRP的基础上提高各环节的物流能力,达到系统优化运行的目的;6．19 物流资源计划logistics resource planning LRP以物流为基础手段,打破生产与流通界限,集成制造资源计划、分销需要计划以及功能计划而形成的物资资源优化配置方法;6．20 企业资源计划enterprise resource planning ERP在MRP II 的基础上,通过反馈的物流和反馈的信息流、资金流,把客户需要和企业内部的生产经营活动以及供应商的资源整合在一起,体现完全按用户需要进行经营管理的一种全新的管理方法;6．21 供应链管理supply chain management SCM利用计算机网络技术全面规划供应链中的商流、物流、信息流、资金流等,并进行计划、组织、协调与控制;6．22 快速反映Quick response QR物流企业面对多品种、小批量的买方市场,不是储备了"产品",而是准备了各种"要素",在用户提出要求时,能以最快速度抽取"要素",及时"组装",提供所需服务或产品;6．23 有效客户反映efficient customer responseECR以满足顾客要求和最大限度降低物流过程费用为原则,能及时做出准确反应,使提供的物品供应或服务流程最佳化的一种供应链管理战略;6．24 连续库存补充计划continuous replenishment program CRP利用及时准确的销售时点信息确定已销售的商品数量,根据零售商或批发商的库存信息和预先规定的库存补充程序确定发货补充数量和配送时间的计划方法;6．25 计算机付诸订货系统computer assisted ordering CAO基于库存和客户需要信息,利用计算机进行自动订货管理的系统;6．26 供应商管理库存vendor managed inventory VMI供应商等上游企业基于其下游客户的生产经营、库存信息,对下游客户的库存进行管理与控制;6．27 业务外包outsourcing企业为了获得不单纯利用不、内部资源更多的竞争优势,将其非核心业务交由合作企业完成; 资料来源：http://vip.6to23/our56/study/html/tjzl/wlbz/wlglsy.htm。